the plant kingdom - matawan-aberdeen regional school ... plant... · the plant kingdom what is a...

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The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom

��What is a plant?What is a plant?

��How did plants adapt to live on land?How did plants adapt to live on land?

��How are plants classified?How are plants classified?

��What are the complex life cycles of What are the complex life cycles of plants?plants?

What is a plant?What is a plant?

�� AutotrophsAutotrophs

–– Produce their own foodProduce their own food

��MultiMulti--cellularcellular––Have many cellsHave many cells

�� EukaryotesEukaryotes

––Cells contain organellesCells contain organelles

–– Also: all plant cells are surrounded by Also: all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls.cell walls.

AutotrophsAutotrophs

�� Plants are sunPlants are sun--powered, foodpowered, food--making making

factories.factories.

�� Photosynthesis Photosynthesis –– the process which the process which

uses carbon dioxide gas and water to uses carbon dioxide gas and water to

make food and oxygen.make food and oxygen.

Multicellular Multicellular

�� Both the moss and the tree it is Both the moss and the tree it is

growing on are plantsgrowing on are plants

�� Plant cells are organizedPlant cells are organized

into tissuesinto tissues��Groups of similar cells Groups of similar cells

that perform that perform

a specific functiona specific function

Plant cellsPlant cells

�� Enclosed by a cell wallEnclosed by a cell wall

––Cellulose Cellulose –– rigid (& crunchy)rigid (& crunchy)

��Cell wall surrounds cell membraneCell wall surrounds cell membrane

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

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��What are the three characteristics of What are the three characteristics of

plants?plants?

��How do plant cells differ from the How do plant cells differ from the

cells of other eukaryotes?cells of other eukaryotes?

How is living on land different from How is living on land different from

living in water?living in water?

�� In water:In water:

�� Plants are able to absorb water and Plants are able to absorb water and

nutrients whenever they need it.nutrients whenever they need it.

�� Plants are held up by water toward Plants are held up by water toward

the sun.the sun.

�� Plants can reproduce easily because Plants can reproduce easily because

sperm can swim to eggs.sperm can swim to eggs.

Adaptations for living on landAdaptations for living on land

�� Plants needed a way to get water and Plants needed a way to get water and

nutrients from the soilnutrients from the soil

�� Adaptation: RootsAdaptation: Roots

�� Plants needed a way to keep from being Plants needed a way to keep from being

pushed around by rain or windpushed around by rain or wind

�� Adaptation: RootsAdaptation: Roots

Adaptations for living on land, cont.Adaptations for living on land, cont.

�� Plants needed a way to retain water, Plants needed a way to retain water,

to keep from drying out due to to keep from drying out due to

evaporationevaporation

�� Adaptation: cuticleAdaptation: cuticle


�� Plants needed a way to transport Plants needed a way to transport

water and nutrients from one part of water and nutrients from one part of

their body to anothertheir body to another

�� Adaptation: vascular tissueAdaptation: vascular tissue

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Water and minerals

Food

xylem

phloem


�� Plants needed support to grow tall Plants needed support to grow tall

enough to expose their leaves to the enough to expose their leaves to the

sunsun

�� Adaptation: cell walls and Adaptation: cell walls and

vascular tissue vascular tissue


�� Plants needed a way for sperm to Plants needed a way for sperm to

reach eggs without water to swim reach eggs without water to swim

throughthrough

�� Adaptation: pollenAdaptation: pollen


�� Plants needed a way to keep an Plants needed a way to keep an

embryo safe until conditions are safe embryo safe until conditions are safe

for growthfor growth

�� Adaptation: seedsAdaptation: seeds

��What are the adaptations that plants What are the adaptations that plants

need to survive on land?need to survive on land?

��Why is a cuticle a useful adaptation Why is a cuticle a useful adaptation

in land plants but not in algae?in land plants but not in algae?

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Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants


�� Includes:Includes:

��Mosses (bryophytes)Mosses (bryophytes)

�� Liverworts (hepatophytes)Liverworts (hepatophytes)

��Hornworts (anthocerophytes)Hornworts (anthocerophytes)


�� LowLow--growinggrowing

�� Live in moist environmentsLive in moist environments

�� Absorb water and nutrients directly from Absorb water and nutrients directly from their environmenttheir environment

�� Water allows sperm cells to swim to egg Water allows sperm cells to swim to egg cells during reproductioncells during reproduction

Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants Moss Moss

�� What looks like tiny stems and leaves is What looks like tiny stems and leaves is the gametophyte generationthe gametophyte generation

�� A tall, slender stalk with a capsule at the A tall, slender stalk with a capsule at the end growing from the top is the end growing from the top is the sporophyte generation sporophyte generation

�� Rhizoids (like roots) anchor the plant and Rhizoids (like roots) anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrientsabsorb water and nutrients

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MossMoss

�� Sphagnum moss grows in bogsSphagnum moss grows in bogs

�� Bog water is very acidic Bog water is very acidic ––decomposers do not live there, so decomposers do not live there, so dying moss does not decaydying moss does not decay

�� Layers of dead moss compress into a Layers of dead moss compress into a dark material called peatdark material called peat

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LiverwortsLiverworts

�� Leaves are broad and flat Leaves are broad and flat –– like a like a

human liverhuman liver

��Grow in a thick crust on moist rocks Grow in a thick crust on moist rocks

or in soil next to a streamor in soil next to a stream

Lepdogyna hodgsoniae

Gametophyte

stage

Sporophyte

stage

Plants can also

reproduce asexually

by regenerating a

new plant from a

piece of an old one.

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Hornworts Hornworts

��Gametophyte stage Gametophyte stage –– flat leaves flat leaves close to the groundclose to the ground

�� Sporophyte stage Sporophyte stage –– slender, curved slender, curved ‘‘hornshorns’’

��Rarely grow on rocks or trees Rarely grow on rocks or trees –– live live in moist soil mixed with grassin moist soil mixed with grass

Check your knowledgeCheck your knowledge

��Describe two characteristics that Describe two characteristics that

nonvascular plants share.nonvascular plants share.

��How are these two characteristics How are these two characteristics

related?related?

�� In what ways are mosses, liverworts In what ways are mosses, liverworts

and hornworts similar?and hornworts similar?

�� In what ways are they different?In what ways are they different?

Seedless vascular Seedless vascular

plantsplants

FERNS

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Club mosses

Horsetails

Seedless vascular plants Seedless vascular plants

�� Fossils date from 340 myaFossils date from 340 mya

��Giant club mosses areGiant club mosses are

responsible for most ofresponsible for most of

the coal on Earththe coal on Earth

Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants

Ancient fern

forests

covered

much of the

land


��Characteristics:Characteristics:

1.) True vascular tissue1.) True vascular tissue

–– Effective transportation of materials Effective transportation of materials

through the plantthrough the plant

–– Strengthens the plants body with strong Strengthens the plants body with strong

cell wallscell walls


��Characteristics:Characteristics:

2.) Seedless2.) Seedless

––Reproduce through sporesReproduce through spores

sporesspores→→gametophytegametophyte→→gametesgametes→→sporophytesporophyte

––Need moist environment for sperm to Need moist environment for sperm to

swim to eggsswim to eggs

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Ferns Ferns

��More than 12,000 speciesMore than 12,000 species

��Range in size from Range in size from ¼¼ inch to 20 feet inch to 20 feet

talltall

�� True stems, roots, and leavesTrue stems, roots, and leaves

Ferns Ferns

��RhizomesRhizomes

––Underground stems Underground stems

–– Spread out sideways under the soilSpread out sideways under the soil

––Grow new roots and shoots Grow new roots and shoots

FernsFerns

�� FrondsFronds

–– Leaves grow out of the underground Leaves grow out of the underground

rhizomerhizome

––StipeStipe –– stalk below the bladestalk below the blade

–– Blade Blade –– part of the frond with leafletspart of the frond with leaflets

�� Fiddlehead Fiddlehead –– new, uncurling frondnew, uncurling frond

FernsFerns

��Gametophyte Gametophyte

�� tiny tiny

��makes eggs and spermmakes eggs and sperm

�� gamete grows into a sporophytegamete grows into a sporophyte

FernsFerns

�� SporophyteSporophyte

�� Spore cases form on the Spore cases form on the

underside of frondsunderside of fronds

��Wind and water carry spores very farWind and water carry spores very far

�� Spore develops into gametophyteSpore develops into gametophyte

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Club mosses and horsetailsClub mosses and horsetails

Check your knowledge:Check your knowledge:

��What characteristics do ferns, club What characteristics do ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share?mosses, and horsetails share?

��How do tracheophytes differ from How do tracheophytes differ from bryophytes?bryophytes?

��How are tracheophytes and How are tracheophytes and bryophytes similar?bryophytes similar?

�� Although ferns have vascular tissue, Although ferns have vascular tissue, they still must live in moist they still must live in moist environments. Why?environments. Why?

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Characteristics of GymnospermsCharacteristics of Gymnosperms

��Gymnosperm means Gymnosperm means ‘‘naked seednaked seed’’

–– The seeds are not enclosed in a fruitThe seeds are not enclosed in a fruit

��Oldest type of seed plantOldest type of seed plant

–– First appeared on Earth ~360myaFirst appeared on Earth ~360mya

Characteristics of gymnospermsCharacteristics of gymnosperms

�� All All gymnosperms have naked seedsgymnosperms have naked seeds

��MostMost have needlehave needle--like leaves and like leaves and

deepdeep--growing root systemsgrowing root systems

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CycadsCycads

�� Look like palm trees with conesLook like palm trees with cones

–– A cycad cone can grow as big as a A cycad cone can grow as big as a

footballfootball

��Grow mostly in tropical and Grow mostly in tropical and

subtropical areassubtropical areas

Conifers Conifers

��ConeCone--bearing plantsbearing plants

��Most diverse group of gymnosperms Most diverse group of gymnosperms

todaytoday

��Most are evergreensMost are evergreens

––Keep their leaves (needles) yearKeep their leaves (needles) year--roundround

––When needles drop off they are replaced When needles drop off they are replaced

by new ones.by new ones.cypress

juniper

cedar

sequoia

Ginkgoes Ginkgoes

��Only one species survives todayOnly one species survives today

Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba

��Often planted in cities because they Often planted in cities because they

can tolerate air pollution wellcan tolerate air pollution well

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Gnetophytes Gnetophytes

�� Live in hot desserts and tropical rain Live in hot desserts and tropical rain

forestsforests

�� Some are trees, shrubs, or vinesSome are trees, shrubs, or vines

�� Some are very longSome are very long--livingliving

Reproduction in gymnospermsReproduction in gymnosperms

��Cones Cones –– produced by most produced by most gymnospermsgymnosperms

�� Some species have Some species have ‘‘malemale’’ trees and trees and ‘‘femalefemale’’ treestrees

��Most produce both male and female Most produce both male and female cones on the same plantcones on the same plant

�� Female cones usually grow closer to Female cones usually grow closer to the trunk and male cones grow the trunk and male cones grow closer to the tips of the branchescloser to the tips of the branches

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Reproduction Reproduction

��Cones are covered with scalesCones are covered with scales

�� At the base of each scale is one or At the base of each scale is one or

more ovules more ovules

�� An ovule is a structure that contains An ovule is a structure that contains

an egg cellan egg cell

�� After fertilization, the ovule develops After fertilization, the ovule develops

into a seedinto a seed

Reproduction Reproduction

�� First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a

female conefemale cone

�� In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join

together in an ovule on the female conetogether in an ovule on the female cone

�� After fertilization occurs, the seed After fertilization occurs, the seed

develops on the scale of the female conedevelops on the scale of the female cone

Pollination Pollination

�� The transfer of pollen from a male The transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure to a female reproductive structurereproductive structure

�� In gymnosperms wind usually carries In gymnosperms wind usually carries the pollenthe pollen

��Ovules produce a sticky substance to Ovules produce a sticky substance to trap the pollentrap the pollen

Fertilization Fertilization

�� After pollination, the ovule closes After pollination, the ovule closes and seals in the pollenand seals in the pollen

�� A sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell A sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell inside each ovuleinside each ovule

�� The fertilized egg then develops into The fertilized egg then develops into the embryo part of the seed the embryo part of the seed

Seed developmentSeed development

�� Female cones stay on the tree while Female cones stay on the tree while the seeds maturethe seeds mature

––Up to two years in some speciesUp to two years in some species

�� As the seeds develop, the female As the seeds develop, the female cone increases in sizecone increases in size

��Male cones fall off the tree after Male cones fall off the tree after shedding their pollenshedding their pollen

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Seed dispersalSeed dispersal

��When the seeds are mature, the When the seeds are mature, the

scales openscales open

��Wind shakes the seeds out of the Wind shakes the seeds out of the

cone and carries them awaycone and carries them away

��Only a few seeds will land in suitable Only a few seeds will land in suitable

places and grow into new plantsplaces and grow into new plants

Who cares about gymnosperms?Who cares about gymnosperms?

��Conifers are used to make:Conifers are used to make:

–– Paper Paper

–– Lumber Lumber

–– Rayon fabricRayon fabric

–– Cellophane wrappersCellophane wrappers

–– TurpentineTurpentine

–– RosinRosin

��Managed forests Managed forests –– young trees are young trees are

planted to replace adult trees which planted to replace adult trees which

are cutare cut

�� Ensures a steady supply of these Ensures a steady supply of these

treestrees


�� What are the four types of gymnosperms?What are the four types of gymnosperms?

�� What is pollen and where is it produced?What is pollen and where is it produced?

�� Where do the pine seeds develop?Where do the pine seeds develop?

�� How is pollen transferred from the male to How is pollen transferred from the male to

the female cone?the female cone?


��Why would male cones grow near Why would male cones grow near

the tips of branches instead of near the tips of branches instead of near

the trunk?the trunk?

��Do you think that the seeds of Do you think that the seeds of

gymnosperms would likely be gymnosperms would likely be

dispersed by animals? dispersed by animals?

Why or why not?Why or why not?

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

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AngiospermsAngiosperms

�� Produce seeds that are enclosed in Produce seeds that are enclosed in

fruitsfruits

��Most diverse group of plantsMost diverse group of plants

–– 88% of all plant species88% of all plant species

�� Live almost everywhere on EarthLive almost everywhere on Earth

–– Frozen ArcticFrozen Arctic

–– Tropical junglesTropical jungles

–– Barren desertsBarren deserts

(Pistil)

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Structure of FlowersStructure of Flowers

�� SepalsSepals

––Usually greenUsually green

–– Closed around a budClosed around a bud

–– Fold back as bud bloomsFold back as bud blooms

�� PetalsPetals

––Usually colorfulUsually colorful

–– Vary in shape, size, and numberVary in shape, size, and number

Structure of Flowers, cont.Structure of Flowers, cont.

�� StamensStamens

––Male reproductive partMale reproductive part

–– Anther Anther –– pollen is produced herepollen is produced here

–– Filament Filament –– holds up the antherholds up the anther

�� Pistils (Carpels)Pistils (Carpels)

–– Female reproductive partsFemale reproductive parts

–– Stigma Stigma –– sticky tip sticky tip

–– Style Style -- slender tubeslender tube

––Ovary Ovary –– protects the seeds protects the seeds

ReproductionReproduction

�� PollinationPollination

–– Pollen (containing sperm) is transferred Pollen (containing sperm) is transferred

from an anther to a stigmafrom an anther to a stigma

–– Sperm cells travel down the style Sperm cells travel down the style

through a pollen tube to the ovulesthrough a pollen tube to the ovules

Reproduction, cont. Reproduction, cont.

�� FertilizationFertilization

–– Pollen must fall on the stigma of a Pollen must fall on the stigma of a

similar plantsimilar plant

–– Sperm cell + egg cell = zygoteSperm cell + egg cell = zygote

–– Zygote is the seedZygote is the seed’’s embryos embryo

––Ovule becomes the seed coat and Ovule becomes the seed coat and

stored foodstored food

––Ovary develops into a fruitOvary develops into a fruit

Pollinators Pollinators

�� Flower colors and scents are Flower colors and scents are

designed to attract animalsdesigned to attract animals

–– Birds, bats, bees, flies, miceBirds, bats, bees, flies, mice

��Nectar Nectar –– sugary food to many sugary food to many

animalsanimals

–– Forms deep in the flowerForms deep in the flower

–– Animal must brush past the sexual Animal must brush past the sexual

organs to get itorgans to get it

Seed dispersalSeed dispersal

�� Fruit is designed to attract animalsFruit is designed to attract animals

�� It is eaten or carried away, then It is eaten or carried away, then

deposited in a new area deposited in a new area

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Types of angiospermsTypes of angiosperms

��Monocot / dicot Monocot / dicot

��Woody / herbaceousWoody / herbaceous

�� Annuals / biennials / perennialsAnnuals / biennials / perennials


��MonocotsMonocots

–– 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)1 cotyledon (seed leaf)

–– Parallel leaf veinsParallel leaf veins

–– Bundles of vascular tissue scattered Bundles of vascular tissue scattered

throughout the stemthroughout the stem

–– Flower parts in threesFlower parts in threes

–– Ex. Ex. –– grass, corn, wheat, rice, lilies, grass, corn, wheat, rice, lilies,

tulipstulips


��DicotsDicots

–– 2 cotyledons2 cotyledons

–– Branching leaf veinsBranching leaf veins

–– Bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a Bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a

ringring

–– Flower parts in fours or fivesFlower parts in fours or fives

–– Ex. Ex. –– oak and maple trees, beans, oak and maple trees, beans,

applesapples

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��Woody plantsWoody plants

–– Thick, rigid cell wallsThick, rigid cell walls

–– Ex. Ex. –– trees, shrubs, rosestrees, shrubs, roses

��HerbaceousHerbaceous

–– Softer, smoother stemsSofter, smoother stems

–– Ex. Ex. –– carnations, tomatoes, daisiescarnations, tomatoes, daisies


�� AnnualsAnnuals

––Complete their life cycle in one year or Complete their life cycle in one year or

lessless

�� BiennialsBiennials

––Complete their life cycle in two yearsComplete their life cycle in two years

�� Perennials Perennials

–– Live for longer than two yearsLive for longer than two years

�� Plant life span is genetically Plant life span is genetically

determineddetermined

–– Some plants will die after a certain time Some plants will die after a certain time

period, even if conditions are favorableperiod, even if conditions are favorable

�� Plant life cycle:Plant life cycle:

––Germination, maturity, flowering, seed Germination, maturity, flowering, seed

production, deathproduction, death

Who cares about angiosperms?Who cares about angiosperms?

�� Important source of foodImportant source of food

��Clothing Clothing –– cotton and flaxcotton and flax

��Rubber Rubber –– Ficus Ficus sapsap

�� Furniture Furniture –– maple, cherry, oakmaple, cherry, oak

��Medicines Medicines –– aspirin from willow bark, aspirin from willow bark,

digitalis from foxglovedigitalis from foxglove


��What are the male and female What are the male and female

reproductive parts of the flower?reproductive parts of the flower?

��What flower part develops into a What flower part develops into a

fruit?fruit?

��How do the petals of monocots and How do the petals of monocots and

dicots differ?dicots differ?

��How do the leaves of monocots and How do the leaves of monocots and

dicots differ?dicots differ?

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