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The Potential for Biogas and Biomass Combustion
in Thailand
BiWaREBiomass and Waste for Renewable Energy
Warinthorn Songkasiri, Ph.D.9.12.04
Country Profile: ThailandRegions
NorthernNortheasternCentral PlainSouthern
76 Provinces
Population: 62 millionAgriculture to Agroindustries24% of export earning[rice, shrimp, frozen seafood]
Energy Situation in Thailand
Current With the Use of Renewable Energy
OilLignite
Natural GasLigniteImported Electricity
OilRenewable EImported Coals
Natural GasImported Coals
Renewable EImported Electricity
Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes
Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes
Biomass – Agricultural Residues
Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuelsbiomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Fuels”” 1313--0303--20032003
Sugar cane supplied to a sugar mill in Kalasin
Bagasse. The biomass residue left after extraction of the cane juice
Biomass – Agricultural Residues
Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass FuelsFuels”” 1313--0303--20032003
Wood waste at a furniture factory Wood waste at a furniture factory near near ChonburiChonburi
Feeding of saw dust and wood Feeding of saw dust and wood waste into a steam boilerwaste into a steam boiler
Example of Agricultural residues in ThailandRICE
Production in 2003: 26,057 ktons*
0.6840.493
Surplus Avail
Factor**
7,8302,904
Amount of Surplus (ktons)
17.8610.24
Calorific Value
(MJ/kg)**
18,25411,4470.447Straw80,1755,8900.230Husk
Potential Energy (TJ)
ResidueGenerated
(ktons)RPR**Residue
* National Statistics Office
Agricultural residues in Thailand
90215.400.8430.049Empty Bunches1,53817.930.3780.160Shell
16.00
16.2318.4218.0417.3914.4010.2414.27
Calorific Value
(MJ/kg)
4.1300.8090.225Frond
4,9570.5950.362Husk
1,418Coconut
11,1280.4070.088Stalk16,868Cassava13,9580.6700.273Corn Cob4,230Maize336,4470.9860.302Top & Trashier56,3580.2070.291Bagasse
64,973Sugar Cane
81,5810.6840.447Straw42,1620.4930.230Husk
26,057Rice
PotentialEnergy
(TJ)
Surplus Availability
FactorRPRResidue
Production 2003
(ktons)Crop
Agricultural residues in Thailand
125,5049.8312.604Frond16418.460.0370.049Shell
16.33
17.62
17.86
19.23
14.49
19.44
12.66
Calorific Value
(MJ/kg)
18,65510.233Male Bunches
1,7020.1340.147Fibre
21,8880.5840.428EmptyBunches
4,903Oil Palm
2,0590.6481.252Leaves & stem132Sorghum
1,68613.232Stalk36Cotton
10,2290.762.663Stalk,
Leaves & Stems
260Soybean
45810.323Shell112Groundnut
Potential Energy
(TJ)
Surplus Availability
FactorRPRResidue
Production 2003
(ktons)Crop Potential Energy (TJ) from Agricultural Residues
392805, 53%
123743, 17%
11128, 2%2059, 0%
10229, 1%1686, 0%
13958, 2%
11527, 2%
458, 0%
167913, 23%
Sugar Cane Rice Oil Palm Coconut CassavaMaize Ground Nut Cotton Soybean Sorghum
Potential Energy (TJ) from Agricultural Residues in each Region
Agricultural Residues in the North
11520
77524
253 77161516
12986
866
7001
22290
Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier
Agricultural Residues in the Northeast
29877
1894
26905
5800 3182168
160619
15441
Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier
Agricultural Residues in the Central Plain
13865 26827
1329
1189
24520
4472 305969
146379
Groundnut Cassava Maize Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice StrawSorghum SoybeanSugar Cane Bagasse Sugar Cane Top&Trashier
Agricultural Residues in the South
157690
25861336
Oil Palm Rice Husk Rice Straw
Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes
Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes
Example of Farm Wastes in Thailand
CowsNumber: 5,208,541 heads*
0.8
0.5
Collectible Factor
0.174
0.174
Solid Ratio
0.134
0.134
Volatile Solid Ratio
18,25415307,927Dairy Cow
80,17554,900,614Cattle
Dry manure (ktons/yr)
Manure (kg/head/d)
# (heads)Type
55.4
183.5
Biogas Potential (106 m3/yr)
1,163
3,855
Potential Energy (TJ/yr)
0.307307,927Dairy Cow
0.3074,900,614Cattle
Biogas (m3/kg vol solid)# (heads)Type
Farm Wastes in Thailand
12924.900.2170.81.2325,140Swine-Native
1,7136.140.2420.80.03172,247,561Chicken
1396.600.310.40.0327,884,041Duck
8024.900.2170.82791,024Swine – M
35124.900.2170.80.52,123,663Swine – Piglet
1,74524.900.2170.81.24,400,326Swine - Khun
52324.900.2170.82791,024Swine – F
1,16355.360.3070.815307,927Dairy Cow
2,03696.950.2860.581,72,223Buffalo
0.241
0.307
Biogas (m3/kg vol
solid)
0.83
183.55
Biogas (106 m3/yr)
17
3,855
Potential Energy (TJ/yr)
0.5402,178Elephant
0.554,900,614Cattle
Collectible Ratio
Manure (kg/head/d)Number
(heads)Type
Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes
Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes
Example of Industrial Wastewaters
4.12
WW/product (m3/ton)
4,799,800
WW (m3/yr)
2,368
COD (mg/L)
1,165,000,000LiterBeer
Production (unit/yr)UnitType
* Department of Livestocks
4,546,675
Biogas Potential (106 m3/yr)
109
Potential Energy (TJ/yr)
9,092,74111,365,926Beer
Removed COD (kg/yr)
COD Loading (kg/yr)Type
Industrial Wastewaters in Thailand
1,62567,724,80013,256,000Ton FFBPalm Oil
3,990166,269,38624.722,225,125TonCassava Starch29412,247,3719.31,381,000Ton
Soda and Beverages
1,13547,295,15731.14558,297TonCanned Seafood38516,036,50731.14495,174TonFrozen Seafood30812,849,7454.98391,282TonCanned Pineapple241,014,9254.05491,370TonRaw Milk
1094,546,3714.121,165,000,000LiterBeer
622,593,6753.475,380,000LiterAlcoholic beverage
2,14589,371,51211.826,447,000TonSugar36915,380,05574.54225,846TonSlaughter House(TJ)(m3/yr)(m3/ton)(units/yr)
EnergyBiogasWastewater/product
ProductionUnitIndustrial Type
Biomass in ThailandAgricultural Residues Farm Wastes
Industrial Wastewaters Municipal Solid Wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes
124,146785176538679Whole Kingdom
1540416.8891254155.34521South
3164616.09196679354.69869Northeast
2473618.76131852961.35893North
3316216.99195184958.99079Central
1919911.28170205350.059317Bangkok
Energy (TJ/yr)
Calorific value (MJ/kg)**
Organic (tons/yr)
Organic Ratio (%)**
Amount (ton/d)*Region
Potential Energy (TJ) in MSW by Region 19199, 15%
33162, 28%
24736, 20%
31646, 25%
15404, 12%
Bangkok Central Plain North Northeast South
Comparison of Estimated Energy (TJ) from Different Types of Biomass in Thailand
Agricultural Residues,
735506, 49%Municipal Wastes,
757,704, 49%
Industrial Wastewaters,
10,448, 1%
Farm Wastes, 11,750, 1%
Biogas Potential in Thailand
Cow Buffalo Pig Chicken Duck Elephant Sheep Human Horse
Biogas Produced (million m3/year)
Total Potential Biogas Produced (million m3/year)
Estimated Biogas Produced, no data (million m3/year)
Barriers
Lack of successful references Lack of technical know-howHigh project development costs, lengthy permitting processUncertainties related to long term biomass supplyWrong perception of environmental impact on communitiesLack of favorable government policiesFinancial issues
Energy Policy and Strategy in Thailand
Development of Renewable Energy
Promotion of Energy Efficiency
Stakeholders in RE DevelopmentGovernment Agencies & Public Utilities
The Energy Policy and Planning OfficeThe National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP)Electricity Authority of Thailand (EGAT)Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)
Interest Groups (NGOs)Sustainable Energy Network (SEN)Appropriate Technology Association (ATA)
Private StakeholdersThe Federation of Thai Industries (FTI)The Energy Conservation Center of Thailand (ECCT)COGENThe Cogeneration Public Company Limited (COCO)The Electricity Generating Public Company Limited (EGCO)
Energy and Renewable Energy Development Policies
The Energy Conservation and Promotion Act (ENCON)Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) –established under the ENCON Act. Article 24
Money transferred from the Petroleum FundLevies imposed on petroleum product producers and importers at arate determined by the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC)Additional sources, e.g., surcharges on power consumption, government subsidies, etc.
Energy Conservation ProgramPrivatization of the Energy SectorPrice PolicyTax ReductionSupports for Renewable Energy
The Small Power Producers’ Scheme
The Small Power Producer (SPP) regulations launched in 1992 and cover small-scale non-conventional power plants, including biomassAssistance from the EC-ASEAN COGEN programme to transfer EU technologies EPPO and EGAT are also proposing an additional subsidy of up to 0.6 Bt per kWh as an incentive for the new biomass-fired projects to offset the relatively high specific investment cost of such plants
Current Technologies for Substrate Usage in Thailand
RRMSW
R/D/COther food waste
RRR/PCorn cobs
R/DAnimal slurries
RRRR/D/ CRCoconut waste
RCRCPalm oil waste
R/D/CCassava Food waste
RRRCassava Stalks
RRRRRRSugar cane residues
CRRCRSugar Cane bagasse
RRRRubber leafy biomass
RCR/PRCRRubber wood waste
R/D/ CR/DR/D/CR/P/ CRRice Husk
Lignocellulosis
Anaer. Digest.Cogen.PyrolisisGasi
fic.Carbonis.Direct combu
st
BiochemicalThermalDensific.
Conversion Technology
Fuel
Legend : R: Research & Development D: Demonstration C: Commercialisation P: Pilot Plant
Additional Information
Decision Tree StructureSTART
Technological Considerations
Social-Cultural Considerations
Environmental Considerations
Economical Considerations
END
Thailand Energy Profile 2002
EnergyProduction (ktoe) 45,227Import 47,423Export 8,194Final Energy Consumption 52,979Growth of Final Energy Consumption 6.9%Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.8
Electric PowerInstalled Capacity (MW) 24,157Production (ktoe) 9,289Import (ktoe) 239Export (ktoe) 23Consumption (ktoe) 8,536Consumption/Capita (toe/capita) 0.1
Current Status of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)
Electricity production as of 31 December 2003
Capacity 24,983 MW (100%)• EGAT 14,431 MW (58%)• IPP 8,000 MW (32%)• Import or Exchange 640 MW (2%)• SPP 1,912 MW (8%)High-voltage station 196 stationDistributed to 76 provinces
Electricity Consumption for Thailand 2003
23,315, 22%
25,350, 24%48,252, 45%
7,043, 7% 1,949, 2%
228, 0%
Residential Business Industry Agriculture Others Others EGAT direct Customer
Energy Demand Project by Types
64,14238,93823,50917,301
15,748
Total15,4668,8805,1614,1284,174Traditional Fuel11,1736,9424,2163,0792,801Electricity14,1918,1924,6003,7003,637Fuel Oil1,7681,008562446423Motor Fuel3,5412,0421,141872780Gas1,189684377298279LPG16,81411,1907,4524,7783,654Coal
20252015200520001995Fuel
Biogas Plants
UASBSermsuk2
AFF,MesophillicGreenspot, Surat Thani1Soda and beverages
2001Plug flow + UASBPitsanulok Province 1Slaughter House
1999UASB,Mesophillic treating PET WWTunTex1Petro chemical
2002Cover LagoonFarm CP 1
1996Plug flow + UASBLarge and Medium scale20Swine Farm
2000CSTR,MesophillicAsian Plam oil1Oil Palm
UASB,MesophillicTropical Canning Group, Thai
Union frozen food5Frozen Seafood/
Canned food
1998UASBBeer Thai
1984UASB,MesophillicSurathip Group12Alcoholic Beverages
1994UASB,MesophillicBoonrod Brewery1Brewery
2000AFF,MesophillicBangkok InterFood1
2000UASB,MesophillicChau Heng1Rice Starch
2004HssUASB1
2004UASB,MesophillicGeneral starch1
1999Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicThai wa1
2004UASB,MesophillicThai Prasit Starch1
1996UASB,MesophillicNational Starch and Chemical2
2003Anerobic buffle Reactor, MesophilicSa-nguan Wong Co., Ltd.1Tapioca starch
sinceProcessName of CompanyNoIndustry
List of Thermal Plants
Surathani, ThailandPalm OilThe Southern Palm (1978) Co., Ltd.
Surat Thani, ThailandWoodTRT Parawood Co. Ltd.*
Nakorn Ratchasima, ThailandRiceChia Meng Co. Ltd.*
Panom Sarakham, Chachoengsao, ThailandPaperHigh Tech Paper Co. Ltd.*
Srakaew, ThailandWoodAreechai Woodtech Co. Ltd.*
Laem Chabang, Chonburi, ThailandWoodLaem Chabang Industry Co., Ltd.*
Yala, ThailandWoodElectricity Generating Public Co., Ltd.
Supahanburi, ThailandSugarMitr Phol Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Pathumtani, ThailandRicePatum Rice Mill and Granary Public. Co.
Ltd.
Central ThailandProject developerA.T. Biopower Co, Ltd
LocationIndustryOwner/developer
Current Status (August 20, 2003)
30231.7
34281.9
40322.3
Non-Firm
445.2
565.4
14265.6
Renew
251,792.0
261,852
261,852.0
CogenFirm
802,439.9
No. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)
592,068.9
Achieved CODNo. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)
652,199.3
Signed Contracts No. of SPPsPurchased Capacity (MW)
TotalSPPs
EPPO Master Plan for the Promotion of Renewable EnergyRequest for proposal (43 proposals; 775 MW)Preliminary evaluation on technical feasibility, financial, etc. (31 projects approved, 491.3 MW)Public consultation hearing
10 km radiusCommunity participationEIA
Monitor and evaluationThree party committee – Government agent, community representative, and plant ownerEnvironmental and Social Impact Assessment20 projects approved; 243.3 MW; 1400 million baht support
ENCON Fund – Biogas Plant12 biogas demonstration plants for tapioca starch producing factories166 million baht (30% of capital cost)Wastewaters 25 million m3
4 agenciesDepartment of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) (4 factories – UASB)Department of Factory (3 factories – UASB)BAU, Chiang Mai University (2 factories – H-UASB)KMUTT (3 factories – Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor)
Biogas generated 36 million m3
Electricity 44 MkWh/yearFuel oil 22 million liters (174 million baht)
EPPO
Biomass Fuels
Source: Biomass OneSource: Biomass One--Stop Clearing House. Stop Clearing House. ““Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Chapter 1 Biomass Fuels. Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass Conversion of biomass to electricity and thermal energy Biomass FuelsFuels”” 1313--0303--20032003
Production of charcoal/activated Production of charcoal/activated carbon from coconut shells in carbon from coconut shells in PrachuapPrachuap
Production of charcoal Production of charcoal briquettes from waste after briquettes from waste after
production of charcoalproduction of charcoal