PERPUSTAKAAN UMP

111111111111111111111 0000092666

THE POTENTIAL OF DAMAGES INDUCED BY WIND SPEED

WAN MOHD ASYRAF BIN WAN MOHD RAZALI

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2013

Vi

ABSTRACT

Malaysia is located near the equator and natural disasters such as hurricanes,

tsunamis and tornadoes usually not occur in Malaysia. Known as a tropical country,

Malaysia was not excluding from the strong winds as tropical storms and monsoon

phenomenon. Damage rate in Malaysia cause by storm hazard is seen quite a surprise.

Currently, there is no properly guidance to identify the wind hazard location in Malaysia.

Therefore, the main objective of this study is to produce the spatial wind speed map for the

peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, in this study, the mean wind speed data at each of the

capital state from 2008 to 2012 were collected. Databases are establishing through the GIS

techniques. GIS techniques were used to create the spatially database information. Average

wind speeds of the regions are identified in peninsular Malaysia. From the result, the

relationship between the average wind speed and damage ratio due to wind speed in

Malaysia are show good agreement. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as a

guideline in the future.

VII

ABSTRAK

Negara Malaysia terletak di garisan khatulistiwa dan bencana alam seperti taufan,

tsunami dan puting beliung biasanya tidak berlaku di Malaysia.Turut dikenali sebagai

sebuah Negara Tropika, Negara Malaysia tidak terlepas dari bencana angin kencang seperti

ribut tropika dan fenomena angin monsoon. Kadar kemalangan disebabkan kecelakaan

angin di Malaysia dilihat agak mengejutkan. Namun demikian,sehingga kini,masih belum

wujud panduan untuk mengenalpasti lokasi bahaya angin di malaysia. Oleh yang demikian,

objektif utama kajian mi adalah untuk menghasilkan peta kelajuan angin di Semenanjung

Malaysia. Justeru, dalam kajian i, data kelajuan angin di setiap ibu negeri dari tahun 2008

hingga tahun 2012 telah dikumpul. Kelajuan angin di Malaysia telah dikenalpasti dan

diolah menggunanakan teknik GIS. Teknik GIS telah digunakan untuk mewujudkan

pangkalan data kawasan kajian dan maklumat analisis ruang untuk mendapatkan zon

kelajuan angin dan peringkat-peringkat kerosakan disebabkan angin di Malaysia. Secara

tidak langsung, kadar purata kelajuan angin dan peringkat kerosakan disebabkan angin

telah dapat dikenalpasti di seluruh kawasan di semenanjung Malaysia. Kesimpulannya,

objektif kajian terbukti berjaya dalam hubungan antara purata kelajuan angin dan peringkat

kerosakan disebabkan angin di Malaysia. Oleh itu, keputusan kajian mi boleh dijadikan

garis panduan pada masa akan datang.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION

STUDENT'S DECLARATION

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENT xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xv

LIST OF APPENDIXES xvi

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of study 4

1.5 Study area 4

1.6 Significant of study 5

1.7 Thesis structure 6

VIII

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Wind Hazard Damage 7

2.3 Malaysia (Study Area) 10

2.3.1 Type of Wind in Malaysia 12

2.4 Weather Warnings 13

2.4.1 Storm Alert 15

2.5 Wind Effect 16

2.5.1 Hurricane Damages 16

2.5.2 How Wind Damages Roof 16

2.6 Wind Induced Accident 18

2.6.1 Damages on Houses Roof 18

2.6.2 Damages on Apartment's Metal Roof 20

2.7 Geographical Information System 21

2.7.1 GIS for Emergency 22

2.7.2 Data Management 22

2.7.3 GIS Supplies 22

2.7.4 GIS in Public Safety Management 23

2.7.5 Application of GIS in Disaster Management 23

2.8 Conclusion 23

ix

III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Data Collecting 26

3.2.1 Determine Mean Wind Speed 27

3.2.2 Wind Hazard Damage Ratio 28

3.3 Preprocessing 28

3.4 Processing 28

3.4.1 Simplified Data 28

3.4.2 Produce Map Using GIS 30

3.5 Spatial Analysts 34

3.6 Zoning Using GIS Based On Damage Ratio 35

3.7 Conclusion 35

IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Establishment of Wind Hazard Damage Database 36

4.3 Develop or Establish the Mean Wind Speed Map of Peninsular Malaysia 39

4.4 Develop the Wind Hazard Damages Ratio Map in Peninsular Malaysia 41

4.5 Develop Table of Level of Damages 42

4.6 Level of Damages 43

4.7 Wind Hazard Damages Ratio Induce By Mean Wind Speed Analysis 44

4.8 Conclusion 51

x

V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 52

5.2 Evaluation of Objective 53

5.2.1 Objective 1: To Produce the Mean Wind Speed Map of Peninsular 53

Malaysia

5.2.2 Objective 2: To Study the Relationship between Mean Wind Speed 53

and Level of Damage in Peninsular Malaysia

5.3 Conclusion 54

5.4 Recommendations 54

REFERENCES 55

A

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Damages Cause by Strong Wind Speed at Pulau Pinang 2013 3

1.2 Peninsular Malaysia 4

1.3 Sonamu Typhoon Directions 5

2.1 Natural Disaster Occurrence Reported 1980-2010 9

2.2 Average Disaster from Year 1980-2010 10

2.3 Peninsular Malaysia Map 11

2.4 Malaysia Located Near The Equator 12

2.5 Warning Alert, Third Category Sonamu Might Landed At East Coast 15

of Peninsular Malaysia (Terengganu) On 8 January 2013

2.6 Wind Damages Roofs Phenomena 17

2.7 Homes in Kampung Bahagia Damaged By the Storm 20

2.8 7th February 2012 Damage Apartment Roof in Taman Bukit Subang 21

Shah Alam

3.1 Methodology of Research Flowchart 25

3.2 www.wunderground.com 26

3.3 Maximum Wind Speed 27

3.4 GIS Software 30

3.5 Data setting by spatial analysis in GIS Technique 31

3.6 Mean Wind Speed Map 32

XII

3.7 Damage Ratio Map 33

3.8 Zoning Using GIS Based On Mean Wind Speed Data 34

4.1 Location of Station at Every State 37

4.2 Mean Wind Speed Map 38

4.3 Wind Hazard Damages Map 40

4.4 Analysis by Scatter Chart 44

4.5 Statistical Analysis of Mean Wind Speed and Level of Damages 45-46

4.6 Graph of the Relationship between Mean Wind Speeds with Wind 48

Hazard Damages Ratio from Year 2008 To 2012

4.7 The Graph of Relationship between Number of Storm Occurrence and 49

Mean Wind Speed in Peninsular Malaysia

4.8 Graph of Relationship between Wind Hazard Damage Ratio with 50

Number of Storm Occur

XIII

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO. TITLE

PAGE

2.1 Wind Induced Phenomenal Damage (Tamura, 2005) 19

3.1 Mean Wind Speed & Damage Ratio Data 29

4.1 Table of Mean Wind Speed and Level of Potential Damages 42

Occur

xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS! SHORT FORMS

GIS = Geographical Information System

NST = New Straits Time

RM = Ringgit Malaysia

AS Alor Star

JB = Johor Baharu

KL Kuala Lumpur

KT = Kuala Terengganu

KB Kota Bharu

Knots = Unit of Speed

MMD = Malaysian Meteorological Department

m/s = Unit of Speed

Minutes = Unit of Time

m = Meter

% = Percentage

xv

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Lately many damages cause by wind occur. (Utusan Malaysia, 2012) reported 3' of

august 2012, at Jempol Negeri Sembilan, 16 canopy of bazar Ramadan stall flew by strong

wind. No one injured and no dead is reported but the entire 16 canopy cannot be used

anymore. At the same places, Jempol on 29th June 2012,(Sinar Harian,2012) reported 44

houses were attacked by storm. Almost all of the houses were experienced roof damage. On

June 2012 (Sinar Harian; New Straits Time, 2012) also reported storm at Jempol Negeri

Sembilan. Almost 50 resident of Felda Palong suffered losses of up to RM 30,000 when

their home damaged by storm. The storm flown off roof and also damaged other parts of

house. Based on the residents, numerous houses were damage during storm as the wind

were very strong and nothing could protect their homes. The strong wind also happen all

over peninsular Malaysia. 2nd October 2012 four houses recently damaged during a three

hour pre-dawn storm in Tangkak Johor, 3rd December 2012, (Fairul Asmaini Mohd Pilus,

2012) from New Straits Time reported 61 houses damaged by storm.

Wind is basically caused by the temperature gradient of the atmosphere due to

variable Solar heating of the earth's surface. It is initiated, in ' a more immediate sense, by

density difference or pressure gradient between points of equal elevation. (Tamura & Cao,

2010)

I

2

Strong winds are the most common means of destruction associated with

hurricanes. Their sometimes continuous barrage can uproot trees, knock over buildings and

homes, sink or ground boats, and flip cars. (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, 2010)

(Holmes, 2007) Stated that Malaysia is entirely in the equatorial zone. Malaysia

does not experience typhoons and has very low extreme winds from weak thunderstorms

and monsoons winds. But from the observation, there are still damage causes by strong

wind. As an example, 18th December 2012, typhoon Utor occurs in JB and cause lots of

damage which cost millions Ringgit Malaysia. It shows that more study need to be done.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The significance of this study is to reduce the potential damages cause by wind speed

which occur during thunderstorm and identified as serious level of damages around

peninsular Malaysia (Figure 1.1). Year by year, the storm occurrences is increase. But the

damages are just the same. No improvements were made to reduce the damages level. This

may cause by:

1. The position of building do not consider the wind speed that may cause damage due

to topographic or roughness and mean wind speed profile.

2. Structure of the building which may not kind of engineered building.

3. Storm occurs not recorded by weather station due to location of weather station.

3

Figure 1.1 Damages Cause By Strong Wind Speed at Pulau Pinang 2013

Source: New Straits Time 2013

1.3 OBJECTIVES

Level of damages due to strong wind may be reduced if safety precaution were

taken. People may plan their type of roofing system and consider wind loading during

construction of building if they know the level of damages at their residential area.

The objectives if these studies are:

1. To produce the mean wind speed map of peninsular Malaysia.

2. To study the relationship between mean wind speed and level of damage in

peninsular Malaysia

4

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study is to determine the success of the objectives. The scopes of

this study are

1. The ArcGIS database system that complete with information that related to mean

wind speed data, wind hazard ratio, and location of wind station.

2. The area of study is limited to Peninsular Malaysia only.

3. The ArcGIS software to produce map and zoning area

1.5 STUDY AREA

The study area of this study is limited to peninsular Malaysia only (Figure 1.2).

Sabah and Sarawak are excluded in this study

Mangar

OAor Seta akKcwa9ahru

George relKuIe Terenggnu

rTerengg.,k Perak

Pahqng

Koala Lum

4 __ Putra ,

Bandar Melak -: -

Figure 1.2 Peninsular Malaysia

!

ir& •

' i,'.. )!ç-

:

5

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY.

Many study conducted on topographic effect on the wind flow. This study is to

determine mean wind speed of every district in peninsular Malaysia. By conducting this

study, pattern of wind at Malaysia can be determined and wind hazard damage can be

reduced. As an example, if any place record high mean wind speed for past 5 years, the

structure of building at the area should be design vary with the sustainability to withstand

high wind speed. Figure 1.3 shows zoning area of wind speed around the world and

sonamu typhoon direction.

4 -- . 8 .-,

I '4 " d I3A,'l G4 I •' 88141 T All 88.I I TsP. j

Figure 1.3 Sonamu Typhoon Directions

Sources: Malaysian Meteorological Department

6

1.6 THESIS STRUCTURE

Chapter I discussed the overall introduction of the study. Firstly, the problems

statement and followed by objectives of the study. After that, study limitations such as

scope of study and study area are identified. In doing the research, the significant of study

also were considered.

Chapter II is discussed on literature review. Background and the definition of

Geographical Information System are discussed. Other than that, previous researches on

wind hazard damage also were written. Other kind of information related to wind and wind

hazard damage is simplified in this chapter.

Chapter III is the methodology part. It discusses briefly the flow method of this

thesis from the beginning until the result is obtained.

Chapter IV is analysis and result's chapter. It presents the result from data analysis

of mean wind speed and wind hazard damage.

Chapter V is conclusion and recommendation part. The conclusion stated at the end

of this study to show that the effective and suitability of Geographical Information system

(GIS) as the application in information management system for wind hazard according to

study.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a review of the literature review on wind effect and related

previously study.

2.2 WIND HAZARD DAMAGE

Wind hazard damage is one kind of natural disaster that cause by wind. Known as

hydro-meteorologal hazards wind storm including cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons

contribute to percentage of damages by natural disaster around the world. (Bosher, 2008) In

Malaysia, there are a lot of storm and if we review back, all the damages cause by wind is

almost the same like the other country, but no action taken to prevent it from happen

including no safety precaution were made. By determination of wind mean speed for every

district in Malaysia may help the engineer design better design based on mean wind speed

profile.

Environmental wind studies-investigate the wind effects on the surrounding

environment caused by erection of the structure (e.g. tall building). This study is

particularly important to assess the impact of wind on pedestrians, motor vehicles and

7

8

architectural features such as fountains, etc, which utilize public domain within the vicinity

of the proposed structure. (Mendis, Ngo, Haritos, Hira, B.Samali, & Cheung, 2007)

High wind speeds can cause significant damage to property. Hurricanes, cold fronts,

strong areas of low pressure and even simple thunderstorms can produce winds strong

enough to cause damage and threaten buildings and boats. Understanding the level of threat

posed by sustained winds at high speeds can help you to minimize the risks to property and

physical well-being. (McBride, 2012).

(Perry & Symons, 1994) also stated that. Improvements to the format of weather

forecasts and warnings is considered to offer some prospect of reducing the hazard, but a

databank of wind-related transport accidents is also needed for planning and preliminary

operational statistical analysis. So the analysis of mean wind speed may help.

(Holmes, 2007) stated that Malaysia only experience wind speed between 24-32 m/s

and. It has been concluded based on 50 year gust values for 20 stations of the Malaysian

Meteorological Service around Malaysia but as we can see almost every month there are

storm occurs and cost a lot of money.

From Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2, analysis from year 1980 to 2010 shows that storm

are third kind of natural disaster reported and it also the third natural disaster occurred per

year.

Drought 1.

Earthquake* D I Epidemic

Flood

Mass mov. dry 1

Mass mov. wet

Storm

Wildfire _j4 10 20 30 40

Occurence

Figure 2.1 Natural Disaster Occurrence Reported 1980-2010

Source: Preventionweb

Averqe D:iter Per Yer

0.03 0.03

Epidemic: 0.35

Edrerne ternp: Ftoth 1.00 nect infettion:

'Mass rncv. dry: 0.03

Mas rrio. wt: 0.10

Volcano: Storm: 0. 19 Wildfire: 0.13

Figure 2.2 Average Disasters from Year 1980-2010

Source: Preventionweb

2.3 MALAYSIA

Located in northern hemisphere, north of the equator of Malaysia, Malaysia consists

of two main areas separated by South China Sea which covers almost 531.1 square

kilometers. Both have similar geographic pattern. Such as dense forest, sloping coastline

and rolling hills. The climate is equilateral but for some places, especially northern part of

peninsular Malaysia and northern Sabah has a tropical monsoon climate. Divided to eleven

states and 1 federal territory, Pahang is the biggest state in peninsular Malaysia (Figure

2.3) and Perlis is the smallest states.

Malaysia located near the equator (Figure 2.4) between 1 and 7 latitude North and

10

longitude 100 and 119 East, and subject to the influence of the sea and the wind system

changes from the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Usually, the climate here is

11

divided into the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon. The average temperature

in most of Malaysia is between 21 °C to 32 °C. Humidity is rather high. (Chempawan Mat

Abu, 2009)

N IL

-

'I.'•

...

• .............

7 .. - - •: -.

• . ,

Figure 2.3 2.3 Peninsular Malaysia Map

12

I .'- ri F

4.- . V_t

-' - ••- - - - H Maaysl H - .-•. - :.: 0

AFRICA

1tOXCCISOO ml AUSTRALIA

YrdIflQs km

Figure 2.4 Malaysia Located Near The Equator

Sources : worldatlas.com

2.3.1 Type of Wind in Malaysia

In Malaysia, wind low over the country is generally light but some periodic changes

in the wind plow type. There are four seasons that can be distinguished relatively known as

southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons.

In half of May or early June, the southwest monsoon occurred and ends in September. The

wind flow pattern is light and it was below l5knots.

13

Vary to northeast monsoon which usually commences in early November and ends

in March. The wind flow may reach 30 knots at the east coast states area due to strong

surges of cola air from the north.

The winds are generally light and variable during the two intermonsoon seasons

because the equatorial lies over Malaysia during these seasons.

Typhoon frequently occur during April to November over the west pacific and

move westwards across Philippines. The wind flow may reach 20 knots or more over the

northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region.

The effect of land breeze on general wind flow pattern is very marked especially during

days with clear skies due to Malaysia as a maritime country. Sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots

very often develop and reach up to ten kilometers inland on bright sunny afternoons. Differ

to night days, the reverse process takes places. (Malaysian Meteorological Department)

2.4 WEATHER WARNINGS

Weather warning provided by the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD)

seems to ignore the potential threat cause by tropical storm (Figure 2.5). This is due to

possible impact MDD identified in relation to two warning stages: red and orange.

The orange one list "flooding in low lying areas and river banks" as well as

"thatched/zinc roofs being blown off by wind" as possible impact of tropical storm. The red

one is stronger tropical storm and much stronger typhoon list only "swift water currents that

can be dangerous to children playing beside monsoon drains and river banks".