EXPERT KNOWLEDGE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

JUNE 2013 – ISSUE 30

NOVEDAD: Enfoque latinoamericano del editor principal de ElSitioAvicola, Chris Wright

Vaccinating Poultry as a Means ofSalmonella Control"What's so great about vaccinating poultry against Sal-monella?" That was the question asked and answeredat a special seminar in Thailand recently. Senior editor,Jackie Linden, reports.

Salmonella remains a problem in intensive poultryrearing, in the tropics and in free-range systems, ac-cording to Professor Paul Barrow of the School of Vet-erinary Medicine and Science at the University ofNottingham in the UK.

Speaking at a seminar entitled 'Poultry Science Out-look' organised by the World's Poultry Science Asso-ciation (WPSA) in Bangkok earlier this year, heexplained that there is a range of approaches to itscontrol including biosecurity, antibiotics, competitiveexclusion, breeding for genetic resistance and vacci-nation. However, tight biosecurity is difficult toachieve for outdoor systems and competitive exclu-sion works less well in the field than in the lab.

This feature is continued on page 4

June 2013 – Issue 30

Water System InspectionPays Off - P6

With summer fast approaching in the NorthernHemisphere, are your broiler house water plumbingand supply systems adequate to handle summer’speak demand? Experts at the National Poultry Tech-nology Center at Auburn University College ofAgriculture offer advice.

Reducing Dependence on Antibioticsfor Poultry - P14

Keeping water lines free of biofilms can help keepbirds healthy without the need for antibiotics andthe associated concerns over antibiotic resistance.Stuart Lumb reports for ThePoultrySite.

Intestinal Health and NecroticEnteritis in Broilers - P10

Management at the farm level (litter quality andcomposition, lighting programmes, stocking density,drinker management and dietary feed management)are important to control necrotic enteritis, accord-ing to the Mississippi State University ExtensionService.

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COVER STORY

Vaccinating Poultry as a Means ofSalmonella Control

"What's so great about vaccinating poultry againstSalmonella?" That was the question asked and an-swered at a special seminar in Thailand recently. Sen-ior editor, Jackie Linden, reports.

P1

‘Biosecurity and Hygiene’ is the theme of this month’s issue of ThePoultrySite Dig-ital – a key area in preventing the spread of disease.

Our first article is a report from a recent seminar in Asia, where a veterinaryprofessor explained the background to Salmonella vaccination of poultry as away to control food-borne disease in people. Judging from the decline in reportedcases of this particular zoonosis in Europe, where vaccination has become a quitewidely accepted commercial practice for egg production since the 1990s, it seemsto have been effective.

As the speaker pointed out, however, vaccination alone will not stop the spreadof the pathogen; good biosecurity and hygiene practices are also crucial.

The US National Poultry Technology Center offers advice on broiler house waterplumbing and supply in our second article, discussing the importance of both thequantity and quality of the water for good bird health and performance.

Water supply is also covered in our third feature from Mississippi State University– along with litter quality and composition, lighting programmes, stocking density,drinker management and dietary feed management – as crucial factors to preventnecrotic enteritis without drugs.

Finally, we return to our theme of biosecurity as it is explained how removingbiofilms from water systems can help to keep poultry health without the needfor antibiotics and all the risks of developing antimicrobial resistance that thatcan entail.

Jackie Linden

Editorial

Biosecurity andHygiene

Jackie LindenThePoultrySite.com Senior Editorjackie.linden@5mpublishing.com

Contact

Jackie LindenSenior Editorjackie.linden@5mpublishing.comTel: +44 (0) 1234 818180

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Continued from page 1

Vaccinating Poultry as a Means of Salmonella Control

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Antibiotics have their downsides, particularly the riskof the pathogen developing antimicrobial resistanceand thus becoming less effective while also passingthe resistance on to other bacteria, such as E. coli.

Genetic lines of poultry vary in their ability to resistSalmonella colonisation so this may be an approach.However, Professor Barrow suggested this would notbe effective if the birds develop this level of resistanceas they mature and broilers may reach market weightalready by six weeks of age. If the resistance were tobe achieved by genetic modification, it may not be ac-ceptable to consumers and there is a risk that resist-ance to other infections and/or performance may beadversely affected.

Comparing killed and live vaccines, he said that theformer stimulate high antibody titres and are moreacceptable. On the other hand, live attenuated vac-cines stimulate cell mediated immunity and antibod-ies.

Salmonella in chickens is a gut colonisation issue, Pro-fessor Barrow explained. Cell clearance is not actuallyrelated to antibodies but to T-cells. This is why livevaccines are most effective; they stimulate the T-cells.Vaccination was traditionally possible against serovarsthat cause typhoid-like diseases but these may not beeffective against those colonising the gut.

Professor Barrow contrasted the host-specificserovars with those causing food-borne disease.There are few host-specific serovars - fewer than 10- and they are normally pathogenic and invasive, elic-iting a strong immune response. They are host-specificand do not colonise the gut. Vaccination is feasibleagainst the host-specific serovars.

On the other hand, there are more than 2,000serovars of 'food-poisoning' type, he said. They varyin the degree of invasiveness in vivo and the immuneresponse to them is poorly understood. They alsotend to be epidemiologically complex as they havemany hosts. They do colonise the gut well and areshed in the faeces in high numbers. These character-istics mean that the value of vaccination is question-able, according to Professor Barrow.

However, it may be possible to get cross-protectionbetween similar strains, he said, and GM live Salmo-nella vaccine development looks promising.

Professor Barrow outlined eight criteria for an idealvaccine:

1. strong protection against both faecal excretion andsystemic infection (chicks and ovarian)

2.stable avirulence in Man

3. avirulent for chickens, without adversely impactinggrowth rate

4. long-lasting protection

5. protection against many serotypes

6. easily administered

7. easy to differentiate from the field strain by cultureor serology, and

8. compatible with other control measures.

Vaccines are in use in poultry in the European Unionand elsewhere and lab reports show a decline infood-borne disease since the 1990s, which is likely atleast partly attributable to vaccination.

In the EU, the authorities are monitoring Salmonellaon farms and taking steps to deal with positive breed-ing flocks.

Since 2004, the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA) has discouraged the use of antibiotics for thecontrol of food-borne pathogens in farm animals.Vaccination alone will not be completely effective;thorough cleaning and disinfection are also required,Professor Barrow said, adding that the vaccine doeshave a withdrawal period.

He showed that vaccination status has been shownto be the number one factor associated with Salmo-nella Enteritidis on hen holdings in Europe.

Several vaccines are available on the market - bothlive and inactivated types - and they vary in efficacy,Professor Barrow concluded.

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Water System Inspection Pays Off

6

With summer fast approaching in the NorthernHemisphere, are your broiler house water plumbingand supply systems adequate to handle summer’speak demand? Experts at the National Poultry Tech-nology Center at Auburn University College of Agri-culture offer advice.

Satisfying bird water needs is crucial for top flockperformance, and it takes a great deal of water. A typ-ical updated 40-foot × 500-foot broiler house in Al-abama can consume 450,000 gallons or more ofpotable water a year for bird consumption and op-eration of a 6-inch evaporative cooling system. A four-house broiler farm of these houses may require 1.8to 2.0 million gallons per year.

Satisfying water demand can be especially challengingin summertime when both birds and evaporativecooling systems are thirsty. In addition to meeting thetotal demand, it is critical to meet the peak flow rateneeded, which in hot weather might be as much as50 to 60 gallons per minute for four houses. Toooften, authors Jess Campbell, Dennis Brothers, JimDonald and Gene Simpson of the National PoultryTechnology Center at Auburn University College ofAgriculture say they see farms that do not show ob-vious problems most of the time during cool and mildweather grow-outs – but show significant flock per-formance reductions in hot weather because of failingto meet the peak flow rate demand, which can bevery costly to a grower.

Hot weather is fast approaching. Are your houses’water plumbing and supply systems adequate to han-dle summer’s peak demand? If you cannot answer“Yes”, with confidence, it is time to put a water supplysystem inspection at the top of your spring cleaningchecklist.

Broiler house water system inspections should beroutinely scheduled but there are some scenarios orsituations to look for that tell you to do it now:

1. Cannot get weight on birds and/or see higher thanaverage mortality rates in hot weather.

2. Have experienced a drop in performance afteradding additional houses on a farm.

3. Upgraded fans for higher wind-speed and six-inchcooling system without upgrading plumbing.

4. Experience low or no pressure at drinker lines andin control rooms when birds are drinking and evap-orative cooling systems are filling at the same time.

5. Have trouble keeping evaporative cooling systemsfrom running out of water on hot days.

A partially clogged drinker system pressure regulator can cause a loss inwater flow (gallons per minute getting to the birds) before any drop inpressure becomes obvious.

The only way to be sure the regulator is still delivering the water flow needed is to takeit out of the line and visually inspect it. On most farms, this should be done at leastonce a year, and especially in the spring ahead of summer’s high water demand. Thisregulator is definitely restricting water flow and must be cleaned or replaced. Gettingenough water to birds at all times is critical for good flock performance.

POTENTIAL DOLLARS SAVED OR LOST

If any of the situations or symptoms described aboveapply to your farm, a water supply restriction might

Feature Article

Water System Inspection Pays Off

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FEATURE ARTICLE

be the root of the problem. Identifying a water supplyproblem can be tricky but of utmost importance indollars and cents. You do not want an overlookedwater restriction to drop you to the bottom of thesettlement sheet.

Consider two farms, each with four similar modern40-foot × 500-foot broiler houses that require ap-proximately 13 gallons per minute (gpm) per houseat peak demand on a really hot dry day, so the totalfarm water supply flow rate required is 52gpm.Grower A has an adequate water supply and routinelychecks for any symptoms of water shortage on thefarm and corrects them. Grower B on the otherhand, has consistently had trouble with performanceduring hot weather. He has not identified the problembut notices the houses run low on pressure at times.The truth is that Grower B’s water supply system iseither partially clogged or under-sized, and can deliveronly 40gpm, not 52gpm. That is a lot of gallons notavailable during crucial times of the grow-out whenbirds and cooling pads need it the most.

In this situation of hot weather water inadequacy,Grower B’s flocks may take as much as a three percent hit in livability and lose as much as 0.4 poundsof potential per bird average live weight. What doesthis look like in dollars and cents, if each farm places88,000 birds per grow-out? There are many other fac-tors to consider, but let us keep it simple:

Grower A, having an adequate water supply, receiveda check for approximately $40,631.36 with a good av-erage weight and good livability. Grower B, having aninadequate water supply, sent fewer birds to the plantwith poor livability and a much lower average weightand brought home $3,109.57 less for the same num-ber of chicks placed. Grower B could easily find him-self in this scenario for at least two hot-weatherflocks and see an estimated $6,219.14 in less incomecompared to Grower A, simply due to water inade-quacy.

Cost of fixing a plumbing or other water supply prob-lem on the average poultry farm varies greatly de-pending on the particular situation but $6,000 wouldcertainly go a long way toward fixing the problem.

WATER SUPPLY INSPECTION POINTS

The first point to consider is that the water sourceused – whether a water utility or pumping from awell or pond, must be capable supplying the amountand flow rate needed. Particular poultry farm waterneeds vary greatly depending on location, weatherconditions, number and size of houses, and numberand size of birds grown in those houses. Our examplefarm above, typical for the lower Broiler Belt growinglarge birds, needs a water source capable of supplyinga minimum of 52gpm at maximum demand. Remem-ber, that is just for the poultry farm, not a dwelling orother farm needs. Contact your company represen-tative for an estimated per-house water requirement.

Following are the main items to check to assure yourwater system and plumbing are adequate. Examplesassume the same typical four-house farm with mod-ern 40-foot by 500-foot broiler houses, the farm re-quiring 52gpm at peak demand. Note: these figuresare for illustration purposes only and may not fit yourfarm. Each farm must be assessed according to thelocation of the farm, weather conditions, type and sizeof birds, and amount and type of equipment installed.

1. Undersized water meterUndersized water meters can significantly reduce theamount of water pressure and flow that a farm re-ceives during hot weather. The meter might be suffi-cient to supply a residential home but not a poultryfarm. Our example farm requiring 52gpm will need a1.5-inch diameter municipal water meter to ade-quately supply the farm. The typical ¾-inch watermeter is rated for up to 30gpm and a 1-inch meterup to 50gpm, each restricting 15psi at given waterflow. These are American Water Works Association

# birds placed Livability%

# birds sold Avg lbs/bird Total lbs sold $0.058/lb sold Income difference

Grower A 88,000 97 85,360 8.5 725,560 40,631,36

Grower B 88,000 94 82,720 8.1 670,032 37,521.79 -$3,109.57

Water System Inspection Pays Off

8

(AWWA) standard pressure loss ratings. Specificmeter ratings should be confirmed with the watersupplier and meter manufacturer.

2. Undersized main plumbing line(s)Undersized main water supply lines are often foundto be the root of a water problem. A certifiedplumber should be consulted to determine if a farm’smain line is undersized. The distance from the watersource at the meter or well head to the farm’s con-trol room determines the amount of pressure (fric-tion) loss that will occur. Also, major changes inelevation contribute to pressure loss.

For example, a 21.7psi pressure loss will be felt if thefarm is only 50 feet above the meter or well head.Our example four-house farm would need a 2-inchdiameter PVC main water line and would have 20psiof friction loss if the farm was 1,000 feet from thepoint of supply on level grade. If the farm water sys-tem was installed using only a 1.5-inch main line thefriction loss would be approximately 60 psi (3 timesmore) measured 1,000 feet away. A new 2-inch mainwater meter will not fix the problem of an undersizedmain supply line on the farm.

Do not cut corners!

Often we find that the entire plumbing system from the meter to the control roomneeds to be upgraded. Electing to upgrade the meter only will not fix the problemwhen the entire system is undersized. This new 2-inch meter will not overcome therestriction caused during peak demand by the existing undersized plumbing line tothe houses.

3. Stopped-up FiltersThe great thing about water filters is the fact thatthey are disposable, just like the air filters in ourhomes. The problem is sometimes we forget to

change them and even if we have a regimen we followto change them once per flock, that might not beenough during summer months when we are usingmore than average water.

Each farm is different and the rate of filter changes isbased on quality and quantity of water used. It is im-perative to have water pressure gauges installed onboth sides of the filter so the grower can tell if andwhen the filter is restricting water pressure. This re-ally needs to be checked when a significant numberof the birds are up and drinking. If no water is flowingthrough the filter then there will not be a pressuredrop even if the filter needs to be changed. Thepoorer the water quality the more time and effort agrower will have to spend keeping filters clean.

Plumbing into Control Room

The ¾-inch supply line in this picture is a problem and needs to be upgraded. Mostcompanies require a minimum of 1.5- to 2-inch supply lines into each control roomto serve both the birds and pads. Also, do not reduce the supply line at the floor; itshould extend up the wall to the last tap or end of the header.

4. Clogged regulatorWater pressure regulators are a great way to restrictwater pressure to the drinker systems inside thehouse but they too can be a water flow restriction.This regulator takes the pressure down from supplypressure at 40 to 100 psi to approximately 25 to 40psi, depending on company preference.

These regulators have a wire mesh screen inside ofthem to keep trash from damaging the regulator butcan restrict water flow as contaminants build up overtime. Regulators should be removed from the line andinspected each year at minimum. Water meters andmedicators can also become clogged with trash in thesystem.

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5. Kinked drinker supply hosesAlso known as drop hoses, these connect the watersupply plumbing to the drinker lines. The most fre-quent problem we see with drop hoses is that theybecome easily kinked and partially or totally stopwater flow.

Common household or garden water hoses are notgood options for supplying water to drinkers as theyare often very easy to kink. Even if higher qualityhoses are used, they too can become kinked. If smalldiameter drop hoses are used, be aware that if biofilmbuilds up in these hoses, they too can become asource of water restriction.

6. Contaminated nipple drinkersWhile modern nipple drinkers usually work well tosupply birds with adequate water, they can becomepartially clogged with biofilm and other contaminantsand functionally restrict water. This is not just a hotweather problem. It can occur at any time of the year,and is most often a problem with young chicks, re-sulting in high 7-day mortalities.

Young chicks are often not strong enough to breakthe drinker pins free if they are stuck. Activating nip-ple drinkers prior to bird placement is a must! As nip-ple drinker technology has evolved, there are severaldifferent types of nipple drinkers on the market, de-signed for the different types and size of birds. Makesure the nipple drinkers in your lines were designedfor the birds you are growing. If you have questionsabout what nipple drinker is right for the flocks beinggrown, ask your company representative about ap-proved drinker types and options. 

MAKE SURE YOUR BACKUP WATER SOURCE ISREADY

Water plays an extremely important role in growinga good healthy flock of chickens, so making sure thefarm has a good, clean and abundant source of waterfrom day one to catch is imperative. Just as you needa back-up generator, you need a fall-back watersource. If your primary water source fails for any rea-son, your secondary source must ready to take overand carry the farm until the primary water sourcecan be restored. 

THE BOTTOM LINE

It is very difficult to maintain a competitive edgegrowing chickens on farms that have water supplyproblems, especially during hot weather grow-outs.Water restrictions can develop slowly over time andgo unnoticed for years but will have been robbingperformance all that time.

A little time spent on preventative maintenance onthe farm’s water system can pay dividends by the endof the summer.

The National Poultry Technology Center has receivedmany calls and reports back from growers and com-pany representatives that have basically “turned prob-lem farms around” simply by identifying andsuccessfully repairing water supply problems. This isnot to say that this will fix every problem, but it iscertainly worth a grower’s time to pay some atten-tion to his water supply system.

If it is decided that a plumbing upgrade is in order foryour farm and you are not comfortable or experi-enced in plumbing work, please contact a companyrepresentative and a local reputable plumber andcome up with a plan together. There is never enoughmoney for a redo and fixing mistakes in an emergencycan be costly.

FEATURE ARTICLE

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Management at the farm level (litter quality and com-position, lighting programmes, stocking density,drinker management and dietary feed management)are important to control necrotic enteritis, accordingto the Mississippi State University Extension Service.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the commercialbroiler chicken is constantly exposed to a wide vari-ety of potentially harmful factors, according to TomTabler (Extension Professor, Poultry Science, Missis-sippi State University), Yi Liang (Assistant Professor,Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University ofArkansas) Haitham M. Yakout (Visiting Research Pro-fessor, Poultry Science), Jessica Wells (Extension In-structor, Poultry Science) and Wei Zhai (AssistantResearch Professor, Poultry Science).

These factors can have serious effects on the GI tractcondition and negatively affect health and perform-ance of birds in commercial broiler flocks. Enteric dis-eases are those related to the intestine. They are amajor issue to the poultry industry because of lostproductivity, increased mortality and concerns overanimal welfare. The microflora population that livesin the GI tract is a mixture of bacteria and other mi-croorganisms such as fungi and protozoa.

Bacteria make up the largest portion of this popula-tion. Different bacteria have different food prefer-ences, so the microbial population of the GI tract islargely affected and determined by what the bird eats.In addition, there is significant diversity in bacterialpopulations at various locations along the GI tract,

Feature Article

Intestinal Health and NecroticEnteritis in Broilers

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and populations tend to increase from the front tothe back of the tract (Richards et al., 2005). In otherwords, each region of the GI tract has its own uniquemicrobial population, and populations become morecomplicated as the birds age.

Microbes come with a cost to the bird. The cost mayinclude competition for food and an ongoing inflam-matory response in the GI tract. But not all intestinalmicrobes are bad. The effects of microbial activitiescan be classified as either potentially harmful or po-tentially beneficial. Potential harmful effects includelocalized or systemic infections and toxin formation.Beneficial effects can include vitamin production, stim-ulation of the immune system through nonpathogenicmechanisms, and inhibition of the growth and estab-lishment of harmful microbial populations (Jeurissenet al., 2002), also known as ‘competitive exclusion’.

Clostridium perfringens is one of the normal gut mi-croflora of poultry. This anaerobic bacteria is foundnearly everywhere, including in intestinal contents,feed, feces, litter, dust, and soil. The bacteria is grampositive, sporeforming, highly prolific, and toxigenic. C.perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis(NE). It is estimated that NE affects up to 40 per centof commercial broiler flocks and costs the US broilerindustry five cents per bird (McDevitt et al., 2006).

C. perfringens infections may occur as clinical or sub-clinical diseases. The clinical form of NE is associatedwith high mortality that, if left untreated, may reachone per cent per day and possibly 10 to 40 per centof an infected flock (Boulianne, 1999). However, it isthe subclinical form that often goes undetected and,therefore, untreated. Its effect on production(through malabsorption, reduced growth rate, im-paired feed conversion, etc.) and welfare likely causesa far greater impact on performance and profitabilitythan the clinical disease.

Necrotic enteritis is known to affect broilers, layinghens, turkeys and quail. The clinical form is most com-monly seen in two- to five-week-old broilers, wheresymptoms may include severe depression, decreasedappetite, dark-coloured diarrhoea, closed eyes andruffled feathers (Durairaj and Clark, 2007). Symptomsare short-lived because affected birds die quickly anddeteriorate rapidly from the inside out. Upon autopsy,

it may appear the bird has coccidiosis (and coccidiosisis often a predisposing factor), but the intestines areoften inflated with gas and may contain a foul-smellingbrown fluid.

Broiler growers should observe birds closely ataround 17 to 18 days of age because this is oftenwhen outbreaks of NE occur. Typically, this is also nearthe time that diets are switched from starter feed togrower feed, so it may be that opportunistic C. per-fringens takes advantage of this transitional period inthe intestinal environment and proliferates. This couldbe in response to changes in pH, diet composition(non-starch polysaccharide content), enzyme supple-mentation or immune system response (McDevitt etal., 2006).

Be aware that any stress on the bird can alter the in-testinal environment. This is especially true of thepoultry house environment and litter conditions.Good, sound management practices will help limitpredisposing birds to conditions where  C. perfrin-gens can more easily gain a foothold. Should you havea flock that breaks out with NE, prompt and regularcollection of dead birds becomes a necessity, requir-ing even more vigilance than your routine collection.Dead birds will decompose rapidly, and should canni-balism occur, other birds in the flock will be exposedto very large numbers of  C. perfringens, furtherspreading the disease.

Dahiya et al. (2006) composed a list of risk factorsfor NE into five broad categories:

Eimeria infection•Removal of coccidiostats or antibiotic •

•Environmental and management conditions•Physiological stress and immunosuppression•Nature and form of diet•

Integrators typically use three basic strategies to con-trol NE in broiler flocks. These include: 1) creating animmune response (vaccination), 2) reducingpathogens (biosecurity and sanitation procedures),and 3) modifying diets and feed additives. Use of liveanticoccidial vaccines is increasing in the poultry in-dustry. However, the topic is somewhat controversialbecause in some studies, it appears coccidiosis, espe-

FEATURE ARTICLE

growth promoters from poultry feed

Intestinal Health and Necrotic Enteritis in Broilers

12

cially  Eimeria species, may predispose birds toclostridial enteritis; while other studies show this maynot be the case.

For example, Williams (1994) and Williams and An-drews (2001) reported that coccidiosis vaccinationmay cause mild coccidial lesions in some birds butthose lesions were not severe enough to predisposeimmunised birds to necrotic enteritis. In contrast,Williams et al. (2003) examined relationships be-tween coccidiosis, anticoccicial vaccines and necroticenteritis in broiler chickens and observed that vacci-nation prevented coccidial lesions that otherwise maylead to necrotic enteritis.

Two important dietary factors seem to predisposebroiler chickens to NE. The first is cereal grain type.For example, wheat, rye and barley increase the vis-cosity of digesta, prolong intestinal transit time, andincrease incidence of NE (Dahiya et al., 2006). Proteinlevel and source is the second factor. High levels ofprotein from animal sources may predispose birds toNE (Kocher et al., 2003). Method of feed processingalso appears to be an important precursor for NE.

For example, Branton et al. (1987) found that NEmortality was increased in birds fed hammer-mill-ground feed compared with more coarsely groundroller-mill feed.

It has been suggested that non-starch polysaccharides(NSP) from plant sources may increase viscosity ofthe intestinal contents and reduce passage rate(Yegani and Korver, 2008). However, the exact mech-anism(s) behind the effect of cereal grain type on C.perfringens populations in the intestinal tract are un-known. Presence of NSP in the diet could encouragegrowth of clostridia and simultaneously suppress thegrowth of other ‘good’ bacteria suchas Lactobacillus (Annett et al., 2002). Integrators con-cerned with increased levels of NSP in the diet oftenchoose to use commercially available enzymes tobreak down NSP and reduce digesta viscosity, in-crease passage rate, and reduce the bacterial popula-tion in the small intestine.

Nutritional stress can result from diets that lack bal-anced nutrients, predisposing birds to clostridial over-growth and NE. For example, birds will consume

‘Nutritional stress can result from diets that lack balanced nutrients,predisposing birds to clostridial overgrowth and NE’

13

more feed if the energy-to-protein ratio of the dietis low, thereby exceeding their requirements for pro-tein and causing an increase in the nitrogen contentof the digesta and manure (McDevitt et al., 2006). Anincreased proportion of undigested feed in the ma-nure is associated with an imbalance of amino acids,higher dietary nitrogen content, and reduced proteindigestibility. Naturally, increased excretion is accom-panied by increased water intake. Without adequateventilation and proper management of the house en-vironment, this may lead to wet litter. In turn, wet lit-ter provides an ideal opportunity for Clostridium toproliferate.

In addition, besides important nutrients such as en-ergy, protein and fat, feed is made up of many othercomponents that cannot be digested by poultry, in-cluding mannans, cellulose, lignin and phytic acid. In-digestible ingredients may cause digestive stress,allowing overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the GItract. These compete for energy and protein, reducingthe nutrients available to support bird growth(Dahiya et al., 2006). As mentioned earlier, integratorshave been able to counteract some of this problem

by incorporating various feed enzymes into the diet,although the exact mechanism responsible remains amystery.

With the phasing out of antibiotic growth promotersfrom broiler diets, much of the recent dietary re-search has focused on the use of alternative feed ad-ditives to inhibit the growth of C. perfringens. There isincreasing interest in the use of essential oils, herbsand spices in the diet to lessen or prevent NE. Theseingredients have been used in alternative medicineand natural therapies for years. However, their poten-tial usefulness in the poultry industry has only re-cently become more apparent. For example, oreganoessential oil was shown to be as effective as Salino-mycin in reducing the severity of coccidiosis in broil-ers (Giannenas et al., 2003). In addition, Mitsch et al.(2004) reported that specific blends of essential oilcompounds can control the proliferation of C. perfrin-gens in the broiler intestine and may reduce the riskof NE.

Researchers around the world currently are investi-gating various feed additives to offset the reduced useor complete withdrawal of antibiotics from feed. Thisis a problem not only in the United States. In fact, Eu-ropean countries have been dealing with the issuelonger than US producers have. Their experiencesshould help us understand what to expect and howto deal with reduced or restricted use of feed antibi-otics. Unfortunately, a good alternative to in-feed an-tibiotics has not yet been found and it is unlikely thata single, cost-effective solution will be discovered. Theproblem is complex and will have to be attacked onnumerous fronts at once to be adequately addressed.

Management at the farm level (litter quality and com-position, lighting programs, stocking density, drinkermanagement, and dietary feed management) will bean important factor. In addition, further dietary re-search is needed on amino acid profile and grainsource, as well as on promising alternatives to antibi-otic growth promoters, such as enzymes, essentialoils, herbs, spices, probiotics and prebiotics. Contin-ued research is necessary to successfully combat theNE issue in a manner acceptable to the poultry in-dustry, its growers, and the consuming public.

FEATURE ARTICLE

14

Keeping water lines free of biofilms can help keepbirds healthy without the need for antibiotics and theassociated concerns over antibiotic resistance. StuartLumb reports for ThePoultrySite.

Speaking recently at an Asian seminar which was fo-cussing on the growing and worrying concerns aboutantibiotic usage, Jan Van Geest of Dutch company, In-tracare, highlighted aspects of water quality for birdsplus the vital importance of clean watering systems andpipelines, emphasising the fact that biofilm in pipes andtanks seriously reduces the efficacy of antibiotics.Hence more antibiotics have to be used than when wa-tering systems are free of biofilm contamination.

Checking water quality in the mains or in the tank is allvery well, but it’s the water quality in the nipples or atthe end of the line which is obviously more important.

Contaminated water has a bad taste and smell, result-ing in less water being consumed by birds. This meansbirds’ intake of antibiotics and vaccines will be below

the required levels. Ironically, biofilm absorbs antibioticsand vaccines and the biofilm build-up reduces the borewidth of the pipes, thereby reducing flow rate.

Chlorine is used as a disinfectant but it will not removebiofilm. Hydrogen peroxide is a good cleanser but hasto be used at high levels to be effective. Incidentally, anew EU Biocidal Products Directive came into forceon 1 January 2013, with one section directly relatingto drinking water.

The importance of clean drinking water was high-lighted in trials carried out by a large Russian integra-tor, when it was found that clean water at the nippleresulted in a reduction of 18 per cent in antibiotic pro-vision. In another trial, it was found that the efficacy ofBaytril was reduced by 26 per cent due to reactionwith biofilm.

Intracare promotes Intra Hydrocare as a biodegradablecleansing agent.

Feature Article

Reducing Dependence onAntibiotics for Poultry

Jan van Geest speaking in Bangkok

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/el-sitio-avicola/id519675362?mt=8

Poultry Industry News

PCS ON-SITE SERVICE PROVIDESELECTROSTATIC CHARGEAPPLICATION

UK - There are many red mite control products onthe market but PCS Poultry says its FossilShield is anon-toxic diatomaceous earth and is unique in itsability to accept an electrostatic charge due to itshigh resistance to moisture.

As the mite attempt to remove Fossil Shield fromtheir skin, the powder begins to scratch away theirwaxy outer layer, exposing the fatty tissue under-neath. The powder then dries this tissue, killing theinsect naturally.

The Fossil Shield + PCS Poultry professional on-siteservice provides an electrostatic charge applicationallowing the powder to grip and wrap around differ-ent surfaces and materials, vertical or horizontal, andprovides an easier treatment solution for areas thatare awkward to reach by hand.

Read More...

17

Biosecurity & Hygiene

BRAZILIAN POULTRY INDUSTRYINTENSIFIES STRATEGIESAGAINST BIRD FLU

BRAZIL - The Brazilian Poultry Union (UBABEF) hasreported that the poultry industry is prepared tofight against outbreaks of avian influenza in the world,including the latest variety, H7N9, recently discoveredin eastern and central China.

Among the world's leading poultry producers, Brazilis the only country that has never registered a focusof the disease in its various forms.

According to UBABEF, following proposed guidelinesby the union, associated agribusinesses are taking aseries of preventive measures, particularly against im-ports from foreign countries.

Among the safety procedures established byUBABEF, emphasis has been laid on biosecuritythrough banning of imports from countries withrecords of avian influenza.

Read More...

H5N1 BIRD FLU COULD BECONTROLLED BY DISINFECTION

VIET NAM - The implementation of thorough, dailydisinfection of the market environment as well as oftraders’ vehicles and equipment in only a small num-ber of hubs can disconnect the network dramatically,preventing the spread of influenza A(H5N1), accord-ing to a new study. This would allow live bird marketsto re-open without risking viral spread.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1is endemic in Asia, with live bird trade as a major dis-ease transmission pathway.

Guillaume Fournié of the UK's Royal Veterinary Col-lege and co-authors in France, the UK and Viet Namreport in Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America (PNAS) thatthe implementation of thorough, daily disinfection ofthe market environment as well as of traders’ vehi-cles and equipment in only a small number of hubscan disconnect the network dramatically, preventingdisease spread.

.Read More...

FLIES AND FLY PROBLEMS

UK - Information on the types of flies found on farmsthat may need to be controlled from 'Fly Manage-ment: How to Comply with Your Environmental Per-mit' from the UK's Environment Agency.

Just over 7,000 species of true flies (Diptera) areknown to occur in the UK. Of these, around 10species have the potential to cause regular and sig-nificant problems on and around waste managementfacilities and livestock sites.

Main Fly Species and Identification

Correctly identifying the fly species at a site, or re-ported at complainants’ premises, is critical to:

clarify whether the complainant’s flies are the•same as those at the alleged source

Read More...

DISEASES OF FARMYARD POULTRY.PART 4 - EXTERNAL AND INTERNALPARASITES OF CHICKENS

GLOBAL - In outline of external and internal para-sites common in backyard or hobby flocks by VictoriaRoberts, BVSc MRCVS, for NADIS, found even a lowinfestation causes economic loss.

All animals carry parasites which have evolved to liveon or in certain species, each species having theirown type of parasite which may or may not livebriefly on say, a human. Some of the parasites are be-nign and some are pathological. Keeping all parasitesat a low level should be the aim of poultry keepers.

Warmer temperatures are ideal weather for the pro-liferation of mites and lice. If just the thought ofcrawly lice and biting mites makes you start to itchand shiver, then imagine how the hens suffer fromthese pests, some of which can kill. Some of the moreefficient treatments are not licensed for poultry.Products are mentioned which can be obtained ei-ther through agricultural merchants or through alarge animal vet.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

18

NEBULIZATION WITH HALAMID,ALL-IN-ONE SOLUTION FORTERMINAL DISINFECTION

FRANCE - Often disinfectants, liquids and powders,are diluted in water following manufacturer’s recom-mendations and then sprayed or brushed on a sur-face.

The necessary cleaning preceding disinfection has al-ready soaked the surface so that part of the sprayeddisinfectant instead of penetrating into the pores (andother difficult to reach places), is most likely runningoff to the sewer directly; unused and bringing an un-necessary burden to the environment. Adding a foam-ing agent is one way to increase contact time of thedisinfectant with the surface but apart from addingcost it does not help much in bringing the disinfectantto the place where it should act: in the pores andholes.

Read More...

REDUCING SALMONELLAHORIZONTAL TRANSMISSIONDURING EGG INCUBATION BYPHAGE THERAPY

PORTUGAL - The application of bacteriophages byaerosol spray while transferring eggs from incubatorto hatcher may be an effective and inexpensive ap-proach to reduce the horizontal transfer of Salmo-nella in poultry, according to new research fromPortugal.

Salmonella is a serious problem for both animal pro-duction and public health worldwide, according toAna Henriques of the University of Aveiro in Portu-gal.

In a paper published online in Foodborne Pathogensand Disease, she and co-authors from Controlvet ex-plain that contaminated poultry is the main vehicleof Salmonella and the most important serotype is Sal-monella enterica serovar Enteritidis.

Read More...

NATION NEEDS TO UPGRADEPOULTRY, LIVESTOCK INDUSTRIES

CHINA - The Chinese Ministry of Public Security re-cently released the top 10 meat safety-related casesuncovered this year. These cases have created a crisisof confidence among consumers and also have ex-posed loopholes in the meat-safety supervision sys-tem, says an article on cnhan.com.

Excerpts:

Among the 10 cases, only one involves a food com-pany in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, andthe rest are offenses committed by self-employedbusinesses, which exist in large number nationwideand have remained major targets in a series of crack-downs.

A defining feature of the livestock and poultry breed-ing industries in China is that a large number of farm-ers are engaged in the business without followingcertain standards in breeding, slaughtering, processingand transportation...

Read More...

19

PRODUCTS THAT DO WHAT IT SAYS ON THE LABEL...

AQUAPEROX“Disinfects,

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OXSAN“The versatile Peroxygen disinfectant for Poultry production”

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BI PROTEC“The safe reliable end toRed Mite, Fleas, Litter Beetle & Ticks”

RS HYGIENE LIMITEDMildenhall Suffolk IP28 8RX Telephone: 01638 714 444

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Biosecurity & Hygiene

RS HYGIENE TO ADD FURTHERINNOVATIVE BIOCIDES

UK - RS Hygiene has provided reliable, cost effectiveproducts for over 20 years, adding new, and improvingexisting, formulations constantly. Disinfectants andwater treatments have been criticised by companiesthat have left the industry, and copied by others, oftenbadly, that have joined.

RS Hygiene is still here and will add further innovativebiocides that will be listed under the Biocidal Direc-tive and supplement the shrinking list of productsavailable to hard pressed poultry farmers.

Unfortunately, many niche recommendations will dis-appear because of the cost of meeting regulatory re-quirements which no one is willing to take on. Animalwelfare will suffer as choice, availability and price areadversely affected by these changes.

Read More...

CID LINES HIGHLIGHTS TRIPLEACTION OF CID 2000

US - Water is involved in every aspect of the poultrymetabolism. It plays important roles in regulatingbody temperature, digesting food and eliminatingbody wastes. At normal temperatures, poultry con-sumes at least twice as much water as feed.

It is a known fact that it is necessary to clean and dis-infect surfaces, but cleaning and disinfecting the wa-terlines of the poultry house is at least as important.The biggest problems occur when the drinking linecontains a biofilm. This biofilm is a layer that is formedinside the water lines, caused by adding vitamins,medication etc. to the water.

Within this biofilm harmful pathogens are protectedand can multiply.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

20

Cid 2000™

The power of O2 and acidification

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(*) Ref “Evaluation of different products used for cleaning drinking water systems”, A.G. Hancock, J.G. Hughes and Susan E. Watkins, University of Arkansas, International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, Jan. 22nd 2007

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TIME TO CLEAN

UK - Industry developments and pressure from thesupply chain are turning the spotlight on more effi-cient cleaning of units as a way to increase perform-ance while reducing antibiotics use.

To control disease and maintain production, the in-dustry has to explore and adopt alternative ways toreduce the pathogen risk to birds.

Better hygiene practices, based on more efficientcleaning of housing and equipment combined withstrict bio security is an obvious starting point. It isentirely logical to get buildings as clean as possiblebefore repopulating them to reduce the diseasethreat before the new birds arrive. New stock areunder stress brought about by a combination of fac-tors including transport, handling, vaccination andbeing exposed to new disease threats. The more thatcan be done to reduce disease threats, the better. Ac-cording to Chris Roll, Chemical Sales Manager withhygiene experts Hugh Crane...

Read More...

DUPONT PROVIDES UK POULTRYFARMERS ADVICE ON AVIANINFLUENZA

UK - With Avian Influenza (AI) virus confirmed on apoultry farm in Suffolk, global veterinary biosecurityexpert, DuPont is providing UK farmers with impor-tant advice on how to protect valuable flocks frompossible infection.

The company wants to remind farmers and poultryproducers that the virus can survive for a consider-able length of time outside infected birds. This meansthat apart from the obvious bird to bird method oftransmission the virus can also be transmitted viamechanical vectors such as vehicles, equipment andfarm staff.

As a first step, poultry producers must establish a se-cure biosecurity perimeter to ensure that the farmis limited to one combined entrance and exit. Ameans of contact between the site entrance and thefarm house/office...

Read More...

Virkon® S is a highly convenient multi-purpose biosecurity system all

in one pack for surfaces, equipment, vehicles, aerial disinfection and

water delivery systems. With such multi-purpose versatility,

producers can ‘put all their eggs in one basket’ for a change and rely

on the single pack of Virkon® S to ensure the effi cacy of their

biosecurity procedures.

You too can benefi t from this multi-purpose convenience by putting

Virkon® S at the heart of your on farm biosecurity.

©2013 DuPont. The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont™, The miracles of science™ and Virkon® are trademarks or registered trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affi liates. All rights reserved.

Freephone 0800 316 8060

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VIRKON®

S.EFFECTIVE FARM BIOSECURITYIN ONE SINGLE PACK.

Poultry Industry News

OIE ADOPTS NEW CHAPTERS ONANIMAL HEALTH, WELFARE

GLOBAL - At the 81st General Session of the WorldAssembly of Delegates of the World Organisation forAnimal Health (OIE) in Paris, France, new standardswere agreed in a number of areas, including antimi-crobial resistance, broiler welfare and rinderpest andthere was special attention on the recent influenzaA(H7N9) episode in China.

For its 81st General Session, the OIE had the honourof welcoming Her Royal Highness Princess Haya, OIEGoodwill Ambassador. Numerous Ministers of OIEMember Countries also honoured the Assembly withtheir presence at the Opening Ceremony.

Over 800 participants, representing Member Coun-tries of the World Organisation for Animal Health(OIE) and numerous international, intergovernmen-tal, regional and national organisations (Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations,World Health Organization, World Bank, World TradeOrganization, European Commission etc.) took partin the event.

Read More...

SCIENTISTS CLOSE TO NECROTICENTERITIS BREAKTHROUGH

UK - Instead of fighting necrotic enteritis with antibi-otics, farmers could be able to use a vaccine, thanksto researchers at the University of Exeter.

Necrotic enteritis costs the poultry industry an esti-mated £600 million a year worldwide and a solutionis desperately needed.

"Necrotic enteritis is a major concern for the poultryfarming industry worldwide and poultry producersare waiting for this desperately needed vaccine," saidProfessor Richard Titball of the University of Exeter."Our work will pave the way for the development ofa vaccine that will help farmers tackle this devastatingdisease."

In recent years, concern over the impact of antibi-otics in the food chain has led to an EU-wide ban inthe use of antimicrobial growth...

Read More...

23

Health & Welfare News

EFSA GUIDANCE FORENVIRONMENTAL RISKASSESSMENT OF GM ANIMALS

EU - New guidance from the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA) provides applicants and risk asses-sors with a clear framework to evaluate the potentialadverse effects of living genetically modified (GM) an-imals on the environment, including those on humanand animal health.

While no applications for GM animals have yet beenreceived in the European Union (EU), scientific de-velopments suggest future submissions may be madefor a number of species. Therefore, the EuropeanCommission requested that EFSA develop environ-mental risk assessment (ERA) guidance for GM fish,insects, mammals and birds.

The vast majority of the GM animal ERA guidancehas been newly developed by EFSA’s GMO Panel andits publication is the culmination of several years’work.

Read More...

STUDY REVEALS POOR STORAGECONDITIONS FOR HEALTHPRODUCTS

US - In a case study involving beef producers in Idaho,researchers found less-than-ideal refrigeration condi-tions for animal health products at retailers and on-farm.

Idaho beef producers and animal health product re-tailers participated in a study to gather data on thehandling and management of animal health products.In the study, published in the latest issue of the journal,Professional Animal Scientist, by B. Glaze of the Uni-versity of Idaho and others, data loggers were placedin 176 refrigerators (129 belonging to producers and47 with retailers), recording temperatures in 10-minute intervals for a minimum of 48 hours.

The approximate age, type and location of the pro-ducers' refrigerators were recorded, along with wherethe products were stored in the refrigerator. An in-ventory of each producer's refrigerator was taken,with expired and opened products recorded.

Read More...PRESSURE TO LIFT POULTRYSTANDARDS

AUSTRALIA - Australian and New Zealand primaryindustry ministers will consider increased regulationsand enforcement measures over battery hen produc-tion, following a push by ACT Greens minister ShaneRattenbury.

According to The Age, Friday's Council of AustralianGovernments primary industries ministerial meetingin Sydney resolved to begin development of a na-tional animal welfare standard for poultry, with MrRattenbury calling for lower quotas of birds perhectare in farms.

Mr Rattenbury said: ''The current 15,000 birds perhectare is not an acceptable standard, with 30 percent of farms labelling their eggs as free range keepinghigher than 20,000 per hectare.''

The push for enforcement and better information forconsumers follows the introduction of...

Read More...

SCIENTISTS STUDY CAUSES OFPOULT ENTERITIS COMPLEX

BRAZIL - Researchers tested growing and finishingturkeys from farms across the country for a numberof viruses in order to gain a greater understanding ofthe cause(s) of poult enteritis complex.

Poult enteritis complex has been associated with en-teritis and reduction in growth rates in commercialturkeys worldwide, report J. Moura-Alvarez of theUniversity of São Paulo in Brazil and co-authors thereand at the UK's University of Liverpool.

In a paper in Poultry Science, they report an experi-ment in which intestinal samples from 76 turkey flocksfrom different Brazilian states affected or not with in-testinal disorders were evaluated for the presence ofadenovirus groups 1 and 2 (TAV), astrovirus types 1and 2 (TAstV-1 and TAstV-2), turkey coronavirus(TCoV), reovirus, rotavirus and avian nephritis virus(ANV) using PCR.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

GENETIC SELECTION FOR LEGSOUNDNESS IN BROILERS ISFEASIBLE

US - A new study shows that it is possible to selectfor improved leg soundness in broilers without havinga significant adverse effects on bodyweight or carcasstraits.

Simultaneous genetic improvement in leg soundnessand innovative husbandry practices should improvebroiler welfare without significant adverse effects onproduction efficiency. That is the conclusion of newresearch at the University of Georgia in Athens.

A multiple trait linear-threshold model has been usedby R. Rekaya of the University of Georgia and co-au-thors there and with Cobb-Vantress Inc. to analysedata for bodyweight, residual feed intake, breast meatyield (BMY), conformation score (CS), area (AR), tib-ial dyschondroplasia, valgus, varus, and rotated tibia.Leg soundness traits were considered as binary re-sponses.

Read More...

FARM ANIMAL DIVERSITY DECLINES

GLOBAL - The accelerating disappearance of Earth'sspecies of both wild and domesticated plants and an-imals constitutes a fundamental threat to the well-being and even the survival of humankind, warns thefounding Chair of a new global organisation createdto narrow the gulf between leading international bio-diversity scientists and national policy-makers.

In Norway, to address an elite gathering of 450 inter-national officials with government responsibilities inthe fields of biodiversity and economic planning, ZakriAbdul Hamid offered his first public remarks sincebeing elected in January to head the new Intergov-ernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversityand Ecosystem Services (IPBES) -- an independentbody modeled on the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change.

Dr Zakri, a national of Malaysia, who co-chaired2005's landmark Millennium Ecosystem Assessmentand serves also as science advisor to his country'sprime minister...

Read More...

25

Breeding & Genetics

W E D O N ’ T J U S T G R O W CHICKENS.WE BREED SUCCESS.

Aviagen leads with better birds and better products, investing aggressively to ensure you are getting the best chicken today and

tomorrow. By committing 10% of annual revenue to our breeding program we produce genetic improvements in feed e�ciency,

growth, fertility and bird health that can be quanti�ed in our three leading commercial brands, year after year. When you partner

with Aviagen you share in unrivalled innovation, the largest network of 15 global supply locations and the expertise of accessible,

regional teams serving 130 markets worldwide. Aviagen is the future of chicken. 

G L O B A L L E A D E R . L O C A L PA R T N E R . R I G H T C H O I C E .A V I A G E N B R A N D S

A V I A G E N . C O M

SCIENTISTS SEEKING BETTER H5N9FLU VACCINES

UK - Work is underway at The Pirbright Institute toproduce vaccines against influenza A(H7N9) that canbe grown more quickly and provide a much broaderrange and more long-lasting protection than ispresently achievable.

In the space of just a month, a novel influenza virusoriginating in birds has infected 129 people in Chinaand killed 20 per cent of those infected. Patients in-fected with this H7N9 subtype virus have demon-strated severe respiratory problems and requiredintensive medical care. So far, there has been no evi-dence of the virus being able to pass from human tohuman and infection of people has only occurredfrom direct contact with birds, most likely poultry, inthe large wet markets of China where live birds aresold for meat.

Whether this virus, which is a genetic reassortant ofup to four different avian influenza viruses, is likely todevelop human transmissibility...

Read More...

BIOSECURITY AND THEIMPORTANCE OF HAVING A PLAN

GLOBAL - One of the biggest threats to any poultrybusiness is health challenges. This is why biosecurityis so important and why the latest Arbor Acres, IndianRiver and Ross Parent Stock Management Hand-books, produced by Aviagen, have a comprehensivesection on the topic.

The information below is an excerpt from the hand-book. It is not comprehensive but provides anoverview of the key aspects of biosecurity for ParentStock flocks. For further hints, tips and support in thisarea, please contact your local Aviagen representa-tive.

Biosecurity impacts on health. Health impacts heavilyon welfare and most importantly assurances on foodsafety.

Producers should have a robust, detailed and clearplan of the tasks that need to be carried out, bywhom, when and how.

Read More...

26

Poultry Industry News

Breeding for 500 Eggs!

www.isapoultry.com

EGG PRODUCTION PERFORMANCEOF THE LOCAL KABYLE HEN

GLOBAL - Compared to the Kabyle (the local breedin Algeria), a line crossed with an ISA-Brown had bet-ter egg production and egg quality, according to newresearch. The scientists warned that, for the cross-breeding to be sustainable, a plan to conserve the na-tive gene pool will be needed.

A cross between the ISA-Brown industrial strain andan Algerian local (Kabyle) breed was compared withthe Algerian local (Kabyle) hen, according to NassimMoula at the University of Liege in Belgium and co-authors there and at the University of Thiès in Sene-gal and the University of Essex in the UK.

In their paper published in International Journal ofPoultry Science, they explain that the comparisonduring the egg production period was done in indi-vidual cages, in a ventilated hen-house without anyparticular isolation. The same commercial diet hasbeen provided over three...

Read More...

http://shop.thepoultrysite.com/detail/2362/laying-hens-a-practical-guide-for-poultryoriented-management/

Poultry Industry News

INSECTS AS SUSTAINABLE FOODAND FEED SOURCE

GLOBAL - Insects as food and feed are a particularlyrelevant issue in the 21st century due to the risingcost of animal protein, food and feed insecurity, envi-ronmental pressures, population growth and increas-ing demand for protein among the middle classes,according to a new report from FAO.

FAO has published a book entitled 'Edible insects: Fu-ture prospects for food and feed security' by Arnoldvan Huis, Joost Van Itterbeeck, Harmke Klunder, Es-ther Mertens, Afton Halloran, Giulia Muir and PaulVantomme of Wageningen University of the Nether-lands.

This book assesses the potential of insects as foodand feed and gathers existing information and re-search on edible insects, according to its authors. Theassessment is based on the most recent and com-plete data available from various sources and expertsaround the world.

Read More...

POULTRY FEED SEEN RULINGUNCHANGED

INDIA - Poultry feed prices are likely to stay un-changed in the coming days due to steady cost ofproduction, according to market experts.

Adiyta Mishra, an expert, told The Hindu BusinessLine that feed products are unchanged due to steadyinput costs and sluggish demand. There is some fluc-tuation in the prices of feed ingredients but it has notmade any major impact on the input cost, he said.

On the markets, soyameal dropped further by Rs 350to Rs 35,600 a tonne.

Bajra increased by Rs 50 to Rs 1,550 a quintal, DCPquoted at 35 a kg, MBM ruled flat at Rs 38 a kg, whilemaize improved by Rs 50 to Rs 1,450 a quintal.

Mustard de-oiled cake sold at Rs 14,900 a tonne,DRB sold at Rs 9,000 a tonne while Rice bran oilruled at 49 a kg, remained unchanged.

Read More...

MODERN POULTRY NUTRITIONIS PART SCIENCE.

AND PART SMART BUSINESS.

Today, the business of poultry production relies on advanced science. Our 100% natural probiotics are formulated to helppoultry get more nutritional value from feed while supporting abalanced gut flora. Studies conducted over the past 20 years show that they consistently deliver 3-6% improvements in FCR and ADG.1 Now that’s serious science, fromChr. Hansen, the global leader in microbials.1: Results may vary according to animal application (broilers, layers, turkeys)and local farm conditions.

Rooted in science, grounded in agriculture. Since 1874It all started in a rural Danish farming community in 1874. Today, thanks to our team of scientific specialists,Chr. Hansen has the largest collection of microbial strains for probiotics and silage inoculants in the world.So we can help you boost profitability, while meeting all regulatory requirements for safety, stability and e�cacy.

Certain statements may not be applicable in all geographic regions. Product labelling and associated claims may di�er based upon government requirements.

Poultry Industry News

30

FAO/IFIF FEED MANUALPUBLISHED IN ARABIC

GLOBAL - The International Feed Industry Federa-tion (IFIF) together with the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO) havelaunched the Arabic language version of the "Manualof Good Practices for the Feed Industry".

This Manual, the first of its kind, was published by IFIFand FAO to increase feed safety and quality at theproduction level.

Alexandra de Athayde, IFIF Executive Director, ex-plained: "The Feed Manual is designed to increasefeed safety and quality at the production level bothfor industrial production and on farm mixing."

Ms de Athayde added: "The Feed Manual is intendedto guide managers of feedmills and the feed industryas a whole and we are very pleased that we have nowlaunched the Arabic language version. We believe thiswill support international trade in feed products aswell as in products of animal origin."

Read More...

MANURE HANDLING METHOD, FEEDFORMULATION AFFECT GHG IMPACT

JAPAN - Comparing the figures for the output ofgreenhouse gases (GHG) for pig and poultry produc-tion in France and Japan, researchers found thatchanging the manure handling process and increasingthe use of synthetic amino acids in feeds could bebeneficial in reducing output.

Tsujimoto and colleagues from Ajinomoto Co. havepublished a paper in Animal Science Journal on GHGreduction and improved sustainability of animal hus-bandry using amino acids in feeds for pigs and poul-try.

In Annex 1 countries, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissionsfrom pig and poultry excreta have been calculatedand the nitrous oxide reduction potential of eachcountry by using amino acids in feed could also becalculated, then a comparison made among the coun-tries.

Read More...

FAO REPORTS STRONG CEREALPRODUCTION AND FOOD PRICE RISE

GLOBAL - New reports from the UN Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO) forecast strong ce-real production this year with a new record expectedfor coarse grains. A second successive monthly risein its Food Price Index was attributed to increasingprices for dairy products.

Record Coarse Grains Harvest Seen in 2013

Strong growth is expected for global wheat, coarsegrains and rice production in 2013, according to earlyforecasts published in the May issue of FAO's monthly'Cereals Supply and Demand Brief'.

Assuming more normal weather conditions than in2012, global wheat production in 2013 is expected toreach 695 million tonnes, 5.4 per cent up from lastyear's harvest and just some six million tonnes shortof the 2011 record level.

Read More...

DANISCO INTRODUCES MULTI-ENZYME SOLUTION FOR COMPLEX POULTRY DIETS

GLOBAL - As the market leader in enzyme technol-ogy-based feed solutions, Danisco Animal Nutrition,a subsidiary of Dupont, has drawn on its rich historyof marketing products containing protease, xylanaseand amylase to launch a compound enzyme designedto improve digestibility and performance issues asso-ciated with complex poultry diets.

An optimized combination of xylanase, amylase andprotease, Axtra® XAP meets the current marketneed for cutting feed costs, achieving net feed costsavings by ~$15/ tonne. It also increases energy effi-ciency and improves bird performance by optimizingnutrient availability in diets that include fibre/ proteinrich by-products such as DDGS, rice bran, rapeseedmeal, canola meal, sunflower meal, palm kernel mealand wheat pollard: Amylase maximizes starch diges-tion, while xylanase targets soluble and insoluble ara-binoxylan to release captured nutrients. Proteaseimproves amino acid digestibility...

Read More...

Axtra XAP®

Danisco Animal NutritionCopyright© 2012 DuPont or its affiliates. All rights reserved. The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont™ and all

products denoted with ® or ™ are registered trademarks or trademarks of DuPont or its affiliates.

_The enzyme product of choice for modern poultry diets

an optimized blend of xylanase, amylase and protease.

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THE WINNING FORMULA FOR COMPLEX POULTRY DIETS

Poultry Industry News

32

STUDY FINDS WHOLE GRAINS CUTCAMPY COLONISATION

NORWAY - A whole-grain diet makes for healthierchickens, according to Nofima, the national food re-search institute.

If you are like most people, you think about Salmo-nella when you hear about pathogenic bacteria fromchicken. Infection from Campylobacter jejuni bacteriais far more common, however, and is the commonestcause of bacterial diarrhoea in western countries, re-ports Wenche Aale Hægermark for Nofima.

The bacteria are found in the chicken intestine andcan be transferred to the meat during slaughtering. Itdoes not make the chicken's health worse but it is amajor problem for the poultry industry and repre-sents a potential risk to public health, since the bac-teria survives well in non-processed poultryproducts.

Read More...

ARKANSAS IN-FEED PROBIOTICHELPS CONTROL CAMPY

US - Researchers in Arkansas have succeeded in iden-tifying a probiotic isolate which, when fed to growingchicken, reduced the colonisation of the gut byCampylobacter.

Campylobacter is the leading cause of gastroenteritisworldwide. Campylobacter is commonly present inthe intestinal tract of poultry, and one strategy to re-duce enteric colonisation is the use of probiotic cul-tures. This strategy has successfully reduced entericcolonisation of Salmonella, but has had limited suc-cess against Campylobacter.

In an effort to improve the efficacy of probiotic cul-tures, Dr Dan Donoghue of the University ofArkansas and co-authors there and with the USDAAgricultural Research Service, also in Fayetteville, de-veloped a novel in-vitro screening technique for se-lecting bacterial isolates with enhanced motility.

Read More...

33

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Feeding & Nutrition

MATERNAL CONSUMPTION OFORIGINAL XPC IMPROVESPROGENY PERFORMANCE

US - It has been established that feeding Diamond VOriginal XPC to livestock and poultry improves re-productive performance.

From sows to broiler breeders, improvements havebeen demonstrated in reduced days from wean tosuccessful breeding (Kim et al., 2010) and by the in-creased number of eggs per hen (Berry et al., 2012),according to Don McIntyre, (PhD, PAS), Director,North American Poultry Research & Technical Serv-ice for Diamond V.

Evidence also exists that feeding the metabolites inOriginal XPC positively influences progeny perform-ance, i.e. pig weaning weight (Shen et al., 2011) andegg hatchability (unpublished data).

Feeding Original XPC has proven to improve gutmorphology characteristics...

Read More...

POULTRY SECTOR SEEKS BAN ONMAIZE EXPORT

BANGLADESH - The Poultry industry has sought ex-port ban on maize, a key raw material of the poultryfeed, for stabilizing chicken and egg prices amid freshprice hike of different feeds in the international mar-kets.

The Financial Express reports that industry ownerssaid poultry feed prices will go up further affectingthe local eggs and meat supply if the governmentdoes not check maize export amid production fall inthe global markets.

Breeders Association of Bangladesh (BAB) presidentMoshiur Rahman said a group of vested local tradersis pushing the government to permit maize exportwhen only 50 per cent of our demand is being metby the locally-produced maize.

We need to import the rest 50 per cent of maizefrom the international market...

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

NEST DESIGN AFFECTS HENBEHAVIOUR, MISLAID EGGS

SWITZERLAND - Grids outside nest boxes ratherthan wooden perches seemed to improve nesting be-haviour in laying hens, according to new research, andresulted in fewer mislaid eggs.

In aviary systems for laying hens, it is important toprovide suitable nest access platforms in front of thenests, allowing hens to reach and explore each of thenests easily, according to Karin Stämpfli and col-leagues at the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Centrefor Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits in Zollikofen.In their paper in Poultry Science recently, they ex-plained that this access platform is needed to achievegood nest acceptance by the hens and thereby pre-vent mislaid eggs.

From their results, they concluded that grids ratherthan perches provide for improved nesting behaviour.

In the present experiment, they examined the behav-iour of hens using two different nest access platforms- a plastic grid and two wooden perches.

Read More...

EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS:HOW AND WHY THEY WORK

US - The key to getting the most out of any evapora-tive cooling system is to move the maximum amountof air through the house, according to MississippiState University Extension Service.

Many poultry houses today are equipped with coolingsystems that consist of some arrangement of coolcell pads at one end of the house and large tunnelexhaust fans at the other end. To master operationof their evaporative cooling systems, poultry growersmust have a working understanding of the relation-ship between temperature and humidity and the ef-fect it has on chickens. The relationship is both simpleand complicated.

Tom Tabler (Extension Professor, Poultry Science), YiLiang (Assistant Professor, Biological and AgriculturalEngineering, University of Arkansas)...

Read More...

35

Housing & Equipment

EOC FAN NOW INCLUDES BELTTENSIONER

ITALY - Termotecnica Pericoli recognises the negativeeffect on fans performance and cost-effective opera-tion by this all-too-commonly found condition of'Belt Tension' following the initial settling in or bed-ding of the fan.

This not only causes a negative effect on perform-ance when the belt “slips” due to being under-ten-sioned but also the service and life-span of the V-beltand pulleys are also negatively impacted by bothunder-tension (slip) or over-tension.

It is common for this feature to be offered as an op-tional extra by most manufacturers. Pericoli, on theother hand - and in line with its policy ofinnovation,quality and performance - has made thisfeature a 'standard item' as it is too important to theoverall performance and quality aspect to exclude it.

Read More...

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NEXT GENERATION DIMMER FROMAGRILAMP

UK - After five years of intensive research and devel-opment, Agrilamp has just release a new generationof bespoke dimmers for the agricultural industry, de-signed and manufactured specifically for poultry pro-duction.

The British developed Agrilamp Symmetry Dimmerwas created to compliment the cost effective LEDtechnology already provided by Agrilamp.

While Agrilamp products function normally withmost dimmers currently available, some older stylesof dimmer can be inefficient with newer LED tech-nology due to the difference between the small actualenergy usage of the bulb and the higher energy loadexpected by the dimmer. This results in the dimmerunit switching on and off, giving the impression offlickering lights.

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Poultry Industry News

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USPOULTRY CLINIC TO FOCUS ONHATCHABILITY, PRODUCTIONEFFICIENCIES

US - The 2013 Hatchery-Breeder Clinic will bring to-gether hatchery and breeder flock managers to dis-cuss the latest technology, equipment developments,and industry trends. The annual Clinic, sponsored bythe US Poultry & Egg Association, will be held 9-10July at the Hyatt Regency Birmingham – The WynfreyHotel in Birmingham, Alabama.

"This year’s program will provide essential tools andresources to help managers stay abreast of new de-velopments that can assist them in their day-to-dayduties, as well as highlight cost-saving innovations forrunning an efficient and effective hatchery-breederoperation," said program committee chairman JackPatrick, Harrison Poultry, Inc.

Topics include An Agri Stats Review for Hatcheriesand Breeders; Cocci Vaccine Alternatives: Pros andCons; Chick Mortality...

Read More...

37

Incubation & Hatching

JAMESWAY SHOWCASES THINKWISETECHNOLOGY AT VIV RUSSIA

RUSSIA - Jamesway highlighted their latest innovationin incubation systems – ThinkWise™ Technology –at the VIV Russia show in Moscow on 21 to 23 May .One of the largest international exhibitions on meatand poultry farming, VIV Russia included over 340 ex-hibitors from around the world.

The Jamesway exhibit was very busy during thethree-day show. Existing customers, who are dedi-cated to Jamesway equipment and who intend to ex-pand only with Jamesway in future, showed greatinterest in Jamesway’s ThinkWise™ Technology.Prospective customers were fascinated with the so-phistication and simplicity of Jamesway’s latest inno-vations: Pilot™ Egg Sensor, Delta Drive™ EmbryoControl System, HatchSense™ Monitor / Booster, aswell as Jamesway’s latest offering in single stage equip-ment, Platinum 2.0™ with ThinkWise™ Technology.Jamesway has invested years of research, hands-onfield testing, and responsiveness to...

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HIGH TEMPERATURE DURINGINCUBATION BOOSTS HATCHABILITY,GROWTH

GLOBAL - Researchers have found that heat treat-ment of eggs before or during incubation improveshatchability and subsequent broiler growth.

The significance and importance of the pre-incuba-tion and incubation temperatures for broiler chickenshas been elucidated by altering normal incubationconditions to study the effects on embryo develop-ment, according to Y. Piestun of the Volcani Center inIsrael and co-authors there and North Carolina StateUniversity in the US.

In their paper in Poultry Science, they continue thatonly recently has convincing evidence that tempera-ture could influence the sex ratio of avian offspringbecome available.

The researchers found in their experiments thatthermal treatments pre-incubation or during the sexdetermination period of incubation had, in general, apositive effect on hatchability...

Read More...

IN-OVO INJECTION IMPROVESHATCHABILITY OF STORED EGGS

IRAN – Researchers have identified a number ofcompounds which, injected in-ovo, can improve egghatchability.

Work published in Poultry Science describes thetesting of a hypothesis that the in-ovo injection of bi-ological buffers may reinforce the buffering capacityof albumen, thereby withstanding the increase in al-bumen pH during storage and improving hatchabilityand chick quality in long-term stored eggs.

Researchers based in Iran found that certain pre-storage in-ovo injections improved hatchability ineggs stored long-term.

A. Akhlaghi from Shiraz University in Iran and co-au-thors there and at Gorgan University of AgriculturalScience and Natural Resources, University of Mo-haghegh Ardabili and...

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON GREENMUSCLE IN BROILERS

US - Research at Auburn University has shed somelight on 'green muscle (deep pectoral myopathy;DPM) in broilers. They found the prevalence to belinked to gender, age, strain and temperature andidentified an enzyme that may be useful to screenbirds for DPM susceptibility.

Deep pectoral myopathy (DPM) - commonly called'green muscle' - is a breast tender necrosis that is be-coming more common in broilers and often resultsin tender condemnation and fillet trimming, accordingto Roger J. Lien, Sarge F. Bilgili and Joe B. Hess ofAuburn University. It is caused by wing flapping atleast days before slaughter, since discoloured lesionstake 24 to 48 hours to develop; or several weeks ear-lier, since tissue damage is often permanent.

Broiler DPM will likely continue to increase, sincebreast yield selection and heavier processing weightsare both contributing factors that are increasing, theysay in the report of a study for US Poultry & Egg As-sociation (USPoultry).

Read More...

EO WATER, LACTIC ACID PROMISINGFOR CAMPY CONTROL ON BROILERCARCASSES

BELGIUM - Both electrolysed oxidising (EO) waterand lactic acid showed promise for the control ofCampylobacter in broiler carcasses during process-ing, according to new research.

Campylobacter is the most commonly reported gas-trointestinal bacterial pathogen in humans in manydeveloped countries, according to Geertrui Rass-chaert of the Institute for Agricultural and FisheriesResearch (ILVO) in Melle, Belgium and co-authorsthere and at Ghent University.

During slaughter of broiler flocks, it is difficult toavoid contamination of broiler carcasses. Their study,reported in Poultry Science, aimed to quantifyCampylobacter contamination on broiler carcassesat five points in the slaughter processing during theslaughter of a...

Read More...

39

Processing & Packaging

LIMA SUCCESSFUL AT IFFA 2013

GERMANY - IFFA 2013 was an outstanding exhibi-tion for LIMA in terms of visitors and results, withrecord numbers and high-quality demand.

Distributors from the five continents brought to thecompany's stand many interested meat processorsfrom the pork, beef, lamb and poultry sectors.

LIMA exhibited not only the traditional MSM sepa-rators but also showcased its new developments to-wards high-quality deboned meats with very lowpressure deboning machines.

The results in terms of calcium and texture are atsuch a high quality level, that, in their recent "scientificopinion" publication EFSA journal 2013 (11) con-cluded in their Recommendations "... technologicaladvances have resulted in low-pressure products re-sembling minced meat."

During LIMA's traditional IFFA Party, the GeneralManager underlined that new...

Read More...

BROILER CARCASS CHILL METHODAFFECTS PATHOGENS, NOT MEATSENSORY QUALITY

GLOBAL - A new study shows that broiler carcasschilling method (immersion, air or a combination) af-fected Salmonella and Campylobacter counts, carcassyield and some measures of meat quality but not sen-sory qualities of breast fillets or drumsticks.

Chilling is a critical step in poultry processing to at-tain high-quality meat and to meet the USDA-FoodSafety and Inspection Service (FSIS) temperaturestandards.

An international team of researchers led by C.Z. Al-varado of Texas A&M University found that chillingsystem (immersion, air or a combination) affectedSalmonella and Campylobacter counts, carcass yieldand some measures of meat quality but not sensoryqualities of breast fillets and drums.

This study, published in Poultry Science, was con-ducted to determine the effects of commerciallyavailable chilling systems on quality and safety ofbroiler meat.

Read More...

JBS SEES PROFITS RISE

BRAZIL - Net Revenue for Brazilian meat processinggiant JBS rose by 22 per cent in the first quarter ofthe current financial year by R$3.5 billion to R$19.5billion.

Net profit for the processor rose by 26.3 per centcompared to the same quarter last year to R$879.4million. The EBITDA margin was 4.5 per cent.

JBS Mercosul earned R $ 4.97 billion in net revenue,29.8 per cent higher than in the first quarter of 2012.EBITDA grew by 10.4 per cent over the same periodto R $ 561.7 million.

The chicken processing sector in the US – Pilgrims’Pride Corporation - saw net revenue od $ 2.0 billion(US), 7.8 per cent up on the first quarter of 2012.EBITDA was $117.7 million in the first quarter of2013, an increase of 13.2 per cent compared to thefirst quarter last year.

Read More...

Artículo

40

Expectativas positivas para el sector avícola mundial

Un informe reciente de la Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias de Chile(Odepa) incluye datos muy positivos del Departamento de Agricultura delos Estados Unidos (USDA) en cuanto a la producción y el comercio de carnede aves en 2013.

No obstante, otro informe reciente del Rabobank indica que varios factoresaún pueden influir de forma negativa, en particular lo que está ocurriendo enChina con el brote de influenza aviar H7N9.

En el lado positive, el USDA estima que, a nivel mundial, la producción decarne de ave en 2013 crecerá alrededor del 1.1%. Con esto se llegará a untotal de 84.6 millones de toneladas, récord histórico en la producción deeste tipo de carnes. Si bien la producción ha ido aumentando de forma con-stante, la tasa de crecimiento se ha reducido en los últimos años, pasandodel 6% en el año 2010 a menos de 2% a finales del año 2012.

Según estimaciones del USDA, las exportaciones de carne de pollo a nivelmundial crecerán en 2% durante el año 2013, llegando a un total de 10.3 mil-lones de toneladas. Este crecimiento se producirá gracias al aumento en lademanda de África y Asia. Los exportadores que seguirán dominando el mer-cado de carne de aves serán Brasil, Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea.

China es el país que pudiera afectar al resto del mundo en cuanto a la avicul-tura. Si bien en este mercado se pronosticaba un aumento de 3%, llegando aun total de 14.1 millones de toneladas, el aumento en el precio de los insumosde alimentación animal disminuirá el ritmo de crecimiento, a pesar de los in-tentos de los productores por buscar alimentos alternativos de menor valor. De mucha importancia será monitorear cómo se resuelve el foco de influenzaaviar, ya que podrían presentarse grandes sacrificios de animales, perjudicandola producción interna, indicó el informe de Odepa.

Lea más aquí

Bienvenido

Chris WrightEditor principal, Elsitioavicola.com chris.wright@5mpublishing.com

Noticias y Análisis Artículos Multimedia Directorio de Empresas Eventos Acerca de

Algunos de los temas más impor-tantes que se han presentado enel sitio recientemente incluyen:

El sector avícola de Chile•Enfermedades de avicultura•de traspatioInvestigaciones acerca de la•incubación

í

41

ElSitioAvicola.com

SE PRONOSTICAN BUENAS COSECHASDE MAÍZ

Parece que todo apunta a una buena cosecha mundialde cereales en 2013, sabiendo siempre que el climapuede cambiar todo. En Brasil y Argentina, dondeestán terminando las cosechas, se ven cifras récord,mientras que en Estados Unidos, a pesar de habertenido una primavera excesivamente lluviosa, el cul-tivo de maíz va bien.

La FAO, en un informe publicado a mediados demayo, indica que la producción mundial de maíz secalcula en 960 millones de toneladas, el 10% más queen 2012. La mayor parte de este crecimiento vendráde EUA, el mayor productor en el mundo, donde seespera que los cultivos de maíz lleguen a su mayornivel desde 1936.

Hace un par de semanas, el USDA informó de que el71% del cultivo de maíz ya se había plantado, una cifraque subió significativamente en solo una semana. Casiel 20% del maíz plantado ya salió, que es menos delo normal.

Lea más aquí

MÁS DE 100 VÍCTIMAS EN UNINCENDIO DE UNA PLANTAPROCESADORA

Al menos 119 personas perdieron la vida en un in-cendio en una planta de procesamiento avícola en elnoreste de China, en la provincia Jilin.

El fuego se desató justo después de las 6 am el 3 dejunio en una planta de proceso de la compañía avícolaJilin Baoyuanfeng en el municipio de Mishazi en la ciu-dad de Dehui, a unos 100 km al noreste de la capitalde la provincia, Changchun.

Según la información de la agencia de noticias oficialchina, Xinhua, había más de 300 trabajadores en laplanta cuando estalló el fuego.

Algunos de los supervivientes se lo dijeron a la agen-cia Xinhua, además de añadir que de repente oyeronun estallido y vieron humo negro.

Unos 100 trabajadores escaparon de la planta peroalgunas estimaciones indican...

Lea más aquí

SITUACIÓN DIFÍCIL PARA EL SECTORDE POLLO EN BRASIL

Hay indicaciones de que no todo está como deberíaen el sector de pollo de engorde de Brasil. Aunquetambién existen señales positivas para el mercado.

La Unión Brasileña de Avicultura (UBABEF) indicaque se exportaron 1.241 millones de toneladas decarne de aves en los primeros cuatro meses de 2013,que es un 4.93% menos respecto al mismo periododel año anterior. Por otro lado, en los ingresos seprodujo un incremento del 26.5% respecto al mismoperiodo del año anterior, alcanzando un total de US$2,701 millones.

La organización indica una disminución en la produc-ción de carne de pollo. Según explicó el director ejec-utivo de UBABEF, Francisco Turra, esta reducciónindica una disminución en la oferta tanto para el mer-cado interno como para el mercado de exportación.También indica la reducción de los inventarios y elconsiguiente ajuste en los precios de exportación.

Lea más aquí

42

Investigaciones acerca de laincubaciónLos efectos de la edad de la reproductora, las vari-ables ambientales y los desperdicios, todo dentro delámbito de incubación, se discutieron durante el ForoCientífico Avícola Internacional en Atlanta en enerode 2013. Escribe Chris Wright, editor principal de ElSitio Avícola.

CRITERIOS DEL HUEVO FéRTIL EN RELACIóNCON LA EDAD DE LA REPRODUCTORA

Irenilza de Alencar Nääs y sus colegas de la Univer-sidad Estatal de Campinas y la Universidad Federalda Grande Dourados (Brasil) en un póster compara-ron el manejo de reproductoras pesadas de dosedades diferentes durante el período de incubaciónutilizando el método de Proceso Analítico de Jerar-quía (AHP, por sus siglas en inglés). Este método secaracteriza por el análisis de criterios múltiples yayuda en la toma de decisiones.

Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en una planta de in-cubación comercial localizada en São Paulo, Brasil. Secompararon reproductoras pesadas de dos edadesdiferentes (42 y 56 semanas) en relación con la tasade producción. Los datos de índice de producciónfueron los mismos en las reproductoras de ambasedades y se sometieron a un análisis de decisión decriterios múltiples utilizando el método AHP.

Los resultados indican que las reproductoras pesadasde 42 semanas de edad tuvieron un mejorrendimiento quelas de 56 semanas de edad. La fasede incubación es más crítica que la fase de eclosiónen la nacedora.

El método AHP resultó eficiente para este análisis ypuede servir como una base metodológica para es-tudios futuros que abordenla mejora de la incubabil-idad de huevos de pollo de engorde.

Artículo

43

ElSitioAvicola.com

LaS variabLES ambiEntaLES y LaS pérDiDaSEn incubación

En otro estudio presentado en otro póster delmismo grupo de investigadores de brasil, se rela-cionaron datos de las temperaturas y la humedad rel-ativa que experimentaron los huevos fértiles con losdatos finales de huevos desechados, por medio deutilizar un análisis multivariado.

Se monitorearon los datos de temperatura yhumedad relativa. Se registraron los datos de ambi-ente y de la superficie de los huevos en seis sectoresdistintos, a tres alturas del piso (a=0.10 m, b=1.0 m,c=2.0 m). Se clasificó y analizó la pérdida de huevodurante tres días diferentes: el día 14 de incubación,el día de transferencia de la incubadora a la nacedora(día 18) y el día nacimiento de las pollitas (día 21).

Se calculó la temperatura y humedad relativa prome-dio en cada sector y altura (p ≤0.05). La temperaturapromedio de la superficie de los huevos en las charo-las más bajas (a) fue más alta que la de los huevos enlas bandejas b y c.

Los resultados indican una influencia del ambientetérmico y los huevos fértiles desechados en el pro-ceso de incubación.

rEnDimiEnto DE poLLoS incubaDoS EnDifErEntES SiStEmaS DE incubación

araceli pacheco y sus colegas de la universidad fed-eral do rio Grande do Sul, brasil, presentaron en unpóster los resultados de una evaluación del efecto delsistema de incubación – de etapas múltiples o etapaúnica – en el rendimiento de los pollos de 1 día a 40días de edad.

Se utilizaron 336 pollitos cobb 500 de un día de edadque se distribuyeron en cuatro tratamientos (t) consiete repeticiones en un diseño al azar con el sexo yel sistema de incubación como los factores evalua-dos.

Los pollos recibieron las mismas dietas durante todoslos periodos. El alimento y agua se ofrecieron ad libi-tum. Se evaluaron semanalmente: peso corporal,ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversiónde alimentos.

Durante el periodo del día 1 al 7, de todos los grupos,las hembras del sistema de etapas múltiples fueronlas más ligeras (p<0.01), tuvieron la peor ganancia depeso (p<0.01) y la peor conversión de alimentos(p<0.06) de todos los tratamientos.

Del día 8 al 21, este mismo tratamiento siguió siendoel más ligero (p<0.02) y el que tuvo la menor gananciade peso (p<0.02). Sin embargo, no hubo diferenciasen consumo de alimento y conversión de alimentosen comparación con los otros tratamientos.

Del día 22 a l40, el sistema de etapas múltiples, inde-pendientemente del sexo, produjo pollos con menosganancia de peso (p<0.01) y la peor conversión de al-imentos (p<0.07), sin diferencias en el consumo dealimento.

En el periodo total, los pollos del sistema de etapasmúltiples mostraron la peor ganancia de peso(p<0.02), sin diferencia en los otros factores medi-dos.

En todos los periodos solo se observaron diferenciasen el consumo de alimento debido al sexo y no al sis-tema de incubación.

Los resultados de esta investigación se deben princi-palmente a las hembras de los sistemas de etapasmúltiples, que siempre mostraron peores respuestasque los otros tratamientos, poniendo así elrendimiento del sistema de etapas múltiple en unnivel inferior.

Los peores resultados obtenidos por las hembras desistemas de etapas múltiples se pueden explicar porel hecho de que las hembras eclosionan antes que losmachos y debido al periodo de nacimiento más ex-tenso, pasan más tiempo en la nacedora sin agua nialimento.

Each month we bring you the most important poultryindustry events taking place around the world

For more events please visitwww.thepoultrysite.com/events

44

INDUSTRY EVENTS

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Nottingham Feed Conference 2013Nottingham, UK, 25th to 26th June

A couple of days at the Nottingham Feed Conference is better than your normalroutine at work.

It is for all technical decision makers with ambition in the feed industry.Because it will offer you knowledge of cutting edge developments and practical so-lutions and allow you to meet influential and respected colleagues.

With the result that you can turn science into profit and extend your positivevision on the future of the industry and you will be more successful in reachingyour personal and business goals.

UFAW International Animal Welfare ScienceSymposium 2013Barcelona, Spain, 4th to 5th July

'Science in the Service of Animal Welfare: Priorities aroundthe world' is the theme for the 2013 UFAW InternationalAnimal Welfare Science Symposium.

UFAW, the International Animal Welfare Science Society, isan independent, scientific and educational animal welfarecharity. The organisation promotes high standards of welfarefor farm, companion, laboratory and captive wild animalsand those with which we interact in the wild.

45

INDUSTRY EVENTS

AgriVision 2013Noordwijk aan Zee, The Netherlands, 18th to 20th June

The theme of this year's conference is 'Time to Resourcify'.

The conference is organised, once again, by Nutreco and spon-sored by DuPont, Evonik and Rabobank.

9th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 2013Uppsala, Sweden, 17th to 20th June

Includes WPSA Working Group 9 (Poultry Welfare and Management)

VIV Turkey 2013Istanbul, Turkey, 13th to 15th June

The 6th International Trade Fair for Poultry Technologies, VIVTurkey is the leading international trade fair of its kind in the re-gion and aims the knowledge and technology transfer betweenthe Turkish poultry sector and other sector professionals allaround the world.

VIV Turkey 2013 provides an international platform for targeteddevelopment.

VIV Turkey is a member of VIV World Wide Exhibitions, ownedby VNU Exhibitions Europe in the Netherlands.

To feature your business in here please contactalex.guy@5mpublishing.com

For more businesses please visitwww.thepoultrysite.com/directory

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

46

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

HEALTH & WELFARE

CEVA Santé Animale is a global veterinaryhealth company focused on the research,development, production and marketing ofpharmaceutical products and vaccines forpets, livestock, swine and poultry.

Ceva Animal HealthTel: +33 (0) 557 554 040Fax: +33 (0) 557 554 198info@ceva.comwww.ceva.com

Areas:PharmaceuticalsVaccinesEquipment: Vaccinationand Medical)Feed: Additives

Merck Animal Health offers veterinarians,farmers, pet owners and governments thewidest range of veterinary pharmaceuticals,vaccines and health management solutionsand services

Merck Animal Healthanimal-health-communica-tions@merck.comwww.merck-animal-health.com

Areas:Feed: Safety ProductsFeed: AdditivesFeedCleaning/DisinfectantsPharmaceuticals

Zoetis strives to support those who raiseand care for farm animals by providing arange of products and services that offertangible solutions to the many challengesveterinarians and livestock producers faceevery day.

ZoetisTel: +1 919 941 5185GP.Marketing@zoetis.comwww.zoetis.com

Areas:VaccinesBiodevicesFeed AdditivesDiagnostics

BREEDING & GENETICS

The Aviagen Group is the global marketleader in poultry genetics. As the world’spremier poultry breeding company, Aviagendevelops pedigree lines for the productionof commercial broilers and turkeys.

AviagenTel: +1 256 890 3800Fax: +1 256 890 3919info@aviagen.comwww.aviagen.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

Cobb broiler breeding stock has the sus-tained advantage of the most efficient feedconversion and highest potential for prof-itability for the company’s global customers.

Cobb VantressTel: +1 479 524 3166Fax: +1 479 524 3043info@cobb-vantress.comwww.cobb-vantress.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Grimaud Frères are a multi-species selec-tion and breeding operator in the serviceof the watefowls and festive poultry field.

Grimaud Frères SélectionTel: +33 (0)2 41 70 36 90Fax: +33 (0)2 41 70 31 67grimaudfreres@grimaudfreres.comwww.grimaudfreres.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Hubbard provides solutions that focus onthe economic performance, health andwell-being of breeding stock. Hubbard spe-cializes in state-of-the-art selection pro-grams to improve the performance of theirpure lines.

HubbardTel: +33 296 79 63 70Fax: +33 296 74 04 71contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.comwww.hubbardbreeders.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Hy-Line International is a world leader inpoultry layer genetics with a rich history ofinnovation. Hy-Line was the first poultrybreeding company to apply the principlesof hybridization to commercial layerbreed-ing.

Hy-LineTel: +1 515 225 6030Fax: +1 515 225 6030info@hyline.comwww.hyline.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

NOVOGEN offers a new alternative givingthe egg producers more choice and possi-bilities to fit their specific market require-ments.

NovogenTel: +33 296 58 12 60Fax: +33 296 58 12 61contact.novogen@novogen-layerswww.novogen-layers.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Started off as a Broiler breeding company,with pure line birds developed and bredunder Indian Climate, feed & managementsince 1990.

Indbro PoultryTel: +91 (40) 241 5594drkotaiah@indbropoultry.comwww.indbro.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

BIOSECURITY & HYGIENE

CID LINES offers VIROCID, the most pow-erful disinfectant, which is part of a hygieneprogram for poultry, written by hygienespecialists. VIROCID has a proven record inpreventing and fighting disease outbreaksfor many years.

CID LINESTel: +32 5721 7877Fax: +32 5721 7879info@cidlines.comwww.cidlines.com

Areas:BiosecurityCleaningFeed: AdditivesHealth and SafetyPest ControlWelfare

FOSSIL SHIELD + PCS Poultry, the solutionto your red mite problem. Uniqueprofessional on-site electrostatic applica-tion with Fossil shield, a non-toxic naturaldiatomaceous powder.

PCS Poultry ServicesTel: +44 (0) 1386 701 812Fax: +44 (0) 1386 701 376admin@pcspoultry.comwww.pcspoultry.com

Areas:BiosecurityHygieneCleaning ServicesPest Control

FEEDING & NUTRITION

AB Vista is an integrated international sup-plier of new generation micro-ingredientsfor animal feeds providing visionary solu-tions for your agribusiness.

AB VistaTel: +44 (0) 1672 517650Fax: +44 (0) 1672 517660info@abvista.comwww.abvista.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

BIOMIN offers sustainable animal nutritionproducts such as quality feed additives andpremixes, which include solutions for my-cotoxin risk management, a groundbreakingnatural growth promoting concept as wellas other specific solutions

BiominTel: +43 2782 803 0Fax: +43 2782 803 30office@biomin.netwww.biomin.net

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

Danisco’s ingredients are used globally in awide range of industries – from bakery,dairy and beverages to animal feed, laundrydetergents and bioethanol – to enable func-tional, economic and sustainable solutions

DaniscoTel: +44 (0) 1672 517777Fax: +44 (0) 1672 517778info.animalnutrition@danisco.comwww.danisco.com/animalnutrition

Areas:Feed: Additives

Global Bio-Chem is the largest producer ofLysine worldwide and pioneers of corn re-fined and corn based products. Our prod-ucts are utilized in feed products, food,beverage, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceuti-cals and chemicals industry worldwide.

Global Bio-Chem Tel: (852) 2838 8155Fax: (852) 2838 8433contact@globalbiochem.comwww.globalbiochem.com

Areas:FeedFeed: Additives

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Kerry Animal Nutrition aims to identify andcommercialise existing Kerry ingredientsand technologies to create potential worldbeaters in animal nutrition and health

Kerry Ingredients& Flavours EMEATel: +31 36 523 3100 Fax: +31 36 523 3110clive.girdler@kerry.comwww.kerry.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Safety

Novus International is a global leader of an-imal health and nutrition programs for thepoultry, pork, beef, dairy aquaculture andcompanion animal industries.

Novus InternationalTel: +1 314 576 8886Fax: +1 314 576 2148contact@novusint.comwww.novusint.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

HOUSING & EQUIPMENT

AgriLamp™ is a leading LED manufacturerwith years of experience in designing andmanufacturing the world’s most innovativeLED (light-emitting diode) lighting solutionsfor the agricultural industry.

AgrilampTel: +44 (0) 1332 547 118Fax: +44 (0) 208 439 1538info@agrilamp.comwww.agrilamp.com

Areas:Equipment: Lighting &Electrical

The poultry equipment supplier for layermanagement, breeder management, poultrygrowing and poultry climate control.

Big DutchmanTel: +49 4447 801 0Fax: +49 4447 801 237big@bigdutchman.dewww.bigdutchman.com

Areas:Equipment: BreedingEquipment: DrinkingEquipment: EggEquipment: FeedingEquipment: Weighing

SPACE-RAY manufactures high efficiencyinfra-red radiant heating solutions (alsoknown as direct gas fired radiant heating),for industrial, commercial, agricultural orleisure purposes

Space-Ray HeatersTel: +44 (0) 1473 830 551Fax: +44 (0) 1473 832 055info@spaceray.co.ukwww.spaceray.co.uk

Areas:Equipment: Heaters

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Optivite specialises in the design, develop-ment, manufacture and distribution of non-hazardous, drug free ingredients andadditives for the maintenance and enhance-ment of feed quality.

OptiviteTel: +44 (0) 1909 537 380Fax: +44 (0) 1909 478 919info@optivite.comwww.optivite.com

Areas:Feed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

A global market leader specializing in cli-mate technology since 1967 in design, man-ufacture and distribution of efficient/qualityheating, cooling and ventilation equipmentand systems for the poultry industry witha full range of products to meet all specifi-cation and applications.

Termotechnica PericoliTel: +39 0182 589006Fax: +39 0182 589005termotecnica@pericoli.comwww.pericoli.com

Areas:Climate ControlClimate ManagementHeating, Cooling andVentilation

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

With 7 VIV exhibitions all over the worldVIV trade exhibitions are recognized forhigh trade quality in the professional indus-try. With over a 1,000 international compa-nies exhibiting and visitors from over 140countries the VIV-shows are also consid-ered as very international.

VIVTel: +31 30 295 28 98viv@vnuexhibitions.comwww.viv.net

Areas:Events & Exhibitions

Petersime is a world leader in the develop-ment of incubators. hatchery equipmentand turnkey hatcheries.

PetersimeTel: +32 9 388 96 11Fax: +32 9 388 84 58info@petersime.comwww.petersime.com

Areas:Equipment: HatchingEquipment: Incubation

Pas Reform is an international company,which has specialized in the developmentof innovative hatchery technologies for thepoultry sector since 1919. Products andServices: Incubators, Hatchery AutomationSystems, Hatchery Climate Control Sys-tems and Hatchery Management Training.

Pas ReformTel: +31 314 659 111Fax: +31 314 652 572info@pasreform.comwww.pasreform.com

Areas:Equipment: IncubationEquipment: EggEquipment: EnvironmentEquipment: HatchingWaste Handling

INCUBATION & HATCHING

EggTester.com (officially known as “OrkaFood Technology”) is a leading worldwidemanufacturer of egg-quality testing equip-ment to be used extensively in QC labora-tories operated by egg producers, packers,universities, regulatory authorities, and pri-mary breeders.

Orka Food TechnologyTel: +852 8120 9245Fax: +852 2802 7112info@orkatech.comwww.eggtester.com

Areas:Equipment: EggEquipment: HatchingEquipment: Incubation

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Vencomatic is a global supplier of innovativeand welfare friendly housing solutions forthe poultry sector. The flexible and turn keysolutions of Vencomatic offer large possibil-ities for a wide range of poultry productionconcepts.

VencomaticTel: +31 (0) 497 517380 Fax: +31 (0) 497 517364info@vencomatic.comwww.vencomatic.com

Areas:Equipment: BreedingEquipment: DrinkingEquipment: Egg handling and gradingEquipment: Nesting