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ARTICLE IN PRESSG ModelIONUT-224; No. of Pages 7

Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

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riginal article

he possible effect of diets containing fish oil (omega-3) onematological, biochemical and histopathogical alterations of rabbit

iver and kidney

ostafa El-Moghazya, Nahla S. Zedanb, Afaf M. El-Atrshc,ohamed El-Gogaryd, Ehab Toussonc,e,∗

Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Doumyate University, Doumyate, EgyptHome Economic, Specific Education, Kafer El-Shiek University, Kafer El-Shiek, EgyptDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptPoultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 20 February 2014ccepted 10 March 2014

eywords:atural materialsish oilmega-3

a b s t r a c t

The dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has emerged over the past 20 years as animportant way to modify cardiovascular risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible effectsof a partial replacement of soybean meal in control economic diet by different concentrations of fishoil on the possible harmful changes in histological structure of liver and kidney and blood parametersin rabbits. A total of 36 adult New Zealand rabbits were equally divided into four groups, (control dietand control diet supplemented with different concentrations of fish oil at levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mLfish oil per day/kg live body weight) and dissected after 6 weeks. Our results showed that, feeding diet

eeding diet supplementedabbits

supplemented with fish oil were significantly increased the percentages of hemoglobin, platelets, themean corpuscular hemoglobin, WBCs count, total proteins, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, SGOT andtestosterone and significantly decreased the total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides. The used of fish oilare good supplements for growing rabbits without any adverse effect on histological structure of liverand kidney in rabbits.

© 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

. Introduction

Because of increasing the cost of animal feed ingredients as wells the high demand, especially for the protein supplements, severalfforts were carried out to use untraditional feed protein ingredi-nts to participate in facing feed shortage problem and at the sameime to decrease feeding costs [1,2]. Lipids are important nutri-nts, providing 25–45% of dietary energy in most affluent societies,torage and transport of energy, for insulation and for mechani-al protection [3]. In addition, lipids provide polyunsaturated fattycids that are essential nutrients of importance for several cellu-

Please cite this article in press as: El-Moghazy M, et al.

3) on hematological, biochemical and histopathogical alteratiohttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.005

ar functions in the body including ligands for transcription factors,recursors of signal molecules and building blocks in all cells of theody [4,5].

∗ Corresponding author. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta Univer-ity, Tanta, Egypt. Tel.: +20 96 65 36 51 9175.

E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Tousson).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.005210-5239/© 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Fat is a macronutrient that is considered to be a major sourceof calories or energy [6,7]. Although some fat in the diet is neces-sary, too much of fat can lead to heart diseases, cancers, obesityand other health problems [8]. They can be saturated, monoun-saturated or polyunsaturated. Saturated fatty acids contain nodouble bond, monounsaturated one double bond and polyunsat-urated contains two to six double bonds. The polyunsaturatedfatty acids of four to six double bonds are a characteristic for fishoil, resulting in the unique health property often referred as theomega-3 fatty acids [5]. Long chain and intermediate chain fattyacids must be consumed as part of the diet because they can-not be synthesised by humans [9]. Investigations of fish oils havenot only shown their importance as a dietary source of vitaminsA and D, but also that they are very rich in fatty acids of longchained omega-3 [10]. It is not known which biological effects of

The possible effect of diets containing fish oil (omega-ns of rabbit liver and kidney. Biomed Prev Nutr (2014),

omega-3 fatty acids are essential, but it is possible that the omega-3 fatty acid-derived eicosanoids are crucial, as well as the uniquestructural properties of omega-3 fatty acids for cell membranes[11].

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.005


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22105239

mailto:[email protected]


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Table 1The composition of the dietary treatments (diets were manufactured in pellets shape4 mm diameter at El-Safwa Factory, Daqahleia, Egypt).

Ingredients, % Treatments

G1 G2 G3 G4

Yellow corn 10 10 10 10

Wheat bran 25 25 25 25

Barley grain 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6

Soybean meal 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0

Berseem hay 30 30 30 30

Molasses 3 3 3 3

Salt 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Limestone 1 1 1 1

Premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

ARTICLEIONUT-224; No. of Pages 7

M. El-Moghazy et al. / Biomedicine &

Recently, several efforts were carried out to use natural mate-ials as fish oil by-products in animal feeding due to theirarticipation as part in the solution of feed shortage problems andramatic increases in prices of animal feed ingredients [6,12,13].ased on these facts, it is no surprise that omega-3 fatty acidslso have beneficial effects on many biological systems, includingmmune reactions, blood platelets, smooth muscle cells, endothe-ial cells, liver cells, heart cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts and neurons.hey may also promote regulation of growth and apoptosis in sev-ral different cell types [4]. Fish and other marine animals, and oilsrom these sources are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and they haveeen important ingredients of the human diet for many populationsuring thousands of years [5,14]. Numerous investigations havehown that consumption of fish or dietary supplementation of fishils rich in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, not onlyowers the risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease [5,7],ut can also inhibit the development of cancers, stimulates immuneunctions [15] and helps the development of the brain [16]. Rabbitsank fifth in the world production of meat, but the importance ofabbit meat is increasing because of its high dietetic, taste and pro-ealth value. Compared to meat of other species it is characterizedy low cholesterol level and high level of linolenic acid, and shouldherefore be included in the human diet [2,6,13]. Many researchershown the effectiveness of fish oil in growing rabbit diets on nutri-nts digestibility, feeding values, nitrogen balance and productiveerformance without had shown the blood plasma analysis andistopathological effects of diets on rabbit organs [2]. Therefore,he present study was designed to investigate the possible physi-logical and histopathological effectiveness of diet supplementedith different concentrations of fish oil in growing rabbit diets in

ddition to the changes on some blood parameters.

. Material and methods

The present study was conducted at a rabbit farm in Agri-ulture Experiments and Researches Station, Poultry Productionarm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, duringarch and May 2012. A total number of 36 growing New Zealandhite (NZW) male rabbits at 7 weeks of age (with an averageeight about 960 ± 30 g) were kept under the same managerial

nd hygienic conditions. The rabbits were housed in galvanizedire cages (50 × 60 cm) provided with feeds and automatic nip-le drinkers. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Rabbits were

ndividually weighed and randomly distributed into four groups ofine rabbits:

G1: control group were rabbits fed on economic diet without anysupplementation (Table 1);G2: rabbits fed on economic control diet supplemented with0.5 mL fish oil per day/kg live body weight;G3: rabbits fed on economic control diet supplemented with1.0 mL fish oil per day/kg live body weight;G4: rabbits fed on economic control diet supplemented with1.5 mL fish oil per day/kg live body weight.

Each 10 mL fish oil contained 1000 mg cod liver oil, flavor richn omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A and vitamin D. After 6 weeks ofxperiment, the animals were fasted for 10 h and dissected afteruthanized with intraperitoneal injection with sodium pentobar-ital and subjected to a complete necropsy.

Blood samples were individually collected from the inferior vena



ava of each rabbit in heparinized and non-heparinized glass tubes.omplete blood picture (CBC) were shown from the collected bloodamples by automatic methods (Sysmex kx-21n automated hema-ology analyzer; JAPAN CARE CO., LTD). Blood serum was separated

Fish oil 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

G: group.

by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The collected serumwas stored at −18 ◦C. Total protein was measured using diagnostickit according to Henery [17]; albumin was measured using diagnos-tic kit according to Drupt [18]. The serum globulin was calculatedby subtracting the value of albumin from the value of total proteinaccording to Doumas and Biggs [19]. Total lipids according to Esheret al. [20]; serum total cholesterol was determined according tothe method of Allain et al. [21] and serum triglycerides were deter-mined according to the method of Fossati and Prenciple [22] usingkits supplied by Human. Liver functions as AST (sGOT) and ALT(sGPT) were determined according to Rietman and Frankle [23];urea was measured using diagnostic kit according to Fawcett [24]and creatinine according to Bowers and Wong [25]. Determinationof T3, T4 and TSH was performed using Biocheck Kits Inc. (USA)catalog no BC-1005, BC-1008 and BC-1001 respectively (using mon-oclonal antibody). Testosterone levels were assayed using the sameRIA kit according to Tietz [26].

Specimens of liver and kidney were then immediately removed,sliced sagitally and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for24 hours. The specimens were then dehydrated, cleared andembedded in paraffin. Serial sections of 5 �m thick were cut bymean of rotary microtome (Litz). Sections were processed forhaematoxylin and eosin staining according to Bancroft and Stevens[27].

Statistical analysis: data were expressed as mean values ± SEand statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA toassess significant differences among treatment groups. The crite-rion for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 for the biochemicaldata. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statisticalversion 16 software package (SPSS® Inc., USA).

3. Results

Blood constituents as affected by the different experimen-tal diets are shown in Table 2. The percentages of hemoglobin,platelets, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and white blood cellscount were significantly increased in experimental groups (G2,G3 and G4) when compared with control group (G1). Also, RBCsand hematocrate were significantly increased in G2 and G3 whencompared with G1 while in G4 significantly decreased in whencompared with G2 and G3. No changes in the mean corpuscu-


lar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels with different groupswhen compared with G1.

Table 3 shows that serum total proteins in rabbits blood serumand their fractions (albumin and globulin) as indicator of protein


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Table 2Effect of dietary treatments on blood constituents in different groups under study.

Items Dietary treatments

G1 G2 G3 G4

Hb (g%) 11.23 ± 0.67 12.27 ± 0.26 12.50 ± 0.64 11.90 ± 0.32

HCT (%) 34.30 ± 1.18 37.03 ± 0.35 37.1 ± 1.00 35.33 ± 0.69

WBCs (×103/UL) 6.70 ± 0.26a 7.31 ± 0.55a 8.25 ± 0.35a 8.58 ± 0.41a

RBCs (×106/UL) 3.80 ± 0.17 4.13 ± 0.26 4.20 ± 0.40 3.87 ± 0.38

PLT 265.3 ± 6.06 273.3 ± 6.39 319.7 ± 38.82 284.7 ± 5.78

MCV (�) 90.10 ± 2.22a 96.73 ± 1.39a 97.50 ± 1.51a 92.97 ± 1.25a

MCH (g%) 22.60 ± 1.27 24.57 ± 1.85 25.17 ± 1.07 23.43 ± 0.50

MCHC (%) 33.27 ± 0.49 32.87 ± 1.43 33.40 ± 1.13 33.13 ± 1.47

G: group; Hb: percentages of hemoglobin; PLT: platelets; RBCs: red blood cell count; WBCs: white blood cell count; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: meancorpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV: mean corpuscular volume.

a Means in the same raw with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 9 observations.

Table 3Changes in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol levels in different groups under study.


G1 G2 G3 G4

Total protein (g/dL) 6.8 ± 0.08a 6.8 ± 0.13a 6.95 ± 0.06 7.07 ± 0.31

Albumin (g/dL) 3.7 ± 0.52 3.75 ± 0.08 3.95 ± 0.06 4.15 ± 0.29

Globulin (g/d) 3.9 ± 0.14 3.9 ± 0.05 3.95 ± 0.36 3.85 ± 0.48

Al/Gl ratio 0.94 ± 0.071a 0.96 ± 0.016a 1.0 ± 0.002a 1.07 ± 0.06a

Total lipids (mg/dL) 528 ± 5.4 532 ± 11.3 531 ± 4.5 527 ± 9.6

Triglycerides (mg/dL) 125 ± 9.5 124 ± 12.1 116 ± 8.5 117 ± 4.3

Cholesterol (mg/dL) 84.2 ± 9.4a 81.5 ± 6.2 76 ± 10.5a 76.2 ± 7.8a

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: group.a Means in the same raw with different superscript are significantly different (P <

etabolism were affected by the addition of different concen-ration of fish oil to economic control diets, the tot al proteins,lbumin/globulin ratio were significantly increased in G2, G3 and4 when compared with G1 while globulin was significantlyecreased. On the other hind, the concentration of total lipids,riglycerides and cholesterol were significantly decreased in G2, G3nd G4 when compared with G1 (Table 3). The present results showo clear differences where observed regarding T3 and T4 in rabbitlood serum after the partial addition of fish oil to diet supple-ented (Table 4).On the other hind TSH and testosterone levels were significantly

ecreased and increased respectively after the partial addition of



sh oil to diet supplemented (Table 4).Table 5 shows the partial addition of fish oil to diet supple-

ented significantly increased the activity of sGOT enzyme while,here are no clear differences where observed regarding urea,

able 4hanges in the concentrations of sGPT, sGOT, urea and creatinine levels in different group


G1 G2

sGOT IU/dL 34.7 ± 0.88a 42.2 ±sGPT IU/dL 36.6 ± 1.58 34.7 ±Urea (mg/dL) 30.3 ± 0.67a 33.4 ±Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.87 ± 0.05a 0.76 ±: group.a Means in the same raw with different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05)

. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 9 observations.

creatinine, and the activity of sGPT enzyme in rabbit blood serumof different groups under study.

The liver in rabbit is divided into hepatic lobules formed ofradially arranged strands of hepatocytes that extend from thecentral vein to periphery of the lobule. The hepatocytes are polyg-onal in shape with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and vesicularbasophilic nuclei. Some hepatocytes are binucleated. The livercords are separated from each other by narrow blood sinusoidslined with endothelial cells and von Kupffer cells. The histologicalexamination of liver sections in rabbit that fed the control economicdiet without any supplementation exhibits a normal hepatocytesstructure except a few inflammations, degeneration and mild cyto-


plasmic vaculation are detected in hepatocytes and the sinusoidsshow few dilatations (Figs. 1–4). Feeding diet supplemented withdifferent concentrations of fish oil improved the liver structures(Figs. 2–4). The histological examination of liver sections in rabbit

s under study.

G3 G4

3.35a 56. 0 ± 1.06a 56.7 ± 1.20a

3.48 42.0 ± 3.26 35.1 ± 0.55

1.20a 38.0 ± 1.15a 37.5 ± 0.48a

0.03a 0.84 ± 0.03a 1.13 ± 0.09a

. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 9 observations.



4 M. El-Moghazy et al. / Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

Table 5Changes in the concentrations of T3, T4, TSH and testosterone levels in different groups under study.


G1 G2 G3 G4

T3 (ng/mL) 98.0 ± 1.13a 101.3 ± 4.52a 92.2 ± 4.04a 93.4 ± 2.75a

T4 (�g/dL) 8.4 ± 0.24a 9.1 ± 0.46a 8.8 ± 0.20a 9.5 ± 0.25a

TSH (�IU/mL) 1.60 ± 0.18a 1.37 ± 0.30a 1.55 ± 0.04a 1.57 ± 0.29a

Testosterone (ng/mL) 4.03 ± 0.47a 4.17 ± 0.55a 4.65 ± 0.020a 6.57 ± 0.12a

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: group; T3: total triiodothyronine hormone; T4: total thyroxine; TSH: serum thyra Means in the same raw with different superscript are significantly different (P <

hat feds on diet supplemented with 0.5 mL fish oil as in G2 exhibitsormal hepatocytes structure with mild cytoplasmic vaculation,nd pyknotic nuclei and congestion in the central vein (Fig. 1)hile liver sections in rabbit that feds on diet supplemented with

mL fish oil as in G3 exhibits normal hepatocytes structure with large number of binucleated hepatocytes and few cytoplasmicaculation (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 showed a normal hepatocytes structureith few cytoplasmic vaculation in liver sections in rabbit that

eds on diet supplemented with 1.5 mL fish oil.The kidney in rabbits is a compound tubular gland divided into

n outer cortex and an inner medulla and is covered with a thinbrous tissue capsule. The cortex consists of Malpighian corpus-les and all the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Malpighianorpuscles are rounded bodies present mainly in the cortex of theidney. Each one consists of Bowman’s capsule and glomerulusblood capillaries). The glomerulei are enclosed by two layers ofpithelium, in between is Bowman’s capsule (mesangial area). Cellsf the outer or parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule form a sim-le squamous epithelium. Cells of the inner layer are extremelyomplex in shape and do not appear by histological routine stain.he Medulla is the inner zone of the kidney and contains theoops of Henle and collecting tubules. Examination of haema-oxylin and eosin stained sections of kidney cortex in rabbit that fedhe control economic diet without any supplementation exhibits

normal structure of the renal glomerulei except hyperplasia ofenal corpuscles, inflammatory infiltration and a few dilatation inhe inter tubular cortical blood vessels (Figs. 5–8). Feeding dietupplemented with different concentrations of fish oil improvedhe kidney structures (Figs. 6–8). Kidney sections in rabbit thateds on diet supplemented with 0.5 mL fish oil as in G2 showedormal renal corpuscles without cells hyperplasia and dilatation

n the inter tubular cortical blood vessels were detected (Fig. 6)hile mild cytoplasmic vacuolation and pyknotic and fragmenteduclei in the renal tubules at the cortex in kidney in rabbit that

eds on diet supplemented with 1 mL fish oil as in G3 (Fig. 7). Kid-ey sections in rabbit that feds on diet supplemented with 1.5 mLsh oil as in G4 exhibits a normal structure of the renal glomeruleiith renal tubules appeared more or less as normal structure on

ig. 8.

. Discussion

Rabbits have number of characteristics such as small bodyize, short generation interval, high reproductive potential, rapidrowth rate, genetic diversity and the ability to utilize forages andy-products as major diet components that make them suitables meat-producing small livestock [28]. Rabbit meat is a highlyigestible, low calorie food, often recommended by nutritionists



ver other meats [28,29]. The good health effect of fish oils has beennown now for many years and the American Heart Association rec-mmend to patients with coronary heart disease, the consumptionf 1 g of fish oil per day, preferably by eating fish [30]. Omega-3 fatty

imulating hormone.. Data are expressed as mean ± SE of 9 observations.

acids are comprised of the essential fatty acids, eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3).Both EPA and DHA fall into an even larger category of polyunsatu-rated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids are plays differentroles in mammals. The present results showed that the supple-mentation of economic rabbit diets with fish oil did not have anyadverse effect on the physiological and biochemical blood param-eters as well as also, the histopathological investigation showednormal architecture of the liver and kidneys.

The present results did not have any significant effect on thetotal erythrocyte count, HB% and HCT of rabbits who ever slightlyhigher values were observed in rabbits fed on economic controldiet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mL fish oil per day/kg live bodyweight but, the differences were non-significant statistically. Theresults are in accordance with findings of Islam et al. [31] and Ezemaand Eze [2] who reported that highest mean values of total erythro-cyte count in broiler chicks and rabbit fed diet supplemented withprobiotics.

Leucocytes are cells of immune system chiefly involved indefending the body against both infectious diseases and foreignmaterial. Significant increased were observed in WBCs counts inrabbits that fed on economic control diet supplemented with dif-ferent concentrations of fish oil. The results obtained in the presentstudy are in accordance with the findings of Ezema and Eze [2]who reported a significantly higher total WBC count in broiler rab-bits fed diets supplemented with probiotics. Also, Hassan et al.[32] reported that fish oil supplementation improved hematologi-cal changes and immune status of guinea pigs exposed to lead andcadmium under experimental conditions. Several studies in mon-keys have indicated that when the maternal diet is deficient in n23fatty acids, the infant at birth is likewise deficient as evidenced bylow DHA concentrations in their plasma and red blood cells [33].In humans, it was shown that the administration of fish oil or sar-dines to pregnant women led to higher DHA concentrations in bothmaternal plasma and red blood cells and in cord blood plasma andred blood cells at the time of birth [34].

The present results shows that the supplementation of eco-nomic rabbit diets with fish oil reduced the concentrations oftotal lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol and these results are inagreement with Harris et al. [35] and Benson [36] who reportedthat; omega-3 fatty acids reduced the concentrations of plasmacholesterol and triglycerlde concentrations in humans throughinhibition of triacylglycerol and VLDL synthesis in the liver. Unfor-tunately, we did not examine plasma LDL and HDL levels. Omega-3fatty acids have been found to promote atherosclerosis withoutaffecting the plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemiccholesterol-fed rabbits and have also been found to increase the LDLcholesterol levels in casein-fed rabbits and cholesterol-fed Syrian


hamsters [37]. Also, Froyland et al. [38] studied the effects of puri-fied esters of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) or docosahexanoic acid(DHA) on lipid metabolism in rats. After a 3 months long treatment,they found lowered plasma cholesterol level, whereas amount of


Please cite this article in press as: El-Moghazy M, et al. The possible effect of diets containing fish oil (omega-3) on hematological, biochemical and histopathogical alterations of rabbit liver and kidney. Biomed Prev Nutr (2014),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.005


M. El-Moghazy et al. / Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 5

Figs. 1–4. Photomicrographs of rabbit liver sections in different groups understudy stained with haematoxylin & eosin. 1. Photomicrograph showing normal liverstructure in control group (Hp: hepatocytes; K: Kupffer’s cells; black arrow head:inflammation). 2. Photomicrograph of liver sections in rabbit that feds on diet sup-plemented with 0.5 mL fish oil exhibits normal hepatocytes structure with mildcytoplasmic vaculation, and pyknotic nuclei and congestion in the central vein (Hp:hepatocytes; Cv: central vein). 3. Photomicrograph of liver sections in rabbit thatfeds on diet supplemented with 1 mL fish oil exhibits normal hepatocytes structurewith a large number of binucleated hepatocytes and few cytoplasmic vaculation (Hp:hepatocytes; Cv: central vein; K: Kupffer’s cells). 4. Photomicrograph of liver sectionsin rabbit that feds on diet supplemented with 1.5 mL fish oil exhibits G4 showingnormal hepatocytes structure with few cytoplasmic vaculation (Hp: hepatocytes).

Figs. 5–8. Photomicrographs of rabbit kidney sections in different groups understudy stained with haematoxylin & eosin. 5. Photomicrograph of kidney sections inG1 showing normal rabbit kidney structure in renal tubules and mild hyperplasia ofrenal corpuscles. 6. Photomicrograph of kidney sections in rabbit that feds on dietsupplemented with 0.5 mL fish oil showed normal renal corpuscles without cellshyperplasia and dilatation in the inter tubular cortical blood vessels. 7. Photomicro-graph of kidney sections in rabbit that feds on diet supplemented with 1.0 mL fish oilshowed mild cytoplasmic vacuolation and pyknotic and fragmented nuclei in therenal tubules at the renal cortex. 8. Photomicrograph of kidney sections in rabbitthat feds on diet supplemented with 1.5 mL fish oil exhibits a normal structure ofthe renal glomerulei with renal tubules appeared more or less as normal structure.


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lasma triacylglycerol was reduced only after EPA supplementa-ion.

The increase in concentration of total protein and their frac-ions within the normal range in rabbits fed on economic controliet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mL fish oil per day/kg live bodyeight may reflect an increase in the hepatic function when ani-als were fed on fish oil. These findings suggest that omega-3 may

ncrease the metabolic rate. It is known that the change in albuminevel reflects the change in liver function and the presence of theatty acids may affect muscle protein synthesis and protein depo-ition through a prostaglandin depend mechanism [39]. The livers the site of albumin synthesis, however, lymphatic tissues formlobulin. It is of interest to note that AL/GL ratio gives a decreasen production of albumin by the liver reflecting normal hepaticunction. These results are in agreement with Meganathan et al.40] who reported that omega-3 fattyacids protect the liver againstaracetamol induced liver injury. Also, Hassan et al. [32] recordedhat fish oil supplementation reduced in the mortality rate, hemato-ogical changes, hepatic biochemical alterations, decreased slightlyn the level of serum Lead and Cd and improved immune statusf guinea pigs. The present results did not have any significantffect on the thyroid hromens (T3, T4 and TSH) of rabbits whover slightly higher values were observed in rabbits fed on eco-omic control diet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mL fish oil peray/kg live body weight. But, the differences were non-significanttatistically. Sex hormones are important factors in determiningat distribution and accumulation and in regulating energy balance41].

Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake has a great influence oniver function. They coordinately decrease the expression of hep-tic genes encoding glycolytic and lipogenic regulatory enzymesnvolved in the flux of glucose to FAs [42]. However, intake of EPAnd DHA could have different impact on liver. In a study by Giudettit al. [42] the supplementation of Wistar rats with EPA or DHAor 1–4 weeks, EPA treatment increased EPA and DPA content inlasma, while DHA treatment mainly increased plasma DHA con-ent. Both treatments decreased AA percentage and n-6/n-3 PUFAatio in the membranes.

Our results indicate that treating diets with 0.5 and 1.0 mL fishil per day/kg live body weight did not have any adverse effect onhe liver and kidney functions and structure. The results obtainedn the present study are in accordance with the findings of Gar-

an et al. [43] who reported that omega-3 fatty acid rich dietmproved the urea and creatinine in diabetic renal disease. Chent al. [12] who described the effects that various fatty acid com-ositions had on rats that received total parenteral nutrition. Theyemonstrated that emulsions that were derived from fish oil andere high in omega-3 led to a lower hepatic fat content in rats

hat received total parenteral nutrition than emulsions that wereerived from olive and safflower oils. On the other hand, significant

ncreased were observed in creatinine levels in rabbits that fed onconomic control diet supplemented with 1.5 mL fish oil per day/kgive body weight and these obtained results are in accordance withhe findings of Oda and Keane [44]. Hassan et al. [32] recorded thatsh oil supplementation reduced in the mortality rate, hemato-

ogical changes, hepatic biochemical alterations, decreased slightlyn the level of serum Lead and Cd and improved immune statusf guinea pigs. Also, Meganathan et al. [40] reported that omega-

fattyacids protect the liver against paracetamol induced livernjury.



isclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of conflict ofnterest.

[

PRESSentive Nutrition xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

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the possible effect of diets containing fish oil (omega-3) on hematological, biochemical and...

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