the - political science department, st.philomenas...

TheConstitution of

India

Selective Comments by

P.M. BakshiFormer Director of the Law Commission of Indie

Fifth Edition

UniversalLaw Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

.

First Edition Second Edition Third Edition Fourth Edition Fifth Edition Updated Reprint

1991 1992 1996 2000 2002 2003

As amended by the Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003

ISBN: 81-7534-282-6

© Publishers

No part of this publication can be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the Publishers.

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THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

[15th January, 2004]

An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.BE it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-fourth Year of the Republic of India as

follows:—1. Short title and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Constitution

(Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by

notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.2. Insertion of new article 268A.—After article 268 of the Constitution, the

following article shall be inserted, namely:—"268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the

Union and the States.—(1) Taxes on services shall be levied by the Government of India and such tax shall be collected and appropriated by the Government of India and the States in the manner provided in clause (2).

(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such tax levied in accordance with the provisions of clause (1) shall be—

(a) collected by the Government of India and the States;(b) appropriated by the Government of India and the States,

. in accordance with such principles of collection and appropriation as may be formulated by Parliament by law.".

3. Amendment of article 270.—In article 270 of the Constitution, in clause (1),for the words and figures "articles 268 and 269", the words, figures and letter"articles 268, 268A and 269" shall be substituted.

4. Amendment of Seventh Schedule.—in the Seventh Schedule to theConstitution, in List I—Union List, after entry 92B, the following entry shall beinserted, namely:—

"92C. Taxes on services.".

First eed Second Third 1 Fourth Fifth Update

As an

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Pi Uc c 1I 1

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-SECONDAMENDMENT, ACT,2003

An act further to amend the constitution of India.

Be it enacted by parliment in the Fifty fourth Year of Republic Indiasfollows: 1.Short title—This Act may be called the Costitution (Ninety-second Amned-ment)Act 20032.Amnedment of English Schedule -In the English Schedule to the

constitution,- (a) existing entry 3 shall be renumberred as entry5 and before entry5 as so remembered, the following entries shall be inserteted,namely:- 2Bodo 4.Dogri(b) existing entries 4 to 7 shall respectively be remembered as entry11

:

"3.Bodo.

.

ybecalledtheConstitution

^^^^

7 shall respectively be re-numbered as entries

secon

schedulc to the

THE CONSTITUTION (NININETY-FIRST

T) ACT 2003 January, 2004]

CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

85

t itle -This Ac. may be called .hfirst l 5._In aItlde 75 of the Constitutionafter clause

< . \ , t " J J - ' < - - ■ ' ■ ■ ■ ' '

The Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003

3. Amendment of article 164.—In article 164 of the Constitution, afterclause (1), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely:—

"(1A) The total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in a State shall not exceed fifteen per cent, of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly of that State:

Provided that the number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister in a State shall not be less than twelve:

Provided further that where the total number of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in any State at the commencement of the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003 exceeds the said fifteen per cent, or the number specified in the first proviso, as the case may be, then, the total number of Ministers in that State shall be brought in conformity with the provisions of this clause within six months from such date as the President may by public notification appoint.

(IB) A member of the Legislative Assembly of a State or either House of the Legislature of a State having Legislative Council belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a member of that House under paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a Minister under clause (1) for duration of the period commencing from the date of his disqualification till the date on which the term of his office as such member would expire or where he contests any election to the Legislative Assembly of a State or either House of the Legislature of a State having Legislative Council, as the case may be, before the expiry of such period, till the date on which he is declared elected, whichever is earlier.".4. Insertion of new article 361B.—After article 361A of the Constitution,

the following article shall be inserted, namely:—'361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.— A

member of a House belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a member of the House under paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule shall also be disqualified to hold any remunerative political post for duration of the period commencing from the date of his disqualification till the date on which the term of his office as such member would expire or till the date on which he contests an election to a House and is declared elected, whichever is earlier.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this article,—(a) the expression "House" has the meaning assigned to it in clause

(a) of paragraph 1 of the Tenth Schedule;(b) the expression "remunerative political post" means any office—

(i) under the Government of India or the Government of a Statewhere the salary or remuneration for such office is paid out of the public revenue of the Government of India or the Government of the State, as the case may be; or (ii) under a body, whether incorporated or not, which is wholly or partially owned by the Government of India or the Government of a State and the salary or remuneration for such office is paid by such body, except where such salary or remuneration paid is compensatory in nature.'.5. Amendment of the Tenth Schedule.—In the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution,—(a) in paragraph 1, in clause (b), the words and figure "paragraph 3

or, as the case may be," shall be omitted;(b) in paragraph 2, in sub-paragraph (1), for the words and

figures "paragraphs 3, 4 and 5", the words and figures "paragraphs4 and 5', shall be substituted;

(c) paragraph 3 shall be omitted.

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Provisions Part Article Page

Preamble — — 1-5

Union and its Territory - i I 1 to 4 5-8

Citizenship II 5 to 11 8-10

Fundamental Rights III 12 to 35 10-84

Directive Principles of State Policy IV 36 to 51 84-92

Fundamental Duties IVA 51A 92-93

Union V 52 to 151 93 -141

States VI 152 to 237 141 - 200

Union Territories VIII 239 to 242 200 - 205

Panchayats IX 243 to 243-O 205-211

Municipalities IXA 243P to 243ZG 211-217

The Scheduled and Tribal Areas X 244 to 244A 217-219

Relation between the Unions and States XI 245 to 263 219 - 231

Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits XII 264 to 300A 231 - 247

Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India

XIII 301 to 307 247 - 249

Services under the Union and the States XIV 308 to 323 249 - 272

Tribunals XIVA 323A to 323B 272 - 275

Elections XV 324 to 329A 275 - 278

Special Provisions relating to certain classes

XVI 330 to 342 278 - 286

Official Language XVII 343 to 351 286 - 289

Emergency Provisions XVIII 352 to 360 289 - 298

Miscellaneous XIX 361 to 367 298^304

Amendment of Constitution XX 368 304-305

The Constitution of India

Provisions__- - ----------Temporary, Transitional and

Special Provisions____________—

Short title, Commencement and Repeals

-------Schedules 1 to 12

he Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954

Re-statement, with Reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and Modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir

PageArticlePart—XXI 369 to 392

305 - 321

XXII 393 to 395 321=322

— — 323 - 392_—

— 393 - 406

____ 407 - 422

CONTENTS

Contents at a Glance List of Statutes Referred Table of Cases Amendments at a Glance

PREAMBLEA living law

• Basic structure , • Federal structure , 1

• Fundamental law

> < , ,

• Idealism , • Interpretation by Preamble•Parents Patrice ♦• Powers• Preamble: Part of the Constitution

•*••• Preamble as basic structure • Secularism

Social justice• Socialistic concept• Sovereign• Structural sources of the Constitution• Structure of government and fundamental aspects of Constitution• Union of India• Unity o f nation

' . PART I

T H E U N I O N A N D I T S T E R R I T O R Y . . . , ,

Article v. 1. Name and territory of the Union

• Action subsequent to acquisition• Acquisition of foreign territory , , ••Law applicable to acquired territory• Territorial waters . ♦

Territory of India2. Admission or establishment of new States

2A. [Repealed]3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries *

or names of existing States• Effects of re-organisation of territory under existing laws

. • Reference of Billsvii

Page vxv

xlixxxxv

1 1 22 23 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

5 6 6 6 6 6

VIII The Constitution of IndiaPage

consequential mattersPART II

CITIZENSHIP5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution

• Every person• One domicile

6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated residing to

India from Pakistan7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan

8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian ongiln

.9Pe r sons v oun ta r i l y acqu i r ing c i t i zen sh ip of a

fo re ig nS t a t e no tto be citizens l.

Citizenship Act, 1955, section 9(2) • Obtaining passport

10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law

PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General

12. Definition• Agency outside India" • Co-operative societies

. Examples of authorities held to be State,• Local authorities: Writ • Other authorities ,,• Private body• Right to shelter .^"!r^

• State ,'.•.:,• State action

13. Laws in consistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rightsl

• Act of State

, • Basic features Severability• Treaties on human rights• Voidness• Working of Act

Right to Equality

14. Equality before law• Admission in college

9

9 910 10 10

1010 10 1011 111112121313141414151616

nghts

Article.. Contents

• A rbitrary action and discretion : - '• Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958• Backward areas• Cable T. V, and Doordarshan• Change of name• Citizenship• Contracts '• Disinvestment• Doctrine ofnatural justice• Education• Equals and unequals .• Executive action• Exemption from tax• Financial assistance• Flexibility• Government department• Grant-in-aid• Interpretation

• L a n d c e i l i n g ' • Limitations Panchayat: Removal of members

Pension ' ' ' » Principle of equality' Procedural discrimination

Rajasthani languageReasonableness

Rent control legislation > Royalties for industries' Rule for termination of service Sales to on restaurants Scheduled Castes

ScopeS e r v i c e ■

Service rulesSourceStock: ExchangeTax exemptionsTaxation lawsTelephones ..TendersT e s t , » ■ ■ ■ ■ • • - ■ •

Uncanalised discretionZone-wise merit list

ix

171718181818181819191919191920202020202021212121212121222222232323232324242424 25 25 25 26


Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race,caste sex or place of birth

• Area-wise reservation• Backward class• Discrimination• Medical colleges• Relationship to article 14 . >• Reservation within reservation• University-wise reservation ..• Women

; • Women and sexual harassmentEquality of opportunity in matters of public employment

• Arbitrariness• Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995• Discrimination• Employment '• Medical colleges

• Object of article 16• Other safeguards -:• Qualifying minimum marks

• Relaxation in standard of eligibility

• Reservation and promotion''

• Reservation to single post• Right to go anywhere and live with any person• Scheme

Abolition of untouchability Abolition of titles

• National awards, not titles• Title

Right to Freedom 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech,

• AIDS• Arbitrariness .. .• Ban on slaughter• Bandhs

' • Burden of proof• Business aspects of the media• Business with Government• Contempt of court• Convicts• Co-operative Societies Act, 1965 (U.P.)• Corporations as citizens .

caste,

1 in

etc.

Page

26262627272727282828282929303031313131323232323232323333

3334 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36

Article 15

OfOiI

"

V

17, 18

II

ContentsArticle

• Criteria of validity of law• Dealings with supplier

?> • False news item about judgesi • Fireworks ■ ■ > ■ t

• Freedom of assembly• Freedom ofassociation• Freedom of expression• Freedom of movement• Freedom of profession, etc.• Freedom of residence• Government advertisements• Judicial officers• Letter by employee against the organisation• Licences and permits• Ministers

t,. . 'Press . . ' P r i c e

. • Price fixation• Relationship with article 21 and 22• Right to know

, ' • Shareholder-, • Substantive and procedural aspectsi • Test of reasonableness

Total prohibition. Trial by media v.

• Unincorporated associations20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences

• Caut ion to speak• Clash between fundamental r ights• Commencement of pro tect ion .

, • Compulsion to be a witness v.• Double jeopardy

. • Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973

. • No right in procedure- . Penalty not prescribed '

: • Scope

• Testimonial compulsion for the accused • Violation of law and common law offences. 21. Protection of life and personal liberty

•AIDS and employment ,1? • Assault on child' • Atomic energy , .

Bail

XI

Page 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46

xiiArticle

t


' Beauty contests• Child offenders• Compensation• Compensation in Canada• Cruel punishment• Custodial death• Death sentence: Mandatory• Debtor• Delay in bringing to trial •• Delay in execution• Drugs• Ecology: Ecological balance• Ecology and "Public Trust" Doctrine• Environment• Environment: Hazardous chemicals

• • Environment: Precautionary principle• Fair procedure• Fair trial

• Foreign travel_• Forests

• Handcuffing• Health . • Housing• Illegal detention• Inhuman treatment•Insane person• Irish Constitution• Legal aid• Livelihood• Medical aid in Government hospitals• Medical confidentiality• Minimum punishment• Natural justice .• Obstruction of movement• Oppression of peasants• Passport• Passports Act, 1967• Police atrocities• Position in USA .

• Preventive detention• Prison restrictions• Prisoners: Classification• Prisoners: Interview

*

Page 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48

48 48 49 49 49 49 49

49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 51

. ; ■ . 51 51 52 52 52

Contents

Prisoners: TorturePrisoners: Wrongful detentionPrivacyPrivate industries and pollution

Prostitution , , Public hanging Public trial Punishment for attempted suicide ' Radiation (X-ray) Right to die (provision inIPC) ' Right to life: Various rights included ' Right to work ' Scope of article 21

Scheduled Tribes WomenSentence: Plea of guilty

Sexual harassmentSmoking in public place

' Solitary confinement '• Special Courts• Speedy trial• Summary dismissal of appeal• Telephone tapping• Terrorists Act• Traffic control• Undertrial prisoners

21A. Right to education22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

• Analysis• "Arrest": Meaning thereof• Article 21 may supplement article 22• Consideration of representation. Delay

. l ■ ■ '

' .Documents• Information about grounds of arrest• Language• Preventive detention

; • Production before the nearest Magistrate• Representation: Preventive detention• Right to consult and to be defended by legal practitioner of his choice

Right against Exploitation

23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour• Child labour• Children of prostitutes

xiii Page 52 52 52

■•'; 5253535353535353545455555555555555565656565657575758585858

5858595959606060

6061 61

Article


• Legislation relevant to article 23

• Scope• Traffic in human beings

Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.Right to Freedom of Religion

Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion

• Ananda Marg• Foreigners• Priests• Regulation by the State• Religion• Restrictions that can be imposed• Scope and object• Use of loudspeaker

Freedom to manage religious affairs. Administration of property of religious endowments• Affairs of religion• Common burden (land revenue)• Denomination ,• Directive Principles• Right to own property• Rituals

27. Freedomas to payment of taxesfor promotionof any particularreligion28. Freedom as to attenance at religious instruction or religious woship in

certain educational institutions: Cultural and Educational Rights

29. Protection of interests of minorities• Minorities

Page 61 61 61 61

61626262626363636464646464646565656565

i65

xiv Article

24.

25.

-

2?

26

30. II, 11 111 IU1 «.**»»w -—------

- Condition as to admission fees• Conditions for aid or recognition• Conditions: Void• Crucial words• Educational standards t..•M a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,•Minorities•Minorities based on religion or language• Regulation by the State• Regulatory laws• Requirements of regulation

Contents XV

Article Page• Right: Not absolute . . ; 70 Right to receive aid 70

• Scope . 70• Standards 70

31. [Repealed]

71

Saving of certain Laws

31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. 71• Land reform legislation 72

31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations 7331C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles 7331D. [Repealed] 74

Right to Constitutional Remedies

32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part 74• Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 74• Bail 74• Basic feature 74

i , • Certiorari ' . » 74• Child prostitution 75• Closure of industry 75• Commissioner 75• Compensation 75• Composite petition : 75• C o n t e m p t ' . . . 75• Continuing mandamus 75• Counter-affidavits: Detention 75• Damages 75

'- • Death in custody 75• Detention 75• Doctrine of Parens patna 76• Earlier decision 76

• Economic policy 76• Enforcement of Act 76• Estoppel against petitioner 76• Estoppel against State 76• False plea 77• Infringement of fundamental right 77• Introduction of Bill in the Legislature 77• Irrigation 77• Laches 77• Law making 77

• Legislation on personal law ,. 77',. • Liability 77

XVI

Article

32A. 33.

34.

35.

36.37.

38.


• Liability of officers . '• Limits of zurit jurisdiction• Locus standi• Mandamus ' '• Natural Justice \ '• Pleadings• Policy of Government ( i t f

• Political question• Pollution• Price fixation• Prostitutes' children• Public interest litigation• Relief• R e s j u d i c a t a ■'; > - .• Scope of article 32 '. *• Selection Committee \ . i t * ■• Service matters '■'■ '■•• S t o c k E x c h a n g e . ■ •• Supreme Court and High Court: Concurrent Jurisdiction »• Variety of rights coming up for enforcement *• Writ petition by workers in winding up proceedings ; •• Writ petition to determine age of Chief Justice of India ■• »

[Repealed]Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.

• Effect• Parliamentary legislation and fundamental rights ■ •• Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act, 1966 '• *• Scope , ■■'■ si'f.Hi v

• Writs against courts martialRestriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law isin force in any areaLegislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part

PART IVDIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

Definition Application of the principles contained in this Part• Directive Principles and UN Convention ,

' ,• Effect: The positive aspect• Harmony• Scope and object: The negative aspect

State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people

Page 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 81 81 82 82 82 82

82 82 83 83 83 83

84 84

84 84 85 85 85 85 86

Contents xviiArticle Page

39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State 86• Child labour: Employment of parent 86• Declaration in law 86• Equal pay for equal work 87• Object 87• Prices 87

39A. Equal justice and free legal aid 88• Legal aid 88

40. Organisation of village panchayats 8841. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases 8842. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief 8840. Living wage, etc., for workers 88

43A. Participation of workers in management of industries 8843. Uniform civil code for the citizens 89

• Personal law 89• Religious trusts 89• Uniform Code 90

45. Provision for early childhood care and education to childrenbelow the age of six years 90

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections 90

47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard ofliving and to improve public health 90

48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry 9148A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of

forests and wild life 9149. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance 9150. Separation of judiciary from executive 9151. Promotion of international peace and security 91

• Extradition 91• International law and national law (municipal law) 92

PART IVAFUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

51A. Fundamental duties 92• Environment 92• Fundamental duties and their enforcement 93• Scope 93• Striving towards excellence 93• Use and interpretation 93

xviii

Article

52. 53.

54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

63. 64. 65.

66. 67. 68.

69.70. 71.

72.

73,


PART V THE UNION

CHAPTER I THE EXECUTIVE The President

and Vice-President The President of India

Executive power of the Union• Executive power Election of President

Manner of election of President Term of office of President Eligibility for re-election Qualifications for election as President Conditions of President's office Oath or affirmation by the President Procedure for impeachment of the PresidentTime of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancyThe Vice-President of IndiaThe Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of PresidentElection of Vice-PresidentTerm of office of Vice-PresidentTime of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-Presidentand the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancyOath or affirmation by the Vice-PresidentDischarge of President's functions in other contingenciesMatters relating to, or connected with, the election of a Presidentor Vice-PresidentPower of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit orcommute sentences in certain cases

• Considerations to be taken into account• Manner of exercise• Need,for the power• New Commonwealth• Position elsewhere• Presidential clemency and death sentence• Stay

Extent of executive power of the Union

Contents xixArticle Page

Council of Ministers74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President 103

• Advice of Cabinet 103• Cabinet Government 103• Confidentiality of Cabinet decisions 104

75. Other provisions as to Ministers 104

The Attorney-General for India76. Attorney-General for India 105

Conduct of Government Business77. Conduct of business of the Government of India 10578. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information

to the President, etc. 105

• Cabinet Secrecy 106

CHAPTER II PARLIAMENT

General79. Constitution of Parliament 10680. Composition of the Council of States 10681. Composition of the House of the People - 10782. Readjustment after each census 10783. Duration of Houses of Parliament 10884. Qualification for membership of Parliament 10885. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution 10886. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses 10987. Special address by the President 10988. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses 109

Officers of Parliament89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States 10990. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of

Deputy Chairman 10991. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the

duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman 11092. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a

resolution for his removal from office is under consideration 11093. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People 110

94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices ofSpeaker and Deputy Speaker 110

95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform theduties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker 110

96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while aresolution for his removal from office is under consideration 111

XX

Article 97.

98.

99. 100.

101. 102.

103. 104.

105.

106.

107. 108. 109. 110. 111.


Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker Secretariat of Parliament

Conduct of Business Oath or affirmation by membersVoting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

Disqualifications of Members Vacation of seats Disqualifications for membership

• Code of conduct• Material date• Office of profit• Principle debarring holders of office of profit

Decision on questions as to disqualifications of membersPenalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmationunder article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof

• Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974• Effect of the Constitution (Forty-second) and (Forty-fourth)

Amendment Acts• Freedom of speech• Other privileges• Publication by or under the authority of a House• Publication of proceedings• Scope

Salaries and allowances of members

Legislative ProcedureProvisions as to introduction and passing of Bills Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases Special procedure in respect of Money Bills Definition of "Money Bills" Assent to Bills

Procedure in Financial Matters112. Annual financial statement113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates114. Appropriation Bills115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

Contents Article

117. Special provisions as to financial Bills

Procedure Generally118. Rules of procedure119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to

financial business120. Language to be used in Parliament121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

CHAPTER III

LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess

of Parliament• Effect of duration• Re-promulgation• Scope

CHAPTER IV

THE UNION JUDICIARY Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court

• Appointment of Judge• Consultation

Salaries, etc., of JudgesAppointment of acting Chief JusticeAppointment of ad hoc Judges

Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court Supreme Court to be a court of record

• Contempt power• Income-tax tribunal

Seat of Supreme Court

Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court [Repealed.]Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain casesAppellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters

Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters Certificate for appeal to the Supreme CourtJurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme CourtSpecial leave to appeal by the Supreme Court

• Criminal cases• Effect

xx

i

Page 121

121

122 122 122 122

122123 123 123

124 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127

127

128 129 130

130.131.

131A.132.

133.

134.134A. 135.

136.

124,

125. 126. 127. 128. 129.

130 130130 131


• Fraud• Grounds• New point• Question of fact• Relief• Scope• Scope of interference• Service matters• When leave may be granted• When leave may be refused

Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court• Application for review• Grounds• Scope• Third party

Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs Transfer of certain cases

• ScopeAncillary powers of Supreme CourtLaw declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts

• Binding jurisdiction of the Supreme Court• Law declared• Obiter dicta• Reconsideration• Retrospective operation• Scope• Stare decisis

Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.

• Elasticity• Scope of the relief

Power of President to consult Supreme CourtCivil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court[Repealed]Rules of court, etc.Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court

Interpretation

CHAPTER V

COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA Comptroller and Auditor-General of India Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General

xxii Article

137.138. 139.

139 A.

140. 141.

142.

143. 144. 144A. 145. 146. 147.

148. 149

Article150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the

States151. Audit reports

PART VITHE STATES

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

152. Definition

CHAPTER II

THE EXECUTIVE

The Governor153. Governors of States154. Executive power of State155. Appointment of Governor156. Term of office of Governor157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor158. Conditions of Governor's office159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or

commute sentences in certain cases162. Extent of executive power of State

• Duty of high officers

Council of Ministers163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor

• Classification of orders• Existing Ministry to continue until its successor assumes charge• Governor and the Cabinet

164. Other provisions as to Ministers

The Advocate-General for the State165. Advocate-General for the State

Conduct of Government Business166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information

to Governor, etc.• Individual officers

XXIV

Article

168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174.

175.

176.177.

178. 179.

180.

182. 183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188. 189.

190. 191.


CHAPTER III THE STATE

LEGISLATURE

GeneralConstitution of Legislatures in States Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States Composition of the Legislative Assemblies Composition of the Legislative Councils Duration of State LegislaturesQualification for membership of the State Legislature Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution

• Dissolution of Assembly• Endorsement of Bill

Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or HousesSpecial address by the GovernorRights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses

Officers of the State Legislature The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative AssemblyVacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy SpeakerPower of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, SpeakerThe Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under considerationThe Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative CouncilVacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy ChairmanPower of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, ChairmanThe Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under considerationSalaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy ChairmanSecretariat of State Legislature

Conduct of Business Oath or affirmation by membersVoting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

Disqualifications of Members Vacation of seats Disqualifications for membership

Page

146 147 147 148 149 149 149 150 150

150 151 151

15

1

15

1

15

1

152 152

15

2

15

2

15

2

153 153

15

3

15

3

154 155

Contents . xxvArticle

Page192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members 155

• Election Commission's opinion 155193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation

under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified 156

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures and of the

members and committees thereof 156195. Salaries and allowances of members 156

Legislative Procedure196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills 156197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than

Money Bills 157198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills 157199. Definition of "Money Bills" 158200. Assent to Bills 158

• Governor's assent to Bills 159201. Bills reserved for consideration 159

Procedure in Financial Matters202. Annual financial statement 160203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates 160204. Appropriation Bills 160205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants 161206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants 161207. Special provisions as to financial Bills 162

Procedure Generally208. Rules of procedure 162209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in

relation to financial business 162210. Language to be used in the Legislature 163211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature 163212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature 163

• Defects of competence 163

• Scope 163

CHAPTER IV

LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of

Legislature 164

CHAPTER V

THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES214. High Courts for States 165

xxvi The Constitution of IndiaArticle

215. High Courts to be courts of record• Contempt power

216. Constitution of High Courts217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

• Consultation: Consumer Protection Act, 1986218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to

High Courts219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge221. Salaries etc., of Judges222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges

224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

• Acquiescence• Allotment of land• Alternate remedy• Amenability• Arbitrariness• Arrest• Bail• Bias• Certiorari• Certiorari and Prohibition• Civil consequences• Code of Civil Procedure• Compensation• Concession: Withdrawal• Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission• Contract• Co-operative societies• Court martial• Criminal investigation• Discretion• Discrimination• Domestic inquiry• Education: Medical colleges• Encroachment and natural justice• Enforcement of an Act• Error of law

Page165165166166167

ContentsArticle

Facts Factual inaccuracy Fairness Fraud Futile writ Geographical limits Habeas Corpus

• Interim orders• Joint petitions• Jurisdictional limitations• Laches• Legal assistance• Legal binding• Legitimate expectation• Local authority• Mala fide• Mandamus • Mining lease• Natural justice• Nemo judex in causa sua• Notification• Parties• Policy and discretion• Pollution: Disposal of petition by consent• Premature petition• Preventive detention• Preventive detentions: Stay• Price fixation• Prisons• Probationer• Promissory estoppel

Public interest litigation• Quasi-judicial authority• Q uo warranto• Reasonableness• Reasons• Refund of tax• Registered and unregistered association• Relief• Remedy: Extraordinary and discretionary• Resjudicata• Scope: High Court power xxvii

Page 178 178 178 178 178 179 179 180 180 180 180 180 181 181 181 181 181 181

182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 185 185 186 188 188 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 190

The Constitution of India• Service matters• State Government• Statutory authority• Statutory instrument• Suppression of facts• Tender forms• Tribunal• Unincorporated association• Universities• Violation of fundamental rights• Waiver

Students• Circumstantial evidence• Cross-examination• Difference from criminal trials• Disciplinary action• Disciplinary proceedings• Discretion of the institution• Examinations• Illustrations of quasi judicial acts• Inquiry when not necessary• Natural justice• Procedure• Punishment• Standard of proof

226A. [Repealed]227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court

• Jurisdictional defects• Locus standi• Reasons• Scope and nature

228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court228A. [Repealed]

229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States232. [Repealed]

CHAPTER VI

SUBORDINATE COURTS233. Appointment of district judges

233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges

Page191191191191191191191192192192192

XXV111

Article

ContentsArticle

234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service235. Control over subordinate courts

• Adverse remarks against subordinate judicial officer236. Interpretation237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or

classes of magistrates

PART VII.—[Repealed.]

PART VIIITHE UNION TERRITORIES

239. Administration of Union territories239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for

certain Union territories239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi 239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery 239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories241. High Courts for Union territories242. [Repealed]

PART IXTHE PANCHAYATS

DefinitionsGram Sabha

Constitution of Panchayats Composition of Panchayats Reservation of seats Duration of Panchayats, etc. Disqualifications for membership Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayat Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position Audit of accounts of Panchayats Elections to the Panchayats Application to Union territories Part not to apply to certain areas Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters • Election process: Gram Panchayats

XXIX

Page199199199199

200

200

200

200

202

202

203

204

205

205205205206206207207208208208209209209209210210211

243. 243A. 243B. 243C. 243D. 243E. 243F. 243G. 243H. 243 I. 243J. 243K. 243L. 243M. 243N. 243-O.

XXX

Article

243P.243Q.243R.243S.243T.243U.

243V. 243W.243X.243Y.243Z.

243ZA. 243ZB. 243ZC. 243ZD. 243ZE. 243ZF. 243ZG.

244. 244A.

245.


PART IXATHE MUNICIPALITIES

DefinitionsConstitution of Municipalities Composition of MunicipalitiesConstitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. Reservation of seats Duration of Municipalities, etc. Disqualifications for membershipPowers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds, of, the Municipalities Finance Commission Audit of accounts of Municipalities Elections to the Municipalities Application to Union territories Part not to apply to certain areas Committee for district planning Committee for Metropolitan planning Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

PART XTHE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor

PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I LEGISLATIVE

RELATIONS

Distribution of Legislative Powers Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

• Conditional legislation• Excessive delegation• Incidental provisions• Legislation affecting judicial decisions• Legislation as will of the people• Legislation overriding decision• Legislative powers of Parliament and State Legislatures; Limitations• Motive

Page

211 211 212 212 213 213 213 214 214 214 215 215 215 215 215 216 217 217

217

218

219219 219219 219 220 220 220 220

Contents xxxiirticle Page

• Sub-judice 221• Transgression of limits of power by Legislature 221• Validating Act 221

246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by theLegislatures of States 221

• Co-operative societies 221• Doctrine of pith and substance 221• Effect of declaration 222• Effect of the words 'subject to' 222• Entry of goods 222• Essential commodities 223• Industries 223• Legislative list: Entries 223• Mala fides 223• Mines 224• Preventive detention 224• Reconciliation 224• Stamp duties 224

247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment ofcertain additional courts 224

248. Residuary powers of legislation 224249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the

State List in the national interest 225250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the

State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation 225251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles

249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States 225252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent

and adoption of such legislation by any other State 225253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements 226254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by

the Legislatures of States 226• Repugnancy 227• Union and State legislation 227

255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to beregarded as matters of procedure only 228

CHAPTER II ADMINISTRATIVE

RELATIONS

General256. Obligation of States and the Union 228257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases 229

257A. [Repealed] 229

fipWK^Pfif


icle258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases

258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union259. [Repealed]260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings

Disputes relating to Waters262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State

rivers or river valleysCo-ordination between States

263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State CouncilPART XII

FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS

CHAPTER 1

FINANCE

General

264. Interpretation265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law

• Fee266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States267. Contingency Fund

Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated

by the States269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union

272. [Repealed]273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting

taxation in which States are interested275. Grants from the Union to certain States276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments277. Savings278. [Repealed]279. Calculation of "net proceeds", etc.280. Finance Commission281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission

Miscellaneous Financial Provisions282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues

Page229

230

230

230

230

230

230

231 231232 232 232

233

233

234

234

234

234

235235236236237237237238

xxxii Article

Contents Article

283. Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds andmoneys credited to the public accounts

284. Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by publicservants and courts

285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods287. Exemption from taxes on electricity288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity

in certain cases289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation

290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds

291 . [Rep eal ed]

- CHAPTER II

XXXlll

Pag

e

238

238

238

239

240

240 240 241 241 241

BORROWING292. Borrowing by the Government of India293. Borrowing by States

CHAPTER III

PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS,LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS

294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligationsin certain cases

295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations. in other cases

296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia

297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf andresources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union

297. Power to carry on trade, etc. .,*

• Extra-territorial operation . • Trade or business299. Contracts •

• Doctrine of'indoor management300. Suits and proceedings '

• Government liability in tort: CHAPTER IV

RIGHT TO PROPERTY 300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law

• Deprivation of property•Nature of the right . . .• Requisitioning• State Finance Corporations Act, 1951 . .

241 241

242

242 243

243 243 244 244 244 245 245 246

246 246 246 246 247


PART XIII

TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSEWITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA

Freedom of trade, commerce and intercoursePower of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourseRestrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States

• Regulation and Prohibition must be distinguished from each other Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies[Repealed]Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes ofarticles 301 to 304

PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I

SERVICES

308. Interpretation309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the

Union or a State• Administrative instructions• Adverse remarks• Appointment• Armed forces• Compulsory retirement• Criminal proceedings• Discrimination• Examination• Exploitation• Gratuity• High Court• Interpretation• Interview• Lien• Mandamus• Mandate to Government•Officiating Post•Privacy•Promissory estoppel•Promotion•Provident fund

Page

24

7

24

7

247 248 248 249 249

249

249

XXXIV

Article

301. 302.

303

.

304

.

Contents

• Qualification• Quota• Railways• Recruitment• Retrenchment• Retrospectivity

i• Rule-making power• Salary• Seniority• Service matters: Judicial interference

• Temporary service

• Termination• Transfer• Vacancies

310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State• Contract• Expiry of term• Pleasure: Doctrine of

311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State

• Abolition of post• Adverse remarks• Administrative Tribunal• Appeal• Civil post• Compulsory retirement Confirmation• Copy of report• Criminal proceedings• Date of birth

• Dismissal• Double jeopardy•Fresh inquiry• Inquiry• Legal assistance• Malice Misconduct '• Opportunity ■

XXXV

253 254 254 254 254 254255255255255256256256256257 257 257 257

258259259259260260260261261261261261262262262262262263263263263263263

Article

er• Reinstated employee

Relief by Supreme Court Removal


• Seniority• Temporary appointment• Tenure post

• Term: Expiry ofAll-India ServicesPower of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services Transitional provisions [Repealed]

CHAPTER II PUBLIC SERVICE

COMMISSIONSPublic Service Commissions for the Union and for the States

Appointment and term of office of membersRemoval and suspension of a member of a PublicService Commission

• Misconduct• Proportion

Power to make r

XXXVI

Article312.

312A.

313. 314.315. 316. 317.

318.

319.

320, 321322 323

323A

323B

324.

325.

326

egulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members Functions of Public Service Commissions . Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions Expenses of Public Service Commissions Reports of Public Service Commissions

PART XIVA TRIBUNALS

Administrative tribunals• Co-operative societies • Interference by the tribunal

Tribunals for other matters• All courts• Appeal to Supreme Court• Tribunals and writs :

P A R T X V

ELECTIONSSuperintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election CommissionNo person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage

Page264264264

264264

265 266 266

266 266

267 268 269

269

269270 271 271272

272

273

273

273

274

275

275

Contents

Article327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to

elections to Legislatures328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to

elections to such Legislature329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

329A. [Repealed] PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS

RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

in the House of the People331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House

of the People332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

in the Legislative Assemblies of the States333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the

Legislative Assemblies of the States334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease

after sixty years335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to

services and posts336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the

benefit of Anglo-Indian community338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas

and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of

backward classes340. Scheduled Castes341. Scheduled Tribes

• Conversion• Finality of Presidential Order

• MigrantsPART XVII

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

CHAPTER I

LANGUAGE OF THE UNION

343. Official language of the Union344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language

CHAPTER IIREGIONAL LANGUAGES

" 3 4 5 . Official language or languages of a State

XXVII

Pag

e

277

277

277

278

278

279

279

280

280

281 281

281 282

283

283 284 284 285 285 286

286

287

287

xxxviiiArticle

346.

347.

348.

349.

350. 35 0A. 350B.

351.

352 353.

354.

355.356.. 357.

358. 359.

359 A. 360.

361. 361A.

362.363.


Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the UnionSpecial provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State

CHAPTER III

LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.

Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language

CHAPTER IV

SPECIAL DIRECTIVESLanguage to be used in representations for redress of grievances Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage Special Officer for linguistic minorities Directive for development of the Hindi language

PARTXVII1EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

Proclamation of EmergencyEffect of Proclamation of EmergencyApplication of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operationDuty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbanceProvisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in StatesExercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued underarticle 356 . . .

• Judicial reviewSuspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies[Repealed] Provisions as to financial emergency .

PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS Protection of President and Governors and RajpramukhsProtection of publication of proceedings of Parliament andState Legislatures .[Repealed]Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.

a-"i*"

Contents . xxxix

Article - Page363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease .

and privy purses to be abolished 299364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes 300365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to,

directions given by the Union 300366. Definitions 300

• Clause (10): 'existing law' 303•Clause (17) 303• Clause (29A) 303

367. Interpretation 303PART XX AMENDMENT OF THE

CONSTITUTION368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor 304

• Basic features 305• Object of this proviso is to give effect to the federal principle 305

PART XXI

TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain

matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List 305370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir 306371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat

307371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland 308371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam 310371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur 310371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh 311371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh 314371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim 314371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram 316371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh 316371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa 317

371. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation 317• Expression: "All the laws in force" 318

372A. Power of the President to adapt laws 318373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under

preventive detention in certain cases 319374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings

pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council 319375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to

the provisions of the Constitution 319376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts 319377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India . 320

x1 The Constitution of IndiaArticle Page

378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions 320378A. Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh

Legislative Assembly 320379-391. [Repealed] 321

392. Power of the President to remove difficulties 321

PART XXIISHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN

HINDI AND REPEALS393. Short title 321394. Commencement 321

394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language 321395. Repeals 322

FIRST SCHEDULEI. THE STATES II. THE UNION TERRITORIES

323

323

328

S E C O N D S C H E D U L E , , 330l PART A

PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THEGOVERNORS OF STATES 330

PART CPROVISIONS AS TO THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKEROF THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CHAIRMAN ANDTHE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES ANDTHE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLY AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF A STATE 330

PART DPROVISIONS AS TO THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURTAND OF THE HIGH COURTS .., . 331

•.. PART E :PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER ANDAUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA ,. 334

THIRD SCHEDULEForms of Oaths or Affirmations

335

335

FOURTH SCHEDULEAllocation of seats in the Council of States

338

338

Contents xliSchedule PageFIFTH SCHEDULE 340

Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas andScheduled Tribes 340

PART AGENERAL 340

1. Interpretation 3402. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas 3403. Report by the Governor to the President regarding the administration of

Scheduled Areas 340PART B

ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

4. Tribes Advisory Council * 3405. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas 341

PART CSCHEDULED AREAS . 342

6. Scheduled Areas 342PART D

AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE 3427. Amendment of the Schedule 342

SIXTH SCHEDULE PROVISIONS AS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF TRIBAL AREASIN THE STATES OF ASSAM, MEGHALAYA, TR1PURA ANDMIZORAM 343

1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions 3432. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils 3443. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws 3451. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and

autonomous regions 3472. Conferment of powers under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908,

and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, on the Regional andDistrict Councils and on certain courts and officers for the trial ofcertain suits, cases and offences '350

6. Powers of the District Council to establish primary schools, etc. 3507. District and Regional Funds 3518. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes 3516. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of,

minerals 35210. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of .'

money-lending and trading by non-tribals 35211. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule

353

xiii ' The Constitution of IndiaSchedule

12. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State ofAssam to autonomous districts and autonomous regions in theState of Assam

12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya 12AA. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the

State of Tripura to the autonomous district and autonomous regions in the State of Tripura 12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the

State of Mizoram to autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Mizoram

13. Estimated receipts and expenditure pertaining to autonomous districtsto be shown separately in the annual financial statement

14. Appointment of Commission to inquire into and report on theadministration of autonomous districts and autonomous regions

15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District andRegional Councils

13. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council •1 6 . Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming

constituencies in such districts , -.

18. [Omitted]19. Transitional provisions20. Tribal areas

20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to be

autonomous districts and transitory provisions consequent thereto20C. Interpretation

21. Amendment of the Schedule

SEVENTH SCHEDULEList I—Union List .

L i s t I I — S t a t e L i s t List III—Concurrent List

EIGHTH SCHEDULELANGUAGES

N I N T H S C H E D U L E - • ,,.

TENTH SCHEDULEPROVISIONS AS TO DISQUALIFICATION ONGROUND OF DEFECTION

Contents xiiiiSchedule . Page

1. Interpretation 3872. Disqualification on ground of defection 3873. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of split 3884. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger 3885. Exemption 3896. Decision on questions as to disqualification on ground of defection 3897. Bar of jurisdiction of courts 3898. Rules 389

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE 391

TWELFTH SCHEDULE 392

APPENDIX I

THE CONSTITUTION (APPLICATION TO JAMMU AND KASHMIR) ORDER, 1954 393

APPENDIX II

RE-STATEMENT, WITH REFERENCE TO THE PRESENT TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION, OF THE EXCEPTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO WHICH THE CONSTITUTION APPLIES TO THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 407

Subject Index 423

LIST OF STATUTES REFERREDAndhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj Engineering Services Rules, 1963

Acquired Territories (Merger) Act, 1960Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950Adaptation of Laws Order, 1956Adaptation of Travancore Cochin Land Acquisition Laws Order, 1952Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985American and Irish ConstitutionAndhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1985Andhra State Act, 1953

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958Army ActAssam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1951Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969

346, 347, Bill of RightsBihar and Uttar Prades

Page 313325317323317

74,25923

323, 324, 338323, 325

14732317

262323

343, 344, 345, , 348, 349, 350, 351

4323 323

323, 328, 338, 339 223

147, 307,324,33832446

2629,10264348

175, 34820, 44, 59, 88, 349

51,58

284307, 393,407

285284, 285

h (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968 Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956 Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 Bombay Money Lenders Act, 1946 Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 Bombay Reorganisation Act, 2000 Canadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsCentral Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965 Citizenship Act, 1955 Civil Services (Temporary) Rules, 1949 Code of Civil Procedure, 1908Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973C O F E P O S A A c t , 1 9 7 4Constitution (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) Scheduled

Tribes Order, 1959Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Castes Order, 1962

kxiv

Constitution (Declaration as to Foreign States) Order, 1950Constitution (Jammu and

Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order, 1956Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1970Constitution of Ireland, 1937Constitution (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1963Constitution (Scheduled Castes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1978Consumer Protection Act, 1986Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 ' Cooper, Stevension, Charter Damages Claims, 1990Delhi Cement and Licensing and Control Order, 1982Delhi Development Act, 1957Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939Drafting Committee, 1947Fatal Accidents Act, 1855Fifth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974Foreigners Act, 1946General Clauses Act, 1897Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 _, i( ,

Government of India Act, 1935Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Act, 1971Governor's Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges (Amendment) Act,Governor's (Emoluments and Privileges) Amendment Act, 1998Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979High Court's and Supreme Court's Judges (Conditions of Services)

Amendment Act, 1998

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1987Hindu Succession Act, 1956Indian Administrative Service (Second Amendment) Regulation, 1989Income Tax Act, 1961Indian Divorce Act, 1869Indian Evidence Act, 1872Indian Penal CodeIndian Telegraph Act, 1885

3028428549

309, 31628428428428516736

4622318

89667634244

52

67

107, 202, 203,

204

327, 328, 338,

33

354, 35'

1987 33133132

331, 332, 33

89, 138

82

24,229

28,14


List of Statutes Referred

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947Industries Development and Regulation Act, 1951International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1977International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966International Convention on Rights of Child, 1989International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment

of the Crime of Apartheid, 1973 Judges Inquiry Act, 1968Karachi Resolution for Constitution Committee, 1931 Kerala Co-operative Societies ActLaccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 Madhya Pradesh Post Graduate Medical Course Rules, 1984 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Madras Scheduled Areas (Cessar) Order, 1951 Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 Mizoram District Council (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order, 1972Motor Vehicles Act, 1988

59112,

1`54 32

89,90 147

325,329,338,339 24

xivii

259 223 15 15 15

15 268 23 10 203 16

324,327,338,339 342

72,241,324,338 223 359 56

89,90147,325,338

60163, 218, 280, 310, 323, 327, 328, 338,

339, 340, 343, 346, 347, 348,349,350,351,352, 353,355,357,358

5183

330 330 330

56

Muslim Women's Protection of Rights on Divorce Act, 1986Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973National Security Act, 1980North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971

Passports Act, 1967 ■Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act, 1966President's Emoluments and Pension (Amendment) Act, 1990President's Emoluments and Pension (Amendment) Act, 1998President's Pension (Amendment) Act, 1985Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances Act, 1988Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950 Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 Protection on Divorce Act, 1986 Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969 Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 Qualitative Requirements and Finance Act, 1981, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959 Repealing and Amendment Act, 1974 Representation of People Act, 1951

TheConstitution of

India

Selective Comments by

P.M. BakshiFormer Director of the Law Commission of Indie

Fifth Edition

UniversalLaw Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

.

The Constitution of Indiaxlviii

Sapra Committee Report, 1945Scheduled Area (Himachal Pradesh) Order, 1975Scheduled Area (Part A States) Order, 1950Scheduled Area (States of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh

and Orissa) Order, 1977 Schedule to the (Constitution) Amendment Act, 1995Shariat ActSixth Schedule to the (Constitution) Amendment Act, 1995

Special Courts Bill, 1978Specific Relief Act, 1963State Financial Corporation Act, 1951State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986

State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970State of Mizoram Act, 1986

State of Nagaland Act, 1962States Reorganisation Act, 1956Sugar Control Order, 1966Supreme Court (Decrees and Orders) Enforcement Order, 1954Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986Tamil Nadu Slum Grabbers etc. Act, 1982Telegraph Rules, 1951Terrorist and Disruptive Act, 1986Untouchability Offence Act, 1955USA Civil Rights Act, 1871Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Societies Act, 1965Uttar Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1947Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000Uttar Pradesh Sales Tax Act, 1948Vienna ConferenceWest Bengal Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1969West Bengal Taxation Tribunal Act, 1987World Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 1968

23 341 341

341359

90345, 351, 353, 355356, 357, 359, 360

55259247

163, 204, 327, 329163, 327, 328, 339

218, 327, 329, 338, 340,343, 354, 356, 357, 358

323, 339 ' 3 2 3

172 136

. . . .. 147' " ' . ' . . . , ■ ' . " 5 9

2456,172

■ 32

51 36 21

326, 327, 338, 3392481514:27-

1

163, 204,

TABLE OF CASES

A. Hansavani v. State of Tamil Nadu, JT (1994) 4 SC 651 81A. Suresh v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1997 SC 1889 18, 35A. Thangal Kunju Mudaliar v. M. Venkatachalam Potti, (1955) 2 SCR 1196 24A.A. Mulla v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1997 SC 1441 45A.BK. Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 298 31,85A.D.M.Jabalpur v. Shukla,AIR 1976 SC 1207 84A.I.S.B.O.F. v. Union of India, (1990) Supp SCC 336 77A.K. Roy v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 710: (1982) 1 SCC 271:

(1982) Cri LJ 340 52, 76,123,177A.L. Tripathi v. Times of India, (1984) 1 SCC 43 23A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak, AIR 1988 SC 1831 137A.S.C. v. A.P.S.E.B., (1991) 3 SCC 263 174Abdult). Union of India, (1991) Cri LJ 430 (SC) 185Abdul Hakim v. State of Bihar, (1961) SCR 610 78Abdul Kadir v. State of Kerala, AIR 1976 SC 182 228Abdul Latif v. State of Bihar, AIR 1964 Pat 393 . . ' 26Abdul Salam v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1446 60,184Abdul Shakoor v. Election Tribunal, AIR 1958 SC 52 113Abdulla v. Union of India, (1991) Cri LJ 790 (SC) 184Abhay v. Bhave, (1991) 1 SCJ 607 185Abraham v. I.TO., AIR 1961 SC 609 190Acharya Jagadiswarananda Avadhuta v. Commissioner of Police, Calcutta,

AIR 1984SC 51: (1983) 4 SCC 522 62,64Achudan v. Union of India, (1979) 1 SCWR 80 82, 83Additional Secretary v. Alka Subhash Gadia, (1990) 2 SCALE 1352 179Addl. Secy. v. Gadia, (1991) 1 SCJ 200 185Advisory Board v. State of Kerala, (1991) 2 SCC 1 75Agarwal v. H.S.D.C, (1991) 2 SCC 283: AIR 1991 SC 1221 181, 262Aggarwal v. Union of India, (1992) 2 UJ SC 266: (1992) 3 SCC 526 258, 262,264Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works, AIR 1997 SC 2502 219Ahmed Kutty v. Union of India, (1990) 2 SCC 1 59,185Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation v. Nawab Khan Gulab Khan,

AIR 1997 SC 152 49,177Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat, (1974) 1 SCC 717:

AIR 1974 SC 1389 66, 69, 70Ahmedabad Women Action Group v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 573 77, 89Air India Statutory Corporation v. United Labour Union, AIR 1997 SC 645 54, 85Air Indian Nargis Mirza, (1981) 4 SCC 335 ' 23Ajay v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1991 SC 498 75

Ajay Bansal v. Bangalore University, AIR 1990 Kant 225Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib, AIR 1981 SC 487Ajay Kumar v. Chandigarh Administration, AIR 1983 P&H 8AjayKumar v. State ofBihar, JT (1994) 3 SC 662Ajay Kumar Mittal v. Haryana Agricultural University, AIR 1984 P&H 278Ajit v. State of Punjab, (1991) Cri LJ 2008 (SC)Ajit Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 967 SC 885Ajit Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1999 SC 3471Ajeet Singh Singhvi v. State of Rajasthan, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 343Akbar v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 70Aldo Maria Pathroni v. E.C. Keshavan, AIR 1965 Ker 75Ali Akbar v. United Arab Republic, AIR 1966 SC 230Ali Johad Naqvi v. Allahabad Development Authority, AIR 2001 All 172Alka Ceramics v. Gujarat State Finance Corporation, AIR 1990 Guj 105 (DB)All Delhi Rickshaw Union v. Municipal Corporation, AIR 1987 SC 648All India Bank Employees' Association v. National Industrial Tribunal

AIR 1962 SC 171All India Judges Association v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 165All India Railway Institute Employees' Association v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 952All Saints High School v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1980 SC 1042

(1980) 2 SCC 478 'Altemesh Rein v. Union of India, AIR 1998 SC 1768Amar Singh v. State of Rajasthan, (1955) 2 SCR 803: AIR 1955 SC 504

Ambica Mills v. Bhatt, AIR 1961 SC 970Ameeroonissa v. Mehboob, (1953) SCR404 ' -' 'Amir v. Hingliana, 1991 (3) JT 367 Amrit v. State of Punjab, (1992) 2 SCC 411Amritlal v. Himatbhai, AIR 1968 SC 1455Amritsar Municipality v. State of Punjab, AIR 1969 SC 1100Anand v. R.S.R.T.C, AIR 1991 SC 1003Anand Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 516Ananda v. Chief Secretary, AIR 1966 SC 657Andhra Steel Corporation v. A.P.S.E.B., (1991) 3 SCC 263Andhra Steel Corporation v. Commissioner of Commercial-tax, AIR 1990 SC 1912Andhra Sugars Ltd. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1968 SC 599Anil v. Dean, Govt. Medical College, Nagpur, AIR 1985 Bom 153Anil v. Union of India, (1991) Cri LJ 605 (SC)Animal and Environment Legal Defence Fund v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 549Anjali Saxena v. Chairman, Professional Examination Board, AIR 1990 MP 253 (DB)Anraj v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1984 SC 781Anvaruddin v. Shakoor, AIR 1990 SC 1242 .Anwar v. State of Jammu& Kashmir, (1971) 3 SCC 104 .

192

11

16

27

16

132

17

32

252

10

69

92

190

247

40

37,43

20

0

54

S8, 69, 7048

6,222 1742

5 184 253 1133

6 1317

6 105

175,186 249 2472

6 18447

177 244 13110

• ■ | , i •

. Table of Cases

Aramachine v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1992 Raj7 248Arjun. Jamnadas, (1990) 1 SCJ 59 177Artee Minerals v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1983 All 816 18Artee. State of Jammu& Kashmir, AIR 1981 SC 1009 27,78Arti No. 2(in re:), (1896)1 Q509 91Arumugam v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 199 253Arun.v State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC 1514 133Arun v. Union of India, AIR 1992 All 1 295Arun Tiwari v. Zila Mansui Shikshak Sangh, AIR 1998 SC 331 219Arya Samaj Education Trusty. Director of Education, AIR 1976 Del 207 69Asha v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, (1993) 2 SCC 573 271Ashish Handa v. Chief Justice, Punjab & Haryana High Court, AIR 1996 SC 1308 167Ashoka Ajoy, AIR 1985 SC211 114Ashok v. Collector, AIR 1980 SC 112 181Ashok v. Union of India, (1992) 20 ATC 501 (Pat) 259Ashok v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1792 221Ashok Nagar WelfareAssociation v. R.K. Sharma,AIR 2002 SC 335 ' 132Ashwani v. P.C.D.F v (1992) 4 SCC 17 273Ashwinder Kaur v. Punjab University, AIR 1989 P&H 190 16Assam Sillimanite Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1417 182Assam Sillimanite Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 938: (1992) Supp (1) SCC 692 74Assistant Customs Collector v. Melwani, AIR 1970 SC 962 44Assistant Collector v. Dulop, (1985) 1 SCC 260 136Associated Cement v. C.S.T., (1991) Supp (1) SCC 251 239Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Corporation, (1948) 1 KB 223 17Atam Prakash v. State of Haryana, AIR 1986 SC 859 225Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam, AIR 1961 SC 232: (1961) 1 SCR 809 247Attorney General of India v. Lachma Devi, AIR 1986 SC 467: 1986 Cri LJ 364 53Attorney-General of India v. Amratlal Pranjivanlal, JT (1994) 3 SC 583 224Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1962 SC 1406:

(1963)1 SCR 491 247Avadhesh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1991 All 52 : . . 1 8 2 Avinder v. State of Punjab, AIR 1979 SC 321 17Ayub Khan v. Commissioner of Police, (1965) 2 SCR 884 10Azeez v Union of India, AIR 1968 SC 662 B 64

B.Basavalingappa v. D. Munichinnappa, AIR 1965 SC 1269 285. Hassan Ali Khan v. Director of Higher Education, Andhra Pradesh,

(1987) 4 Reports 198 (AP) 11S.KrishnaBhat v Union of India, (1990) 3 SCC 65 78I. Krishnaiah v. State Election Commission, Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 1595 211i.B.L.&T. Merchants Association v. State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 486 189

250,251, 260, 261

Table of Cases liii

Bharat Seva Ashram v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1987 SC 494 . . :. 159Bhaskar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1993) 24 ATC 842: (1993) 3 SCC 307 80,77Bhatnagar v. Union of India, (1991) 1 SCC 544 255, 256Bhattacharya v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 468 80Bhavani River v. Sakthi Sugar Ltd., AIR 1998 SC 2578 184Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, 1986 Cri LJ 192 (SC): AIR 1986 SC 494 46, 51Bhim Singhji v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 234 2,14, 73, 305Bhola Nath v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) Supp SCC 151 78Bhoop v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 1414 273Bhopal Sugar Industry v. I.T.O., AIR 1961 SC 182 190Bhupendra Kumar Singhal v. P.R. Mehta, AIR 1990 Guj 48 172Bhuri Nath v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1997 SC 1711 62Bihar Co-op Society v. Siphai, AIR 1977 SC 2149 245Bihar Public Service Commission v. Dr. Shiv Jatan Thakur, JT (1994) SC 681 269Bihar School Examination Board v. Sinha, (1970) 3 SCR 963 193,`194Bihar State Madarsa Board v. Madarsa Hanafra, AIR 1990 SC 995 69Bimla v. State of Bihar, (1994) 1 UJSC 3 26 . 74Bishamber v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1982 SC 33 246Bishan Das v. State of Punjab, AIR 1961 SC 1570 81Bishwanath v. Union of India, (1991) 16 ATC 912 (Cal) (FB) 251Biswas v. State Bank of India, (1991) 2 UJSC 567 251, 252Board of Education v. Rice, (1911) AC 179 174Board of High School v. Bagleswar, (1963) 3 SCR 767 193,194,195Board of High School v. Chitra, AIR 1970 SC 1939 193,194Board of High School v. Ghanshyam, AIR 1962 SC 1110 193,194Board of Wakfs v. Hadi, (1993) Supp 1 SCC 192 177Body Builders Ltd. v. City of Ottawa, (1964) 45 DIRC (2d) 211 17Bommai v. Union of India, AIR 1990 Kant 5 (FB) 295Brahma Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1953) SCR 1169 127Builders Association v. State of Kerala, AIR 1993 SC 991 303Burrabazar Fire Works Dealers Association v. The Commissioner of Police,

Calcutta, AIR 1998 Cal 121 (DB) C 37

C. Sampath Kumar v. The Enforcement Officer, AIR 1998 SC 16

C.I.T. v. S.E.W., AIR 1993 SC 43CMC. Vellore Association v. Govt. of India (1983) 1 Lab LN 373C.S.I.R. v. Labour Court, (1992) 19 ATC 414C.S.O. v. Singasan, (1991) 1 SCC 729Calcutta Discount Co. v. I.T.O., AIR 1961 SC 372Calcutta Gas Co. v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1962 SC 1044Carltona Ltd. v. Commissioners of Works, (1943) 2 All ER 560Central Bank v. Bernard, (1991) 1 SCC 319

44 13569 259 262

iv The Constitution of India

Central Inland Water Transport Corporation v. Brojonath Ganguli, (1986) 3 SCC 156Chagki v. Tiburgba, (1990) 1 UJSC 4Chairman Railway Board v. C.R. Raugadharniah, (1994) 4 SLR 759Challa Ramkonda Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1989 AP 235Champaklal v Union of India, AIR 1964 SC 1854 Chandavarka v. Ashalata, (1986) 4 SCC 447Chandigarh Housing Board v. Gurnit Singh, (2002) 2 SCC 29Chandra Bhavan v. State of Mysore, AIR 1970 SC 2042

Chandra Rajkumari v. Police Commissioner, Hyderabad, AIR 1998 AP 302Charan Lai Sahu v. Union of India, (1990) 1 SCC 613: AIR 1990 SC 1480Charles Sobhraj v. Superintendent, Tihar Jail, AIR 1978 SC 1675Charles Sobhraj v. Superintendent, Central Jail, AIR 1987 SC 1514: (1978) Cr LJ SC 1534Charoria v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1988 SC 38 . : Chatterji v. Sub Area Commandant, AIR 1951 Mad 77Chennugadu (in re:), ILR (1955) Mad 92Chhetriya Pradushan v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 2060Chhetriya Samiti v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 1 SCJ 130Chief Engineer v. Jagdish, AIR 1991 SC 200Chief Justice v. Dikshitulu, (1979) 2 SCC 34Chintaman Rao v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1950) SCR 759 .Chiranjit Lal v. Union of India, (1950) SCR 869Chitralekha v. State of Mysore, AIR 1964 SC 1823Choki v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1957 Raj 10Cholamandalam v. Radhika Synthetics, AIR 1996 SC 1098 Chopra v. State of Haryana, (1992) 19 ATC 493 (SC)Chopra v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 357Christian Medical College Hospital Employees' Union v. C.M.C Vellore

Association, (1987) 4 SCC 691Church of God (Full Gospell) in India v. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Association,

AIR 2000 SC 2773Citizens for Democracy v. State of Assam, AIR 1996 SC 2193City of Ahmedabad v. New Shorrack Spinning, AIR 1970 SC 119Civil Rights Committee v. Union of India, AIR 1983 Kant 85Collector of Customs v. Pednekar, AIR 1976 SC 1408Collector of Malabar v. Hajee, (1957) SCR 970Commissioner of Customs and Excise v. Cure and Dooley Ltd., (1962) 1 QB 340

Commissioner of Police v. Jagadiswaranada, AIR 1991 Cal 263Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowment v. Lakshmindra, (1954) SCR 1005Common Cause Laws v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1619

Communist Party of India (M) v. Bharat Kumar, AIR 1998 SC 184Comptroller of Auditor General of India v. Mohan, AIR 1991 SC 2288Comptroller & Auditor General v. Jagannathan, AIR 1987 SC 537

i:

3

35,'

3,16, 51, 76,

l; 62, 63, (

2! 27, 31, 2!

Conscientious Group v. Mohammad Yunus, AIR 1987 SC 145iCooper v. Union of india, AIR 1970 SC.564 • ■■■Corporation of Calcutta v. Liberty Cinema, AIR 1965 SC 1107 Corporation of Nagpur v. N.E.L. & P. Co., AIR 1985 Bom 498

DjD. Rajesh Babu v. Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, AIR 1998 AP 162 (FB) jD.A.V. College v. State of Punjab, (1971) 2 SCC 269: AIR 1971 SC 1731 D.C Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 579 D.C.G.M. v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 937 D.C.M. Ltd. v. Assistant Engineer (H.M.T. Sub-division), Rajasthan State Electricity

Board, Kota, AIR 1988 Raj 64D.F.O. v. Vishwanath Tea Co., AIR 1981 SC 1369 D I.G. v. Rajaram, AIR 1960 AP 259D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610: (1997) 1 SCC 416: .

1996 (9) SCALE 298 . . . ,JD.N. Banerjee v, Mukherjee, (1953) SCR 302D.N. Chanchala v. State of Mysore, AIR 1971 SC 1762D.R.L.R.C. v. Dt. Board, (1992) 2 SCC 598 .D.S. Nakara v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 130D.T.C v. Mazdoor Congress, AIR 1991 SC 101

Dahanau v. B.S.E.S., (1991) 2 SCC 539Dalbir v. State of Punjab, AIR 1962 SC 1106Daljit Singh v. Chandigarh Housing Board, AIR 1990 P&H 144 :Dalpat Abasaheb Solunke v. Dr. B.S. Mahajan, AIR 1990 SC 434: (1990) 1 SCC 305Daphtary v. Gupta, AIR 1971 SC 1132Darshan Lal v. Union of India, AIR 1996 Del 52Dasappa v. Election Commission, AIR 1992 Kant 230Dasarathi v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1985 AP 136Dastagir v. State of Madras, AIR 1960 SC 756Dattatraya v. State of Bombay, AIR 1953 Bom 311Dattatraya Mahadev Nadkarni v. Corporation of Greater Bombay, (1992) 2 SCC 547DavidohnHopkrns v. Union of India,AIR 1997 Mad 366 .,Deep Chand v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1959 SC 648Deepak v. State of Bihar, AIR 1982 Pat 126Delhi Cloth & General Mills v. Union of India, AIR 1974 SC 937

2637, 6 6, 69

79,123,165,186, 220

47,51 195 17 77 21

12,18, 22, 25, 29, 34, 74

190 63 25 80, 251

127 19

276 93

43,44 28

263 18

Delhi Development Authority v. Skipper Construction Co. (P.) Ltd., AIR 1996 SC 2005

137Delhi Judicial Service Association v State of Gujarat, (1991) 4 SCC 406

Delhi Police Sangh v. Union of India, (1987) 2 ATC 194: AIR 1987 SC 379: (1987) 1 SCC 115

Desai v. Roshan, AIR 1976 SC 578Deva Ram v. Ishwarchand, AIR 1996 C 378 ' .

■I75, 305

37,83 189 13

C^Pitfv

lvi The Constitution of India

Devadasan v. Union of India, AIR 1985 SC 983

Devaki v. Government of Tamil Nadu, (1990) 3 SCJ 303Devarajiah v. Padmanna, AIR 1961 Mad 35Devdutta v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1992) 19 ATC 154 (SC)Dhan Singh v. State of Haryana, (1991) 2 Supp SCC 190: AIR 1991 SC 1047Dhanoa v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1745Dharam v. Administrator, (1991) 17 ATC 925Dharmandir Suganchand Chetawal v. Union of India, (1990) 1JT 184:

AIR 1990 SC 1196Dharti Pakar v. K.R. Narayanan, (1997) 8 SCC 766 Dharwad District P.W.D. Leterate Daily Wage Employees Association v.

State of Karnataka, (1990) 2 SCC 396Dhiraj v. Union of India, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 203: AIR 1991 SC 73 Dhirendra Kumar Mandal v. Superintendent and Legal Remembrancer of Legal Affairs,

(1955)1 SCR 224Dhrangadhra Chemical Works v. State of Gujarat, (1973) 2 SCC 345Dilip v . Stateo Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1976 SC 133Dina v. Narayan Singh, (1968) 38 ELR 212Dinesh Kumar (Dr.) v. M.L.N. College, AIR 1986 SC 1877

Dinesh Trivedi v. Union of India, (1997) 4 SCC 306 Dinesh v Motilal Nehru Medical College, 1990) 4 SCC 627

Director v. Sitadevi, AIR 1991 SC 308

Divyadarsan v State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1970 SC 181Dogra v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1992) 4 SCC 454Dubeyu.M.P.S.R.T.C, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 426 , .Durgadas v. Empl, AIR 1979 All 148 (FB)Durgah Committee v. Hussain, AIR 1961 SC 1402

31184,185

32 256

250, 255 259,277 255

5975

2, 3, 87, 256 261,264

26162,63

264257180

6381

189189

39,42177

181 38 39

155 73, 247

180

Duvala v. Chief Secretary, AIR 1984 SC 1527Dwarka v. I.T O., AIR 1966 SC 81Dwarka v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 428Dwarka Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1954) SCR 803Dwijendra Nath v. Director of Medical Education, Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 All 131

EEast India Commercial Co. v. Collector of Customs, AIR 1962 SC 1895Ebrahim v. Regional Transport Authority, (1953) SCR 290Ebrahim v. State of Bombay, (1954) SCR 923Election Commission v. Subramaniam Swamy, AIR 1996 SC 810Elizabeth v. State of Kerala, AIR 1991 Ker 161 (FB)Emperor v. Sibnath Banerjee, AIR 1943 FC 75Emperor v. Sibnath Banerjee, AIR 1946 PC 158 ;

Table of Cases : 1vii

English M.S.I.A. v State of Karnataka, (1994) UJSC 291 . 79Eskay v. C.C.E., (1990) 4 SCC 680 20Essex Union v . Essex C.C., (1963) AC 808 (HL) 192Eureka Engineers Cooperative v. Superintending Engineer, AIR 1998 Cal 12 191Ex Naib Subedar Katar Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 17 31Excel Wear v. Union of India, AIR 1979 SC 25 2, 3Executive Engineer v. Rangadhar, (1992) 2 UJSC 453 261Ex-Naik v. Union of India, (1991) 2 UJSC 466 176Express Newspapers v. Union of India, AIR 1958 SC 578 40, 74Express Newspapers v. Union of India, AIR 1986 SC 872 40

FF.C.I. Workers Union v. Food Corporation of India, AIR 1990 SC 2178:

(1990) Supp SCC 296 78, 80, 81, 87F.C.J v. Narendra, (1993) 1 UJSC 572 136Farooq v. Union of India, (1990) 2 SCJ 225 58Faruk v . State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1970 SC 93 39Father Thomas Shingare v. State of Maharashtra, (2002) 1 SCC 758 67Fatehchand Himatlal v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1977 SC 1825 42Fedco v. Bilgrami, (1960) SCJ 235 39Federation of Bar Association in Karnataka v. Union of India, AIR 2000 SC 2544 165Federation of Directly Appointed Officers of Indian Railways v. Union of India,

' AIR 1993 SC 2422: (1993) 3 SCC 346 80Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Association of India v. Union of India,

JT 1989 (Supp) 168: (1989) 179ITR 94: AIR 1990 SC 1637 24, 221, 224Federation of Mining Associations of Rajasthan v. State of Rajasthan,

AIR 1992 SC 103 227Fernandez v. State of Maharashtra, (1964) 66 Bom LR 185 41Fertiliser Corporation of India v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 344 79, 81,186Fram Naserwanji v. State of Bombay, AIR 1951 Bom 216 85Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi, AIR 1981 SC 746-

(1981) Cri LJ 306 (SC) 53, 54Francis John v. The Director of Education, AIR 1990 SC 423 171

Frank Anthony Public School Employees' Association v. Union of India, (1986) 4 SCC 707: (1987) 2 ATC 35: AIR 1987 SC 311 67, 69

G. Beena v. Andhra Pradesh University of Health Sciences, AIR 1990 AP 247 19G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital v. State of

Uttar Pradesh, AIR 2000 SC 2695 4G.F. College v. Agra University, AIR 1975 SC 1820 67G.J. Fernandez v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1990 SC 958 25Gandhi & Co. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1990 Bom 218 177Gannon Dunkerly v. State of Rajasthan, (1993) 1 SCC 364 303Garg. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 2 U JSC 571 . . .... 181

viii The Constitution of India

Garg v .Union of India AIR 1981 SC 2138Garhwal Jal Sansthan v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1997 SC 2143Gasket Radiators v. E.S.I.C, (1985) 1 SCC 68

Gaurav Jain v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 292Gaurav Jain v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 3021Gaurishankar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 709Gazi Khan v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1990 SC 1364 General Manager v. Rangachari, AIR 1962 SC 36 Ghulam Nabi v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1990 J&K 20

Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab, AIR 1996 SC 1257 :Girdhar v. State, AIR 1953 MB 147Girdhari Lal Soni v. Municipal Commission, Calcutta Municipal Corporation,

AIR 2001 Cal 12Godse v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1961 SC 600 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1643Goodyear India Ltd. v. State of Haryana, AIR 1990 SC 781 Gopal v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 413 . .Gopalan v. State of Madras, (1950) SCR 88Gopalanachari v. Administrator, State of Kerala, AIR 1981 SC 674Gopi Aqua Farma v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 3519 ; ,,Gopi Chand v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1959 SC 609 Gosain v. Yashpal, AIR 1993 SC 352Gourya v. Thakur, AIR 1986 SC 1140 , -^Government of Andhra Pradesh v. A.P. Jaiswal, AIR 2001 SC 499Government of Andhra Pradesh v. H.M.T., AIR 1975 SC 2037Government of Andhra Pradesh v. Syed Md., AIR 1962 SC 1778 G overnment of India v. Nambudri, AIR 1991 SC 1261Government of Tamil Nadu v. Ahobila, AIR 1987 SC 245Government of the Federal Republic of Germany v. Sotiaridis, (1974) CLYB 1665 Govind v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1975 SC 1378 Govind v. State of Maharashtra, (1990) 4 SCC 718 . ,,Govindlalji v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1963 SC 1638Gracy v. State of Kerala, AIR 1991 SC 1090Gramophone Co. v. Birendra, AIR 1984 SC 667Granites v. State of Tamil Nadu, JT (1994) 1 SC 374Greater Bombay Municipal Corp. v. Anjali Thukral, AIR 1989 SC 1194Green View Tea & Industries v. Collector, Golaghat, (2002) 1 SCC 109Grih Kalyan Kendra Workers' Union v. Union of India, (1991) SCC 619:

(1991) 1 UJSC 468Grossman, (1925) 257 U.S. 87Gujarat University v. Shri Krishna, AIR 1963 SC 703 Gulam v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1981 SC 2198

530(

I

:

25,:

2l

14, ,234,2

59,

38

58

80, 81, 8J

Table of Cases ix

Gupta v. U.P.S.E.B., AIR 1991 SC 1309

Gupta Sugar Works v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1987 SC 2353: (1987) Supp SCC 476

Gurbachan v. State of Bombay, (1952) SCR 737

Gurgnigben (II) v. State of Gujarat, (1990) CR LJ 273

Guruswami v. State of Mysore, AIR 1954 SC 892

Guwahati University v. Raj Konwar, (1970) Assam LR 1

H! I.C Puttaswamy A. v. Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court, AIR 1991 SC 295 197H.R. Adanthaya v Sandoz, JT (1994) 5 SC 176 136U S. K.V.v. Union of India, (1990) 4 SCC 516 40

Haji Esmail v. Competent Officer, AIR 1967 SC 1244 80Hansmukh v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1981 SC 28 59Hanum r Vitamin Foods v. State, AIR 1990 Bom 204 (DB) 224Haradhan Saha v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1974 SC 2154 41Harbans v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1982 SC 849 100

, Hardwari v. Bhajan, AIR 1993 P&H 3 155! Hargovind . Raghukul, AIR 1979 SCI109 - " - 268

Hari Jai Singh (in re:), AIR 1997 SC 73 ' 37

Hari Shankar v. Deputy Commissioner, AIR 1975 SCI 121 ' '"" " 3 8

H a r i v a n s h v . S t a t e o f M a h a r a s h t r a , ( 1 9 7 1 2 S C C 5 4 66

1 Hasmattulah v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 2076 34Hathising Manufacturing Co. v. Union of India, AIR 1960 SC 924 38Head Masters v. Union of India, AIR 1983 Cal 448 ' 93HighCourtof Judicaturel at Allahabad v. Raj Kishore, AIR 1997 SC 1186 165High Court of Judicature at Bombay v. Shirish Kumar Rangrao Patil| AIR 1997 SC 2637 199Himmat Lal v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1954 SC 403 74Hindi Hitrakshak Samiti v. Union of India, (1990) 1 SCJ 617: AIR 1990 SC 851 66, 78Hindustan Antibiotics v. Workmen, 1967 (1) SCR 652 24Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd. v. Government of Kerala, (1986) 3 SCC 398 24Hindustan Steel Works Construction Ltd. v. State of Kerala, AIR 1997 SC 2275 20Hira Nath Mishra v. The Principal, Rajendra Medical College, Ranchi, AIR 1971 SC 1260 173Hiranath v. Principal, (1973) UJSC 83 193

Hoechst v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 1019 159, 228Hoskot. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1978 SC 1548 ' 88Hotel Balaji v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1993 SC 1048 221Hotel Corporation of India v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 2001 J&K 36 239Hukam Singh v State of Punjab, AIR 1975 P&H 902 100lundraj Kanyalal Sajnani v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1106 . . 87, 223Hussainara v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1360 46, 56Hussainara v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1369 50, 51, 56, 88

133

79

38,41

102

178

193,194

.

■'■ . '-k-Siii?":',', ■ ' " ' " J , - S *

is -■■ i^^^mg' •^^^^^iii^^s^^

1x The Constitution of India

Hussainara v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1377 Hussainara v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1819

50,55

I.A.A.I. v. Municipal Court, AIR 1991 Del 302I.A.C v. Shukla, (1993) 23 ATC 407 (SC)I.I.T.v . Union of India, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 12I.T. Appellate Tribunal v. V.K. Agarwal, AIR 1999 SC 452I.T.O. v. N. Takin Roy Rymbai, (1976) 103 ITR 82 (SC)Inderjeet v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1979 SC 1867India Ex-Services League v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1182Indian Cement v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1988 SC 567Indian Council for Enviro-legal Action v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1446Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India, (1986) 1 SCC 633: AIR 1986 SC 515Indian Ex-Service League v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1182Indian Oil Corporation v. Municipal Corporation, AIR 1990 P&H 99Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, AIR 1975 SC 2299 1,15,109,150Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, (1992) Supp 3 SCC 217: AIR 1993 SC 477

79

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, AIR 2000 SC 498Indra v. Union of India, (1991) Supp 3 SCC 557Indravadan Pranlal Shah v. Ahmedabad Telephones, AIR 1990 Guj 85 (DB)Iron & Metal Traders v. Jaskiel, AIR 1984 SC 629Islamia Karimia Society, Indore v. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore,

AIR 1988 MP 22Issac Babu v. Union of India, (1990) 4 SCC 135 Izhar Ahmed v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 1052

JJ. Ranga Swamy v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 535J.P. Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1993 SC 2178Jacab v. Kerala Water Authority, (1991) 1 SCC 28Jagat Bahadur v. District Supply Officer, AIR 1990 All 113 (DB) ;

Jagdeesh Saran (Dr.) v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 820Jagdev Singh Sidhanti v. Partap Singh, AIR 1965 SC 183Jai Shankar Prasad v. State of Bihar, (1993) 2 SCC 597Jai Singh v. State of Haryana, AIR 1970 P&H 379Jaipur Development Authority v. Daulat Mai Jain, (1997) 1 SCC 35Jaiswal v. Debi, (1992) 1' UJSC 731: AIR 1992 SC 749Jalan Trading Co. v. Aney, AIR 1985 SC 233JalanTrading Co. v Mill Mazdoor Sabha, AIR 1967 SC 691 '"'•' lV

Jamman v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) Cri LJ 439Jamail v. Secretary, (1993) SCC 47 .

23 8

26 12

I

47,1

19, 40, S2!2:

164, 220, 3123,2

135, 281, 3i19,:

267, 268,:

255,:

Table of Cases

Jasbir Rani v. State of Punjab, AIR 2002 SC 60Jaswant v. State of Punjab, (1990) Supp 1 SCC 313Jaswant v. State of Punjab, (1991) 1 SCC 362 ,Jaswant v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 Punj 155Jaswant Kaur v. State of Haryana, AIR 1977 P&H 221Jatish Chandra Ghose v. Harisadhan Mukherjee, AIR 1956 Cal 433Jatish Chandra Ghose v. Harisadhan Mukherjee, AIR 1961 SC 613:

; ,;

(1961) 3 SCR 486: (1956) 60 CWN 971Javed v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1985 SC 231Jawala Ram v. State of Pepsu, AIR 1962 SC 1246Jayashree v. State of Kerala, AIR 1976 SC 2381Jesuratnam v. Chief of Air Staff, (1976) Cri LJ 65Jesuratnam v. Union of India, (1990) Supp SCC 640Jolly Verghese v. Bank of Cochin, AIR 1980 SC 470Jose De Costa v. Bascora, AIR 1975 SC 1843Joseph v. Narayana, AIR 1964 SC 1552Justice S.S. Sandhawalia v. Union of India, AIR 1990 P&H 198

KK' a Judicial Officer, AIR 2001 SC 972K. Ashok Reddy v. Government of India, JT (1994) 1 SC 40K. Thimmappa v. Chairman, Central Board of Directors, State Bank of India,

AIR 2001 SC 467K. Vasudavan Nair v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 2295K. Venkatachalam v. A. Swamickan, AIR 1999 SC 1723K.C Vasanthkumar v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1985 SC 1495K.L. Rathore v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 2763K.M. Abdulla Kumhi and B.L. Abdul v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 574K.M. Sharma v. Devi Lai, AIR 1990 SC 528K.M.I. v. Pandurang, (1992) 4 SCC 719K.N. Oil Industries v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1986 SC 1929K.P. Sen v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1966 Cal 356K.S. Bhoir v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2002 SC 444K.S. Ramamurthy v. Chief Commissioner, Pondicherry, AIR 1963 SC 1464K.T. Chettiar v. Collector, Tiruvanna Mala, AIR 1990 Mad 181Kalawani v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1953) SCR 546Kalyan Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1962 SC 1183Kalyani Stores v. State of Orissa, AIR 1966 SC 1686Kamaladevi v. State of Punjab, AIR 1984 SC 1895Kamla v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1981 SC 814Kamra v. N.I.A., (1992) 2 SCC 36Kanhaiya Lal Sethia v. Union of India, (1997) 6 SCC 573: AIR 1998 SC 865Kannan v. Dt. Collector, AIR 1991 AP 43 (FB)

lxi

32 251 260 100 227 115

115,116 52 45 26 83

251476

43168

199 168

25140278

27,312158

104 27380

268 1711

1 17544 105 2485658259

21,77227

xvi The Constitution of India

Kanta v. Manak Chand, AIR 1970 SC 694

Kanu Sanyal v. District Magistrate, AIR 1973 SC 2684Kanubhai Brahmbhatt v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1987 SC 1159Kanyaiya Lal v. Income Tax Commissioner, AIR 1975 SC 255Kapoor v. State of Punjab, (1955) 1 SCR 577Karamshi v. State of Bombay, AIR 1964 SC 1714Karnataka Mechanical, Civil Engineering Contractors v. State, AIR 1990 Kant 206Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab, (1991) 2 SCC 635Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab, JT (1994) 2 SC 423Karunanidhi v. Union of India, AIR 1979 SC 898Kashinath v. Speaker, (1993) 2 SCC 703Kashmiri Lal v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1980 SC 1992: (1980) 4 SCC 1Kasturi Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) Supp SCC 784Kasturi Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1965 SC 1039Katarki v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1991 SC 1241Kathi Raning Rawat v. State of Saurashtra, (1952) SCR 435: AIR 1952 SC 123Kedar Nath v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1953 SC 404Kehar Singh v. Union of India, (1988) 4 SCC 693: AIR 1989 SC 653Kennedy & Arnold v. Ireland, 1987 IR 587Kerala Education Bill (in re:), AIR 1958 SC 956Kerala Hotel and Restaurant Association v. State of Kerala, AIR 1990 SC 913:

11. 17' 8 4 14 24 1 13

56,104,1722717

20,24 19

21,2 4

1CA

66, 67, 69, 70, i

22,:

Z

1, 3, 5,14,15,

JT (1990) (1) SC 324: (1990) 2 SCC 502 Keshav Ram Pal (Dr.) v. Uttar Pradesh Higher Education Services Commission,

(1986) 1 SCC 671Keshavan v. State of Bombay, (1951) SCR 228 ,Keshavanada Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461:

(1973) 4 SCC 225: (1973) Supp SCR 1Kesoram Industries v. Union of India, AIR 1993 Cal 78Khadi & Village Soap Industries Association v. State of Haryana, JT (1994) 5 SC 233

:Khan v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1967 Bom 254Khanzode v. R.B.I., AIR 1982 SC 917

iKharak Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1963 SC 1295 38, 39, iKhare v. State of Delhi, (1950) SCR 519 'Khatki v. Limdi Municipality, AIR 1979 SC 418

Khatri v. State of Bihar, AIR 1981 SC 928Khazan Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1974 SC 669Khimji Vidhu v. Premier High School, AIR 2000 SC 3495Khoday Brewing & Distilling Industries Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1990 Mad 124Khudi Ram v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1975 SC 550

Khurai Municipality v. Kamal Kumar, AIR 1965 SC 1321Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu, AIR 1993 SC 412 (CB): (1992) Supp (2) SCC 651

156,164,3Kiran Pasha v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, (1990) 1 SCC 328: (1990) 1 SCJ 282 76,

50, 2

115,:

Table of Cases

Kishan v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1990 SC 2269Kishore v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1991) 1 SCC 286Kishore Mohan v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1972 SC 1749Kochunni v. State of Madras, AIR 1959 SC 725Krishan v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1975) UJSC 951Krishan v. Union of India, (1990) 4 SCC 207 (CB): AIR 1990 SC 1782Krishna v. Land Tribunal, AIR 1993 SC 883Krishna v. Shpbha, (1990) 1 UJSC 71Kruse v. Jhonson, (1898) 2 QB 91Kubic Dariusz v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 605: (1990) 2 SCJ 102Kuldeep Kumar Gupta v. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board, AIR 2001SC 308Kuljit v. Lt. Governor, AIR 1982 SC 774Kulkarni v. State of Bombay, AIR 1954 SC 73

Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam Ltd. v. Girja Shankar Pant, AIR 2001 SC 24Kuriakose v. State of Kerala, AIR 1977 SC 1509

LL. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 1125L.I.C. v. Manubhai Shah, AIR 1993 SC 171

Lata Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) 2 SCC 113Laxmi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1981 SC 873Laxmi v. Union of India, (1991) 2 SCJ 86Laxmi Devi v. Satya Narain, (1994) 5 SCC 317Laxmi Kant v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 232Laxmikant V. Patel v. Chetanbhat Shah, AIR 2002 SC 275Laxmi Shanker Pandey v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1070Lena Khan v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1515: (1987) 2 SCC 402Leo Roy v. Superintendent, District Jail, AIR 1958 SC 118Uly Kurian v. St. Levina, AIR 1979 SC 52: (1979) 2 SCC 127: (1979) 1 SCR 820Lingappa v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1985 SC 389Literate Association v. State of Karnataka, (1990) 2 SCC 396Local Govt. Board v. Arlidge, (1915) AC 120Lokendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1996) 2 SCC 648Lt. Col. Prithi Pal Singh Bedi v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1413Lucy v. State of Goa, AIR 1990 Bom 355Lynch v. Tilden Produce Co., (1923) 265 US 315

L .K. Koolwal v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1988 Raj 2L.T.C. v. Karnataka, (1985) Supp SC 476 "'' ' "Lakhan Lal v. State of Orissa, AIR 1977 SC 722Lakshmikant v. Union of India, (1997) 4 SCC 739Land Carriers Owners' Union v. Trustees Board of Calcutta, AIR 1990 Cal 176Larson &Toubro Ltd. v State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission,AIR 1998 Cal 313LataRam vStateLaxmi v Stateof

2198818081100

135,25322613117

59, 60,184 32 100 37 18 80

275 37,39 41228 38 42191

■ 1 7 5131428313685129190

10,234469

4, 85, 90, 228 85 174 53 83 34 17


MM. Hasan v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1998 AP 35

M. Jahangir Bhatusha v. Union of India, JT 1989 (2) SC 465

M.C Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388

M.C Mehta v. Kamal Nath, AIR 2000 SC 1997

M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1997 SC 699 61,

S

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (1987) 1 SCC 395

:

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (1987) Supp SCC 131

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 715

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1086



M.H. Devendrappa v. Karnataka State Small Industries Development Corporation,

AIR 1998 SC 1064

M.H. Hoaskol v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1978 SC 1548: (1978) Cri LJ 1678

M.K. Gopalan v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1955) 1 SCR 168 M.K. Kachar v.

State of Gujarat, JT (1994) 4 SC 473 M.K. Sharma v. Bharat Electronics Ltd.,

(1987) 3 SCC 231: AIR 1987 SC 1792:

(1987) Cri LJ 1908

M.P. Oil Extraction v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1997) 7 SCC 592: AIR 1998 SC 145

M.P. Sugar Mills v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1979 SC 627 M.V.A.L. Quamar v.

Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd., AIR 2000 SC 2826 Machindra v. King, AIR

1950 FC 1 29

Mackinnon Mackenzie & Co. Ltd. v. Audrey D. Costa, AIR 1987 SC 1281

Madhav Rao v. Union of India, AIR 1971 SC 530 Madho Singh v. State of

Bombay, AIR 1960 Bom 285 Madhu Kishwar v. State of Bihar, (1996) 5 SCC

125 Madhu Limaye {in re:), AIR 1969 SC 1014 Madhu Limaye v. S.D.M.,

AIR 1971 SC 2486 Madhu Limaye v. State of Punjab, AIR 1962 SC 1106

Madhuri Patel v. Additional Commissioner, Tribal Development, JT (1994) 5 SC 488 :

Madhuwanti v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 Bom 443 Madras High Court

Advocates' Association v. Dr. A.S. Anand, Hon'ble the

Chief Justice of India, AIR 2001 SC 970 Mafatlal

Industries v. Union of India, (1997) 5 SCC 536

Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel v. Union of India, (1970) 3 SCC 400: AIR 1969 SC 783 5,92

Maganlal v. Municipal Corporation, AIR 1975 SC 648 Mahabir Auto Stores v. Indian Oil

Corporation Ltd., AIR 1989 Del 315

Mahabir Auto Stores v. Indian Oil Corporation, AIR 1990 SC 1031:

(1990) 3 SCC 752 13,175, 244,

Mahabir v. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 Pat 40

Mahajan v. J.M.C., (1991) 3 SCC 91 176,184,

13,46, E

50,:

18, 2 1

54,

Table of Cases

Maharaja Tourist Services v State of Gujarat, AIR 1991 SC 1650 Maharashtra S.B.S.E. v. Gandhi, (1991) 2 SCC 716

Maharashtra State Electricity Board v. Thana Electricity Supply Co., AIR 1990 SC 153Maharishi Avadhesh v. Union of India, (1994) 1 Supp SCC 713Maharishi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 All 52Mahendra Lal Das v. State of Bihar, (2002) 1 SCC 149Mahendran v. State of Karnataka, (1990) 1 SCC 411 AIR 1990 SC 405Mahesh v. State of Delhi, (1991) Cri LJ 1703 (SC)Mahesh v. Union of India, (1990) 2 SCJ 359Makbool v. State of Bombay, (1953) SCR 730Malak v. State of Punjab, AIR 1981 SC 760Mallikarjuna Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 1251Malpe Vishwanath Acharya v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1998 SC 602Manchegowda v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1984 SC 1151Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597Manganese Ore v, Chande, AIR 1991 SC 520Manhattan General Equipment Co. v. Commissioner, (1935) 297 US 129Mani v. Phiroz, AIR 1991 SC 1492Manjeet v. E.S.I.C, AIR 1990 SC 1104Manohar Harries Walters v. The Basel Mission Higher Education Centre, Dharwad,

AIR 1991 SC 2230 70Manoranjan Das v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1998 Cal 22 18Maritime Electric Co. v. General Dairies, (1937) AC 610 (HL) 192Maru v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 2147 100Masthan Sahib v. Chief Commissioner, Pondicherry, AIR 1962 SC 797 6,11Matajog v. Bhari, AIR 1966 SC 44 25Mathew v. State of Bihar, AIR 1984 SC 1854 56Mathur v. Pramod, (1990) 1 UJSC 595 132Mathur v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1993) Supp 1 SCC 722 188Maya v. C.I.T., (1986) 1 SCC 445 45

? ■ ' ■

.i1

lxv

247

178,181, 183,189,193, 259

86 90 78

13125

4 131,132

184 44 38

252 21 85 38,48, 51, 54

137

MacEldowner v. Forde, (1971) AC 632 (HL) 17Md. Joynal Abedin v. State, AIR 1990 Cal 193 70Medimpex (India) Pvt. Ltd. v Drug Controllr-cum-Chief Licensing Authority,

AIR 1990 SC 544 132Meenakshi Mills v. Vishwanath, AIR 1955 SC 13 17Meera v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1991) Cri LJ 2395 (Mad) 49Meera Rani v. Government of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1989 SC 2027 59Mehboob Khan Nawab Khan Pathan v. Police Commissioner, Ahmedabad,

AIR 1989 SC 1803: (1989) 3 SCC 568: (1989) Cri LJ 2111 60Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1991 SC 417 79Mehta v. Union of India, (1992) Supp 2 SCC 85 91Mehtab Singh V Stateof Gujarat, (1991) Cri LJ 2325(SC) 132

■•.;

lxvi The Constitution of India

Merugu Satyanarayana v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1989 SC 1543 Meskill v. C.I.E., 1973 IR 121Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 1789:

(1980) 2 SCC 591

Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1986 SC 2030Mini v. State of Kerala, AIR 1980 SC 838Mishri Lal v. State of Orissa, AIR 1977 SC 1686Mithu v. State of Punjab, AIR 1983 SC 473Mittal v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 1Mixnam Properties Ltd. v. Chertsey U.D.C., (1965) AC 735Mohan Bir Singh Chawla v. Punjab University, AIR 1997 SC 788Mohan v. Union of India, (1992) Suppl 1 SCC 594Mohapu v. Sr. Supdt., (1991) Supp 2 SCC 503Mohd. Ibrahim Mohd. Sasin v. State of Maharashtra, (1987) Supp SCC 32Mohd. Yunus v. Mohd. Mustague, AIR 1984 SC 38Moinuddin v. Government of India, (1967) 2 SCR 401

60 49 1, 2,14,15,

41, 72, 305 72 17 220 47 63 17 28 93 263 51 195 9188 63 92 136 258 43 234 85

83,176,189 93 185 135 226 182 133 240 55 45 11 11

177

183 21

Mokhtiar v. State, AIR 1991 P&H 20Moti Das v. Sahi, AIR 1959 SC 942Moti Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1951 All 257 (FB)Moti Ram v. N.E.F. Rly, AIR 1964 SC 600Motran v. Union of India, AIR 1965 SC 600Mr. X v. Hospital Z, AIR 1999 SC 495Mukerian Papers v. State of Punjab, (1991) 2 SCC 580Mukesh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 537Mukherjee v. Union of India, (1990) 3 SC] 193Mumbai Kamgar Sabha v. Abdulbhai, AIR 1976 SC 1455 'Municipal Corporation v. Ashok, (1991) 2 UJSC 170Municipal Corporation v. Gurnam, (1989) 1 SCR 101Municipal Corporation v. Shiv Shankar, AIR 1971 SC 815Munindra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1993) Supp 1 SCC 437Munisami v. Ranganathan, (1991) 2 SCC 139Murli v. State of Haryana, (1991) 1 SCC 377Murli S. Deora v. Union of India, AIR 2002 SC 40MX of Bombay Indian Inhabitant v. M/s. ZY, AIR 1997 Bom 406Mysore Paper Mills Ltd. v. Mysore Paper Mills Officers' Association, (2002) 2 SCC 167Mysore S.R.T.C. v. Devraj, AIR 1976 SC 1027Mythili v. T. Padnia, Andhra Pradesh University of Health Service, AIR

1990 NOC 113 (AP): (1989) 2 APLJ 288

NN.C.H.S. v. Union of India, AIR 1993 SC 155 N.M.C.S. Mills v. Ahmedabad Municipality, AIR 1967 SC 1801 N.P.T. Co. v. N.S.T. Co., (1957) bCR 98

Table of Cases 1xvii

N.T. Bevin Katti v. Karnataka Public Service Commission, AIR 1990 SC 1233:(1990) 3 SCC 157 250, 254,271

Nabhirajiah v. State of Mysore, (1952) SCR 744 16Naga People's Movements of Human Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1998 SC 431 17Nagaraj v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 551 123Nagaraj v. Syndicate Bank, (1991) 2 UJSC 217 191Nagarjuna University y. Anthony Educational Society, AIR 1998 AP 271 (DB) 176NAginder Singh (Dr.) v. Punjab University, AIR 1990 P&H 157 187Nagpur Improvement Trust v. Luther, AIR 1973 SC 689 21Nagraj v. University of Mysore, (1968) SC (CA 1957/66) 193,194Nain Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 2 SCC 432 132Nakara v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 130 2, 4, 25, 79Nally v. State of Bihar, (1990) 2 SCC 48 • 178Namboodripad v. Nambiar, AIR 1970 SC 2015 127Nanavati v. State of Bombay, AIR 1961 SC 122 100Nand v. State of Orissa, AIR 1991 SC 1724 176Nandini v. Dani, AIR 1978 SC 1025 44Nandkishore v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1965 SC 1992 178nanganayaka v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1990 Kant 97 223Narayan Lai v. Mistry, AIR 1961 SC 29 44Narayan v. Purshottam, (1993) 1 UJSC 297 276Narayanan v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 Ker 97 41Narayanlal v. Maneck, AIR 1961 SC 29 45Narendra Kumar v. State of Haryana, JT (1994) 2 SC 94 50Narendra v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1974 SC 2092 62, 64, 65Narendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 2 SCC 622 132Narendra v. Union of India, (1990) Supp SCC 440 181Narinderjit Singh Sahni v. Union of India, (2002) 2 SCC 210 78

Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, AIR 2000 SC 3751 77,192National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 1234 54Nayar v. Union of India, AIR 1993 SC 1574 255Nayyar v. State, AIR 1979 SC 603 45NeeliMa Misra v. HarInder Kumar Paintal, AIR 1990 SC 1402 192Neelima v. Harinder, AIR 1990 SC 1402 183Neelima v. State of Haryana, AIR 1987 SC 169 271Neera. L.I.C. (1990)1 SCJ 321: (1992)1 SCC 286 252,263Nelson v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 1980 262, 263Jew Barrackppore Mini Bus Owners Association v. District Magistrate,

AIR 1990 Cal 268 246Jew India Industries Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1990 Bom 239 (FB) 189, 231Jew Marine Coal Co. v. Union of India, AIR 1964 SC 152 245Jibaran v. Mahendra, AIR 1963 SC 1895 195

lxviii

Nilabati Behara v. State of Orissa, (1993) 2 SCC 746Nirmal v. Union of India, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 263Nishi v State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1980 SC 1975Nityanandakar v. State of Orissa, AIR 1991 SC 1134Niyami v. Union of India, (1990) 4 SCC 516: AIR 1990 SC 2128Nizzar v. Varghese, AIR 1992 Ker 312Northern Corporation v. Union of India, (1990) 4 SCC 239Northern India Caterers v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1581

oO.K. Ghosh v. Joseph, AIR 1963 SC 812O.N. Mohanti v. Bar Council of India, AIR 1968 SC 888O.N.G.C v. Association of N.G.C. Industries of Gujarat, AIR 1990 SC 1851:

(1990) Supp SCC 397O.P. Chandra v. I.T.D.C, (1986) 4 SCC 337 Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation, AIR 1986 SC 108 Om Prakash Poplai v. Delhi Stock Exchange Association, JT (1994) 1 SC 114 Om Prakash v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 436 Orient Paper v. State of Orissa, AIR 1991 SC 672Orissa Cement Co. v. State of Orissa, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 430: AIR 1991 SC 1676 Orissa J.S. A. v. State of Orissa, AIR 1991 SC 382 Ouseph Mathai v. M. Abdul Khadir, AIR 2002 SC 110

51, 75, 77254, 255

2781,13173,185

1967821

3

7

22

7

40, 87,`175,183 23

51,5424,81

255215

189, 222, 227 254

P&O Steam Navigation Co. v. Secretary of State, (1861) 5 Bom HCR App A P. Bhaskaran v. Additional Secretary, Agricultural (Co-operation) Department,

Trivandrum, AIR 1988 Ker 75P. Innaiah v. Government of India, AIR 1990 AP 203 P. Nalla Thampi v. Union of India, AIR 1985 SC 1133 P. Rathinam Nagbhusan Patnaik v. Union of India, JT (1994) 3 SC 392 P.C.H.S. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1991 SC 1453 P.G.I.M.R. v. K.L. Narasimha, JT (1997) 5 SC 313: (1997) 6 SCC 283 P.L.O. Corp. v. Labour Court, (1990) 3 SCC 632 (CB) P.M. Aswathanarayana v. State of Karnataka, (1989) Supp (1) SCC 696 P.N. Duda v. P. Shiv Shankar, AIR 1988 SC 1208 P.N. Kumar v. Municipal Corporation of Delhi, (1987) 4 SCC 609 P.S. Doshi v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1990 MP 171 P.T. Services v. S.I. Court, AIR 1963 SC 114 P.T.I v. Union of India, AIR 1974 SC 1044 P.U. Abdul Rahiman v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 336 P.U.D.R. v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 355: (1987) Cri LJ 528 P.V. Kapoor v. Union of India, (1992) Cri LJ 140 (Del) Padda Narayana v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1975 SC 1252 Palani (in re:), AIR 1955 Mad 495

24(

6:5: 5:

19131,3:

8 1

17 4 5 5 4

12 4

Table of Cases 1xix

Pallow Sheth v. Custodian, AIR 2001 SC 2763 165Paltu Dutta v. S.M. Nibedita, AIR 1990 Cal 262 195Pannalal v. Union of India, AIR 1957 SC 397 16,181Pannalal Bansilal Patil v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 1023: AIR 1996 SCW 507: (1996) 2 SCC 498 89Pannalal Binjraj v. Union of India, (1957) SCR 233 24Paramanand Sharan v. Chief Justice, AIR 1964 Raj 13 11Paras Nath v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 298 22Parmanand Katara v. Union of India, AIR 1989 SC 2039: (1990) Cri LJ 671 50,54Parsram v. Shivchand, AIR 1969 SC 567: (1969) 1 SCC 20 285Parukutty Mannadissiar v. State of Kerala, AIR 1990 SC 817 191Parveen Hans v. Registrar, AIR 1990 NOC 107 (P&H): (1990) 1 Serv LR 808 16Paschim Bangal Khet Mazdoor Society v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1996 SC 2426 50, 54Pashupati v. Nem, (1984) 2 SCC 404 113Pavadai v. State of Madras, AIR 1973 Mad 458 32Payal Sharma alias Kamla Sharma alias Payal Kalara v. Superintendent, Nari

Niketan Kalindri Vihar, Agra, AIR 2001 All 254 32People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Police Commissioner, (1989) 4 SCC 730 51People's Union for Democratic Rights v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 355:

(1987) Cri LJ 528: (1987) 1 SCC 265 50People's Union of Civil Liberties v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 568 51, 54, 56Peoples' Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1473 61,186Periakaruppan v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1971 SC 2303: (1971) SCR 430 26, 30Periyar v. State of Kerala, AIR 1990 SC 2192 145Phoenix Properties Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1990 NOC 104 (Del):

(1989) 1 Delhi Lawyer 326 18Point of Ayr. Collieries Ltd v. Lloyd George, (1943) 2 All ER 546 17Pokhar Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1958 Punj 294 44Police Commissioner, Delhi v. Registrar, Delhi High Court, AIR 1997 SC 95 48, 54Poona Municipality v. Dattatraya, AIR 1965 SC 555 220Poonam v. Wadhwan, AIR 1987 SC 1303 76Post and Telegraph Board v. Murthy, (1992) 2 SCC 317 260, 261Prabha Dutt v. Union of India, (1982) 1 SCC 1: (1982) Cri LJ 148: AIR 1982 SC 6 40 ,52Prabhakar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1986 SC 210 30Prabhakaran Nair v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1987) 4 SCC 238: AIR 1987 SC 2117 12Prabhuswamy v. K.S.R.T.C., AIR 1991 SC 1789 19 ATC 266 (SC) 263Prabodh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 167 78Pradeep Jain (Dr.) v. Union of India, AIR 1984 SC 1420 8,17, 25Pradeep Sharma (P) Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 2648 42Pradip Chandra Parija v. Pramod Chandra Pattnaik, AIR 2002 SC 296 139Prafulla v. Bank of Commerce, AIR 1946 PC 60 221Prafulla v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1992 SC 2209 261Prakash Warehousing Co. v. Municipal Corpn., (1991) 1 UJSC 553 133

lxx The Constitution of India

Pramatha Nath Talukdar v. Saroj Ranjan Sarkar, AIR 1962 SC 876

Pramod v. Medical Council, (1991) 1 UJSC 400Pranatosh Roy (Dr.) v. University of Calcutta, AIR 1998 Cal 181Prasanna Dinkar Sohali v. Director-in-charge, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,

Nagpur, AIR 1982 Bom 176Prasanna Kumar Ray Karmakar v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1996 SC 1517 Prasant v. Lingaraj Law College, AIR 1977 Ori 107 Pratap Singh Rane v. Government of Goa AIR 1999 Bom 53 Pratibha v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1991 Kant 205 Pratima Paul v. Competent Authority, AIR 1990 Cal 185 (DB) Prem v. Chhabra, (1984) 2 SCC 302 Prem v. Union of India, (1991) USJC 690 Prem Chandra v. Collector, Faridabad, AIR 1998 SC 359 Prem Prakash v. Punjab University, AIR 1972 SC 1408 Prem Shanker Shukla v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1980 SC 1535 Premji Bhai v. Delhi Development Authority, AIR 1980 SC 738 Premnath v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR

4:28

169 76, 78, 80

27

16 130 194 144 143 20 222 80 171

193,194,195 48 11 228 177 408,83 132 249 258 159 60 159

251,271 100 182 38

42,63

91 173 173

1959 SC 749 Principal v. Vandana, AIR 1991 SC 792Printers Mysore v. Assistant Commercial Law Officer, JT (1994) 1 SC 692 Prithi Pal Singh Bedi (Lt. Col.) v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1413 Punjab State Electricity Board v. Ashok Kumar, AIR 1990 P&H 117 Punjab Traders v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 SC 2300 Purshottam v. Union of India, AIR 1958 SC 36 Purushotham v. State of Kerala, AIR 1962 SC 694 Pushpa v. Union of India, AIR 1979 SC 1953Puthiyadeth Jayamalhy Avva v. K.J. Naga Kumar, AIR 2001 Ker 38 Puttaswamy v. Chief Justice, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 421: AIR 1991 SC 295 Puttawwa (in re:), AIR 1959 Mys 116Pyare Lal Sharma v. Managing Director, (1989) 59 FLR 220 (SC) Pyare Lal v. Delhi Municipality, AIR 1968 SC 133

Qaereshi v. State of Bihar, (1959) SCR 629

RR v. Governor of Ashford Remand Centre, (1973) Current Law Year Book 1434R. v. Middlesex II, (1952) 2 All ER 312R. v. Northumberland Compensation Tribunal, (1952) 1 KB 338R.A.I. v. R.B.I. Staff, (1991) 2 UJSC 546R.D. CCB v. Dinkar, (1993) Supp 1 SCC 9R.D. Shetty v. International Airport Authority of India, (1979) 3 SCR 1014R.K. Dalmia v. Delhi Admn., AIR 1962 SC 1821R.O. v. Prafulla, AIR 1990 SC 727

Table of Cases

R.R.W. Union v Registrar, AIR 1967 Cal 507 RvS. Pandey v State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 717 Rabindra v. Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 470 Radhakrishna Agarwal v. State of Bihar, AIR 1977 SC 1496 Radhey Shyam Singh v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 1610 Raghubir v. State of Haryana, AIR 1981 SC 2037 Raghunath v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1992 SC 81 Raghunathrao v. Union of India, AIR 1993 SC 1267 Rajan v. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC 1377 Rajendra v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1992) Supp 2 SCC 413 Rajendran v. Union of India, AIR 1968 SC 507 Rajesh Arjunbhai Patel v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1990 Bom 114 ' Rakesh v. State of Bihar, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 626 Rakesh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1965 Punj 507 Ram v. State of Punjab, AIR 1981 SC 1576 Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1991 SC 1818 Ram and Shyam Company v. State of Haryana, AIR 1985 SC 1147 Ram Beli v. District Panchayat Rajadhukari, AIR 1998 SC 1222 Ram Bhagat Singh v. State of Haryana, (1997) 2 SCC 417 Ram Ekbal Sharma v. State of Bihar, AIR 1990 SC 1368 Ram Jawaya v. State of Punjab, (1955) 2 SCR 225 Ram Krishna Paul v. Government of West Bengal, AIR 1972 SC 863 Ram Kumar v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1975 SC 1026 Ram Murthy v. State of Karnataka, (1997) 2 SCC 642 Ram Prasad v. S.T. A.T., AIR 1993 MP 92 Ram Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1988 All 309 (DB) Ram Saran v. State of Punjab, (1991) 2 SCC 253 Ram Sarup v. Union of India, AIR 1965 SC 247 Ram Swarup v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1958 All 119Rama Dass Ram v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 1333: (1987) Cri LJ 1055:

(1987) Supp SCC 143Rama Dayal Markarha v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1978 SC 922Ramakant v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1145Ramakrishna v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1993 Kant 54Ramalingam v. Daily Thanthi, AIR 1975 Mad 209Ramana v. International Airport Authority of India, AIR 1979 SC 1628Ramanajah v. Supdt., Central Jail, AIR 1974 SC 31Ramanuja v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1961 SC 1402Ramanuja v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1972 SC 1586Ramaual v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 198Rambhadraiah v. Secretary, AIR 1981 SC 1653Ramchandra v. Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee, AIR 1965 AP 305

lxxi

37 18016 17226 227 255 305 131 263 26,30 286 188 194

64 253352132260

35,9460 128 185 19693 2528344

5236 252 155 116

12 10064

62,63 253 189 164

Ramchandra v. State, AIR 1974 SC 259 Ramchandra v. Union of India, AIR 1984 SC 541 Ramesh v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 560 Ramesh Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, (1987) Supp SCC 335 Ramji Lal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1957 SC 620 Ranchod v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1974 SC 1143 Randhir v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 879Rangaswamy v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 535 : (1990) 1 SCC 288 Ranjit v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 2386Ranjit Singh v. Union Territory of Chandigarh, AIR 1991 SC 2296 Ranvir v. Union of India, (1991) Cri LJ 1729 (Bom)Rao v. Indira, AIR 1971 SC 1002 94

Rashbihari v. State of Orissa, AIR 1969 SC 1082 Ratilal v. State of Bombay, (1954) SCR 1055 Ratlam Municipality v. Vardichand, AIR 1980 SC 1622 Ravi Naik v. Union of India, JT (1994) 1 SC 551 Re Burns and Township of Haldimand, (1966) 52 DIRC (2d) 1014 Re Mulgaonkar, AIR 1978 SC 72 Rev. Father v. State of Bihar, AIR 1969 SC 465 Reynold Rajamani v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1261 Robert Baird. L.D. City of Glasgow, (1936) AC 32 Roshan v. S.R.C Mills, AIR 1990 SC 1881 Roshan Deen v. Preeti Lal, (2002) 1 SCC 100: AIR 2002 SC 33 Roy v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 710 Roy Deo Sharma v. State of Bihar, AIR 1998 SC 3281 Rudul Shah v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 1086 Rupinder v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 65 Ruqmani v. Achuthan, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 520: AIR 1991 SC 983 Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1987 SC 359 Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1987 SC 2426: (1987) Supp SCC 487Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1989 SC 594

sS. Azeez Basha v. Union of India, AIR 1968 SC 662

S. Narayana Iyer v. Union of India, AIR 1976 SC 1986S.B Narasimha Prakash v. State of Karnataka, (1997) 2 SCC 425S.C. & W.S. Welfare Association v. State of Karnataka, (1991) 2 SCC 604

AIR 1991 SC 1117

S.C. Advocates Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 411

S.C. Employees Association v. Union of India, (1989) 4 SCC 1967

S.K. Awatramane v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1990 Guj 65 S.K. Dutta,

i.T.O. v. Lawrence Singh Ingty, (1968) 68 ITR 272

13!

5(

62,6:

5(

2,8; 253,25<

83,171

109,144

175 62,64

79,186

155 17 35

70 90 17

137

137,178

295

56

4, 46, 47

51

78,178

93

93

80

68

173

39

183,188 79 77 192 24

Table of Cases lxxiii

S.M. Mukherjee v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1984 81[S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 149 14,104,126,186S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 386: (1987) 1 SCC 124 273S.R. Bhagwat v. State of Mysore, AIR 1996 SC 188 219S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, (1994) 3 SCC 1: JT (1994) 2 SC 215 4, 295S.S. Boto v. B.D. Sardana, AIR 1997 SC 3127 220S.S. Dhanoa v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 1745 276Sabhajit v. Union of India, AIR 1975 SC 1329 11Sachdev v. Union of India, (1991) 1 SCC 605 75, 79

Sachidanand v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1987 SC 1109 79, 93 Sadhana Devi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1997 SC 1120 31Sadhuram v. Polin, AIR 1984 SC 1471 4Sagar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1968 AP 165 28

Sagir Ahmed v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1954 SC 728 35Saheli v. Commissioner of Police, AIR 1990 SC 513: (1990) 1 SCJ 300 75, 246Saifuddin v. State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853 62, 63, 64Sakal Papers v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 305 40Salonah Tea Co. Ltd. v. Superintendent of Taxes, AIR 1990 SC 772 189,232Samatha v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1997 SC 3297 55Sambamurti v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 66 15

' Sampat v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1969 SC 1153 58Sampath Kumar v. Enforcement Directorate Madras, AIR 1998 SC 16 43Sampath Kumar v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 386 14, 305Samsher Singh v. State of Punjab,AIR 1974 SC 2192 103,105,199Sand Carriers v. Board, AIR 1990 Cal 176 187Sangita v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1992) Supp 1 SCC 715 75Sanjay Mehrotra (Dr.) v. G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, AIR 1989 SC 775 17Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co. v Bharat Coking Coal, AIR 1983 SC 239 72, 87Sanjeev Kumar Agarwal v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 204 59Sanjeevi v. State of Madras, (1970) II SCC 672:1970 (3) SCR 505:

AIR 1970 SC 1102 94,144,146Sanjit v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1983 SC 328 61Santokh Singh v. Divisional Engineer, AIR 1990 Gau 47 24Sarada v. Shakuntala, AIR 1991 AP 20 196Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1975 SC 460 172Sarat v. Khagendra, AIR 1961 SC 334 100Sardara Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1991 SC 2248 252Sarup v. State of Punjab, AIR 1959 SC 860 63, 64Sasanka v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 522 305Sat Pal v. Dir., C.P.W.D., (1992) 19 ATC 544 (Del) 259Sat Pal Chopra v. Director-cum-joint-Secretary, AIR 1991 SC 970 1315atish v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1992) Supp (2) SCC 94 91

^

-*■

lxxiv The Constitution of India

Satpal v. Lt. Governor, AIR 1979 SC 1550Satpal v. State of Haryana, AIR 2000 SC 1702Satvir Singh v. Baldeva, AIR 1977 SC 169Satwant v. State of Punjab, AIR 1960 SC 266Satwant Singh Sawhney v. Ramare Union, AIR 1961 SC 1836Satwhney v. L.I.C., (1991) 2 SCC 318Saxena v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1992) Supp 1 SCC 524: (1992) 19 ATC 96 (SC)Scientific Adviser v. Daniel, (1990) Supp SCC 374Scott v. Glasgow Corporation, (1989) AC 470Secretary, Government of Madras v. P.R. Sriramulu, AIR 1996 SC 676Shafiq v. D.M, (1989) 8 SCJ 568Shahbad v. Abdulla, AIR 1967 J&K 120Sham Sunder v. Puran, (1990) 4 SCC 731Shankar Gauri v. Union of India, JT (1994) 5 SC 634Shankar v. Vice Admiral, (1991) 3 SCC 263Shankaran v. Union of India, (1991) 3 SCC 47 (CB)Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khimalal Totame, AIR 1990 SC 630: (1990) 2 SCJ 10Sharma v. Satish, (1954) SCR 1077Sharma v. Sri Krishna, AIR 1959 SC 395Sharma v. Sri Krishna, AIR 1960 SC 1186Sharma v. Union of India, AIR 1970 Del 250Sharma v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 588Sharma Transport v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 2002 SC 322Shashi Kant v. Union of India, JT 1990 (3) SC 267: (1990) 4 SCC 360Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 SC 378: (1983) Cri LJ 642Sheela Barse v. The Secretary, Children Aid Society, AIR 1987 SC 656Sheela Barse v. Union of India, AIR 1986 SC 1773Sheela Barse v. Union of India, AIR 1988 SC 2211Sheetal Prasad Gupta v. State of Bihar, AIR 1990 Pat 81 (FB)Sher Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1983 SC 465Sheshrao v. Govindrao, AIR 1991 SC 76Shilpi v. State of Bihar, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 659Shiv Bahadur v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1953) SCR 188Shiv Charan v. State of Mysore, AIR 1965 SC 280Shivajirao v. Mahesh, AIR 1985 SC 194Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan v. State of Bihar, AIR 1996 SC 2829Shri Krishna v. Gujarat University, AIR 1962 Guj 86 (FB)Shri Kumar v Union of India, (1992) 2 SCC 428Shri Sita Ram Sugar Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1277:

(1990) 3 SCC 223 17,21,76,Shridhar v. Nagar Palika, (1990) 1 SCJ 383

79,143, 183 174

l«j(*i'

15-V

Table of Cases

Shrilekha v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 1 SCC 212Shyam v. Municipal Corporation, (1993) 1 SCC 22Shyam Sundar v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1974 SC 890Sidda Raj Dhadda v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1990 Raj 34Sidhrajbhai v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1963 SC 540Siranjit v. Union of India, (1993) 1 UJ SC 32Sita Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1979 SC 745Sita Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1983 SC 65Sitaram v. Ramjibhai, AIR 1987 SC 1293Sitharmachary v. Senior Deputy Inspector, AIR 1958 AP 78Society of St. Joseph's College v. Union of India, (2002) 1 SCC 273Sodhi v. Union of India, (1991) 2 SCC 382: AIR 1991 SC 1617Sohal Lal v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1990 Cal 168 (DB)Som Prakash v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 212Som Raj v. State of Haryana, (1990) 2 SCJ 1: AIR 1990 SC 1176Sophia Gulam Mohd. Bham v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1999 SC 3051Southern Pharmaceuticals v. State of Kerala, AIR 1981 SC 1865Special Courts Bill 1978, (in re:), AIR 1979 SC 478Sree Jain Swetamber Terapanthi Vidyalaya v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1982 Cal 101Sri Adi Visheshwara of Kashi Vishwanath Temple v. State of Uttar Pradesh,

(1997) 4 SCC 606Sri Krishna v. T.A.C.C, AIR 1991 SC 2096Srinivas Raghavachar v. State of Karnataka, (1987) 2 SCC 692Srinivasa v. C.A.G., (1993) 1 SCC 419Srinivasa v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1987 SC 1518Srish Kumar v. State of Tripura, AIR 1990 SC 991St. Jon's T.T. Institute (for Women), Madurai v. State of Tamil Nadu,

AIR 1994 SC 435t. Stephen's College v. University of Delhi, (1992) 1 SCC 558: AIR 1992 SC 16305t. Xavier's College v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1974 SC 1389Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1977 SC 9085tar Co. v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 179Star Enterprises v. City and Industrial Development Corpn. of Maharashtra,J (1990) 3 SCC 280State v. Sukhpal, AIR 1990 SC 23State Bank of India v. Samarandra Kishore, JT (1994) 1 SC 217State of Andhra Pradesh v. Lavu, AIR 1971 SC 2560State of Andhra Pradesh v. Muralidhar, AIR 1992 SC 922State of Assam v. P.C Misra, AIR 1996 SC 430State of Assam v. Ranga Mohammed, AIR 1967 SC 903State of Bihar v. Ba Mukund Sah, AIR 2000 SC 1296State of Bihar v. Bihar Distillery Ltd., AIR 1997 SC 1811Slate of Bihar v. Charusila, AIR 1959 SC 1002

lxxv

188, 256 171

20,246182

67,70775256

1133767

83,171169

11,1325658

22221, 25, 55

69

65 232 227 262

14, 72, 87 285

7019, 69, 70

67,6963,64

136

1258

168146255143199

1220 220

lxxvi The Constitution of India

State of Bihar v. Kameshwar Singh, AIR 1952 SC 252State of Bihar v. Misra, AIR 1971 SC 1667State of Bihar v. Ramjee, (1990) 3 SCJ 52State of Bihar v. Sanjay, AIR 1990 SC 749State of Bihar v. Sharma, AIR 1991 SC 1260State of Bihar v. Subhash Singh, AIR 1997 SC 1390State of Bombay v. Apte, AIR 1961 SC 548State of Bombay v. Bombay Education Society, (1955) 1 SCR 568: AIR 1954 SC 561State of Bombay v. Kami Kalu, AIR 1961 SC 1808State of Bombay v. R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala, AIR 1957 SC 699: (1957) SCR 874State of Gujarat v. Ibrahim, AIR 1974 SC 645State of Gujarat v. Kampaval, (1992) 3 SCC 226State of Gujarat v. Kasturchand, AIR 1991 SC 695State of Gujarat v. Patel, AIR 1992 Guj 42State of Haryana v. Amar Nath Bansal, AIR 1997 SC 718State of Haryana v. Bhajan, (1991) 2 SCJ 351State of Haryana v. Darshana, AIR 1979 SC 885State of Haryana v. Piara, AIR 1992 SC 2130: (1992) 4 SCC 118

251.State of Haryana v. Prem, AIR 1990 SC 538State of Haryana v. Ram Kishan, AIR 1988 SC 1301: (1988) 3 SCC 416State of Haryana v. Ram Kumar, JT (1997) 8 SC 171State of Haryana v. Surinder Kumar, AIR 1997 SC 2129State of Himachal Pradesh v. Ganesh Wood Products, AIR 1996 SC 149State of Himachal Pradesh v. Parent, AIR 1985 SC 910State of Himachal Pradesh v. Raja Mahendra Pal, AIR 1999 SC 1786State of Himachal Pradesh v.U ed, (1986) 2 SCC 68State of Jammu & Kashmir v. A.R. Zakki, AIR 1992 SC 1456State of Karnataka v. Nagendra, AIR 1991 Kant 317 (FB)State of Karnataka v. S.G.P. Co., AIR 1991 SC 1307State of Kerala v. A.B. Abdul Khadir, AIR 1970 SC 1912: (1970) SCR 700State of Kerala v. Lakshmikutty, AIR 1987 SC 331State of Kerala v. Mother Provincial, AIR 1970 SC 2079State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, AIR 1976 SC 490 2, 27,State of Kerala v. Sudarsan, AIR 1984 Ker 1State of Kerala v. Very Rev. Mother Provincial, AIR 1970 SC 2079: (1970) 2 SCC 417:

(1971) 1 SCR 734State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bani, (1990) Supp SCC 736 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bhailal, AIR 1964 SC 1006 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Bharat, AIR 1967 SC 110 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Jain, AIR 1981 SC 2045 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Nand Lai, AIR 1987 SC 251 State of Madhya Pradesh v, Narain Singh, AIR 1989 SC 1789: (1989) Cri LJ 2101

15,164

37

18S

185

75,181 T,

6f

43, k 4!(

257,251

13

2»

1

17 8

255,25

13

18

18

8

14

18

50,17

1/ l i

31,42,1 115,11

2! l i

140,1 1

Table of Cases lxxvii

State of Madhya Pradesh v. Nivedita AIR 1981 SC 2045 27State of Madhya Pradesh v. Orient Paper, (1990)1 UJSC 232 132State of Madhya Pradesh v. Peer Md., AIR 1963 SC 645 10State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shobharam, AIR 1968 SC 1910 60State of Madras u. Champakam Dorairajan, (1951) SCR 525: AIR 1951 SC 525 66,85State of Madras v. N.R. Nataraja Mudaliar, AIR 1969 SC 147: (1968) 3 SCR 829 247, 248State of Maharashtra v. Abdul Hamid Kajo Mohamed, JT (1994) 2 SC 1 56,172State of Maharashtra v. Basantibai, AIR 1986 SC 1466: (1986) 2 SCC 516 41, 73State of Maharashtra v. Champalal, AIR 1981 SC 1675 47,51State of Maharashtra v. Himmatbhai, AIR 1970 SC 1157 42State of Maharashtra v. M.P. Washi, AIR 1996 SC 1 54State of Maharashtra v. Manubhai Pragji Vashi, AIR 1996 SC 1 20State of Maharashtra v. Maruti Sharipati Dubeel, AIR 1997 SC 411 53State of Maharashtra v. Prabhakar, AIR 1966 SC 424 8,40State of Maharashtra v. Rajendra J. Gandhi, (1997) 8 SCC 386 43State of Maharashtra v. Ravi Kant, (1991) 2 UJSC 188 175State of Maharashtra v. Umrani Swaminathan Laxman, (1997)11 SCC 426 60State of Maharashtra v. Union of India, JT (1994) 4 SC 423 23State of Mysore v. Sivabasappa, AIR 1963 SC 375 194State of Orissa v.Bhupendra, AIR 1962 SC 945 123State of Orissa v. Dhirendranath, AIR 1961 SC 1715 21, 258State of Orissa v. Hari Narayan, AIR 1972 SC 1816 35State of Orissa v. M.M.T.C, JT (1994) 4 SC 628 240State of Orissa v. Madangopal, (1952) SCR 28 190State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh, (1953) SCR 2564 58State of Punjab v. Balbir, AIR 1977 SC 629 7State of Punjab v. Joginder Singh, AIR 1990 SC 1396 100,142State of Punjab v. Mahinder Singh Chawla, AIR 1997 SC 1225 49, 54State of Punjab v. Mohar Singh, AIR 1955 SC 84 123State of Punjab v. Raja Ram, AIR 1981 SC 1694: (1981) 2 SCC 66 11,12State of Punjab v. Ram, (1992) 4 SCC 54: AIR 1992 SC 2188 261,2 63State of Punjab v. Satya Pal, AIR 1969 SC 903 165State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev, AIR 1961 SC 512 106State of Punjab v. Sukhpal Singh, AIR 1990 SC 231 75State of Rajasthan v. Ashok Kumar Gupta, AIR 1989 SC 177 17State of Rajasthan v. Bhawani, (1993) Supp (1) SCC 306 178,190State of Rajasthan v. Byas, (1971) 38State of Rajasthan v. Chawla, AIR 1959 SC 544: (1959) Supp (1) SCR 904 63,222State of Rajasthan v. Gurcharan, (1990) Supp SCC 778 252State of Rajasthan v. Karam Chand, AIR 1965 SC 913 190State of Rajasthan v. Mangilal, (1969) SCC 710 248State of Rajasthan v. Prem Raj, AIR 1997 SC 1087 21

lxxviii

State of Rajasthan v. Rajasthan Pensionary Samaj, AIR 1991 SC 1743State of Rajasthan v. Shiv, AIR 1992 SC 1587State of Rajasthan v. Sukhpal, AIR 1984 SC 207State of Rajasthan v. Union of India, AIR 1977 SC 1361State of Rajasthan v. Vidyawati, AIR 1962 SC 933State of Sikkim v. Sonam, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 179State of Sikkim v. Surendra Prasad Sharma, JT (1994) 3 SC 372State of Tamil Nadu v. Abu, AIR 1984 SC 326State of Tamil Nadu v. Hind Stones, AIR 1981 SC 711State of Tamil Nadu v. J.T.T.I., (1991) 2 UJSC 162State of Tamil Nadu v. Joseph, (1991) 3 SCC 87State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Sabanayagam, AIR 1998 SC 344State of Tamil Nadu v. MR. Alaga Apan, AIR 1997 SC 2006State of Tamil Nadu v. Pari, (1991) 3 SCJ 302State of Tamil Nadu v. Sanjeetha, AIR 1993 SC 237State of Tamil Nadu v. State of Karnataka, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 240:

(1991) 2 UJSC 134State of Uttar Pradesh v. Abdul Samad, AIR 1962 SC 1506 State of Uttar Pradesh v. Balram, AIR 1972 SC 1375 State of Uttar Pradesh v. Bijoy, AIR 1982 SC 1234State of Uttar Pradesh v. C.O.D. Chheoke Employees Co-operative Society Ltd.,

AIR 1997 SC 1413State of Uttar Pradesh v. Devi Dayal, AIR 1959 All 421State of Uttar Pradesh v. Dr. K.U. Ansari, AIR 2002 SC 208State of Uttar Pradesh v. Kaushal, (1991) 1 SCC 691State of Uttar Pradesh v. Kaushaliya, AIR 1964 SC 416State of Uttar Pradesh v. Purshottam, AIR 1991 SC 1015State of Uttar Pradesh v. Rahimatullah, AIR 1971 SC 1382State of Uttar Pradesh v. Rajasthan, AIR 1988 SC 162State of Uttar Pradesh v. Roshan, (1969) 2 SCWR 232State of Uttar Pradesh v. Sard, (1992) 19 ATC 264 (SC)State of Uttar Pradesh v. Synthetics, (1991) 4 SCC 139State of West Bengal v. Anwar AH, (1952) SCR 284State of West Bengal v. Atul, (1991) Supp 1 SCC 414State of West Bengal v. B.K. Mondal, AIR 1962 SC 779State of West Bengal v. Debdas, (1991) 1 SCC 138State of West Bengal v. S.K. Ghose, AIR 1963 SC 255State of West Bengal v. Union of India, (1964) 1 SCR 371Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. Shri Ambica Mills, AIR 1998 SC 418Subbiah v. Ramaswami, AIR 1970 Mad 85Sub-Committee v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 320Subhash v. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC 420: (1991) 1 SCJ 564 48,

253 26147

104,123,29520,246

25127,29

87 224 184

68 215

87 256 241

171,191,23158,6C

2635

3617C

32254,264

39

13C1C

2719,10263

135, 22717, 21, 25

19624525245242044

26878, 79, 91,188

Subhash v . State of Haryana, AIR 1992 P&H 20 Subhash v. Union of India, AIR 1991 SC 631Subodhaya Chit Fund (P.) Ltd. v. Director of Chits, AIR 1991 SC 998 Subramaniam v. Union of India, (1990) Supp SCC 775 Sudama Pandey v. State of Bihar, (2002) 1 SCC 679 Sudarshan Trading Co. v. P.P. Saffiya, AIR 1991 SC 716 Sudhir Chandra Sarkar v. Tata Iron and Steel Company, (1984) 3 SCC 369 Suganthi Suresh Kumar v. Jagdeeshan, (2002) 2 SCC 420 Sujal Atul Munshi v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1996 Guj 170 Suk Das v. Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh, AIR 1986 SC 991 Skkhdev v, Bhagatram, AIR 1975 SC 1331 Sukhnandan v. State of Bihar, AIR 1967 Pat 617 Sukhnandan v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 902 Sulthan v. Jt. Secy., (1991) 1 SCJ 239 Suman v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1983 SC 1283 Sumedha Kalia v. State of Haryana, AIR 1990 P&H 239 Sunderjas v. Collector, AIR 1990 SC 261Suneel Jatley v. State of Haryana, AIR 1984 SC 1534Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1978 SC 1675: (1978) Cr LJ 1741Sunil v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1990) 2 SCC 409Supreme Court Employees' Welfare Association v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 334Suraj v, Bharat, (1990) 1 UJSC 135Surendra v. Naba Krishna, AIR 1958 Ori 168Suresh v Punit, AIR 1951 Cal 176Suresh v. Defence Secretary, AIR 1991 SC 483Suresh v. R.C.D., (1991) UJSC 343Suresh v. University of Kerala, AIR 1961 SC 198Suresh Swami v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 2001 Raj 244Surinder v. Delhi Administration, (1990) Supp SCC 610Surya v. Union of India, AIR 1982 Raj 1Suryapalsingh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1952) SCR 1056Sushil v. Gobind, (1990) 1 SCC 1938iushil Chowdhary v. State of Tripura, AIR 1998 Gau 28iushilabai v. Nihalchand, (1993) Supp 1 SCC 11iyed Yakoob v. Radhakrishnan, AIR 1964 SC 477iynthetics & Chemicals Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 1927: (1990) 1 SCC 109

lxxix

232 305 24979 130 13323 13531 50, 54, 88113040 18519 177 13617 8, 51, 52, 5549

22,135, 139,181,19113111611681

184174,193,194

3713193

62, 6513139

196172,173

4,136, 219, 232

'. Devaki v. Government of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1990 SC 1086'. Sham Bhat v. Union of India, JT (1994) 5 SC 165. Vatheeswaran v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1983 SC 361 (2): (1983) Cri LJ 482. Venkata Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 724

592349123

lxxx The Constitution of India

219, 247T.E.S.C, v. State of Assam, AIR 1990 SC 123T.K.V.T.S.S. Medical and Educational Charitable Trust v. State of Tamil Nadu,

AIR 1996 SC 2384T.N. Cauvery Sangam v. Union of India, (1990) 3 SCC 440: (1990) 2 SCJ 547 T.N. Sangam v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1317 T.N.A.D.O. Association v. Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu,

AIR 1989 Mad 224 (FB)Taherakhatoon (D) by L.R's. v. Salambin Mohammad, AIR 1999 SC 1104 Tajinder Singh v. Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd., (1986) 4 SCC 237 Tamil Nadu C.N.V.V.N. U.P. Sangam v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1316 Tamilmani v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 1120 Tarun v. Union of India, (1992) Supp 2 SCC 448 Tata Engineering Co. v. State of Bihar, AIR 1965 SC 40 Tata Iron & Steel Co. v. Sarkar, AIR 1961 SC 65 Tata Iron & Steel Co. v. State of Bihar, AIR 1958 SC 452 Tehri Baandh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1991) 1 UJSC 121 Tej Pal v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1985) 3 SCC 604 Tej Singh v. State of Maharashtra, (1992) Supp 2 SCC 554 Tejkiron v. Sanjiva, AIR 1970 SC 1573 Tekraj D. Union of India, AIR 1988 SC 469 Temjenkaba v. Temjenwali, AIR 1992 Gau 8 Thapar Institute v. Abhinav, (1990) 1 UJSC 699 Thippeswamy v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1983 SC 747 Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1956) SCR 393 Tilak Raj v. Reg., AIR 1979 All 28 Tirath Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1973 SC 405 Tirathi Ram Laini v. State of Punjab, JT (1994) 1 SC 420 Tokugha Yepthomo (Dr.) v. Apollo Hospital, JT (1998) 7 SC 626 Trans Yamuna Cement Dealers Association v. Governor of Delhi, AIR 1988 Del 247 Trilok v. D.M., AIR 1976 SC 1988 Trilok Chand v. Munshi, AIR 1970 SC 898 Triloki Nath v. State of Jammu & Kashmir, AIR 1967 SC 1283

Triveni v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1992 SC 496: (1992) 1 SCJ 27 252, 254Tulsipur Sugar Co. Ltd. v. The Notified Area Committee, Tulsipur,

AIR 1980 SC 882

uU.P. Avas Avam Vikas Parishad v. Friends Co-operative Housing Society Ltd.,

AIR 1996 SC 114

227 127,231 72

192 133 11 23C 275 91 3( 822i

7 19 30

226,2'1! 2

49

U.P. Junior Doctors v. Nandwani, AIR 1991 SC 909 U.P. Public Service Commission v. Suresh, AIR 1987 SC 1953 U.P. Rajkiya Nirman Nigam v. Indure Private Ltd., AIR 1996 SC 2373 U.P., I.D.A.C. v. Nandwani, (1990) 4 SCC 633

144,146,

Table of Cases lxxxi

S.E. Board v. Hari, AIR 1979 SC 65 85S.R.T.C v. Mohammed Ismail, (1991) 3 SCC 239

176,182Saman v. Astam, AIR 1991 SC 1020 132Sagar Prints v. Union of India, AIR 1989 SC 516 223Saha v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1963 SC 1531 228Saji v. Radhikabai, AIR 1986 SC 1272 195Sesh Chand v. Krishi Utpadan Mandi Samiti, AIR 1984 All 46 (FB) 190Suresh Chandra v. V.N. Singh, AIR 1967 Pat 3 11Union Carbide v. Union of India, (1991) SCC 584 77Union of India v. Amrik, (1991) 1 SCC 654: (1991) 1 UJSC 654 175,183Union of India v. Bijan Ghosh, AIR 1997 SC 3019 33Union of India v. Chhida, (1991) Supp 2 SCC 16 259Union of India v. Cynamide Ltd., AIR 1987 SC 1802: (1987) 2 SCC 720 79Union of India v. Darshna Devi, AIR 1997 SC 166 137Union of India v. Deep, (1992) 4 SCC 432 74 ,259, 274

Union of India v. E.G. Nambudri, AIR 1991 SC 1216 250Union of India v. Gopal, AIR 1978 SC 694 115Union of India v. Graphic Industries, JT (1994) 5 SC 237 175,247Union of India v K.F.C., (1991) 2 UJSC 617 188lion of India v. K.V. Janakiraman, AIR 1991 SC 2010: (1991) 4 SCC 109 253Union of India v. Kamal, AIR 1992 SC 1479 275Union of India v. Kamalakshi, (1991) 2 UJSC 617 181Union of India v. Kashikar, AIR 1986 SC 431 30Union of India v. M.P. Singh, AIR 1990 SC 1098 132,133Union of India v. More, AIR 1962 SC 630 258Union of India v. Nambudri, (1991) 2 UJSC 303 172,174,178Union of India v. Nambudri, (1991) 3 SCC 38 ■ 182,183,250

Union of India v. P.K. Roy, AIR 1968 SC 850 174Union of India v. Partap, AIR 1992 SC 1363 275Union of India v. Rakesh Kumar, AIR 2001 SC 1877 21Union of India v. Rallia Ram, AIR 1963 SC 1985 245Union of India v. Ram Jan, (1991) 1 SCC 588 183, 261,263

Union of India v. Reddy, AIR 1990 SC 563 251Union of India v. S.P. Anand, AIR 1998 SC 2615 180Union of India v. Sankalchand Seth, AIR 1977 SC 2328 126Union of India v. Sharma, AIR 1992 SC 1188 275Union of India v. Sripati, (1976) 1 SCWR 173 105(Union of India v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 P&H 183 239Union of India v. Sugrabai, AIR 1969 Bom 13 246Union of India v. Sukumar, AIR 1966 SC 1206 45Union of India v. Sunil Kumar Sarkar, AIR 2001 SC 1092 262Union of India v. Syed, (1992) 1 UJSC590 254


Union of India v. Tejendra, (1991) 4 SCC 129Union of India v. Tejram P. Bombhate, AIR 1992 SC 570: (1991) 3 SCC 11

87Union of India v. Tulsi Ram Batala, (1985) 3 SCC 398Union of India v. V.P. Prabhakaran, (1997)11 SCC 638Union of India v. Vasanbharthi, AIR 1990 SC 1216Union of India v. Verma, AIR 1957 SC 882Union of India, v. Nambudri, (1991) 2 UJSC 303 .Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu v.Laxmibai, AIR 1990 SC 1771University of Calcutta v. Dipa Pal, AIR 1952 Cal 594University of Delhi v. Raj Singh, JT (1994) 6 SC 1University of Jodhpur v. Purohit, (1990) 1 UJSC 235Usamanbhai v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1983 SC 1213Usha v. Palisetty Mohan Rao, AIR 2002 SC 400Utkal C. & J. v. State of Orissa, AIR 1987 SC 2310Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation v. Mahesh Kumar Mishra,

AIR 2000 SC 1151V

V. Jagannadha Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 2002 SC 77V.N.E.P.P. Association v. Under Secretary, Delhi Admn., AIR 1990 SC 849Valsamma Paul v. Cochin University, AIR 1996 SC 1011Vamuzo v. Union of India, 1988 (2) GLJ 468Vareli Weaves Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1543Varghese v. Bank of Cochin, AIR 1980 SC 470Vasant v. Board of Trustees, AIR 1991 SC 14Vashisht Narain Karwaria v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1990 SC 1272Vasudev Shenoy v. Government of India, (1994) 1 KLT 389Vasudevan v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 2295Vatheeswaran v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1983 SC 361Ved Prakash Deokinandan Chirpal v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1987 Guj 253 (FB)Veena v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 339Veera Ibrahim v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1976 SC 1167Veeramani v. State of Tamil Nadu, JT (1994) 1 SC 350Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715Venkataramana v. State of Madras, AIR 1958 SC 255Venkateswara v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1966 SC 828Vidadala Harinadhababu v. N.T. Ramarao, AIR 1990 AP 20 (FB)Video Electronics v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 SC 820Vijay Kumar v. State of Haryana, AIR 1983 SC 62Vijay Kumar v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1184Vijay Singh Nahata v. Union of India, AIR 1998 Cal 153Vijaynagar Industrial Workers Housing Co-operative Society v. State of Karnataka,

AIR 1998 Karn 361 Vikramjit Saha v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1998 Cal 316 (DB)

253 184 23 28 52 181, 171 73 194 224 133 25 134 228

lxxxii

Table of Cases Ixxxiii

Vimla v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) Supp SCC 770 182Vimlabai Deshpande v. Emp., AIR 1945 Nag 8 180Vincent Parikulangara v. Union of India, (1987) Supp SCC 90 47Vineet Narain v. Union of India, AIR 1998 SC 889 53, 75Vinod Kumar v. Gangadhar, AIR 1981 SC 1946 6Virender v. Avinash, AIR 1991 SC 958 , ; 251Virendra Nath v. Delhi, (1990) 2 SCC 307 69Virendra v. State of Punjab, AIR 1957 SC 896 40, 41, 63Virendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1955) 1 SCR 415 246Virendra v. Union of India, AIR 1992 All 147 285,286Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1997 SC 3011 28, 55Vishaljee v. Union of India, AIR 1990 SC 1412: (1990) 3 SCC 318 61,75Vishnu Das v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1981 SC 1636 19Vishwas Anna Sawant v. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay,

JT 1994 (3) SC 573 29,90Viswan v. Union of India, AIR 1983 SC 658 83Viswanathiah v. State of Karnataka, (1991) 3 SCC 358 222, 223,224Vrijlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1970 SC 129 35

w Waman Rao v. Union of India, AIR 1981 SC 271 2,14, 72, 305Welcome Hotel v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1983 SC 1015 191Western Coalfields v. Special Area Development, AIR 1982 SC 697 227Workers of M/s. Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. Rohtas Industries Ltd., AIR 1990 SC 481 75Workers of M/s. Rohtas Industries v. Rohtas Industries, AIR 1996 SC 467 82Workmen v. Hindustan Steel Ltd., (1984) Supp SCC 554 23

Yi. Theclamma v. Union of India, (1987) 2 SCC 516: AIR 1987 SC 1210:

(1987) LabIC 907 69Yadlapati v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1991 SC 704 221Yajnapurusdasji v. Muldas, AIR 1966 SC 1119 63Yates (Arthur) & Co. Ltd. v. Vegetable Seeds Committee, (1945-46) 72 CIR 37 17Yusuf v. State of Bombay, AIR 1954 SC 321 25, 28

Zaverbhai v. State of Bombay, AIR 1954 SC 752 226

Amend-ment No./ Year

Date of Assent Article amended

Article inserted

Article substituted

Article omitted

Sen. added

Sen. amended*/

subs."

Sen. inserted

Amendmentof Part

. 1st • (1951)

18th June,1951 15,19,85,87,174,176 341,342,372,376

31A,31B — — 9th — — —

2nd(1952)

1st May, 1953 81 — — — — — —

3rd (1954)

22nd February, 1955 — — — — — 7th —

r 4th (1955)<

27th April, 1955 31,31A — 305 — — 9th — -

5th (1955)

24 th December, 1955 3 — — — — —

: 6th ■ : (1956)

11th September, 1956 269,286 — — — — 7th —

7th (1956)

19th October, 1956 1,131,153,158,168, 171,216,217,222

258A,290A, 350A,350B

372A, 378A

81,82,170, 220,224,230, 231,232,298,

371

1st, 2nd IVth,Vth &VIIIth

8th (1959)

5th January, 1960 334



Article inserted

Article substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/

subs."

Sch. inserted

Amendment of Part

9th (1960)

28th December, 1960 — — 1st

10th (1961)

16th August, 1961 240 — — — — 1st —

11th (1961)

19th December, 1961 66,71 — — — — — — - - -

12th (1962)

27th March, 1962 240 — — — — 1st —

13th (1962)

28th December, 1962 — — —■ —

— — — XXI

14th (1962)

28 December, 1962 81,240 239A ——

— 1st, 4th — - - -

15th (1963)

5th October, 1963 124,128,217,222, 224,226,297,311,316

224A ——

— 7th — "—

16th (1963)

5th October, 1963 19,84,173 — ——

— 3rd —

17th (1964)

20th June, 1964 31A — ——

9th

18th 27th August, 1966 3 — ——

— — — —

X X<

n

Amend-mentNo./ Year


Article inserted

Article substituted

Arucie omitted

JUI.

addedamended*/

subs.**inserted of

Part

19th (1966)

11th December, 1966 324 — — — — — — —

20th (1966)

22nd December, 1966 — 233A — — — — — —

21st (1967)

10th April, 1967 — — — — — 8th — —

22nd (1969)

25th September, 1969 275 244A,371B — — — — — —

23rd (1969)

23rd January, 1970 330,332,333,334 — — — — — — —

24th (1971)

5th November, 1971 13,368 — — — — — — —

25th (1971)

20th April, 1972 31 31C — — — — — —

26th (1971)

28thDecember,1971 366 363A — 291 & 362 — — — —

27th (1971)

30th December, 1971 239A,240 239B,371C — — — — — —

28th (1972)

27th August, 1972 — 312A — 314 — — — —

a.

n

x

Amend-mentNo./ Year


Article inserted

Article 7 substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/

subs."

ben. inserted

AIIWKuiftaii -

of Part

39th (1974)

10th August, 1975 329 329A 71 — — 9th — —

40th (1976)

27th May, 1976 — — 297 — — 9th — —

41st (1976)

7th September, 1976 316 — — — — — — —

9th June, 1972 22nd

February, 1973 17th

October, 1973

2nd February,

1975 16th May,

1975 3rd May,

42nd (1976)

18th December, 1976 31C,39,55,74,77, 81,82,83,100,102,105, 118,145,166,170,172, 189,191,194,208,217, 225,227,228,311,312, 330,352,353,356,357, 358,359,366,368,371F

sub-heading after article

31,31D,32A, 39A,43A, 48A,131A, 139A,144A, 226A,228A,

257A

103,150, 192,226

Part-IVA and Part-XIVA

inserted

43rd (1977)

13th April, 1978 145,226,228,366 — — 31D,32A, 131 A, 144A,

226A,228A

44th (1978)"

30th April, 1979 1922,30,31 A, 31C, 3874,77,83,105,123,132,

133,134,139A,1150,166, 172,194,213,217,225 226,

227,239B,,329,352,356, 358,359,360,371F

134A, 361A

71, 103, 192

subheading after article

30,31, 257A, 329A

9th Chapter-W inPart-XII inserted

* Preamble amended.** In the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976, section 18,19,21,22,30,1,32,34,35,58 and 59 omitted.



Article inserted

Article substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/ subs.**

Sch. inserted

Amendment of Part

45th (1980)

14th April, 1980 334 — — — — — — —

46th (1982)

2nd February, 1983 269,286,366 — — — — 7th — —

47th (1984)

26th August, 1984 — — — — — 9th —

48th (1984)

26th August, 1984 356 — — — — - - - — —

49th (1984)

11th September, 1984 244 — — — — 5th, 6th — —

50th (1984)

llthSeptember,1984 — — 13 — — — — —

51st (1984)

29th April, 1985 330,332 — — — — — — —

52nd (1985)

15thFebruary,1985 101,102,190,191 — — — 10th — — —

53rd (1986)

14th August, 1986 — 371G — — — — —

54th 14th ,March, 1987 125, 221 — — — — 2nd — —

no3

.

Amend-mentNo./ Year


Article inserted

Article substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/ subs**

»Sch. inserted

Amenamenn-"of Part

55th (1986)

23rd December, 1986 — 371H — — — — — —

56th (1987)

23rd May, 1987 — 371-1 — — — — — —

57th (1987)

15th September, 1987 — Clause 3 A in article 332

— ' — — — — —

58th (1987)

9th December, 1987 394A — — — — — Heading of Part-XXH

59th (1988)

30th March, 1988 356 359A — — — — — —

60th (1988)

20th December, 1988 276 — — — — — — —

61st (1988)

28th March, 1989 326 — — — — — — —

62nd (1989)

25th January, 1990 334 — — — — — — —

63rd (1989

6th January, 1990 356 — — 359A — — — —

64th (1990)

16th April, 1990 356 — — — — — — —

K8¥ ,̂, .v?^-> .71

*7." *

Amend-mentNo./ Year


Article inserted

Article substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/

subs"

Sch. inserted

Amendment of Part

65th (1990)

7th June, 1990 338 — — — — — — —

66th (1990)

7th June, 1990 — — — — — 9th — —

67th (1990)

4th October, 1990 356 — — — — — — —

68th (1991)

12th March, 1991 356. — — — — — — —

69th (1991)

21st December, 1991 — 239AA,239AB — — — — — —

70th (1992)

12th August, 1992 54,239AA — — — — — — —

71st (1992)

31st August, 1992 — — — — — 8th — —

72nd (1992)

4th December, 1992 332 — — — — — — —

73rd (1992)

20th April, 1993 280 — — — 11th — — IX inserted

74th 20th April, 1993 280 — — — 12th — ' — IXA inserted

I

nog

a.5'

Amend-mentNo./ Year


~~ Article inserted

Articje substituted

Article omitted

Sen. added

sen. amended*/

subs."

sen. inserted

Amendmentof Part

75th (1993)

5th February, 1994 323B — — — — — — —

76th (1994)

31st August, 1994 — — — — — 9th — —

77th (1995)

17th June, 1995 16 — — — — — — —

78th (1995)

30th August, 1995 — — — — — 9th — — 33 a.

79th (1999)

21st January, 2000 334 — — — — — — VI

a

80th (2000)

9th June, 2000 269 — 270 272 — — — a

~ nS"

81st (2000)

9th June, 2000 16 — — — — — —

82nd (2000)

8th September, 2000 335 — — — — — — —

83rd (2000)

8th September, 2000 243M — — — — — — —

84th (2001)

21st February, 2002 55, 81, 82,170, 330, 332 — — — — — — -------------- Xn



Article inserted

Artide substituted

Article omitted

Sch. added

Sch. amended*/

subs.**

Sch. inserted

Amendment ^ of Part

85th (2001)

4th January, 2002 16 — — — — — — —

86th (2002)

12th December, 2002 21A,51A(k) 45 — — — — —

87th (2003)

22nd June, 2003 81,82,170,330 — — — — — —

88th (2003)

(For Ratification) 268 — — — — — —

89th (2003)

28th September, 2003 338 338A — — — — — 3___ Wi

S

90th (2003)

28thSeptember,2003 332 — — — — — —

n of India

Note: (i) The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution amended in 1988 by Act 67 of 1988, received the Assent of President on 16th December, 1988 having the provision of application of Sixth Schedule to the States of Tripura and Mizoram, w.e.f. 16th December, 1988 and in 1995 (45 of 1995).

(ii) The Fifth Schedule to the Constitution amended in 1976 by Act 101 of 1976, received the Assent of President on 7-9-1976 and inserted clause (aa) in Fifth Schedule, Part C, clause 2.

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIAPREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to its citizens:JUSTICE, social, economic and political;LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;and to promote among them allFRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the (unity and integrity he Nation];IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do THEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Notes on Preambleiving lawConstitution is not to be construed as a mere law, but as the machinery by which laws are de, A Constitution is a living and organic thing which, of all instruments has the greatest aim to be construed broadly and liberally; Goodyear India v. State ofHaryana, AIR 1990 SC 781, tagraph 17.

Basi'c structure of ConstitutionThe objectives specified in the Preamble contain the basic structure of our Constitution, such cannot be amended in exercise of the power under article 368 of the Constitution. For theory of "basic structure". See the following judgments of the Supreme Court:(i) Keshavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461, paragraphs 292,

437, 599, 682 and 1164.(ii) Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, AIR 1975 SC 2299, paragraphs 251-252

(Khanna, J.), paragraphs 664, 665 and 691 (Chandrachud, J.), paragraphs 555 and 575 (Beg, J.) (3 Judges out of 5).

(iii) Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 1789 (majority).Concept relating to "separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and iiciary" as well as the fundamental concept of an independent judiciary are now elevated to e level of basic structure of the Constitution and are the very heart of the constitutional thee; State of Bihar v. Bal Mukund Sah, AIR 2000 SC 1296.Pluralism is the keystone of Indian culture and religious tolerance is the bedrock of Indian cularism. It is based on the belief that all religions are equally good and efficacious pathwaysperfection of God realisation; Valsamma Paul v. Cochin University, AIR 1996 SC 1011, iragraph 25.

Articles 14(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution intend to remove social and economic inequality

make equal opportunities available, In reality the right to social and economic justice

ivisaged in the Preamble and elongated in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

1.Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "SOVEREIGNDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).

2.Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of theNation" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).