the preparatory survey on phnom penh ...13-088 jr os the preparatory survey on phnom penh autonomous...

13-088

J R

O S

THE PREPARATORY SURVEY

ON

PHNOM PENH AUTONOMOUS PORT

NEW CONTAINER TERMINAL’S SPECIAL

ECONOMIC ZONE AND ASSOCIATED FACILITIES

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

IN

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

STUDY REPORT

SEPTEMBER 2013

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

MITSUI & CO., LTD. ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD.

IDES INC.

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT PHNOM PENH AUTONOMOUS PORT

THE PREPARATORY SURVEY

ON

PHNOM PENH AUTONOMOUS PORT

NEW CONTAINER TERMINAL’S SPECIAL

ECONOMIC ZONE AND ASSOCIATED FACILITIES

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

IN

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

STUDY REPORT

SEPTEMBER 2013

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

MITSUI & CO., LTD. ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD.

IDES INC.

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT PHNOM PENH AUTONOMOUS PORT

Exchange Rates

This Report applied the following Exchange Rates:

1 USD = 91.14 JPY (Monthly average rate of The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ in January 2013)

1 USD = 4,002 Cambodian Riel (Average rate from 11 December 2012 to 10 January 2013)

The Preparatory Survey on Phnom Penh Autonomous Port New Container Terminal's Special Economic Zone and Associated Facilities Construction Project in Kingdom of Cambodia

Table of Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1. Background .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Objectives of the EIA Study ..................................................................................................... 2

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ................................................................................. 3 2.1. Environmental Laws and Regulations in Cambodia ................................................................ 3 2.2. EIA System in Cambodia ......................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1 General Outline of EIA System ........................................................................................ 3 2.2.2 IEIA/EIA Approval Procedure.......................................................................................... 3

3. Project Description .......................................................................................................................... 3 3.1. Project Components ................................................................................................................. 3 3.2. PPAP-NCT SEZ ....................................................................................................................... 7

3.2.1 Development Area for SEZ Project .................................................................................. 7 3.2.2 Summary of Concept Design and Planning for SEZ Facilities ........................................ 8 3.2.3 Development Scale and Estimated Construction Quantity for SEZ ............................... 10 3.2.4 Facility Planning ............................................................................................................. 12 3.2.5 Construction Plan for SEZ Development ....................................................................... 16 3.2.6 Construction Program for SEZ Development ................................................................ 19

3.3. Development for PHN Port NCT 2 ........................................................................................ 21 3.3.1 The Development Area for PHN Port NCT 2 ................................................................. 21 3.3.2 Development Scale and Estimated Construction Quantity for PHN Port NCT2 ........... 23 3.3.3 Construction Plan for PHN Port Terminal 2 ................................................................... 24 3.3.4 Construction Program for NCT 2 Development ............................................................. 25

4. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................................ 27 4.1. PHN Port NCT ....................................................................................................................... 27 4.2. PPAP-NCT SEZ ..................................................................................................................... 28

5. Baseline of the Environmental Condition ..................................................................................... 30 5.1. Natural Environmental Condition .......................................................................................... 30

5.1.1 Topography ..................................................................................................................... 30 5.1.2 Land Use ......................................................................................................................... 34 5.1.3 Protected Area ................................................................................................................ 36 5.1.4 Meteorology ................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.5 Water Level..................................................................................................................... 37 5.1.6 Sedimentation of Waterway and Basin ........................................................................... 38 5.1.7 Hydrology on the target SEZ area .................................................................................. 41 5.1.8 Air Quality, Noise and Traffic Volume ........................................................................... 41 5.1.9 Water Quality .................................................................................................................. 49 5.1.10 Sediment Quality ............................................................................................................ 55 5.1.11 Aquatic Fauna ................................................................................................................. 59 5.1.12 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................. 73 5.1.13 Soil Contamination ......................................................................................................... 89

5.2. Social Environmental Condition ............................................................................................ 92 5.2.1 Survey Methodology ...................................................................................................... 92 5.2.2 Results ............................................................................................................................ 94

6. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................................... 109 6.1. SEZ and the Access Road .................................................................................................... 109

6.1.1 Pre-construction Phase ................................................................................................. 109


6.1.2 Construction Phase ........................................................................................................114 6.1.3 Operation Phase ............................................................................................................ 120

6.2. PHN Port NCT ..................................................................................................................... 133 6.2.1 Pre-construction Phase ................................................................................................. 133 6.2.2 Construction Phase ....................................................................................................... 134 6.2.3 Operation Phase ............................................................................................................ 138

7. Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................................... 146 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................................ 146

8. Public Consultation ..................................................................................................................... 152 8.1. Stakeholder Meeting ............................................................................................................ 152

9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 152 APPENDIXES APPENDIX-A 5.1.8 Air Quality, Noise and Traffic Volume

- Anasys Reports - Reports of Traffic Volume Survey - Traffic Count Form - Pictures

APPENDIX-B 5.1.9 Water Quality 5.1.10 Sediment Quality

- Anasys Reports - Pictures

APPENDIX-C 5.1.11 Aquatic Fauna - Pictures

APPENDIX-D 5.1.12 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna - X, Y Coordinates of Endanger Tree Speciesis - Photos of Flora

APPENDIX-E 5.1.13 Soil Contamination - Anasys Reports

APPENDIX-F 8 Public Consultation - Minutes of Meeting - List of Participants

List of Figures Figure 3.1-1 Project Location ............................................................................................................. 4 Figure 3.1-2 Location of the target SEZ and Access Road ................................................................ 5 Figure 3.1-3 General Layout of the Existing New Phnom Penh Port (NCT) ..................................... 5 Figure 3.1-4 Overall Layout Plan ....................................................................................................... 6 Figure 3.2-1 SEZ Basic Layout .......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3.2-2 SEZ Access Road Typical Section and Pavement Composition ................................... 9 Figure 3.2-3 SEZ Access Road Typical Section and Pavement Composition ................................... 9 Figure 3.2-4 Schematic Diagram for Water Supply System ............................................................ 12 Figure 3.2-5 Site Plan for the Water Supply System ........................................................................ 13 Figure 3.2-6 Schematic Diagram for the Sewerage Treatment Plant ............................................... 14 Figure 3.2-7 Site Plan for the Sewerage System .............................................................................. 15 Figure 3.2-8 Schematic Illustration for the Work of Boundary Dike and Reservoir

Pond ............................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 3.3-1 Basic Layout for PHN-NCT 1 and NCT 2 .................................................................. 22 Figure 3.3-2 Slope Excavation Works.............................................................................................. 24 Figure 3.3-3 Piling Works by Piling Barge ...................................................................................... 24 Figure 3.3-4 Slope Protection Works ............................................................................................... 25


Figure 4.1-1 Candidate Locations of PHN Port NCT ...................................................................... 28 Figure 4.2-1 Selected SEZ Site and Alternatives for the Access Road ............................................ 29 Figure 5.1-1 Topographic Features for the Mekong River Countries .............................................. 31 Figure 5.1-2 Topographic Feature around Survey Area ................................................................... 32 Figure 5.1-3 Topographical Survey Map at Target SEZ Area ......................................................... 33 Figure 5.1-4 Location of the Project Site ......................................................................................... 34 Figure 5.1-5 Aerial photo of the target NCT area ............................................................................ 34 Figure 5.1-6 Current situation of the target NCT area ..................................................................... 35 Figure 5.1-7 Current Situation of the target SEZ area ...................................................................... 35 Figure 5.1-8 Current Situation of the target Access Road area ........................................................ 36 Figure 5.1-9 Protected areas in Cambodia ....................................................................................... 36 Figure 5.1-10 Water Level in Phnom Penh Port ................................................................................ 38 Figure 5.1-11 Location of Selected Cross Sections of Hydrographic Survey around

NCT ............................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 5.1-12 Historical Comparison of Riverbed Configurations around NCT ............................... 40 Figure 5.1-13 Comparison Map of Flood Situations at Kandal Province (2008 vs 2011) ................. 41 Figure 5.1-14 Location map for air quality, noise and traffic volume survey .................................... 42 Figure 5.1-15 Photos of Air quality and Noise Survey ...................................................................... 43 Figure 5.1-16 Photos of Traffic Volume Survey ................................................................................ 43 Figure 5.1-17 Traffic Volume at N1 .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 5.1-18 Traffic Volume at N2 .................................................................................................. 46 Figure 5.1-19 Traffic Volume at N3 .................................................................................................. 47 Figure 5.1-20 Result of Noise Survey ................................................................................................ 48 Figure 5.1-21 Location map for Water quality and Sediment quality survey .................................... 50 Figure 5.1-22 Photos of Water Quality Survey .................................................................................. 51 Figure 5.1-23 Photos of Sediment Quality Survey ............................................................................. 55 Figure 5.1-24 Location map for Aquatic Fauna survey...................................................................... 60 Figure 5.1-25 Photos of Aquatic Fauna Survey ................................................................................. 61 Figure 5.1-26 General life cycle of Mekong fish species ................................................................... 63 Figure 5.1-27 Location map for Terrestrial Flora and Fauna survey ................................................. 74 Figure 5.1-28 Photos of Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey ............................................................. 75 Figure 5.1-29 Location of the endangered species (Sugar Palm Tree) .............................................. 79 Figure 5.1-30 Photo of the endangered species (Sugar Palm Tree) ................................................... 79 Figure 5.1-31 Location map for Soil Contamination Survey ............................................................. 90 Figure 5.2-1 Locations of the surveyed households ......................................................................... 94 Figure 5.2-2 Schools around the Project Site ................................................................................... 96 Figure 5.2-3 Percentage of educational levels of respondents ......................................................... 96 Figure 5.2-4 Condition of the Local Roads ...................................................................................... 97 Figure 5.2-5 Farm Fields in the villages ......................................................................................... 100 Figure 5.2-6 Interview Results on Type of Fishing Ground........................................................... 101 Figure 5.2-7 Interview Results on Fishing Gear ............................................................................ 101 Figure 5.2-8 Fishing Gear used by 8 Sample Fishermen around NCT .......................................... 102 Figure 5.2-9 Proportion of Income Sources in the Total Average Income of 40

Sample Households ................................................................................................... 103 Figure 5.2-10 Proportion of Type of Expenditure in the Total Average Expenditures .................... 104 Figure 5.2-11 Irrigation Water Flow in the Dry Season ................................................................... 107 Figure 5.2-12 Locations of Dambok Khmao and Krabao Chrum Temples ..................................... 108 Figure 6.1-1 Location of the Affected Area ................................................................................... 110 Figure 6.1-2 Flow Chart of the Grievance Resolution ................................................................... 111 Figure 6.1-3 Impacts on the Existing Infrastructures and Services ................................................ 113 Figure 6.1-4 Mitigation Measures for Securing Water Flow ......................................................... 114 Figure 6.1-5 Distant attenuation of diesel and hydraulic pile-driver noise .................................... 117 Figure 6.1-6 Predicted Vibration Level .......................................................................................... 129 Figure 6.2-1 Predicted Vibration Level .......................................................................................... 143


List of Tables Table 2.1-1 Environmental Laws and Regulations ........................................................................... 3 Table 3.1-1 Planned Container Cargo Capacity and Development Schedule of the

Terminals ....................................................................................................................... 4 Table 3.2-1 PPNP SEZ Common Facilities and Area Allocation ................................................... 10 Table 3.2-2 Access Road Quantity for the SEZ .............................................................................. 10 Table 3.2-3 Construction Quantity for SEZ Development ............................................................. 11 Table 3.2-4 SEZ Construction Schedule ......................................................................................... 20 Table 3.3-1 Construction Quantity for PHN Port Terminal 2 Development .................................. 23 Table 3.3-2 Construction Schedule of NCT-2 Extension ............................................................... 26 Table 4.1-1 Comparison between Candidate Sites for PHN Port NCT .......................................... 28 Table 4.2-1 Comparison between Alternatives of the Access Road ............................................... 30 Table 5.1-1 Monthly mean temperature in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong) .................... 37 Table 5.1-2 Monthly mean humidity in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong) ......................... 37 Table 5.1-3 Monthly rainfall in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong) ..................................... 37 Table 5.1-4 Monthly max wind speed and direction in Phnom Penh Municipality

(Pochentong) ................................................................................................................ 37 Table 5.1-5 Description of the survey sites ..................................................................................... 43 Table 5.1-6 Survey period of Air quality, Noise and Traffic Volume Survey ................................ 44 Table 5.1-7 Analysis Methodology for Air quality and Noise survey ............................................ 44 Table 5.1-8 Result of Air Quality Survey ....................................................................................... 47 Table 5.1-9 Noise Level Standard(dB) in Cambodia ...................................................................... 49 Table 5.1-10 Description of the Survey Sites ................................................................................... 51 Table 5.1-11 Survey period of Water Quality Survey for the project of NCT ................................. 51 Table 5.1-12 Survey period of Water Quality Survey for the project site of SEZ ............................ 51 Table 5.1-13 Parameters and analysis method .................................................................................. 52 Table 5.1-14 Result of Water Quality Survey for planned SEZ site ................................................. 54 Table 5.1-15 Result of Water Quality Survey for NCT site.............................................................. 55 Table 5.1-16 Description of the Survey Sites ................................................................................... 56 Table 5.1-17 Survey period of Sediment Quality ............................................................................. 56 Table 5.1-18 Parameters and analysis method .................................................................................. 56 Table 5.1-19 Result of Sediment Quality Survey ............................................................................. 58 Table 5.1-20 Result of Sediment Quality Survey(Grain Size) .......................................................... 58 Table 5.1-21 Comparison with the Land Soil Standard .................................................................... 59 Table 5.1-22 Description of the Survey Sites ................................................................................... 61 Table 5.1-23 Result of Interview Survey in the project site of SEZ ................................................. 64 Table 5.1-24 Result of Field Survey in the project site of SEZ ........................................................ 67 Table 5.1-25 Result of Field Survey (Benthos) in the project site of SEZ ....................................... 68 Table 5.1-26 Result of Interview Survey in the project site of NCT ................................................ 68 Table 5.1-27 Result of Field Survey in the project site of NCT ....................................................... 71 Table 5.1-28 Result of Field Survey (Benthos) in the project site of NCT ....................................... 72 Table 5.1-29 Endangered Fish Species ............................................................................................. 72 Table 5.1-30 Evaluation of Collected Benthos Species .................................................................... 73 Table 5.1-31 Survey period of Terrestrial Flora and Fauna .............................................................. 75 Table 5.1-32 Result of Flora Survey ................................................................................................. 80 Table 5.1-33 Result of Mammals ...................................................................................................... 85 Table 5.1-34 Result of Bird ............................................................................................................... 86 Table 5.1-35 Result of Reptile .......................................................................................................... 87 Table 5.1-36 Result of amphibian ..................................................................................................... 89 Table 5.1-37 Description of the Survey Sites ................................................................................... 90 Table 5.1-38 Parameters and analysis method .................................................................................. 90 Table 5.1-39 Result of the Filling Material Survey .......................................................................... 91


Table 5.1-40 Result of the Filling Material Survey (Grain Size) ...................................................... 92 Table 5.1-41 Result of the Land Soil Survey .................................................................................... 92 Table 5.1-42 Result of the Land Soil Survey (Grain Size) ............................................................... 92 Table 5.2-1 Number of households in each village and its selected samples ................................. 93 Table 5.2-2 Detailed Population and Families in the Survey Area ................................................. 95 Table 5.2-3 Education Status .......................................................................................................... 95 Table 5.2-4 Number of School Facilities ........................................................................................ 96 Table 5.2-5 Main and secondary occupations of people in the villages ......................................... 97 Table 5.2-6 Energy sources used by households ............................................................................ 97 Table 5.2-7 Paddy field occupied by families ................................................................................. 98 Table 5.2-8 Farm land occupied by families ................................................................................... 98 Table 5.2-9 Detailed Rice Cultivation Times and Yields ............................................................... 99 Table 5.2-10 Planting and Harvesting Period of Vegetables ............................................................ 99 Table 5.2-11 Animals Husbandry ................................................................................................... 100 Table 5.2-12 Results of the Detailed Interview to Fishermen in Mekong River ............................ 102 Table 5.2-13 Water Sources for General Consumption .................................................................. 105 Table 5.2-14 Drinking Water Source .............................................................................................. 105 Table 5.2-15 Number of Families using Toilets ............................................................................. 105 Table 5.2-16 Major Diseases Recorded in the Year 2012............................................................... 106 Table 5.2-17 Diseases Reported by Respondents in the Year 2012................................................ 106 Table 5.2-18 Family with members infected with HIV/AIDS (2010) ............................................ 106 Table 6.1-1 Number of Affected Landowners .............................................................................. 109 Table 6.1-2 Estimated Number of Major Construction Equipment .............................................. 115 Table 6.1-3 Sound power level of diesel and hydraulic pile-drivers ............................................ 117 Table 6.1-4 Pollutant Emission Factors ........................................................................................ 121 Table 6.1-5 Number of Vehicles Passing through the Access Road ............................................. 123 Table 6.1-6 Average Emission Rate of Pollutants ........................................................................ 123 Table 6.1-7 Predicted Ambient Air Quality .................................................................................. 124 Table 6.1-8 Predicted Noise Level(LAeq) ...................................................................................... 127 Table 6.1-9 Expected Employment ............................................................................................... 131 Table 6.1-10 Comparison of Water Supply Capacity and Volume to be Supplied to

the SEZ ...................................................................................................................... 131 Table 6.1-11 List of Declaration on Working Condition under Labor Law ................................... 132 Table 6.2-1 Estimated Number of Major Construction Equipment .............................................. 134 Table 6.2-2 Number of Vehicles Passing through the National Road No.1 (N1) ......................... 138 Table 6.2-3 Predicted Ambient Air Quality at the National Road No.1 (N1) ............................... 139 Table 6.2-4 Specification of Vessel and Given condition for Estimation ..................................... 140 Table 6.2-5 Results of Estimation of Emission from Vessels ....................................................... 140 Table 6.2-6 Current Emission rate from The vehicle at National Road No.1 ............................... 140 Table 6.2-7 Estimated Number of Cargo Handling Equipment .................................................... 141 Table 6.2-8 Estimated maximum number of cargo vehicle at respective

time(car/hour) ............................................................................................................ 142 Table 6.2-9 Predicted Noise Level(LAeq, dB) ................................................................................ 142 Table 7.1-1 Environmental Management Plan for SEZ and Access Road

(Construction Phase) .................................................................................................. 146 Table 7.1-2 Environmental Management Plan for SEZ and Access Road (Operation

Phase)......................................................................................................................... 147 Table 7.1-3 Environmental Management Plan for NCT (Construction Phase) ............................ 150 Table 7.1-4 Environmental Management Plan for NCT (Operation Phase) ................................. 151 Table 8.1-1 Requests from Local People at the 1st Stakeholder Meeting Villagers

and the Policy of Response ........................................................................................ 152


List of Abbreviation

Abbreviation Official Discretion BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CDC The Council for the Development of Cambodia CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen DWT Dead Weight Tonnage EDC Electricite Du Cambodge EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FDI Foreign Direct Investment GNI Gross National Income HDPE High Density polyethylene pipe IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LOA Lenght Over All MOE Ministry of Environment MRC Mekong River Commission NCT New Container Terminal NH4-N Ammonium Nitrogen NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NOx Nitrogen Oxide PAPs Project Affected Persons PAS Sihanoukville Autonomous Port PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PHN Phnom Penh PM10 Particulate Matter of 10 µm in Diameter PO4-P Phosphate Phosphorus PPAP Phnom Penh Autonomous Port PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SEZ Special Economic Zone SO2 Sulfur Dioxide SOx Sulfur Oxide SPC Special Purpose Company SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TEU Twenty-feet Equivalent Unit TN Total Nitrogen TP Total Phosphorus TSP Total Suspended Particular TSS Total Suspended Solid


Executive summary

“The Phnom Penh Autonomous Port New Container Terminals’ Special Economic Zone and Associated Facilities Construction Project” (herein after referred as “the Project”) is aiming to develop the social/economic infrastructure and improve the investment environment by means of improvement of the function of Phnom Penh Port, strengthening of port management operation systems and development of an SEZ, which is directly connected to the port. This EIA study report was developed as the part of the preparatory survey on the Project conducted since September 2012 by the survey team dispatched by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in order to support Phnom Penh Autonomous Port (PPAP) to take into account the necessary environmental and social consideration for implementing the Project. The project components covered in the EIA study are as follows:

PPAP-New Container Terminal (NCT) Special Economic Zone (SEZ) together with the access road

PHN Port NCT: Terminal-2 considering future development of Terminal- 3

Since the SEZ is developed by landfill at lowland, it is concerned that the development will make the flooded area stretch out to the surroundings because it will decrease the water storage capacity of the area. Also, water volume which is reserved and used for irrigation during the dry season may decrease. For mitigating the impacts, a water reservoir pond is planned to be constructed adjacent to the SEZ to compensate the decrease of water storage capacity. As the access road will split the existing canals and roads as well as affecting navigation routes of local fishing boats, bridge and culvert tunnels are planned to be installed in order to mitigate the impacts. During operation of the SEZ, it is proposed to control wastewater carefully not to affect surrounding fauna and flora. In addition, pond and green space are planned in the SEZ for creating their habitats.

For the NCT project, monitoring of traffic volume and noise is proposed as the terminal operation will increase traffic. Also, consultation with local fishermen is suggested regarding water area use considering that the fishing ground is located adjacent to the terminal site.

Environmental management and monitoring plan during construction phase is proposed for PPAP to supervise the contractor who implements the activities. For operation phase, it is proposed that Special Purpose Company (SPC), which will be established for the SEZ, will handle the management and the monitoring for the SEZ and the access road as the responsible and implementation agency, while PPAP will be in charge of NCT.

1


1. Introduction

1.1. Background

Cambodia’s territory area is approximately 180 thousand km2, with the population of 13 million (2009) and the GNI per capita of US$ 650 (2009). There are two major logistics gateway ports in Cambodia. One is the Phnom Penh Autonomous Port (PPAP), a regional river port along Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers, and the other is the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port (PAS) an international deep seaport. According to the study report “The Project for the Study on Strengthening Competitiveness and Development of Sihanoukville Port” (JICA, 2012), it was forecast that even if a proper share of roles between the ports of PPAP and PAS was made, the container cargo volume of PPAP would continue to grow, and the development of the port facilities for expansion of the port capacity and improvement of port operation and maintenance are urgent issues.

To deal with the growing container cargo, PPAP implemented the construction of New Container Terminal (NCT) 1 with a Chinese government soft loan fund beginning in 2010, along the right bank of Mekong River 26 km downstream of the existing Phnom Penh Port. The port operation of NCT1 commenced in January 2013. Subsequently, PPAP planned that NCT will account for 75% of container cargoes, and the existing Phnom Penh Port will handle 25% of container cargoes and agricultural bulk cargo such as rice which is highlighted for promotion of export as part of the national plan. Special cargoes, such as heavy cargo, and passengers will also be handled and utilize the existing Phnom Penh Port. NCT1 is, however, forecast to reach capacity in the forthcoming several years, and further expansion of the Terminal 2 will be needed. The NCT is expected not only to handle container cargoes but also to be a stronghold of logistics in the capital region together with the NCT’s SEZ (Special Economic Zone) to be planned in the hinterland of the NCT.

In association with the new port development, it is further necessary for Cambodia to facilitate promotion and development of a strengthening of the basic industrial sector to widely enhance employment opportunities and high value added industries. To achieve this target, the promotion of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) by means of an SEZ together with port development is indispensable.

Currently, SEZ in Cambodia are mainly located in the Bavet area near the Vietnam border along National Road No.1, Sihanoukville area along National Road No.4, and near the Thai border. In the Capital region, only one SEZ is operating in which tenants are currently conducting business but there is not enough room for late coming tenants. Considering the hike in workers’ wages and land prices in neighboring countries the competitiveness of the new SEZ in Cambodia will be strengthened. The PPAP NCT’s SEZ, which is located in the Phnom Penh City area as a core of production and consumers activities, and directly connecting to the inland waterway transport through NCT, will be, therefore, highly and urgently needed for development. In this situation PPAP is in the process of acquiring the land for SEZ development in the area directly connected to NCT.

1.2. Objectives of the EIA Study

“The Phnom Penh Autonomous Port New Container Terminals’ Special Economic Zone and Associated Facilities Construction Project” (herein after referred as “the Project”) is aiming to develop the social/economic infrastructure and improve the investment environment by means of improvement of the function of Phnom Penh Port, strengthening of port management operation systems and development of an SEZ, which is directly connected to the port.

This EIA study report was developed as the part of the preparatory survey on the Project conducted since September 2012 by the survey team dispatched by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The purpose of the EIA study is to support PPAP to take into account the necessary environmental and social consideration for implementing the Project in conformity with the legislation in Cambodia and JICA’s Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (herein after referred as “JICA’s Guideline”.

2


2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

2.1. Environmental Laws and Regulations in Cambodia

Environmental rerated laws and regulations in Cambodia are shown in Table 2.1-1. Basic law on the environmental policy is Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (1996). Based on the law, specific process or regulations are set down by Sub-Decree and Prakas.

Table 2.1-1 Environmental Laws and Regulations

Laws and Regulations Date Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management December 1996 Law on Protected Area January 2008 Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process August 1999 Prakas(Declaration) on General Guideline for Conducting Initial and Full Environmental Impact Assessment Reports

September 2009

Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control April 1999 Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance June 2000 Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management April 1999

2.2. EIA System in Cambodia

2.2.1 General Outline of EIA System

The project owner whose project is prescribed in the Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (1999) shall be required to conduct an EIA which complies with the Prakas (Declaration) in the General Guideline for Conducting Initial and Full Environmental Impact Assessment Reports (2009) based on the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (1996). The EIA report shall be approved by the Ministry of Environment (MOE). Projects which are prescribed in the Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (1999) are categorized into four major groups (Industrial, Agricultural, Tourism and Infrastructure), with small classification. The infrastructure group includes the target projects, namely port construction and Industrial zones, which are required to conduct (Initial Environmental Impact Assessment) an IEIA regardless of the project size. If the project is jugged to cause a serious impact to the environment in the IEIA, implementation of a Full EIA shall be required. Where the IEIA evaluates the impact based on secondary data while a Full EIA is based on a detailed environmental survey.

2.2.2 IEIA/EIA Approval Procedure

The project owner that is required to submit an IEIA/EIA shall gain approval from MOE. The procedure shall be applied to National or Provincial environmental departments based on the jurisdiction. Once the application is accepted, the National or Provincial environmental department will conduct the procedures and give approval or request amendment by the project owner in 30 days.

3. Project Description

3.1. Project Components

In this EIA study, environmental and social impacts which may be caused by the following project components are assessed for each project phase, namely, pre-construction phase, construction phase and operation phase. Project location is shown in Figure 3.1-1.

3


PPAP-NCT SEZ Land development for 205 ha considering future expansion at the south (Figure 3.1-2). Access road with the length of about 4 km to connect the SEZ with National Road No.1 Utility facilities in the SEZ: water supply system, sewerage system and electrical system PHN Port NCT Terminal-2 located downstream of the existing Terminal-1 considering future development of

Terminal- 3 (Figure 3.1-3). (Location of Terminal-3 has not been decided.) Planned capacity of container cargo and the development schedule of each terminal are shown in Table 3.1-1.

Table 3.1-1 Planned Container Cargo Capacity and Development Schedule of the Terminals

Terminal Container cargo capacity (TEU)

Year of starting operation

Year of reaching full capacity

Terminal-1 (existing) 170,000 2013 2020 Terminal-2 250,000 2020 2029 Terminal-3 250,000 2029 -

Overall layout plan proposed in the preparatory survey are presented in Figure 3.1-4.

Source: Google, JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.1-1 Project Location

0 5 10 km

Phnom Penh City

NCT

Planned SEZ

Mekong River

NR No.1

4



Figure 3.1-2 Location of the target SEZ and Access Road

Source: PPAP

Figure 3.1-3 General Layout of the Existing New Phnom Penh Port (NCT)

Access Road

Target SEZ Area(205ha)

Area For Future Expansion

Existing Terminal 1

Area for Terminal 2

5


Figure 3.1-4 Overall Layout Plan

6


3.2. PPAP-NCT SEZ

3.2.1 Development Area for SEZ Project

The project location is mainly in the Kien Svay District, Banteay Daek Commune, Kandal Province. The SEZ basic layout (draft) is presented in Figure 3.2-1.

Figure 3.2-1 SEZ Basic Layout

7


3.2.2 Summary of Concept Design and Planning for SEZ Facilities

(1) Civil and Architectural Facilities

Basic dimensions of major SEZ civil and architectural facilities are presented as below:

a) Soil Embankment :SEZ Development Area =143 ha (Filling Volume : 6,900,000 m3) ( Excavated soil materials from 50 ha area = 3,200,000 m3, Sand reclamation from quarry site = 3,700,000 m3), Land Elevation +7.5 (SEZ area) and +8.5 (Boundary Dike)

b) SEZ Road Main Road : 2 lanes for one way (3.5m width x2), Median strip (1m width),

Two way road Round Road : 2 lanes for one way (3.5m width x2),Two way road Other Road : Parking lane + 1lane (2.5m +3.5m) for one way, Two way road Small Road : 1lane for one way (3.5m width),Two way road Buffer Zone : Both side of road (natural green grass) = 5m width each

c) Access Road : Parking lane + 1lane (2.5m +3.75m) for one way, Two way road

d) Rain Water Drainage : Open ditch drainage installed at both side of road. (1m x 0.5~1.0m), Diameter 800mm~1000m RC pipe culvert installed for crossing the road and for outlet.

e) Buildings : 1ha area for the SEZ office and Maintenance office, SEZ office (Two stories building having 2400m2 space) Maintenance Office & shop (600 m2 one story) SEZ gate (3lanes and 3 checking booths)

f) Green area and Park

Park : installed green grass around the park, water pond planned in the park, 5m width protection around the pond.

Green grass : Installed green grass and tree (palm and acacia 10m interval) at buffer zone, median strip and park.

Fence : Installed around SEZ and around commercial area, 2.5m height made of brick wall.

g) Outside area SEZ : Commercial area, school clinic area and apartment area is located outside of SEZ separated by the fence installed at boundary of the SEZ factory area.

Figure 3.2-2 and Figure 3.2-3 show typical sections and pavement compositions of SEZ access road, service and other road.

8


Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.2-2 SEZ Access Road Typical Section and Pavement Composition

a. Main Road

b. Service Road

c. Other Common Road


Figure 3.2-3 SEZ Access Road Typical Section and Pavement Composition

9


3.2.3 Development Scale and Estimated Construction Quantity for SEZ

The planned development scale is presented in Table 3.2-1 and the construction quantity for the Access Road is shown in Table 3.2-2 and the quantity of the SEZ is presented in Table 3.2-3.

Table 3.2-1 PPNP SEZ Common Facilities and Area Allocation


Table 3.2-2 Access Road Quantity for the SEZ


Land Use Area (ha)

Development Area　（Area outside SEZ＋Area Inside SEZ） 143

Area Outside of SEZ 3.02

Detailed

Apartment Area for Tenant (Rental) 1.22

School and Clinic Area (Rental) 0.6

Commercial Area (Rental) 1.2

Area inside of SEZ 139.98

Detailed

Area for Tenant (factories) 106.3

Logistic Center Area (Concessionaire) 2.7

Road Network 10.6

SEZ Management Office & Maintenance shop 0.9

SEZ Common Utility (Facilities Area) 2.98

Park (garden & Pond) 7.42

Other common area and green area 9.08

Unit Tentative Estimated Remarks

1-1 Soil Transportation and Embankment m3 320,000 Transportation, Grading and Compaction 1-2 Area Clearance m2 100,000 Clearance1-3 Concrete Pavement (RC pavement) m2 1,000 250mm thickness　RC pavement

1-4 Asphalt Concrete Pavement (AC Pavement) m2 47,000 100mm asphalt concrete pavement(thickness 58cm）

1-5 Bridge m 1 RC Bridge1-6 RC Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　1500mm） m 90 RC Pipe1-7 RC Culvert (Road Crossing) m 125 RC Culvert (2.5m height)1-8 Curb Concrete Stone (for Road) Nos 7,200 150mm　ｘ250mm1-9 Road Lighting Pole and Light Nos 193 25m Intervals1-10 Transformer　22ｋｖ～400ｖ m 7 For road lighting 1-11 1) Low Voltage （400／200V）Cupper Cable, 120 sq m 11,475 For road lighting /under ground lines

2) Low Voltage （400／200V）Cupper Cable, 70 sq m 8,9753) Low Voltage （400／200V）Cupper Cable, 10 sq m 6,600

1-13 Water Supply Pipe (HDPE dia : 200mm) m 3,850 （Road No.1～SEZ entrance)1-14 U-type RC Drainage (Road) m2 7,200 RC300ｘ300 U ditch1-15 Green Area (Walkway and slope protection) Nos 32,000 Both sides of road (2.5m width),　slope 2m1-16 Tree Planting Nos 480 15m Intervals in the both sides of road

2-1 Mobilization/Demobilization L.s 12-2 Temporary works, Temporary office for Contract L.s 12-3 Site Expenses and General Expenses ％ 8 8% of direct Construction cost

3 ％ 6 6% of direct Construction CostEscalation & Physical Contingency ％ 2.5％＋5％ 7.5% of Direct construction cost

2

Temporary Works, Others

Detailed Design and Construction Supervision

1

Access RoadNo Facilities and Equipment

10


Table 3.2-3 Construction Quantity for SEZ Development


Unit Tentative Estimated Remarksha 143ha　SEZ　Development

　 Average height (＋8.25ｍ)

1-1 Reservoir Pond Excavation around SEZ m3 400,000 Around the SEZ 20m width x 4m depth1-2 Dike Embankment around SEZ m3 400,000 Excavated material used for filling 1-3 Reservoir Pond Excavation for Filling Material m3 3,510,000 320,000 m3 will be used for Access Road1-4 Sand Filling into SEZ (Embankment fill by sand) m3 3,700,000 Total Volume of SEZ Filling (6,900,000m3)

2-1 Concrete Pavement (RC pavement) m2 2,000 Around SEZ Main Gate2-2 Asphalt Concrete Pavement (AC Pavement) m2 80,000 SEZ Road (Inner SEZ)2-3 Crushed Rock Pavement m2 9,000 Future Expansion Road2-4 Asphalt Concrete Pavement for Common Area m2 17,860 For small and medium size car 2-5 Curb Concrete Stone (for Road) ｍ 17,000 150mm　ｘ250mm

3-1 V-ditch Drainage　（Average 1m width　ｘ0.5~ １ｍｍ 11,850 Both sides of the SEZ road3-2 V-ditch Drainage　（Average 1.5m width　ｘ1~ １. ｍ 850 from center area to outlet3-3 RC Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　800mm）ｍ 1,500 Road Crossing area, entrance of Tenants3-4 RC Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　1000mm）ｍ 300 Road Crossing area, entrance of Tenants3-5 RC Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　1200mm）ｍ 50 from center area to outlet

3-6 Sewer Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　300ｍｍ）ｍ 8,800 Along the Road for Tenants

3-7 Sewer Pipe Culvert （RC　dia:　400ｍｍ）ｍ 1,100 Final Connection to the Treatment Plant

4-1 High Voltage （22KV　）Aluminum Power Cable ｍ 7,140 Inner SEZ main power line 4-2 Low Voltage （400／200V）Cupper Cable, 10sq ｍ 11,190 For road lighting /under ground lines4-3 Road Lighting Pole and Light Nos 362 One side of Road (20m intervals)4-4 Power Cable Pole Nos 300 One side of Road (20m intervals)

4-5 Sub Station (Transformer　250kv～22kv） Unit 1

High Voltage Pylon and Sub-station10,000m2Construction and installation requested toEDC(Capacity 35MW)

4-6 1) Transformer　22ｋｖ～400ｖ Administration Buildi Unit 1 Transformer for road lighting and common4-6 2) Transformer　22ｋｖ～400ｖ (Lighting ) Unit 4 Transformer for road lighting and common

f ili i

5-1 HDPE Pipe （dia : 200mm）ｍ 6,200 One side of Road (main pipeline)5-2 HDPE　Pipe（dia :100mm）ｍ 2,000 Road Crossing area, entrance of Tenants5-3 Hydrant （100～65mm　2 outlets ） Nos 20 Installation 200m intervals5-4 Water Distribution Pump Unit 3 Pumping up to the elevated tank

6-1 Gate and Checking Booth m2 300 SEZ main gate

6-2 SEZ Administration Office m2 2,000 Office, Customs, Bank, Service Center、Seminar Room and Tenant Office

6-3 SEZ Maintenance Office and Shed m2 3006-4 Power Supply Maintenance and Generator House m2 300 Generator House6-5 Emergency Generator KVA 1,000 Emergency Generator6-6 Water Reservoir Tank ton 2,0006-7 Water Elevated Tank ton 1506-8 Sewerage Treatment Plant ton 1,500 Oxidation Ditch System6-9 Sewer Pumping Tank and Pump ton 200 Pumping up to the Treatment Plant

7-1 Green Area (buffer zone, parks, and common area m2 70,000 Green installation7-2 Tree Planting Nos 1,800 Palm and Acacia7-3 Protection around the pond m2 5,500 Stone protection7-4 Fence m 7,000 Block Fence (2.5m height)

8-1 Mobilization/Demobilization L.s 18-2 Temporary works, Temporary office for Contract L.s 18-3 Site Expenses and General Expenses ％ 8 8% of direct Construction cost

9 ％ 6 6% of direct Construction CostEscalation & Physical Contingency ％ 2.5％＋5％ 7.5% of Direct construction cost

6

Buildings and Utility Facilities

7

Land Scraping

8

Temporary Works, Others

Detailed Design and Construction Supervision

3

Storm Water Drainage and Sewerage System

4

Electrical Power Cable

5

Water Supply Pipe

No Facilities and Equipment

1

SEZ Soil Embankment

2

SEZ Pavement

11


3.2.4 Facility Planning

(1) Water Supply System

The demand of water supply for PPAP-NCT SEZ is estimated at about 2,000 m3/day.

Currently, water supply pipe of 200mm dia. is installed along national road No.1, however the existing water pipe could not be used for PPAP-NCT SEZ due to high demand.

Therefore, PPAP-NCT SEZ water supply pipe is to be connected directly to the secondary water station located in the area about 5Km from PPAP-NCT SEZ. Currently the capacity of the primary water station located in the area about 15 km form PPAP-NCT SEZ is 4,000 m3/day however this water station will be able to supply up to 10,000 m3/day. The name of water supply company is MEKONG MEPOVASIMEX IMPORT & EXPORT.

The water from city water is stored in a water reservoir tank (storage volume: 2,000 cubic meters) for countermeasures of water outage, the water in reservoir tank is lifted to an elevated tank (storage volume: 150 cubic meters) by 3 sets ( one pump for standby) of lift pumps (2,500L/min x 0.46MPa), and water is supplied to tenants and the facilities building from the elevated tank. Schematic Flow for Water Supply System is shown in Figure 3.2-4.

A gate valve is provided for future water supply connection. Water supply pressure is to be kept at more than 2 Bar (0.2 MPa) at the gate valve installed at each tenant site. Water supply pipe is of High Density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) in consideration of corrosion resistance, flexibility and workability.

Major equipment of the Water Supply System is as follows:

• lift pumps (2,500L/min x 0.46MPa) 3 nos. (1 for standby) • Water reservoir tank (storage volume: 1,500 cubic meters) 1 lot • Elevated Tank(storage volume: 1500 cubic meters, Height :

25 m) 1 lot

• Water Supply Pipe (HDPE 100mm) Approx. 2,000 m • Water Supply Pipe (HDPE 200mm) Approx. 6,500 m


Figure 3.2-4 Schematic Diagram for Water Supply System

Site Plan for the Water Supply System is shown in Figure 3.2-5.

12



Figure 3.2-5 Site Plan for the Water Supply System

13


(2) Sewerage System

The Sewerage System for the tenants is intended for sewage water from water closets and kitchens. The oil and fat content is to be separated from the sewage water using grease separators to treat the sewage water that is discharged from the kitchens. A Schematic Diagram for a Sewerage Treatment Plant is shown in Figure 3.2-6. Industrial and medical wastewater is to be discharged to a sewer manhole after being treated at the respective treatment plant that is to be installed by the tenant. The water quality from the sewerage treatment plant will meet the requirements of Cambodian standards. The sewer pipe is of a concrete pipe in consideration of corrosion resistance, impact resistance and cost of pipe. “Oxidation Ditch Process” will be employed for the Sewerage Treatment Plant in consideration of easy maintenance and installation cost. A Site Plan for the Sewerage System is shown in Figure 3.2-7. Major plant and components of the Sewerage System are as follows:

Major equipment of the Sewerage System is follows

• Sewerage treatment plant (cap.:2,000 cubic meters per day) 1 unit • Sewer Pipe (RC 300mm) Approx. 8,800 m • Sewer Pipe (RC 400mm) Approx. 1,100 m


Figure 3.2-6 Schematic Diagram for the Sewerage Treatment Plant

14



Figure 3.2-7 Site Plan for the Sewerage System

15


(3) Electrical Systems

The maximum electrical demand of the PPAP-NCT SEZ is estimated about 40 MVA.

According to a standard of Electricite Du Cambodge (EDC), the maximum distribution capacity of an overhead 22 kV distribution is 10 MVA. In view of the standard, the capacity of existing 22 kV distribution line is not enough to cover the demand of PPAP-NCT SEZ.

EDC plans new 115kV transmission line from Phnom Penh to Neak Loeung Bridge along a national road No.1 This plan has been designed and budgeted, the planned new transmission line is expected to complete by 2015.

For the PPAP-NCT SEZ, EDC will install a 115/22 kV substation in the PPAP- NCT SEZ area, and incoming transmission line of the above 115/22 kV substation is to be connected 115 kV transmission line installed along the road No. 1.

The 115/22 kV substation will be installed by EDC, however part of expenses related to installation of the above substation will be borne by PPAP-NCT SEZ.

Major equipment of 115/22 kV substation is as follows:

• 115/22 kV Substation（Installed by EDC） 1 unit • 22 kV Distribution Panel 1 unit

3.2.5 Construction Plan for SEZ Development

(1) Embankment Fill for SEZ Area and Access Road

Materials of land fill for SEZ is planned to divide into two sources, excavated soil approximately 3,900,000 m3 from the PPAP property land around the SEZ area and approximately 3,700,000 m3 from the sand quarry at Chak-tomuk, totally 6,900,000 m3 soil for the fill will be necessary for the SEZ and the access road. The SEZ area becomes water height from +6.0 m to 7.0m elevation flooding in the rainy season and has been utilized for the rice field during dry season from December to July. Therefore, the area for the SEZ shall be filled up to +7.5m which is the 1.0m higher than the water elevation in rainy season. The present ground elevation in the SEZ area is to be + 2.6 m on average, hence the filling thickness is about 5m. The excavated area around the SEZ is planned for the water reservoir pond to use the irrigation for the rice field around the SEZ area.

(2) Boundary Dike of SEZ Area and Reservoir Pond

Prior to the sand fill into the SEZ area, inside of the boundary around the SEZ area is excavated 20m in width and down to 5m, which the excavated soil are used to make the dike having +8.5m elevation height and 3m in width of the top of the dike around the AEZ area. The area is excavated and the dike is embanked by large excavators in the dry season. The excavated areas around the SEZ which becomes water ponds connected with existing cannels in order to flow water as the irrigation. The large excavators will be necessary more than 6 units to work during dry seasons (Productivity =700 m3/day x 6 units = 4,200 m3/day). In addition with boundary dike, the another large area having 50 ha where is the PPAP property land remaining after allocation for the SEZ area located beside of the SEZ shall be excavated the soil for the SEZ fill and for another reservoir pond of the irrigation. The required volume of the irrigation water is follows Schematic illustration of the work is shown in Figure 3.2-8.

Required volume of water reservoir :150 ha x 0.5 m (natural water reservoir depth ) = 750,000 m3 Necessary depth of the Ponds : 0.5m + 750,000 /(205ha – 145ha)= Approx. 2.0m depth.

The project is recommended that the water depth of ponds is as 6.0 m in order to secure the soil materials for the SEZ fill.

16


(3) Access Road Construction

The fill soil excavated from the pond could be transported, filled and compacted to the access road area by using dump trucks, bulldozer and roller. The soil material shall be graded and compacted fill layers having 150mm thickness each for the core embankment under the base cause of the road (1.0m lower than the road surface). In case of water cannels crossing the access road, pipe culverts (having necessary capacity to flow the water) are planned to install under the road. In case of existing roads crossing for the access road, existing roads shall be arranged grade crossing in order to across trucks for farming. During flood season, two waterways closing under the road for farmers will be constructed such as bridge or culvert as well.

(4) Fill Sand Extraction, Transportation and Pumping Fill

In the first dry season, the sand distribution pumping barge will be set at the Mekong river bank beside of the new container terminal. Then, the sand distribution pipelines having diameter 500mm are installed through the water gate and along the existing farming roads. After completion of the soil dike around the SEZ area, fill sands extracted at Chak-tomuk (quarry) are transported to the NCT bank by sand barges. Then, sands are pumped up with water and distributed to the SEZ area for filling as shown in Figure 3.2-8.

Capacity of the quarry at Chak-tomuk is assumed about 6 million m3 per year (6,000,000m3/year) as following results of the hearing survey.

1. An experience to supply sand for a housing project was 8 million m3 from 2008 to 2010.

2. From 2008 to present, yearly sand extraction volume is assumed about 6 million m3/ year

3. Available volume for a project is assumed about 3 million m3/year.

In this project, the sand volume extracted from Chak-tomuk is planned for 3,700,000 m3 during two years and three months which means about 2,300,000 m3/year. It is available volume to extract the sand considering with other demands for fill materials. Therefore, the sand fill work is planned to secure about 7,000 m3 / day productivity in this project.

17



Figure 3.2-8 Schematic Illustration for the Work of Boundary Dike and Reservoir Pond

(5) Pavement, Utilities and Buildings

After the embankment filling for the access road (after one year from the commencement of the construction), the access road could be utilized for the temporary road in order to transport materials for the pavement, utility works and building works in the SEZ. Therefore, those works will be started

18


one year after of the construction for the project. The pavement is mainly made from three causes, sub-base cause as laterite soil layer, base cause as crushed rock layer and surface cause as asphalt concrete layer. Transportation volumes of the materials through road No.1 are estimated about 15 trucks per peak day (5 trucks per day on average), so that impacts for road traffic and the resident are not taken into account.

Storm water drainage in the SEZ is planned to install open ditches along roads, R.C pipe culvert is only installed where the drainage is crossing roads. Then the drain water is flowed into the reservoir pond around the SEZ. Sewer water from the factory shall be collected to the sewerage treatment plant by R.C pipelines. Electrical power line having 115kv from EDC is connected to the sub-station (transformer) having 40 MW capacity in the SEZ. After down load to 22kv by the transformer, 22kv overhead lines are distributed along roads for each area in the SEZ.

The planned buildings are made of reinforced concrete structure, SEZ administration building is two stories having 2000 m2 floor area in total. Water reservoir tank and elevated water tank is also made of R.C structure supported by RC piles.

3.2.6 Construction Program for SEZ Development

Implementation Program of the Project is shown in Table 3.2-4.

19


Tabl

e 3.

2-4

SE

Z C

onst

ruct

ion

Sche

dule

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Sur

vey

Team

20


3.3. Development for PHN Port NCT 2

3.3.1 The Development Area for PHN Port NCT 2

The project for the development NCT expansion is planned for the Terminal 2. The Terminal 2 is planned to locate at the downstream side of NCT. The NCT 2 basic layout (draft) is presented in Figure 3.3-1.

.

21



Figure 3.3-1 Basic Layout for PHN-NCT 1 and NCT 2

22


3.3.2 Development Scale and Estimated Construction Quantity for PHN Port NCT2

The construction quantity of the PHN Port NCT 2 is presented in Table 3.3-1.

Table 3.3-1 Construction Quantity for PHN Port Terminal 2 Development


1 Expansion of Quay wall (Jetty )1.1 Slope Excavation under the Quay 350 lm Grub Bucket dredger (6m3)1.2 Slope Protection 350 lm Stone Protection (1m thickness)1.3 Construction of Quay wall 350 lm 375ｍ length ｘ22 width ＋Access bridge

202 Nos Piling Barge φ700 x 16t, L=35 m、6 blocks516 Nos Piling barge φ600 x 14t, L=35 m、6 blocks98 Nos Piling Barge φ600 x 16t, L=35 m、(Access

1.3.2 Quay wall (Jetty ) Concrete Works 9,650 m3RC Slab、RC Beam, Pile Caps　（Beam : Pre-cast, using concrete pumping car ）

1.3.3 Fenders 102 Nos 700H1.3.4 Bollards 70 Nos 50ton1.3.5 Crane rails 700 ｍ 73kg1.3.4 Water supply piping , hydrant 500 ｍ 150 φSteel pipe　、Water supply : 3 position

Land Facilities2.1 Yard pavement （Stacking Yard and Road） 61,000 m2 Concrete Pavement (RC Pavement)2.2 RTG Traveling Lanes 5,550 m2 PC Lanes (200mm thickness, 1.5m width) 2.3 Yard Drainage (U-type 500mm x 800mm) 1,900 ｍ Collection water in the Yard 2.4 Yard Drainage RC pipe　dia＝1000mm 300 ｍ Outlet to the River　（Manhole　6 nos）2.5 Yard Fence and Green 550 ｍ Chain link fence height 3.0m

2.6 Water and Fire Fighting Pipeline (150mm)2,000

ｍ Water Supply Pipeline/ Hydrant : 6 nos

2.7 1)Yard Lighting Pole , Lights＋CCTV (10m height250W)

17 Nos2) Yard Lighting Pole , Lights+CCTV (18 m height,400W)

6 Nos3) Yard Lighting Pole , Lights (height , 1250W) 4 Nos

2.8 Boundary lights 25 Nos2.9 Transformer （22kv～6000v,　3000ｋｗ） 1 unit QGC Power2.10 1) Transformer (6000v～400v　700ｋｗ） 1 unit Yard Light and Reefer panel）

2) Transformer (6000v～400v　700kw） 1 unit Lighting , others2.11 1) High Voltage Cable（22 KV） 110 ｍ Road no.1 ~ Sub-station

2)High Voltage Cable (11KV) 6000 v 1,230 m Distribution Cable for QGC 2.12 1) Low Voltage Cable (600 V　） 50 sq 1,350 m

2) Low Voltage Cable (600 V　） 70 sq 520 m4) Low Voltage Cable (600 V　） 120 sq 840 mGenerator 1 Unit 1500ＫＶＡ

Temporary, Mobi/Demobilazation 1 L.sGeneral and Site Expenses 1 L.sEscalation and Contingency 1 L.sEnginieering Cost 1 L.s

Buildings 3.1 Power Sub-Station 80 m2 Sub-Station3.2 Emergency Generator House 50 m2 for Generator 1500 KVA3.3 Fuel Tank 60 m3 Steel Tank ＋Oil dispenser3.4 Entrance Gate and booths 400 m3 3 lanes, three booths小計

Container Handling Equipment 4.1 QGC (Quay Gantry Crane） 3 unit 　

4.2 RTG　（Transfer Crane） 6 unit 　

4.3 Tractor and Trailer 15 unit 　

4.4 Top Lifter 2 unit Empty Container 4.5 Reach Stacker 0 unit 45tons

No. Facilities and EquipmentTentativeEstimatedQuantity

unit Remarks

4

Public Portion

789

Private Portion3

1.3.1 Steel Pipe Piling Works

2

56

23


3.3.3 Construction Plan for PHN Port Terminal 2

(1) Temporary Works, Temporary Office and Temporary Yard.

Within three months after commencement of the construction, mobilization of grab bucket dredger, large equipment and temporary materials could be mobilized to the site. Temporary facilities such as office, temporary yard and temporary utilities will be constructed as well. Steel pipe piles are ordered in the time and mobilization of the piles will be started from three months after commencement of the construction. Materials for the construction are mainly transported through the road No.1 and entered the port gate to the site directory.

(2) Quay Slope Excavation

The quay slope excavation work is done by the grab bucket dredger (6m3 capacity) which is grab bucket crane mounted on floating barge. In order to avoid the soil turbulence, grab bucket type excavator shall be determined. The excavated soil is embanked and graded on the land side by the bulldozer. The work is shown in Figure 3.3-2.

Figure 3.3-2 Slope Excavation Works

(3) Piling Works for Quay (Jetty)

After preparation of the slope under the quay, piling work for the quay is started by piling barge (piling crane mounted on the barge). Steel pile piles are fabricated and transported into NCT 1 from abroad. Those piles are stockpile on the site for splicing work. The piling works is planned for 10 months and the work is shown in Figure 3.3-3. Terminal 1 project done by Chinese contractor has been used same method for the piling works. Any environmental impacts have not been occurred and found.

Figure 3.3-3 Piling Works by Piling Barge

(4) Slope Protection under Quay (Stone Installation Works)

Slope protection works could be started after completion of piling works for 150m in quay length. Materials of protection are used granite stone having 100kg ~500kg in weight. The stones

24


transported from quarry at Kampong Speu (private quarries more than 10 companies) to the site by dump trucks. Volume of the transportation is estimated about five (5) trucks per day, so that impacts for road traffic and the resident are not taken into account. Working period is estimated about 8 months. The stone installation work in deep water area is done by floating crane barge and the work in shallow water area is down by the large excavator. The work is shown in Figure 3.3-4.

Figure 3.3-4 Slope Protection Works

(5) Quay Deck Concrete Work

Subsequently to the slope protection work completed for 150m in quay length, concrete deck construction will be started. Pre-cast reinforced concrete (P.C) beams and P.C pile capes will be made on the temporary yard before commencement of deck construction works. Then, scaffolding works on the piles is arranged. The P.C beams and pile caps are transported and installed on the piles by using cranes from the land side. After installation beams and pile caps, reinforced slab in-situ concrete is casted by using concrete pumping truck. The ready mixed concrete is supplied by the private companies surrounding the site. Transportation volume of the concrete is estimated about 15 trucks per peak day (5 trucks per day on average).

(6) Yard Pavement, Utility Works and Building Works

Materials for pavement works, utility works and building works are transported through the road No.1 and existing entrance of NCT1. Transportation volumes of materials are estimated about 6 trucks per peak day (3 trucks per day on average).

The pavement is mainly made from three causes, sub-base cause as laterite soil layer, base cause as crushed rock layer and surface cause as reinforced concrete layer. The construction equipment is same for road construction such as motor graders and rollers.

The utility works are done together with the pavement works by small equipment. The planned buildings are made by reinforced concrete structure. Materials for the construction are transported through the road No.1.

3.3.4 Construction Program for NCT 2 Development

Implementation Program of the Project is shown in Table 3.3-2.

25


1

23

45

67

89

10

11

12

12

34

56

78

910

11

12

12

34

56

78

910

11

12

L/A

D

eta

iled

Desi

gn a

nd

Tende

r D

ocum

enta

tion

Sele

cti

on C

ontr

acto

r

Civ

il &

Uti

lity

Work

Tem

pora

ry W

ork

s & M

obi

lizat

ion &

Dem

obi

lizat

ion

l.s1

Exc

avat

ion a

nd

Slo

pe P

repa

ration

m3

91,0

00

500m

3/da

y

Pili

ng

Work

s (S

teel P

ipe P

ile)

nos

800

2 n

os/

day x

2 s

ets

RC

Deck

Str

uctu

rem

39,6

00

35 m

3/da

y

Bert

h F

ittings

Ls

1

Slo

pe P

rote

ction

m360

75m

2/da

y

Yar

d an

d R

oad

pav

em

ent

m2

61,0

00

200m

2/da

y

RTG

Pas

sing

Lan

es

m2

5,5

50

50m

2/da

y

Yar

d D

rain

age

m2,2

00

5m

/da

y

Wat

er

Supp

ly P

ipin

g m

2,0

00

20m

/da

y

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Supp

ly a

nd

Yar

d lig

hting

m

2,6

50

Bounda

ry F

ence

m530

5m

/da

y

Lan

d Scar

ping

ls1

Buildin

g W

ork

s

Fuel Sta

tion

L.s

1

Sub-

stat

ion/G

enera

tor

House

m2

110

Sele

ction o

f Supp

lier

Contr

act

Supp

lier

　　

　▼

QG

CN

os

2

R

TG

Nos

3

Tra

cto

r Tra

iler

Nos

6

R

eac

h S

tacke

rN

os

0

Top

Lifte

rN

os

2

Ls

1

Cal

enda

r M

onth

Term

inal

2E

xpansio

nP

roje

ct

Consult

ant

Pro

cure

ment

Equ

ipm

ent

Pro

cure

ment

Ope

rato

r Tra

inin

g

Sequence /

Item

sC

alenda

r Year

2017

2018

2019

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Sur

vey

Team

Tabl

e 3.

3-2

Con

stru

ctio

n Sc

hedu

le o

f NC

T-2

Ext

ensi

on

26


4. Analysis of Alternatives

The proposed project site for the SEZ is located behind the PHN Port NCT for integrated development with NCT. The process of the alternative analysis to select the site for each project, namely, PHN Port NCT, PPAP-NCT SEZ and the access road are reviewed in this section.

4.1. PHN Port NCT

The site for PHN Port NCT was selected based on the Master Plan for Waterborne Transport on the Mekong River System, prepared by the Belgian Technical Cooperation. In the Master Plan, the site was selected out of the candidate sites along the Mekong River considering the suitability in terms of topographic condition and consistency with the future traffic plan. The site is located is about 30 km from Phnom Penh (see ‘d’ in Figure 4.1-1). The suitability evaluated from those viewpoints was also confirmed in this study. In terms of environmental and social considerations, the selected site is able to avoid relocation of residents; the actual relocation has not occurred.

Table 4.1-1 shows comparison between candidate sites along the Mekong River in terms of topographic suitability as a port construction site, environmental and social consideration (impacts on residents and land use) and existence of connecting points in future road traffic plans.

Topographic suitability: According to the following conditions, the selected site (‘d’ in Figure 4.1-1) is the most suitable as a port construction site.

The site is to be located on the right bank of the Mekong River so as to secure the access to the hinterland.

Water depth close to the river bank is to be enough for navigation. Water area in front of the berth is to be more than 300m in width for navigation and basin. River channel and bank are to be straight so as to secure the site for berths. Area between the Mekong River and the National Road No.1, which is parallel with the

Mekong River, is to be more than 250m width for the container terminal

Suitability on environmental and social considerations: ‘c’, ‘d’ and ‘e’ in Figure 4.1-1 take into account the following situations.

Out of the areas between the right bank of the Mekong River and the National Road No.1, area located in Phnom Penh Municipality (‘a’ in Figure 4.1-1: up to about 10 km downstream from Monivong Bridge at Bassak river) is not suitable because of the crowded residential area.

At the downstream area (‘b’ in Figure 4.1-1), restriction on the environmental and social consideration becomes smaller due to the smaller number of houses.

In the farther downstream areas (‘c’,’ d’ and ‘e’ in Figure 4.1-1), the number of existing houses becomes much smaller.

Suitability of future traffic plan:

The crossover point where National Road No.1 joins the planned Phnom Penh Outer Ring Road was selected for the project site considering that the site should be outside of the congested urban area as well as within the urban transportation area. The selected site is expected to provide a smooth connection to the west and the north of the traffic network of Phnom Penh without passing through urban traffic bottle necks.

27


Source: Google Earth, JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.1-1 Candidate Locations of PHN Port NCT

Table 4.1-1 Comparison between Candidate Sites for PHN Port NCT


4.2. PPAP-NCT SEZ

The site for SEZ needs to be located close to PHN Port NCT as much as possible for the integrated development. However, the closest area behind NCT, up to about 4 km south from the National Road No.1, has been widely used as farm land and is deemed not to be appropriate due to the significant impacts on land use. Considering the situation, the project site was selected as shown in Figure 4.2-1 to avoid the impacts to the farm land. Although the selected area is also used as farm land, the production is lower than the area up to 4 km south from the National Road due to the low elevation and the long flooded periods during the rainy season; therefore, the impacts on land use and the other related social impacts are expected to be smaller in the case of the selected site.

a

b c

d e

Phnom Penh

Mekong River

Basak River

Monivong Bridge

Selected Site for NCT

a b c d e

347-338 km**

338-329 km 329-324 km 324-322 km*

322-316 km

Water Depth atRight Bank ofthe River

Shallow Shallow Shallow-Deep Deep

Deep-Shallow(There are sandbarsin the middle of the

river.)Potential Widthfor NavigationChannel andBasin

Wide Wide-Middle Wide Wide Wide-Narrow

Straightness ofthe River

Bending Bending Straight Straight Straight-Bending

Potential Widthfor Terminal

Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Narrow

Land UseCrowded residential

area along theriverside.

Mixture of residenceand farm land.

Sandbar is existing.

Mixture of factoriesand farm land.

Farm land at theriverside.

Farm land at theriverside. Sandbar

and pond are partlyexisting.

Houses andStructures

CrowdedCrowded-less

crowdedNot crowded Not crowded

Not crowded- a littlecrowded

Traffic PlanTraffic Plan ofPhnom Penh -

Connection withInner Ring Road(Ring Road 2)

-

Topographiccondition is notsuitable for port.Significant impactson land use andhouses are expected.

Fewer houses, butthe topography is notsuitable for port.

Houses are notcrowded, but thewidth for terminal istoo narrow.

Suitable topographiccondition for portand small number ofthe affected houses.Suitable on trafficplan which proposeouter ring road.

Houses are notcrowded or a littlecrowded, but thewidth for terminal istoo narrow.

Notes:

Overall Evaluation

*　Selected site for the terminal-2: 323.5 km, ** Branch point of the Mekong River and Bassak river: 347 km

Area

Distance from the River Mouthof the Mekong River

Topography

Environmentaland Social

Considerations

Connection with Outer Ring Road

28



Figure 4.2-1 Selected SEZ Site and Alternatives for the Access Road

(1) Access Road for SEZ

For the access road, three alternatives shown in Figure 4.2-1 were compared in terms of the functionality, economic efficiency, construction ease, social environment and natural environment (Table 4.2-1). As a result, alternative-1 was selected due to the high functionality and economic efficiency in addition to the smaller environmental impacts.

National Road No.1

Proposed Site for SEZ

Access Road (Alternative 3)



29


Table 4.2-1 Comparison between Alternatives of the Access Road

Items Alternative -1 (Constructing New Road)

Alternative-2 (Expanding Existing Road)

Alternative -3 (Expanding Existing Road)

Functionality The shortest access to the access road from NCT passing through National Road No.1 for about 100m.

Need to pass through National Road No.1 for about 3 km to reach the access road from NCT.

Need to pass through National Road No.1 for about 750m to reach the access road from NCT.

Economic Efficiency (Construction Cost)

Construction cost is expected to be higher than alternative 2 and lower than alternative 3 considering the length of the road, about 4 km.

Construction cost is expected to be the lowest due to the shortest length, about 2km.

Construction cost is expected to be the highest due to the longest length, about 5km.

Construction Ease

Construction works are easy due to the surrounding land use such as rice fields.

Need to prepare alternative road because the existing road traffic would be interrupted by the construction works.

Need to prepare alternative road because the existing road traffic would be interrupted by the construction works.

Social Environment

Relocation of houses is expected to be minimized affecting 11 houses at the maximum.

More than 60 houses need to be relocated.

More than 200 houses need to be relocated.

Natural Environment

Significant impact to the natural environment is not expected because the construction site is already developed as farm land.



Overall Evaluation

Relocation of houses is able to be minimized. Prioritized on functionality and construction ease as well.

Not appropriate due to large number of house relocations.

Significant impact due to very large number of house relocations.


5. Baseline of the Environmental Condition

5.1. Natural Environmental Condition

5.1.1 Topography

(1) Topographic Feature in Cambodia

Figure 5.1-1 shows a topographic features map for the Mekong River countries including Cambodia. As shown in the Figure, average elevations are about 20 m in the Phnom Penh area, 3-10 m from Kandal province and the Vietnam border, less than 5 m from the Vietnam border to the estuaries. Also the area from Kandal province to the Vietnam border already belongs to the Mekong delta.

30


Source: MRC, Planning Atlas of the Lower Mekong River Basin (2011)

Figure 5.1-1 Topographic Features for the Mekong River Countries

(2) Topographic Features around the Survey Area

Figure 5.1-2 shows topographic features around the survey area. As shown in the Figure, the area is located between the Mekong and the Bassac Rivers. National Road No. 1 splits the two areas where NCT is located along the Mekong River bank and the target SEZ area is located inside farmland and wetland. The area lays on the Mekong delta's north edge and is called the “flood plain” of the Mekong River because it tends to frequently have floods due to its topographic features.

31


Source: Google Earth, JICA Survey Team

Figure 5.1-2 Topographic Feature around Survey Area

The elevation of National Road No. 1 is about 9-11 m and the elevation inclines lower toward the SEZ area. The NCT area maintains 9-10 m elevation due to reclamation made for land development by a pump barge system. Figure 5.1-3 shows a survey map combining the results of the PPAP survey and the topographic survey subcontracted by the JICA Survey Team. As found in the Figure, the target SEZ area is approximately 2-3 m in elevation.

32


Source: PPAP, JICA Survey Team

Figure 5.1-3 Topographical Survey Map at Target SEZ Area

33


5.1.2 Land Use

Current land use situation of the target NCT, SEZ and Access road areas are shown below. Figure 5.1-4 shows the location of the project site with the photographic location and direction.

Source: Google, JICA Survey Team Note: The arrows on the map show the photographic locations and directions

Figure 5.1-4 Location of the Project Site

(1) The target NCT area

Figure 5.1-5 shows the port layout and Figure 5.1-6 shows current situation of the terminal2 and which was taken at no.1 in Figure 5.1-4.The target area for NCT (Terminals 2 and 3) has already been levelled. There are some residential areas between NCT and the national load No.1, and lower stream of the terminal 2.


Figure 5.1-5 Aerial photo of the target NCT area

NCT

SEZ

Access Road

1 2

3

Terminal 3 Terminal 2

National Road No.1

34



Figure 5.1-6 Current situation of the target NCT area

(2) The target SEZ area

Figure 5.1-7 shows current situation of the target SEZ area, which was taken at no.3 in Figure 5.1-4. The target SEZ area is flooded during the rainy season due to their low level. Major land conditions are swamp, pond and scrub forest. Fishing activity is conducted in the flooded areas. In the dry season, the drying areas are used as farm land while some areas remain swamp and pond. There are no houses in this project site.


Figure 5.1-7 Current Situation of the target SEZ area

(3) The target Access Road area

Figure 5.1-8 shows current situation of the target Access Road area, which was taken at no.2 in Figure 5.1-4.The northern part of the target access road area, crank portion, is already used as the farm load whose width is about 3.5m and there are some houses around the entrance on the national road No.1. There is no existing road on the southern part. Major portion of them are paddy field and canals are running from west to east.

35



Figure 5.1-8 Current Situation of the target Access Road area

5.1.3 Protected Area

Protected areas are designated in Cambodia based on the protected area low as shown in Figure 5.1-9 but there are no protected areas in or around the project site.

Source: International Centre for Environmental Management

Figure 5.1-9 Protected areas in Cambodia

5.1.4 Meteorology

Cambodia is located in an area with a tropical monsoon climate, which broadly consists of two seasons: the rainy season (from May to October) and the dry season (from Nov to Apr). Monthly mean temperature, humidity, rainfall and monthly maximum wind from 2009 to 2011 in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong, 11m above sea level) are shown in Table 5.1-1to Table 5.1-4. The monthly mean temperature ranges between 19.2 - 38.7°C, with the lowest in January and the highest in April. The monthly mean humidity ranges between 68.9-83.4%, with the lowest in January and the highest in

Project site

36


September. The monthly rainfall ranges between 4.9-290.8mm, with the lowest in February and the highest in September. The monthly maximum wind speed ranges 9-16m/s, with the lowest during January – February and the highest in August. The wind direction at maximum wind speed is generally northerly during November – January and southerly during February –October.

Table 5.1-1 Monthly mean temperature in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong)

Unit: °C

Source: Ministry of water resources and meteorology

Table 5.1-2 Monthly mean humidity in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong)

Unit: %


Table 5.1-3 Monthly rainfall in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong)

Unit: mm


Table 5.1-4 Monthly max wind speed and direction in Phnom Penh Municipality (Pochentong)

Unit: m/s


5.1.5 Water Level

Water levels from 2000 and 2006 to 2011 in Phnom Penh Port are shown in Figure 5.1-10. Water level in Phnom Penh Port becomes lowest during April-May, the end of the dry season, and highest around October, the end of the rainy season. The water level difference reaches 7-9m.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Meanmin 17.8 20.6 23.2 22.3 23.3 23.0 22.3 22.3 22.3 24.0 21.7 20.5 21.9max 33.5 36.2 37.4 38.3 36.8 36.5 35.4 35.8 35.1 35.0 34.3 34.5 35.7min 21.4 22.7 23.1 24.1 24.5 23.5 23.8 22.4 23.3 22.3 22.2 20.0 22.8max 35.3 38.1 40.0 38.8 40.0 39.2 35.5 34.8 34.6 33.5 32.5 32.7 36.3min 18.5 20.8 21.5 22.5 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.5 23.3 23.5 22.5 19.4 22.0max 34.7 34.8 35.3 39.0 37.0 35.2 35.4 35.0 34.0 33.4 32.8 37.2 35.3min 19.2 21.4 22.6 23.0 23.8 23.2 23.0 22.4 23.0 23.3 22.1 20.0 22.2max 34.5 36.4 37.6 38.7 37.9 37.0 35.4 35.2 34.6 34.0 33.2 34.8 35.8

Mean

2009

2010

2011

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean2009 67.0 71.0 68.0 75.0 79.0 75.0 78.0 79.0 84.0 82.0 75.0 70.0 75.32010 71.7 70.1 65.8 68.2 69.0 79.2 79.9 81.5 82.9 84.1 77.3 74.6 75.42011 67.9 70.6 67.1 72.3 77.4 77.5 79.5 82.2 83.3 81.5 78.4 73.1 75.9Mean 68.9 70.6 67.0 71.8 75.1 77.2 79.1 80.9 83.4 82.5 76.9 72.6 75.5

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total2009 0.0 14.6 1.7 112.7 241.5 148.2 151.8 273.6 303.8 123.8 84.4 0.0 1456.12010 25.4 0.0 35.6 55.9 26.9 254.3 84.1 233.0 324.3 387.1 94.3 69.9 1590.82011 0.8 0.0 11.4 130.9 131.4 113.3 227.8 249.7 244.4 311.7 67.0 7.0 1495.4Mean 8.7 4.9 16.2 99.8 133.3 171.9 154.6 252.1 290.8 274.2 81.9 25.6 1514.1

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Meandir N SE SE/N NW/N N/SE W/SW SW/W SW/W SW/W S N N -speed 8 8 6 13 16 10 10 18 13 16 10 10 12dir NE SE NE S SE W SW SW SW SE N N -speed 10 10 12 12 14 15 13 13 12 10 12 10 12dir NE NE NE/N SE/S SW W W SW/NE S/W E N N -speed 10 10 10 8 17 18 19 12 12 16 13 12 13

Mean speed 9 9 9 13 15 13 12 16 13 13 11 10 12

2010

2009

2010

37



Figure 5.1-10 Water Level in Phnom Penh Port

5.1.6 Sedimentation of Waterway and Basin

Figure 5.1-11and Figure 5.1-12 respectively show the locations of selected cross sections of hydrographic surveys and historical comparison of Riverbed configurations around the NCT area based on the results of hydrographic surveys sourced from PPAP. As seen in both Figures, the Riverbeds around the NCT area secure 500 m width and 10 m depth of the water waterway as well as can accommodate more than 3 times the length of target vessel as the basin area, e.g. 3 x LOA 139 m (10,000 DWT) = 417 m, for safe manoeuvring in front of the quay. Also none of the sections basically show any trend of sedimentation and the area has a low probability to have continuous sedimentation to hamper safe navigation. However, there are some portions which are subject to erosion, especially at the River bank, so it is duly required to consider River bank protection in case of providing new River structures with detailed technical assessment and continuous survey monitoring.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12W

ATER

LEV

EL (m

)

MONTH

2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jul Oct Nov DecJun Aug Sep

38



Figure 5.1-11 Location of Selected Cross Sections of Hydrographic Survey around NCT

39



Figure 5.1-12 Historical Comparison of Riverbed Configurations around NCT

40


5.1.7 Hydrology on the target SEZ area

The target SEZ area lays on the north part of the delta consisted of the Mekong and the Bassac River. The area is flooded in the rainy season and dried up in the dry season. There are some water gates and culverts along the Mekong River and the Bassac River. The river water comes from and out through them, which is used for irrigation and for reduceing the flood damage of surrounding area. According to Figure 5.1-13, which shows the flood situation in 2008 and 2011, the southern part of the delta is the major flooded area because many water gates and culverts are installed.

Source: e-gios

Figure 5.1-13 Comparison Map of Flood Situations at Kandal Province (2008 vs 2011)

5.1.8 Air Quality, Noise and Traffic Volume

To understand the current conditions of air quality, noise and traffic volume in or around the project site, the surveys were conducted by subcontracting a local consultant (Key Consultants Cambodia).

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

Air quality and noise survey were conducted at 5 stations and Traffic volume survey was conducted at 3 stations shown in Figure 5.1-14 and photos of the survey locations are shown in Figure 5.1-15, Figure 5.1-16. The descriptions of stations were summarized inTable 5.1-5.

SEZ

41


Figure 5.1-14 Location map for air quality, noise and traffic volume survey

42


Air and Noise Sampling Sites

Air and Noise Sampling Site N1





Figure 5.1-15 Photos of Air quality and Noise Survey

Traffic Survey Sites

Traffic Survey Site N1



Figure 5.1-16 Photos of Traffic Volume Survey

Table 5.1-5 Description of the survey sites

No Station Location/Sampling site GPS

X Y 1 N1 In front of NCT, National Road No 1 514946 1268394 2 N2 In front of Angkor Chey Pagoda and Elementary School 513944 1267393 3 N3 On the Planned Access Road 514942 1266543 4 N4 In NCT Compound 515245 1268480 5 N5 Near SEZ Border 514707 1265255

43


2) Survey Period

The surveys were conducted from 7th to 14th December 2012. Only weekdays (Monday to Friday) were taken for measurement, and 24 hours continuously for each station). The details are shown below.

Table 5.1-6 Survey period of Air quality, Noise and Traffic Volume Survey

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 Start 7 Dec. 2012

8:30AM 12 Dec. 2012 9:00AM

11 Dec. 2012 8:30AM

13 Dec. 2012 10:00AM

10 Dec. 2012 8:00AM

End 8 Dec. 2012 8:30AM

13 Dec. 2012 9:00AM

12 Dec. 2012 8:30AM

14 Dec. 2012 10:00AM

11 Dec. 2012 8:00AM

3) Sampling and Laboratory Analysis

Air quality and Noise In each selected site, measurement team had install equipment in according to the technical

condition and safety aspect, i.e. Air Vacuum Tube, on the table/shelf with 1.2-1.5meters height from the ground, for capturing NO2, SO2, TSP, and PM10. For CO captured equipment, it will be also installed at same station with 1.5-3.0 meters height from the ground. All of above equipment needed connecting to electrical power in order to operate. Thus, small generator will be used for these works because most of selected stations did not have electricity.

Sound Level Meter for the noise measurement will be used at same station of the air quality

measurement. The Sound Level Mater NL-21 was installed with 1.2-1.5meters height from the ground surface. Field survey team needs to record all data of each parameter for 24 hours for each station.

All parameters of each samples, except noise, was analyzed in laboratory of Ministry of

Environment, in following the laboratory and methodology procedure for each parameter. All of the analysis methodologies for each parameter were shown inTable 5.1-7.

Table 5.1-7 Analysis Methodology for Air quality and Noise survey

Parameter Methodology Remarks CO Detection Tube MoE lab NO2 Saltzman Method MoE lab SO2 Pararosaniline Method MoE lab TSP Method Weight Concentration Measuring MoE lab PM10 Method Weight Concentration Measuring MoE lab Wind direction and speed Custom AHLT-100 Field measurement Noise Sound Level Meter NL - 21 Field measurement

Traffic Volume

Number of traffic was counted for 10min every hour at same time of noise survey. The stations for counting the traffic were closely with the station of noise survey or at the same time and place, but different team.

The classification of vehicle type as motorbike, motorbike with trailer, passenger car, pickup truck, truck<4t, truck > 4t, trailer, bus < 25 seats, bus > 25 seats and handing tractor were applied and used in order to count and record 10 minute of hour for 24 hours.

44


(2) Result

1) Traffic Volume

The results of the traffic volume survey are shown in Figure 5.1-17 to Figure 5.1-19.The traffic number showed in these figures were multiplied by six to the count number due to converting the hourly data.

Station N1

The station N1 was settled along National Road No.1 and the results were summarized below.

- Number of motorbikes increased in the morning (7:00-9:00 am, at starting works/ schools time) and evening (4:00-6:00 pm, at the end of works/schools time). The traffic started decreased immediately after sunset, and reach to zero traffic in mid-night.

- Number of Motorbike with trailer started increasing at early morning (6:00am) and a little bit fluctuating during day time, but it was dramatically decreased from 6:00pm, and reach to zero number at mid-night too.

- Numbers of passenger car and bus <25 seats started increase from 7:00-9:00am, and a little bit down from 10:00am to 2:00pm, then started to increase again from 3:00-4:00pm. Generally it was fluctuated every hour during day time, but it was slowly decrease number in evening and night time. However the number of the bus <25 seats is small number than the passenger car in every hour of observation.

- The number of Pickup truck, Truck < 4t, Truck > 4t, and Bus > 25 seats are stable movement on the road at daytime and evening time, but it were decreased during mid-night

In conclusion, usually on national road No.1 the traffic is a little bit busy during daytime, the

number of all types of vehicles started running on this road from early morning at 5:00AM; then we saw these numbers were gone down immediately at evening time and reach to zero traffic at mid-night. Due to observation, traffic volumes were peak two times in the morning time from 6:00am to 9:00am, and at the evening time from 4:00 pm-to 6:00pm.

Figure 5.1-17 Traffic Volume at N1

Station N2

Station N2 was located in front of the Angkor Chey Pagoda and Angkor Chey Elementary School along the village road thus, the traffic was not so busy. The results were summarized below.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

011

:00

12:0

013

:00

14:0

015

:00

16:0

017

:00

18:0

019

:00

20:0

021

:00

22:0

023

:00

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

Tra

ffic

Vol

ume

Station N1Motorbike

Motorbike with trailer

Passenger car

Pickup truck

Truck <4t

Truck >4t

Trailer

Bus <25 seats

Bus >25 seats

Hand tractor

45


- Number of motorbikes increased in the morning (7:00 am and 11:00 am, at starting works/schools time) and evening (5:00-6:00 pm, at the end of works/schools time).

- Number of Motorbike with trailer started increasing slightly at early morning (6:00am) when farmers transported their agricultural yields to market; then it also increased again at 9:00 am and 11:00 am when they backed from markets. But it was dramatically increased again at 6:00pm because motorbike with trailer picked up garment workers to their home. Then it started going down at 7:00 pm, and it reached to zero number at mid-night too.

- During the survey, we also saw very few Truck < 4t running on this road. It was only 2 or 3 of these trucks picking up garment workers.

So, the main types of vehicles were motorbike and motorbike with trailer which run on this road. Moreover, we also saw some types of vehicles with very small number such Passenger car and Truck < 4t drove on this road to pick up garment workers everyday due to the observation


Station N3

Station N3 was located on the road far away from residential area, which surrounding by paddy rice field. Thus, the activities of transportation were not so busy. The results were summarized below.

- Farmers spent mostly their time at the paddy rice fields. They used motorbike for their transportation from home to their paddy rice field, thus, their transportation started from the early morning around 3:00am. It started increasing highly at 7:00 am because their family at home picked up the food to support them, and some farmers stayed at the filed went to market to buy fertilizers, oils etc. Alternatively, fisher man also went to fish as well.

- We also saw the number of motorbike highly increased at 2:00 pm because some farmers went to check water at their paddy rice field.

- The number of motorbike increased again around 11 pm because farmers stayed at the field still mid night to prevent their rice from mouse.

- We also saw two motorbikes with trailers were transporting pumper machinery and fertilizer to their rice field.

Even though, this location is on the village road, the traffic was not so busy. Due to the

observation, most of the vehicles went across this location was motorbikes which people using to look after their rice field and to go fishing.

0

50

100

150

200

250

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

011

:00

12:0

013

:00

14:0

015

:00

16:0

017

:00

18:0

019

:00

20:0

021

:00

22:0

023

:00

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

Tra

ffic

Vol

ume

Station N2

Motorbike


Passenger car

Pickup truck

Truck <4t

Truck >4t

Trailer

Bus <25 seats

Bus >25 seats

Hand tractor

46



2) Air quality

The result of the air quality survey is shown in Table 5.1-8.

Due to the result of air quality by each selected station, the existing air quality measurement in/around the project area in December 2012 indicated that the Total Suspended Particles(TSP) value was vary from 0.145 to 0.584 mg /m3 by different stations. The TSP of station N1, N4, and N5 was lower than the standard of Ambient Air Quality. However, station N2 and N3 showed that the TSP value were 0.58 mg /m3 and 0.45 mg /m3 over the standard (0.33 mg/m3). The reason of TSP value in station N2 and N3 were slightly exceed the standards value due to these stations stand on the laterite road and earth road in village. So, normally TSP/dust was much come from the wind blow and traffic activities on these kinds of road.

On the other hand, the value of other parameters such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and PM 10 were under the MoE standards for Ambient Air Quality Standard according to Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise.

Based on the result of air quality measurement, it indicated that the air quality in project area still in good condition. Moreover the air pollution source from transportation along national road No.1 is also not yet given any seriously pollution to the ambient air. Based on the air quality measurement in nearby project area, it indicated the air quality in the project area still in good condition. So, the air quality is still good in/around this area because it has no any big industry or other activities of manufacture there.

Table 5.1-8 Result of Air Quality Survey

Parameter CO NO2 SO2 PM 10 TSP Wind Speed

Wind direction

Unit mg /m3N mg /m3N mg /m3N mg /m3N mg /m3N m/s - Standard(*) 20 0.1 0.3 - 0.33 - -

N1(7 Dec. 2012) 6.00 0.021 0.015 0.136 0.173 0.5 – 1.0 N N2 (12 Dec. 2012) 4.00 0.016 0.014 0.304 0.584 0.5 – 2.0 N N3 (11 Dec. 2012) 4.00 0.015 0.010 0.330 0.454 0.0 – 0.7 NE N4 (13 Dec. 2012) 4.00 0.011 0.008 0.128 0.244 2.0 – 3.5 N N5 (10 Dec. 2012) 4.00 0.007 0.004 0.121 0.145 0.0 – 0.8 NE

Note: (*) Ambient Air Quality Standard of MoE, Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise

0

20

40

60

80

100

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

011

:00

12:0

013

:00

14:0

015

:00

16:0

017

:00

18:0

019

:00

20:0

021

:00

22:0

023

:00

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

Tra

ffic

Vol

ume

Station N3

Motorbike


Passenger car

Pickup truck

Truck <4t

Truck >4t

Trailer

Bus <25 seats

Bus >25 seats

Hand tractor

47


3) Noise

The result of the noise survey is shown in Figure 5.1-20.

The standard for noise level from 6:00AM to 6:00PM is 75dB, from 6:00PM to 10:00 PM it is 70dB, and from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM it is 50dB due to MoE Standard, Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential area for Small industrial factories intermingling in residential areas (Table 5.1-9).Hence, the results are compared with the standard.

Noise level for 6:00AM to 6:00PM and 6:00PM to 10:00PM

Noise level from 6:00AM to 6:00PM was not identified over the standard level. These locations are residential areas which have no any industry or manufactory to be noted. So, the main source of noise is from traffic and aerodynamic friction of atmosphere surrounding this area.

The station N1 was settled along National Road No.1, but the noise level was still lower than standard for time from 6:00 AM to 6:00PM and 6:00PM to 10PM. Even though, this station was on the National road No.1, but the speed of traffic is 60 km/h and it located in the resident area. So, the noise level is low. Station N2 and N3 were settled on the village road, there is no any industry or manufactory to be noted. Thus, noise level for these two stations were lower than standard. Station N4 was settled in the compound of new Phnom Penh Port, but it is the same as the other stations that noise level was lower than standard for time from 6:00 AM to 6:00PM and 6:00PM to 10:00PM because it located close to river bank, then this new port has not yet had its activities of their cargo by December 13, 2012. For last station, N5 was installed in the paddy rice field, but it was not far from residential area. So, the noise levels for these stations were originally lower than the standard.

Noise level for 6:00AM to 6:00PM and 6:00PM to 10:00PM

It is not much different from above level of noise in each station; however, the standard for time from 10:00PM to 6:00AM is 50, which is smaller than other two standards for time from 6:00AM to 6:00PM and 6:00PM to 10:00PM. Thus, the result of noise level for time from 10:00PM to 6:00AM is over standard for station N1, and station N2 for some hours at 5:00 AM-6:00 AM. Station N3, N4 and N5 were lower than the standard because these stations are located on the village road, non-operating port site, and paddy rice field.

Figure 5.1-20 Result of Noise Survey

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

011

:00

12:0

013

:00

14:0

015

:00

16:0

017

:00

18:0

019

:00

20:0

021

:00

22:0

023

:00

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

Noi

se L

evel

(LA

eq d

B)

N1N2N3N4N5Standard

48


Table 5.1-9 Noise Level Standard(dB) in Cambodia

Area Period of time

6AM-18PM 18PM-22PM 22PM-6AM Quiet areas Hospital, Library,

School, Kindergarten 45 40 35

Residential area Hotel, Administration

Office, House 60 50 45

Commercial and service area and mix 70 65 50

Small industrial factories intermingling in residential areas

75 70 50

5.1.9 Water Quality

To understand the current conditions of water quality in or around the project site, the survey were conducted by subcontracting a local consultant (Key Consultants Cambodia).

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

Eight sites were selected for water quality survey for whole project area: three sample sites (W1, W2, and W3) at upstream and downstream of NCT in Mekong River and other five sample sites (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) in the canal in or around the area of planned SEZ site. The location of the sampling stations is shown inFigure 5.1-21, and photos of the stations are shown in Figure 5.1-22. The descriptions of stations were summarized in Table 5.1-10

49


Figure 5.1-21 Location map for Water quality and Sediment quality survey

50


Water Quality Sampling Sites

Water Sampling Site W1 Water Sampling Site W2 Water Sampling Site W3 Water Sampling Site S1

Water Sampling Site S2 Water Sampling Site S3 Water Sampling Site S4

Water Sampling Site S5

Figure 5.1-22 Photos of Water Quality Survey

Table 5.1-10 Description of the Survey Sites

Project Station Location/Sampling site GPS

X Y

NCT (in Mekong River)

W1 Upstream of NCT 514561 1269512 W2 In front of NCT 515528 1268928 W3 Downstream of NCT 517024 1267948

SEZ (in Canals

in/around the planned SEZ site)

S1 Canal 515637 1265867 S2 Canal 516592 1265212 S3 Canal 517926 1265381 S4 Canal 513611 1264668 S5 Canal 515535 1263965

2) Survey Period

The surveys were conducted in 10th December 2012 in the project site of NCT and 11st December 2012 in the project site of SEZ . The details are shown below.

Table 5.1-11 Survey period of Water Quality Survey for the project of NCT

W1 W2 W3 Date 10 Dec. 2012 10 Dec. 2012 10 Dec. 2012 Time 11:30AM-11:47AM 11:55AM-12:16PM 12:20PM-12:40PM

Table 5.1-12 Survey period of Water Quality Survey for the project site of SEZ

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Date 11 Dec. 2012 11 Dec. 2012 11 Dec. 2012 11 Dec. 2012 11 Dec. 2012 Time 10:00AM-10:17AM 9:32AM-9:47AM 12:30PM-12:50PM 11:40AM-11:55AM 8:50AM-9:10AM

51



The following procedures summarized the major aspects of chain of custody which are available:

- Sample label: Use label to prevent sample misidentification. The tags included sample code and date collection, every sample.

- Sampling method: manual sampling by using water sampler. Water sample were collected from the surface layer(0.5m in the River, 0.3m in the Canal)

- Sample bottle: 1000 ml sample bottle (silicon bottle) was used in collecting water sample for physicochemical parameters, 200 ml sample bottle (glass bottle sterile) was used to collect water sample for microorganism (Total coliform). All water samples keep in cool box. At the same day samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed immediately when water samples were arrived to the laboratory.

All water samples were analysis by laboratory of MoE in Phnom Penh and follow the laboratory

procedure and methodology for each parameter except temperature, pH, DO, Turbidity which were measured at the field. Table 5.1-13 shows the list of parameters and analysis method.

Table 5.1-13 Parameters and analysis method

Parameter Methodology Remarks Temperature Digital Thermometer AZ 363 Field measure pH Digital pH Meter pHScan Field measure Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Method 2540 D MoE lab Dissolved Oxygen (DO) DO Meter Field measure Turbidity Digital Turbidimeter Field measure Ammonium (NH4-N) ICS-90 Ion Chromatography MoE lab Phosphate (PO4-P) ICS-90 Ion Chromatography MoE lab Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) Method 5210 B MoE lab Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD) Method JIS K0102 MoE lab Total Phosphorus (TP) Method JIS K 0102 46 MoE lab Total Nitrogen (TN) Method JIS K 0102 45 MoE lab Total Coliform Method NF T90-413 MoE lab

(2) Result

Water quality for public water areas for bio-diversity conservation (for river, and lake and reservoir) standard are set down by in annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution and Control (1999) in Cambodia Hence, the results are compared with the standard if applicable.

1) Water Quality in the project site of SEZ

The results of water quality in and around the project site of SEZ were shown in Table 5.1-14. These results indicated the existing quality of water in canals in and around the project area in the dry season, December 2012. Due to the observation at site, water level in canal was shallow; then it was drying up.

Temperature: Temperature ranged from 29.5 to 31.3 oC. pH: pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.4 and they are within the standards in the all stations.

52


Turbidity/TSS: TSS ranged from 25 to 105 mg/l that were over the water quality standard. According to the observation, water in these canals did not clear. Some places of canals and pond were drying up because farmers pumped for their cultivation. Moreover, it was in the dry season, thus, evaporated water by climate is the reason of drying water from these canals very fast. The activities of fishing were able to stir up water with sediment. Also, its condition was dead water. All of these are the reasons that have made water in canals and pond increase the TSS. Turbidity ranged from 4.1 to 501 NTU, which showed almost same trend as TSS, however there is no standard for turbidity. DO: DO were differently for site S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 and these values were from 0.09 – 2.5 mg/l. The value of DO in S1, S2, S4 and S5 were lower than the standard. According to the observation, this area was surrounded by paddy rice fields. Water flowed from paddy rice field brought the waste of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides to pollute water in canals and pond. The nutrient of fertilizer was good for water plant growing in the canals and pond. Whenever, temperature increased in the dry season eutrophication occurred from these water plants. Thus, eutrophication of aquatic plant causes of DO decrease. Moreover, the transportation of boats from fisher men in shallow water in canal in the dry season made water turbid, thus it also decreased DO in water as well. Especially, S5 was in the pond with much eutrophication and water condition was shallow. So, the value of DO in site-S5 was very low, 0.009 mg/l. COD: COD in S1, S2, S4, and S5 slightly exceeded the standard Related to the real condition of this area, land use in/around the project area is mainly farming land. These are the major contributors to the nutrient inputs affecting the water quality. Rates of biological activity are affected by temperature value in the dry season, which is also one of the important factors that affect the parameter of COD in this area. Thus, these are the main causes to increase COD here. BOD: BOD ranged from 1.3 to 3.5 mg/l, which lower than the standard in the river. Nitrogen and Phosphorus (TN, TP, NH4-N and PO4-P): TP ranged from 0.05 to 0.24 and TN from 0.16 to 1.14. TP and TN of some selected sites exceeded the standards. The stations with exceeded value of TP were S1, S2, S4 and S5; of TN were only two sites such as: S2 and S4. As our observation at field, this location has surrounded by paddy rice fields mostly. Farmer used fertilizers and some pesticides for their cultivation. When it rained the nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy rice fields were flowed to these canals and pond. On the other hand, this area were flooded by Mekong River in the rainy season, therefore, Mekong River also brought these nutrients from upstream through silt in water to this area a well. So, all of these reasons made value of TP and TN exceed the standard. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) were not detected. Total Coliform: Due to site conditions, S1 and S4 were in the bad condition and higher the standard for lake and reservoir. S1 was in canal which grew many water hyacinths. There were some buffalos soaking in this canal. Thus, it was the cause of increasing parameter of total Coliform here. S4 was in canal behind the house of villagers. Some domestic waste discharged into the canal, and some were improperly managed. Hence, total Coliform was high in these stations.

53


Table 5.1-14 Result of Water Quality Survey for planned SEZ site

Parameter Unit Standards (MoE*) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

River Lake and Reservoir 11 Dec. 2012

Temperature oC - - 30.1 30.7 30.5 31.3 29.5 pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.6 7.1 7.4 6.6 6.6 TSS mg/l 25 - 100 1 - 15 49.0 74.0 25.0 105.0 38.0 DO mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 2.0 - 7.5 1.09 1.33 2.50 0.50 0.09 Turbidity NTU - - 38.5 187.0 18.6 501.0 4.1 NH4-N mg/l - - ND** ND ND ND ND PO4-N mg/l - - ND ND ND ND ND BOD mg/l 1.0 - 10.0 - 3.50 3.30 1.90 2.60 1.30 COD mg/l - 1.0-8.0 9.80 11.37 3.53 10.58 9.02 TP mg/l - 0.005-0.05 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.24 0.08 TN mg/l - 0.1 - 0.6 0.43 0.69 0.16 1.14 0.32 Total Coliform

MPN/ 100 ml < 5000 < 1000 1200 140 920 1600 270

Note: * Water quality standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation (for River, Lake and Reservoir) in annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution and Control, April 06, 1999. ** ND: Not Detect (value lower than 0.1 mg/l)

2) Water Quality in the project site of NCT

The results of water quality in and around the project site of NCT were shown in Table 5.1-15.As the result value of these parameters, they met the standard for River. Thus, it is concluded that surface water of these selected sites is good quality in December 2012.

Temperature: the value of temperature was 30.8 oC throughout the all stations. pH: pH ranged from 7 to 7.2 and they are within the standards in the all stations. Turbidity/TSS: The results of TSS showed from 48 to 58 mg/l, are lower than the standard for river. The results of Turbidity that ranged from 20.5 to 25 NTU, however there is no standard for turbidity. DO: DO ranged from 5.45 to 5.88 mg/l and they are above the standards in the all stations. BOD and COD: BOD ranged from 0.50 to 1.25 mg/l and COD from 2.34 to 2.74 mg/l. Thus the value of BOD is lower than the standard. Yet, there are no standard of COD for river, as comparing to the standard for lake and reservoir the values were lower than the standard. Nitrogen and Phosphorus (TN, TP, NH4-N, and PO4-N): TN ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 mg/l and TP ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 mg/l. There are no standard of TN and TP for river, however, as comparing to the standard for lake and reservoir the values were lower than the standard in W1 and W3, and slightly higher in W2. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) were not detected. Total Coliform: Total Coliforms ranged from 30 to 110 MPN/100 ml. It is lower than the standard in river.

54


Table 5.1-15 Result of Water Quality Survey for NCT site

Parameter Unit Standards (MoE*) W1 W2 W3

River Lake and Reservoir 10 Dec. 2012

Temperature oC - - 30.8 30.8 30.8 pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 7.2 7.2 7.0 TSS mg/l 25 - 100 1 - 15 48.0 58.0 51.0 DO mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 2.0 - 7.5 5.82 5.88 5.45 Turbidity NTU - - 25.00 21.30 20.50 NH4-N mg/l - - ND** ND ND PO4-N mg/l - - ND ND ND BOD mg/l 1.0 - 10.0 - 0.50 1.25 0.80 COD mg/l - 1-8 2.35 2.34 2.74 TP mg/l - 0.005-0.05 0.02 0.09 0.03 TN mg/l - 0.1 - 0.6 0.21 0.14 0.07 Total Coliform

MPN/ 100 ml < 5000 < 1000 30 110 72

Note: * Water quality standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation (for River, Lake and Reservoir) in annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution and Control, April 06, 1999.

** ND: Not Detect (value lower than 0.1 mg/l)

5.1.10 Sediment Quality

To understand the current conditions of sediment quality in or around the project site, the survey were conducted by subcontracting a local consultant (Key Consultants Cambodia).

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

Three sample sites were selected for sediment quality survey for the project of NCT (B1, B2, and B3). The location of the sampling stations is shown inFigure 5.1-21, and photos of the stations are shown in Figure 5.1-23. The descriptions of stations were summarized in Table 5.1-16.

Sediment Quality Sampling Sites

Sediment Sampling Site B1



Figure 5.1-23 Photos of Sediment Quality Survey

55



Station Location/Sampling site GPS

X Y B1 Upstream of NCT 515381 1268686 B2 In front of NCT 516007 1268254 B3 Downstream of NCT 516891 1267774

2) Survey Period

The survey was conducted in 10th December 2012 as same date as the water quality survey for the project of NCT. The details are shown below.

Table 5.1-17 Survey period of Sediment Quality

B1 B2 B3 Date 10 Dec. 2012 10 Dec. 2012 10 Dec. 2012 Time 9:30AM-10:05AM 10:10AM-10:38AM 10:50AM-11:21AM


The following procedures summarized the major aspects of chain of custody which are available:

- Sample label: Use label to prevent sample misidentification. The tags included sample code

and date collection, every sample. - Sampling method: manual sampling by using sediment capture/sampler. The captured

sediment was poured in plastic bag, weight of approximately 1.5 Kg for each sample. - Sample bottle: All sediment samples keep in cool box. At the same day samples were

transported to the laboratory and analyzed immediately when sediment samples were arrived to the laboratory.

All water samples were analysis by laboratory of MoE in Phnom Penh and follow the laboratory

procedure and methodology for each parameter except appearance, odor and color which were measured at the field. Table 5.1-18 shows the list of parameters and analysis method.


Parameter Methodology Remarks Appearance See by eye Field measure Odor Directly inhale Field measure Color See by eye Field measure Grand size distribution ASTM D422 MoE lab Density Use cylinder tube and weight the mass MoE lab Water Content Method Drying Owen MoE lab Arsenic (As) Method 3500-As D MoE lab Cadmium (Cd) Method 3500-Cd C MoE lab

56


Parameter Methodology Remarks Total Chromium (Cr) Method 3500-Cr C MoE lab Copper (Cu) Method 3500-Cu C MoE lab Lead (Pb) Method 3500-Pb C MoE lab Mercury (Hg) Method 3500-Hg B MoE lab Nickel (Ni) Method 3500-Ni C MoE lab Zinc (Zn) Method 3500-Zn C MoE lab Cyanide(CN) Method 4500-CN E MoE lab PCBs Method L 2000 PCB analyzes MoE lab

(2) Result

The results are shown in Table 5.1-19 and Table 5.1-20. As there are no sediment quality standards in Cambodia or in Southeast Asia, the dredged material disposal standards (dumping at sea) in Australia which belongs to moderate climate and has an organized-dredging guideline are used to assess sediment pollution. Concentration above the screening level would mean that be toxic effects on organisms could be expected.

Physical Property

Appearance of sediment is fine silt at B1 and silty sand at B2 and coarse silt at B3. The content ratio of clay and fine silt is highest at B1 and lowest at B3 (Table 5.1-19, Table 5.1-20). Odor of sediment of B1, B2 and B3 is slightly muddy smell. Color of sediment of B1 and B3 is red-yellowish, but Color of sediment of B2 is brown-yellowish. For density, it differed from location. It is 1.57 g/cm3 for B1, 1.65 g/cm3 is for B2 and 1.70 g/cm3 is for B3.Water Content is also slightly different value due to different location. B2 contents of water higher than B1 and B2 because sediment of B2 is fine sand with 90.30 % of water content.

Heavy Metals

Heavy metal concentrations are generally high at B1 and low at B3. This may be caused from the differences of grain size, that is, heavy metal may be contained in smaller grain-size sediment. All of the heavy metal concentrations are below the screening level except mercury, which range from 2.3 to 3 mg/kg-dry. Some forms of human activity release mercury directly into soil or water, for example, the application of agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater disposal. All mercury that is released in the environment will eventually end up in soils or surface waters. Anyway, waste of battery did not take care or properly manage in households or dumpsite. People in rural area usually threw battery away after used. When the rain comes, it brings mercury to water. Mercury also exists in natural soils. There are many exploitations of gold in some provinces of Cambodia such as Stung Treng, Kratie, Kampong Thom, and Preah Vihea province at upstream of Cambodia Mekong River for last decade, which bring mercury from the well during cleansing the gold. There are many factories and industries in the catchment/watershed area of upstream International Mekong such as: in China, Thailand, Vietnam and Loa. Therefore, the flow of water in Mekong River might bring mercury from those exploitation areas at upstream to downstream of Mekong. So the present of high value of Mercury in project area might be from water flow the sediment from upstream of Cambodia and International Mekong River.

Organic Pollutants

PCBs concentrations range from 6.29 to 8.27 mg/kg-dry and are below screening level in all stations.

57


Table 5.1-19 Result of Sediment Quality Survey

Parameter Unit Result

Screening Level* B1

(10/Dec/2012) B2

(10/Dec/2012) B3

(10/Dec/2012) Physical Property

Appearance - Fine Silt Silty Sand Coarse Silt -

Odor - Slightly muddy smell

Slightly muddy smell

Slightly muddy smell -

Color - Red-yellowish Brown-yellowish Red-yellowish - Density g/cm3 1.57 1.65 1.70 - Water Content % 63.65 90.30 62.61 -

Heavy Metals Arsenic (As) mg/kg-dry 19.00 15.00 11.00 20 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg-dry 0.46 0.48 0.40 1.5 Total Chromium (Cr) mg/kg-dry 16.00 8.90 4.20 80 Copper (Cu) mg/kg-dry 14.00 9.50 7.20 65 Lead (Pb) mg/kg-dry 15.00 13.00 9.10 50 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg-dry 3.00 2.40 2.30 0.15 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg-dry 14.00 8.40 5.50 21 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg-dry 53.00 39.00 31.00 200 Cyanide (CN) mg/kg-dry 4.25 2.81 2.95 -

Organic Pollutants PCBs** mg/kg-dry 6.67 8.27 6.29 23

Note: * National Assessment Guidelines for Dredging 2009, Australian Government ** PCBs are not normalized to 1% total organic carbon (TOC), as required by the National Assessment

Guidelines because TOC analysis is not applicable.

Table 5.1-20 Result of Sediment Quality Survey(Grain Size)

Sta.

Grain Size Analysis

Gravel Sand Silt

Clay Coarse Medium Fine Coarse Mediu

m Fine

4.75-2 (mm)

2-1 (mm)

1 - 0.5 (mm)

0.5-0.25 (mm)

0.25 -0.125 (mm)

0.125 - 0.063 (mm)

0.063-0.035 (mm)

0.035-0.016 (mm)

0.016-0.004 (mm)

< 0.004 (mm)

% % % % % % % % % % B1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.14 27.25 16.19 14.13 30.44 10.80 B2 1.24 0.61 0.53 0.63 13.73 25.23 13.42 11.36 24.63 8.75 B3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 2.18 22.37 40.20 8.97 19.36 6.84 Comparison with the Land Soil Standard

To assess the effect to the soil contamination in case of the disposal of the sediment on the land, the sediment qualities are compared with the land soil standard. As there are no soil quality standards in Cambodia or in Southeast Asia, the standards in Japan are used to assess soil pollution. There are two standards for soil contamination in Japan. One is the standard based on the soil contamination

58


countermeasures act, which is set down to prevent health damage by direct ingestion of the contaminated soil. The other is the standard based on the agricultural land soil pollution prevention law, which is set down to prevent production of contaminated agricultural crops on the contaminated farm land.

The result is shown in Table 5.1-21. All parameters are below the standards including Mercury.

Table 5.1-21 Comparison with the Land Soil Standard

Parameter Unit Result Standard

B1 B2 B3 Soil* Agri. Soil** Arsenic (As) mg/kg-dry 19.00 15.00 11.00 150 15 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg-dry 0.46 0.48 0.40 150 - Total Chromium (Cr) mg/kg-dry 16.00 8.90 4.20 250 - Copper (Cu) mg/kg-dry 14.00 9.50 7.20 - 125 Lead (Pb) mg/kg-dry 15.00 13.00 9.10 150 - Mercury (Hg) mg/kg-dry 3.00 2.40 2.30 15 - Nickel (Ni) mg/kg-dry 14.00 8.40 5.50 - - Zinc (Zn) mg/kg-dry 53.00 39.00 31.00 - - Cyanide (CN) mg/kg-dry 4.25 2.81 2.95 50 - PCBs mg/kg-dry 6.67 8.27 6.29 - -

Note: * Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, JAPAN ** Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law, JAPAN

5.1.11 Aquatic Fauna

To understand the current conditions of aquatic fauna in or around the project site, the survey were conducted by subcontracting a local consultant (Key Consultants Cambodia).

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

Six sites were selected for the project of NCT, W1, W2 and W3 were for fishing survey and B1, B2 and B3 are only for benthos as the sediment survey was conducting in Mekong River. Eight sites were selected for the project of SEZ in the canal and pond in or around the area of planned SEZ site. The location of the sampling stations is shown in Figure 5.1-24, and photos of the stations are shown inFigure 5.1-25. The descriptions of stations were summarized in Table 5.1-22.

59


Figure 5.1-24 Location map for Aquatic Fauna survey

60


Sampling sites Picture Survey of Fish, Benthos and Insect

Sampling Site W1 Sampling Site W2 Sampling Site W3 Sampling Site F1

Sampling Site F2 Sampling Site F3 Sampling Site F4 Sampling Site F5

Sampling Site F6 Sampling Site F7 Sampling Site F8

Figure 5.1-25 Photos of Aquatic Fauna Survey


Project Station Location/Sampling site Sampling date GPS

X Y

NCT (in Mekong

River)

W1 Upstream of NCT 17 Dec. 2012 514561 1269512 W2 In front of NCT 17 Dec. 2012 515528 1268928 W3 Downstream of NCT 17 Dec. 2012 517024 1267948 B1 Upstream of NCT 10 Dec. 2012 515381 1268686 B2 In front of NCT 10 Dec. 2012 516007 1268254 B3 Downstream of NCT 10 Dec. 2012 516891 1267774

SEZ (in Canals and Pond in/around

the planned SEZ site)

F1 Canal 18 Dec. 2012 515637 1265867 F2 Canal 18 Dec. 2012 516592 1265212 F3 Canal 18 Dec. 2012 517926 1265381 F4 Small Pond in Plot C 20 Dec. 2012 514031 1264254 F5 Flooded area in Plot A 21 Dec. 2012 515292 1264267 F6 Flooded area in Plot A 21 Dec. 2012 516000 1264271 F7 Canal in Plot D 20 Dec. 2012 515826 1263256 F8 Canal , Back ground 20 Dec. 2012 512282 1263136

61


2) Survey Methodology

a) Literature Survey

Literature survey was conducted to review the general information of fishes living in Mekong River.

b) Interview Survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

The interview survey was conducted in selecting fishermen from different area. The selected criteria of fishermen for interviewing shall be (i) at least had three to five years fishing experience, (ii) fishing year-round, and (iii) use two or three fishing gears type. The interviewees (fishermen) were also appointed by local village chief. For the project of NCT, 9 fishermen were selected for interviewing (3 fishermen for each point). For the project of SEZ, 16 fishermen were selected for interviewing (2 fishermen for each point).

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was also conducted to gain the seasonal fish situation (Abundance, Medium and Less) in the two targets area (NCT and SEZ). The criteria to select the fishermen are such as old fishermen and village chief. In each group the participants from 5 to 10 fishermen. There were 2 group discussions for the project of NCT and 3 group discussions for the project of SEZ. The result from PRA was combined with result from questionnaire to finalize the final result. The documents which were used in the group discussion are fish poster part 1 to part 3 (Fresh water fish of the Kingdom of Cambodia) which published by Fisheries Administration and World Fish Center, year 2008.

c) Field Survey

For the project of NCT, gill net was used in the station of W1, W2 and W3, which was drifting about a half hour. In B1, B2 and B3, the benthos sampling was conducted by using sediment-sampling equipment accompanied with sediment survey. For the project of SEZ, cast net was used to collect fish. Cast net was thrown five times at each station. To collect aquatic insect and benthos, the scoop net were used two to three times per station. For all the collected specimen, the number was counted, the photo was taken, and the species name was identified.

(2) Result

1) Literature Review

Life cycle of Mekong fish

An estimated 1,700 species of fish are believed to inhabit the waters of the Mekong (Rainboth, 2001. Pers. Comm1.), including the endangered Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) and the freshwater Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). In 2005 there were 183 fish species found by using local fishermen knowledge along the Mekong River from upstream to downstream (P. Solyda, et al 2003-20052).

Fish migration involves “movements, which result in an alternation between two or more separate habitats, occur with a regular periodicity, and involve a large proportion of the population”(Poulsen et al., 20043). There are three different migrate of fish species in Mekong River. The fish migrate to the flood plain for feeding and growth, to deep pool for the dry season refugee, to spawning ground during the raining season (Poulsen et al., 2004).

1 Rainboth, W.J. (2001). Pers. comm. University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, USA 2 PUTERA Solyda, Chan Sokheng, Ngor pengby, and Kent G. HORTLE. Report on a fish catch monitoring

study using local fisheries in Cambodian Rivers, 2003-2005: pP 13-17 3 Poulsen, A.F., K.G. Hortle, J. Valbo-Jorgensen, S. Chan, C.K.Chhuon, S. Viravong, K. Bouakhamvongsa, U.

Suntornratana, N. Yoorong, T.T. Nguyen and B.Q. Tran. 2004. Distribution and Ecology of Some Important Riverine Fish Species of the Mekong River Basin. MRC Technical Paper No. 10

62


Source: Poulsen et al., 2004

Figure 5.1-26 General life cycle of Mekong fish species

Deep Pool Habitat and Irrawaddy Dolphin

There were some deep pools along the Mekong River, which are very important for the dry season fish habitat especially big fish such as catfish, carp and other economic fish in Cambodia (Poul Sen et al, 20024). For Irrawaddy dolphins habitat mostly depended on the deep pool area especially from Kratie(about 200km north of Phnom Phen), to Khone Falls in LAOS. The migration of Dolphins was only in deep pool area as well hunting for food.

Hence, there are no important deep hole and the habitat of Irrawaddy dolphin around the project sites.

2) Result in the Project Site of SEZ

a) Interview Survey

The result of the interview survey and the PRA is shown in Table 5.1-23. There are 7 orders, 24 family and 141 species found in the rainy season in the project site.

Among of 141 fish species there are 43 species rich, 41 species medium and 57 species less. For the dry season there are 7 orders, 16 family and 46 species. Among 46 fish there are 7 species rich, 10 species medium and 29 species less.

In addition, during the interview some fishermen said that some fish species migrate in the rainy season from Mekong River to canal to find feed, escape from predators and spawn. Those fish migrate to the river in the dry season. So fish species in the rainy season are found more than in the dry season.

4 Poulsen, Anders, Ouch Poeu, Sintavong Viravong, Ubolratana Suntornratana & Nguyen Thanh Tung. 2002. Deep pools as dry season fish habitats in the Mekong Basin. MRC Technical Paper No. 4, Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh. 22 pp.

63


Table 5.1-23 Result of Interview Survey in the project site of SEZ

Order Family Scientific name Name in Khmer Commen Name

Interview and PRA

េឈា ះែខ រ � � Rainy Dry

Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae

Chitala ornate ្រត ក ី � ី Clown Featherback Less N/A Chitala lopis ្រត ្រកាយ ី /សាꋤ ត � Giant featherback Less N/A Chitala blanci ្រត ្រកាយ ី Royal featherback Less N/A Notopterus notopterus ្រត សាꋤ ត ី � Bronze featherback Medium Medium

Clupeiformes Clupeidae

Clupeichthys aesarnensis ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី � ំ N/ A Rich N/A Clupeichthys borneensis ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី �� ំ N/A Rich N/A Clupeichthys goniognathus ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី � ំ Sunatran river sprat Rich N/A Tenualosa toli ្រត បា ល ង ី ៉ ូ N/A Rich N/A

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae

Rasbora paviei ្រត ចង‌ ឆ ត ី � � N/A Less N/A Leptobarbus hoeveni ្រត ្រចឡ ង ី ឹ /្រពល ង ូ Mad Barb Less N/A Aaptosyax grypus ្រត បា សាꋤណ‌ក ី ៉ N/A Less N/A Cyclocheilichthys enoplos ្រត េឆា ក ី � N/A Rich Less Cyclocheilicthys furcatus ្រត េឆា កកា ី � � N/A Less N/A Cyclocheilicthys repasson ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � N/A Rich Rich Cyclocheilicthys apongon ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � Mad Barb Rich Medium Cyclocheilicthys heteronema ្រត េឆា កព កមាត ប ី � ុ ់ ី N/A Less N/A Cyclocheilicthys lagleri ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � N/A Medium N/A Crossocheilus reticulatus ្រត ចង‌ ជ� ក ី � � ់ N/A Rich N/A Cyclocheilicthys armatus ្រត ផ‌ គ ី � N/A Medium Less Hypsibarbus wetmorei ្រត ឆ ន្រព យ ី �ិ � N/A Less N/A Hypsibarbus lagleri ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ N/A Less N/A Puntioplites falcifer ្រត ្រចែកង ី N/A Medium N/A Puntioplites proctozysron ្រត ្រចែកង ី N/A Rich Rich scaphoognathops stejnegeri ្រត ្រតេសក ី N/A Rich N/A Puntius brevis ្រត អង ត ្របាក ី � ់ ់ Swamp barb Less Less Puntius orphoides ្រត អ ព លទ ី ំ ិ ុំ N/A Rich Less Puntius rhombeus ្រត អង ត ្របាក ី � ់ ់ N/A Rich N/A Macrochirichthys macrochirus ្រត ដងែខ ង ី � N/A Less N/A Morulius chrysophekadion ្រត ែក ក ី � Black sharkminnow Less Less Barbodes altus ្រត កាែហ ី Tinfoil barb Rich N/A Barbodes schwanefeldi ្រត កាែហេលឿង ី Tawes Medium N/A Barbodes gonionotus ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ N/A Less N/A Amblyrhynchichthys truncates ្រត ក ប ្រត្រចម ះ ី ំ ុ ុ N/A Less N/A Cosmocheilus harmandi ្រត ក ព លបាយ ី ំ ូ N/A Less N/A Hampala dispar ្រត ខា ន ី � ់ Eye-spot barb Rich Medium Hampala macrolepidota ្រត ខា ន ី � ់ Barred barb Medium Medium Osteochilus melanopleurus ្រត ្រគ ី �ំ N/A Less Less Thynnichthys thynnoides ្រត ល ញ ី ិ N/A Medium Less Catlocarpio siamensis ្រត គល រ‌ ង ី ់ ំ /្រត កាេហា ី Giant barb Less N/A Corica laciniata ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី �� ំ N/A Medium N/A Rasbora tornieri ្រត ចង‌ ម ល ី � ូ Yellowtail rasbora Less N/A Garra cambodgiensis ្រត ចង‌ អង រ ី � � Less N/A Hypsibarbus malcolmi ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ Goldfin tinfoil barb Medium N/A Hypsibarbus pierrei ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ N/A Rich N/A Esomus longimanus ្រត ចង‌ េភ �ង ី � � N/A Rich N/A Esomus metallicus ្រត ចង‌ េភ �ង ី � � Striped flying barb Rich N/A Labiobarbus siamensis ្រត ឣ‍ចម ក ក ី ៍ ុ N/A Rich Less Labiobarbus lineata ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Rich N/A Osteochilus schlegeli ្រត លលកស ី N/A Less N/A Osteochilus lini ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Medium N/A Osteochilus microcephalus ្រត ្រក ស ី � Bonylip barb Less N/A Osteochilus hasselti ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Less Less Cirrihinus molitorella ្រត ផ‌ គ ី � N/A Medium N/A Garra fasciacauda ្រត ស ក ី � N/A Less N/A

64



Interview and PRA

េឈា ះែខ រ � � Rainy Dry Cirrihnus jullieni ្រត ផ‌ ចា ី � N/A Medium N/A Cirrihnus microlepis ្រត ្រព ល ី N/A Less N/A Henicorhynchus siamensis ្រត េរៀលត ប ី ុ N/A Medium Rich Henicorhynchus lobatus ្រត េរៀលអង‌ ម ី � N/A Rich N/A Paralaubucus typus ្រត ស កឬស្ស ី �ឹ ី N/A Medium Less Paralaubucus riveroi ្រត ស កឬស្ស ី �ឹ ី N/A Medium Less Probarbus labeamajor ្រត ្រតសក ស ី ់ N/A Less N/A Probarbus jullieni ្រត ្រតសក ី ់ Seven-line barb Less N/A Probarbus labeamnor ្រត ្រតសក ី ់ N/A Less N/A Tor tambroides ្រត េកា រ ី � N/A Less N/A Tor sinensis ្រត េកា រ ី � N/A Less N/A Albulichthys albuloides ្រត េឆា កទ ទ យ ី � ី ុ N/A Less N/A

Cobitidae

Botia lecontei ្រត ក្រញ កេលឿង ី Silver botia Less N/A Botia helodes ្រត ក្រញ កឆ ត ី � Tiger botia Rich N/A Botia modesta ្រត ក្រញ ក្រកហម ី Redtail botia Rich N/A Botia nigrolineata ្រត ក្រញ ក ី N/A Medium N/A Botia caudipunctata ្រត ក្រញ ក ី N/A Less N/A Botia eos ្រត ក្រញ ក ី Sun loach Less N/A Botia splendida ្រត ក្រញ ក ី N/A Less N/A Botia beauforti ្រត ក្រញ ក ី Chameleon botia Medium N/A Acanthopsoides grancilentus ្រត ឬសេចក ី N/A Medium N/A Acantopsis sp.5 ្រត ឬសេចក ី N/A Medium N/A

Acantopsis sp.1 ្រត ឬសេចក ី Speckled horseface loach Rich N/A

Gyrinocheilidae Gyrinocheilus aymonieri ្រត ស ក ី �� Siamese algae eater Rich N/A Gyrinocheilus pennocki ្រត ស ក ី � Spotted algae eater Rich N/A

Siluriformes

Clariidae Clarias macrocephalus ្រត អែណ ងទ ន ី � ុ N/A Medium Less Clarius batrachus ្រត អែណ ងរ ង ី � � N/A Medium Less

Bagridae

Mystus singaringan ្រត ក� ះបាយ ី �� N/A Medium Less Hemibagrus filamentus ្រត តាេនល ី Sutchi River Catfish Less N/A Hemibagrus spilopterus ្រត ឆា ង ី � ំ N/A Less N/A Hemibargrus nemurus ្រត ឆា ង ី � ំ N/A Rich Less Hemibargrus wyckioides ្រត ខ្យោ ី N/A Medium N/A Mystus multiradiatus ្រត ក� ះឆ ត ី � � N/A Rich Medium Heterobagrus bocourti ្រត ក� ះេកា ង ី �� N/A Medium N/A Mystus atrifasciatus ្រត ក� ះឆ ត ី � � N/A Rich Less Mystus wolffi ្រត ក� ះ ី �� N/A Rich Rich Mystus rhegma ្រត ក� ះ ី � N/A Medium Less Mystus mysticetus ្រត ក� ះឆ ត ី �� N/A Rich N/A Mystus albolineatus ្រត ក� ះបាយ ី � N/A Rich Less Pseudomystus siamensis ្រត ក� ះថ ី �� Asian bumblebee Less N/A

Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis ្រត អែណ ងព កមាត ប ន ី � ុ ់ ួ N/A Less N/A

Pangasiidae

Pangasius lamaudiei ្រត េពា ី N/A Less N/A Pangasius elongatus ្រត ឈា ត ី � N/A Medium Less Pangasius djambal ្រត ្របា ី N/A Less N/A Pangasius bocourti ្រត ្របា ី N/A Medium N/A Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ្រត ្របា ី Iridescent Shark catfish Less N/A Pangasius micronema ្រត េពា ី N/A Medium N/A Pangasius leptorhynchus ្រត ្របាកណ រ ី �� N/A Less N/A Pangnsius makongensis ្រត ្របា្រកប ី ី N/A Less N/A Pangasius macronema ្រត េឈ �ត ី � N/A Medium N/A

Akysidae Akysis leucorhynchus N/A Less N/A Sisoridae Glyptothorax fuscus ្រត ក� ះ្រកប ី �� ី N/A Less N/A Schibeidae Laides hexanema ្រត េឈ �ត្របាក ី � ់ N/A Rich N/A Siluridae Kryptopterus cryptopterus ្រត ក េភ �ង ី ំ � /្រត ្របាក ី ់ N/A Medium N/A

65



Interview and PRA

េឈា ះែខ រ � � Rainy Dry Kryptopterus hexapterus ្រត ក េភ �វ ី ំ � N/A Medium N/A Kryptopterus limpok ្រត ក េភ �វ្របាក ី ំ � ់ N/A Medium N/A Belodontichthys truncatus ្រត កា ងហាយ ី � ំ N/A Less N/A Ompok sp.cf.eugeneriatus ្រត តាេឣ‍ន ី N/A Less N/A Kryptopterus cheveyi ្រត ក េភ �វស ង ី ំ � �ឹ N/A Less N/A Ompok hypophthalmus ្រត តាេឣ‍ន ី N/A Less Less Micronema bleekeri ្រត េកស ី N/A Medium N/A Micronema micronema ្រត េកស ី N/A Less N/A Ompok bimaculatus ្រត ្រកម ម ី ៉ Butter catfish Medium Less Wallago attu ្រត សណ‌ យ ី � N/A Medium Less

Perciformes

Channidae Channa macropeltes ្រត េឆា ី � Giant snakehead Less Less Channa striata ្រត ផ ក ី � ់ Chevron snakehead Rich Medium channa lucius ្រត ក� នជ យ ី � ័ N/A Less Less

Chandidae

Parambassis wolffi ្រត ក្រន ងេ្របង ី � Duskyfin glassy perchlet Less N/A

Parambassis apogonoides ្រត ក� ញ ្រចាស ធ ី � ់ ់ ំ Iridescent glassy perchlet Less Less

Parambassis notatus ្រត ក� ញ ្រចាស ត ច ី � ់ ់ ូ Siamese glassfish Rich Less

Polynemidae Polynemus borneensis ្រត ្រពាមេលឿង ី Borneo threadfin Less N/A Polynemus longipectoralis ្រត ្រពាមស ី Mimic threadfin Medium N/A

Nandidae Pristolepis fasciata ្រត ក្រន ប ី ់ N/A Rich Medium Anabantidae Anabas testudineus ្រត ្រកាញ ី ់ Climbing perch Rich Medium

Belontiidae Trichogaster trichopterus ្រត ក ភា ញែ្រស ី ំ � Threespot gourami Rich Rich Trichogaster microlepis ្រត ក ភា ញភ ក ី ំ � � Moonlight gourami Rich Rich Trichogaster pectoralis ្រត កន រ ី � Snakeskin gourami Rich Rich

Eleotridae Oxyeleotris marmorata ្រត ដ រ ី ំ � Marbled sleeper Less Less

Beloniformes Hemiramphidae

Hyporthamphus limbatus ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Rich Less Zenarchopterus buffonis ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Medium N/A Zenarchopterus ectuntio ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Medium N/A

Belonidae Xenentodom cancila ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Rich Less

Sybranchiformes Mastacembelidae

Mastacemblus armatus ្រត ខ ង ី �ឹ Zig-zag eel Rich N/A Macrognathus circumcinctus ្រត ខ ងេភ ង ី �ឹ �ើ N/A Rich N/A Macrognathus maculatus ្រត ខ ង ី �ឹ Frecklefin eel Medium N/A Macrognathus siamensis ្រត ឆ ញ ី � Peacock eel Medium Medium

Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Monotreta fangi ្រត ក ពត ី ំ N/A Medium Medium

b) Field Survey

The result of the field survey is shown in Table 5.1-24.There are 7 Order, 14 Family and 36 species find in SEZ area. Among 36 fish species there were 5 species (Cyclocheilicthys repasson, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Mystus wolffi, Trichogaster trichopterus, Trichogaster microlepis) which are the most abundance during the sampling because of they are as it called black fish which live in flood plain and gray fish which migrate from river to flooding area in the rainy season.

66


Table 5.1-24 Result of Field Survey in the project site of SEZ

Order Family Scientific name Commone Name F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Total

Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus

Bronze featherback

3 15 9 2 29

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae

Luciosoma bleekeri N/A 10 10 Cyclocheilichthys enoplos N/A 3 3

Cyclocheilicthys repasson N/A 228 228

Cyclocheilicthys armatus N/A 2 5 2 9

Puntioplites proctozysron N/A 1 59 60

Puntius brevis Swamp barb 1 2 3 Puntius orphoides N/A 1 2 3

Morulius chrysophekadion

Black sharkminno

w

2 16

18

Thynnichthys thynnoides N/A 1 35 36

Labiobarbus siamensis N/A 3 4 3 10

Henicorhynchus siamensis N/A 2 3 94 45 144

Paralaubucus typus N/A 3 3 Paralaubucus riveroi N/A 2 2

Siluriformes

Bagridae

Mystus singaringan N/A 2 2 2 6 Hemibargrus nemurus N/A 1 1

Mystus multiradiatus N/A 31 22 4 57

Mystus atrifasciatus N/A 6 6 Mystus wolffi N/A 126 126 Mystus rhegma N/A 3 6 8 17

Pangasiidae Pangasius elongatus N/A 1 1

Siluridae Ompok bimaculatus Butter catfish 5 1 3 9

Perciformes

Cannidae

Channa striata Chevron snakehead

1 1

Parambassis apogonoides

Iridescent glassy

perchlet

2

2

Parambassis notatus

Siamese glassfish

1 1

Nandidae Pristolepis fasciata N/A 2 2

Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing perch 1 2 1 1 5

Belontiidae

Trichogaster trichopterus

Threespot gourami 3 3 90 74 11 15 17 213

Trichogaster microlepis

Moonlight gourami 14 1 200 86 154 10 5 470

Trichogaster pectoralis

Snakeskin gourami

7 1 3 8 19

Trichopsis pumila Pygmy gourami

1 1

Eleotridae Oxyeleotris marmorata

Marbled sleeper

1 1

67


Order Family Scientific name Commone Name F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Total

Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporthamphus

limbatus N/A 2 2

Belonidae Xenentodom cancila N/A 1 1

Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus siamensis Peacock eel 2 2

Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Monotreta fangi N/A 2 2

The result of the benthos survey is shown inTable 5.1-25.There were 2 orders, 3 family and 3 species in the survey.

Table 5.1-25 Result of Field Survey (Benthos) in the project site of SEZ

Order Family Species Common name F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Total

Prosobranchia Viviparidae Viviparus viviparus River Snail 21 8 7 0 4 0 0 0 40

Decapodes Atyidae Atyaephyra Fresh water

shrimp 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 14

Parathelphusidae Esanthe-lphusa sp.I Rice field crab 3 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 10

3) Result in the Project Site of NCT

a) Interview Survey

The result of the interview survey and the PRA is shown in Table 5.1-26. There are 7 orders, 24 families and 81 species are found in the dry season and 7 Order, 28 Families and 147 species are found in the rainy season in the project site. Among 147 fish species find in the rainy season there are 40 species rich, 39 species medium, 68 species less; and among 81 fish species find in dry there are 4 species rich, 7 species medium and 70 species less.

In addition, fish migrates from river to the flooded area in the rainy season to find feed, escape from predators and for spawning. The fish migrates in along the river for spawning to upstream of the Mekong River called White fish, the fish migrates from river to flooding area (short distant) called gray fish and the fish live in flooded area called black fish. As the survey results , white fish (Cyprinidae, Pangasiidae, Siluridae…) and gray fish (Bagridae, Notopteridae, Siluridae…) are found more than black fish (Anabantidae, Belontiidae, Channidae…).

In conclusion in the project area, fish species in the rainy season are found more than in the dry season due to in the dry season the fish migrate to deep pool for the dry season refugee.

Table 5.1-26 Result of Interview Survey in the project site of NCT

Order Family Scientific name Name in Khmer

េឈា ះែខ រ � � Commen Name

Interview and PRA

Rainy Dry

Osteoglossi-formes Notopteridae

Chitala ornate ្រត ក ី � ី Clown Featherback Less Less Chitala lopis ្រត ្រកាយ ី /សាꋤ ត � Giant featherback Less Less Chitala blanci ្រត ្រកាយ ី Royal featherback Less Less Notopterus notopterus ្រត សាꋤ ត ី � Bronze featherback Rich Less

Clupeiformes

Cluperidae Clupeichthys goniognathus ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី � ំ Sunatran river sprat Medium Less Tenualosa thibaudeaui ្រត ក្បក ី Laotian shad Less Less

Engraulidae Coilia macrognathos ្រត ជ� ញមាន ី �� ់ Longjaw grenadier

anchovy Rich Medium

Coilia lindmani ្រត ជ� ញមាន ី �� ់ Lindman’s grenadier anchovy Rich Medium

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Leptobarbus hoeveni ្រត ្រចឡ ង ី ឹ /្រពល ង ូ Mad Barb Less Less Luciosoma bleekeri ្រត ដងដ‌វ ី /បង យ � N//A Medium Less

68


Cyclocheilichthys enoplos ្រត េឆា ក ី � N/A Medium Less Cyclocheilicthys furcatus ្រត េឆា កកា ី � � N/A Less Less Cyclocheilicthys repasson ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � N/A Less N/A Cyclocheilicthys apongon ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � Beardless barb Less N/A Cyclocheilicthys lagleri ្រត ្រសការកា ម ី � N/A Less N/A Crossocheilus reticulatus ្រត ចង‌ ជ� ក ី � � ់ N/A Less N/A Cyclocheilicthys armatus ្រត ផ‌ គ ី � N/A Medium Medium Hypsibarbus wetmorei ្រត ឆ ន្រព យ ី �ិ � N/A Less Less Hypsibarbus lagleri ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ N/A Rich Medium Puntioplites falcifer ្រត ្រចែកង ី N/A Rich Rich Puntioplites proctozysron ្រត ្រចែកង ី N/A Rich Rich scaphoognathops stejnegeri ្រត ្រតេសក ី /បា េភៀន ៉ N/A Rich Less Puntius brevis ្រត អង ត ្របាក ី � ់ ់ Swamp barb Less N/A Macrochirichthys macrochirus ្រត ដងែខ ង ី � N/A Less N/A

Morulius chrysophekadion ្រត ែក ក ី � Black sharkminnow Rich N/A Lobocheilos melanotaenia ្រត ចង‌ រេន‌ង ី � N/A Medium N/A Barbodes schwanefeldi ្រត កាែហេលឿង ី Tinfoil barb Rich Less Barbodes gonionotus ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ Tawes Less Less Amblyrhynchichthys truncates ្រត ក ប ្រត្រចម ះ ី ំ ុ ុ N/A Medium N/A

Hampala dispar ្រត ខា ន ី � ់ Eye-spot barb Less Less Hampala macrolepidota ្រត ខា ន ី � ់ Barred barb Less Less Osteochilus melanopleurus ្រត ្រគ ី �ំ N/A Less Less Thynnichthys thynnoides ្រត ល ញ ី ិ N/A Medium Less Corica laciniata ្រត បណ លអ េ� ី � ំ Bangkok river sprat Rich Less Rasbora tornieri ្រត ចង‌ ម ល ី � ូ Yellowtail rasbora Rich Less Hypsibarbus malcolmi ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ Goldfin tinfoil barb Rich Less Hypsibarbus pierrei ្រត ឆ ន ី �ិ N/A Less N/A Esomus longimanus ្រត ចង‌ េភ �ង ី � � N/A Less N/A Esomus metallicus ្រត ចង‌ េភ �ង ី � � Striped flying barb Rich N/A Labiobarbus siamensis ្រត ឣ‍ចម ក ក ី ៍ ុ N/A Medium N/A Crossochelius atrilimes ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Less N/A Labiobarbus lineata ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Medium N/A Osteochilus schlegeli ្រត លលកស ី N/A Less N/A Osteochilus waandersi ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Less N/A Osteochilus lini ្រត ្រក ស ី � N/A Less N/A Osteochilus microcephalus ្រត ្រក ស ី � Bonylip barb Less N/A Cirrihnus jullieni ្រត ផ‌ ចា ី � N/A Less N/A Cirrihnus microlepis ្រត ្រព ល ី N/A Less N/A Henicorhynchus siamensis ្រត េរៀលត ប ី ុ N/A Rich Medium Henicorhynchus lobatus ្រត េរៀលអង‌ ម ី � N/A Rich Medium Paralaubucus typus ្រត ស កឬស្ស ី �ឹ ី N/A Medium Less Paralaubucus riveroi ្រត ស កឬស្ស ី �ឹ ី N/A Medium Less Probarbus jullieni ្រត ្រតសក ី ់ Seven-line barb Less N/A

Cobitidae

Botia lecontei ្រត ក្រញ កេលឿង ី Silver botia Rich Less Botia helodes ្រត ក្រញ កឆ ត ី � Tiger botia Rich Less Botia modesta ្រត ក្រញ ក្រកហម ី Redtail botia Rich Less Botia nigrolineata ្រត ក្រញ ក ី N/A Less N/A Botia caudipunctata ្រត ក្រញ ក ី N/A Medium N/A Botia eos ្រត ក្រញ ក ី Sun loach Less N/A Botia beauforti ្រត ក្រញ ក ី Chameleon botia Less N/A Acantopsis sp.5 ្រត ឬសេចក ី N/A Rich N/A Acantopsis sp ្រត ឬសេចក ី N/A Rich N/A

69


Acantopsis sp.1 ្រត ឬសេចក ី Speckled horseface loach Rich N/A

Gyrino-cheilidae Gyrinocheilus aymonieri ្រត ស ក ី � Siamese algae eater Medium N/A Gyrinocheilus pennocki ្រត ស ក ី � Spotted algae eater Rich N/A

Siluriformes

Bagridae

Clarias nieuhofii ្រត អែណ ងង‌ ង ី � ំ N/A Less N/A Mystus singaringan ្រត ក� ះបាយ ី � N/A Medium N/A Hemibagrus filamentus ្រត តាេនល ី Sutchi River Catfish Medium N/A Hemibagrus spilopterus ្រត ឆា ង ី � ំ N/A Rich Less Hemibargrus nemurus ្រត ឆា ង ី � ំ N/A Less Less Hemibargrus wyckioides ្រត ខ្យោ ី N/A Less Less Hemibargrus wyckii ្រត ឆា ងេ� ី � ំ � N/A Medium Less Heterobagrus bocourti ្រត ក� ះេកា ង ី � � N/A Less N/A Mystus atrifasciatus ្រត ក� ះឆ ត ី � � N/A Medium N/A Mystus wolffi ្រត ក� ះ ី �� N/A Medium N/A Mystus rhegma ្រត ក� ះ ី � N/A Medium N/A Mystus mysticetus ្រត ក� ះឆ ត ី � � N/A Medium N/A Mystus albolineatus ្រត ក� ះបាយ ី � N/A Medium N/A Pseudomystus siamensis ្រត ក� ះថ ី �� Asian bumblebee Less N/A

Heteropneu-stidae Hemiarinus stormii ្រត ក ក ី �� Armoured sea catfish Medium Less Arinus maculatus ្រត ក ក ី � Spotted sea catfish Rich Less

Plotodisdae Plotosus canius ្រត អែណ ងទេន ី � �/ក យ ុ N/A Medium Less

Pangasiidae

Pangasianodon gigas ្រត រ‌ជ ី Mekong giant catfish Less N/A Pangasius concophilus ្រត ែក ី N/A Medium N/A Pangasius lamaudiei ្រត េពា ី N/A Rich Less Pangasius elongatus ្រត ឈា ត ី � N/A Medium Less Pangasius djambal ្រត ្របា ី N/A Less Less Pangasius bocourti ្រត ្របា ី N/A Less Less Pangasius krempfi ្រត ្របា ី N/A Medium Less Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ្រត ្របា ី Iridescent Shark

catfish Less Less

Pangasius micronema ្រត េពា ី N/A Less Less Pangasius leptorhynchus ្រត ្របាកណ រ ី � N/A Less Less Pangasius polyuranodon ្រត េឈ �តេស កន យ ី � �ើ �� N/A Less Less Pangasius sanitwongsei ្រត េពា្រព យ ី � N/A Less Less Pangnsius makongensis ្រត ្របា្រកប ី ី N/A Less Less Pangasius macronema ្រត េឈ �ត ី � N/A Rich Less

Sisoridae Bagarius yarrelli ្រត ្រកប ី ី Goonch Less Less Bagarius bagarius ្រត ្រកប ី ី Dwarf goonch Less N/A

Siluridae

Kryptopterus cryptopterus ្រត ក េភ �ង ី ំ � /្រត ្របាក ី ់ N/A Rich N/A Kryptopterus hexapterus ្រត ក េភ �វ ី ំ � N/A Rich N/A Kryptopterus limpok ្រត ក េភ �វ្របាក ី ំ � ់ N/A Rich N/A Kryptopterus moorei ្រត ក េភ �វ ី ំ � N/A Medium Less Kryptopterus schilbeides ្រត ក េភ �វ ី ំ � N/A Medium Less Belodontichthys truncatus ្រត កា ងហាយ ី � ំ N/A Medium Less Hemisilurus mekonggensis ្រត េកសកណ រ ី � N/A Less N/A Ompok sp.cf.eugeneriatus ្រត តាេឣ‍ន ី N/A Rich N/A Kryptopterus cheveyi ្រត ក េភ �វស ង ី ំ � �ឹ N/A Medium N/A Micronema apogon ្រត េកស ី N/A Medium Less Micronema bleekeri ្រត េកស ី N/A Rich Less Micronema micronema ្រត េកស ី N/A Rich N/A Ompok bimaculatus ្រត ្រកម ម ី ៉ Butter catfish Less N/A Wallago attu ្រត សណ‌ យ ី � N/A Rich N/A Wallago leeri ្រត ស ក ី � ់ N/A Less N/A

Perciformes Channidae Channa macropeltes ្រត េឆា ី � Giant snakehead Less N/A Channa striata ្រត ផ ក ី � ់ Chevron snakehead Less N/A

70


b) Field Survey

The result of the field survey is shown in Table 5.1-27. There are 3 orders, 3 families and 6 species are found in W1. However, there are no fish caught in W2 and W3 due to strong current in the morning and gill net couldn’t reach to the bottom of the river.

Table 5.1-27 Result of Field Survey in the project site of NCT

Order Family Scientific name Common Name W1 W2 W3

Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntioplites proctozysron N/A 10 0 0 Hypsibarbus sp.cf.vernayi N/A 1 0 0

Siluriformes Pangasiidae Pangasius concophilus N/A 1 0 0 Pangasius lamaudiei N/A 1 0 0 Pangasius elongatus N/A 1 0 0

Perciformes Polynemidae Polynemus borneensis N/A 1 0 0

channa orientalis ្រត ខ្សោន ី Walking snakehead Less N/A channa lucius ្រត ក� នជ យ ី � ័ N/A Less N/A

Chandidae

Parambassis wolffi ្រត ក្រន ងេ្របង ី � Duskyfin glassy perchlet Less N/A

Parambassis apogonoides ្រត ក� ញ ្រចាស ធ ី � ់ ់ ំ Iridescent glassy perchlet Less N/A

Parambassis notatus ត ក� ញ ្រចាស ត ច ី � ់ ់ ូ Siamese glassfish Medium N/A Centropo-midae Lates calcarifer ្រត ស ង ី � Barramudi N/A Less

Lobotidae Datniodes microlepis ្រត ខា ី � Finescale tigerfish Less N/A Datniodes quadrifasciatus ្រត ខា ី � Barred tigerfish Less N/A

Polynemidae Polynemus borneensis ្រត ្រពាមេលឿង ី Borneo threadfin Rich Rich Polynemus longipectoralis ្រត ្រពាមស ី Mimic threadfin Medium Medium

Sciaenidae Boesemania microlepis ្រត ្របមា ី ៉ Smallscale croaker Rich Rich

Toxotidae Toxotes microlepis ្រត ក� ក សាꋤ ី � ់ � Largescale archerfish Less Less Toxotes chatareus ្រត ក� ក សាꋤ ី � ់ � Smallscale archerfish Less Less

Anabantidae Anabas testudineus ្រត ្រកាញ ី ់ Climbing perch Medium N/A

Belontiidae Trichogaster trichopterus ្រត ក ភា ញែ្រស ី ំ � Threespot gourami Less Less Trichogaster microlepis ្រត ក ភា ញភ ក ី ំ � � Moonlight gourami Rich Less Trichogaster pectoralis ្រត កន រ ី � Snakeskin gourami Rich N/A

Eleotridae Oxyeleotris marmorata ្រត ដ រ ី ំ � Marbled sleeper Less Less Gobiidae Glossogobius sparsipapillus ្រត ខ្សោច ី ់ N/A Rich N/A

Beloniformes

Hemiram-phidae Hyporthamphus limbatus ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Less Less Zenarchopterus buffonis ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Less Less Zenarchopterus ectuntio ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Less Less

Belonidae Xenentodom cancila ្រត េផ‌ ង ី � N/A Less Less

Mastacem-belidae

Mastacemblus armatus ្រត ខ ង ី �ឹ Zig-zag eel Less Less Macrognathus circumcinctus ្រត ខ ងេភ ង ី �ឹ �ើ N/A Rich Less Macrognathus maculatus ្រត ខ ង ី �ឹ Frecklefin eel Rich Less Macrognathus siamensis ្រត ឆ ញ ី �� Peacock eel Less N/A

Pleuronecti-formes

Soleidae Achiroides leucorhynchos ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � N/A Medium Less Brachirus harmandi ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � N/A Less Less Brachirus orientalis ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � N/A Medium Less

Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus feldmanni ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � River tonguesole Medium Less Cynoglossus microlepis ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � Smallscale tonguesole Medium Less Cynoglossus puncticeps ្រត អែណ តែឆ ី � � Mottled tonguesole Medium Less

71


The result of the benthos survey is shown in Table 5.1-28.There are 4 orders, 4 family and 4 species in the survey. The most abundant species is Philopotamus sp.

Table 5.1-28 Result of Field Survey (Benthos) in the project site of NCT

Order Family Species Common Name B1 B2 B3 Trichopteres Philopotamidae Philopotamus sp N/A 2 30 0

Depteres Chironomidae Chironomus Blood worms 1 0 2 Prosobranchia Viviparidae Viviparus viviparus River Snail 0 0 10

Decapodes Atyidae Atyaephyra Fresh water shrimp 1 0 0

4) Endangered Species

Fish

Endangered species are assessed based on the list of Cambodia endangered fish species 2009 (Sub-decree on Specifying types of fisheries under endangerment August, 2009) and the list of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The sub-decree lists 29 freshwater endangered fish and spells out animal on the list are banned from being transported or traded unless they are being farmed or are in compliance with the domestic fisheries law and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which Cambodia ratified in 1997.

The result is shown in Table 5.1-29. Four species in the project site of NCT and three species in the project site of SEZ are matched the sub-decree and two of them are listed in CITES Appendix 1. These species are resulted from the interview survey and not found in the field survey. These species may be found in the rainy season vicinity of project site.

Table 5.1-29 Endangered Fish Species

Order Family Scientific Name Common name

Sub decree* CITES** NCT SEZ

Siluriformes Pangasiidae Pangasianodon gigas

Mekong giant catfish O I Rainy

Cypriniformes

Cyprinidae Catlocarpio siamensis Giant barb O Rainy

Cyprinidae Probarbus jullieni Isok barb O I Rainy Rainy

Cyprinidae Probarbus labeamajor Thicklip barb O Rainy

Siluriformes Siluridae Wallago leeri N/A O Rainy Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius Dwarf goonch O Rainy

Note: * Cambodia endangered fish species 2009 (Sub-decree on Specifying types of fisheries under endangerment August, 2009)

** Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora I= Appendix I cover species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only

under exceptional circumstances. II= Appendix II covers species not necessarily threatened with extinction but in which trade must be controlled to

avoid use incompatible with their survival Benthos

Because there is no national red list for benthos, endangered species are assessed based on the IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List. As shown in Table 5.1-30, endangered species is not found in the target NCT and SEZ area.

72


Table 5.1-30 Evaluation of Collected Benthos Species

Order Family Scientific Name Common name IUCN Red List NCT SEZ

Prosobranchia Viviparidae Viviparus viviparus River Snail LC* O O

Decapodes Atyidae Atyaephyra Fresh water shrimp N/A** O O Parathelphusidae Esanthe-lphusa sp.I Rice field crab N/A O

Trichopteres Philopotamidae Philopotamus sp N/A N/A O Depteres Chironomidae Chironomus Blood worms N/A O

Note: * Least Concern ** Not Assessed

5.1.12 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

To understand the current conditions of terrestrial flora and fauna in or around the project site, the survey were conducted by subcontracting a local consultant (Key Consultants Cambodia).

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

Terrestrial flora and fauna survey was conducted in the target SEZ area of Plot A, B, C, D and J, and outside of the target SEZ area as background (Background (BG) 1, 2 and 3). Furthermore, line survey was conducted from the port to the future expansion area of SEZ, which includes future expansion area of an access road in addition to the project target Access Road area between National Road No.1 to SEZ Plot A. The survey location is shown in Figure 5.1-27 and photos of the locations are shown inFigure 5.1-28 .

73


Figure 5.1-27 Location map for Terrestrial Flora and Fauna survey

BG 1

BG 2

BG 3 Survey Plot Survey Line

Background

74


Location Picture for Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

Plot A

Plot B

Plot C

Plot D

Plot J

Line

BG1

BG2

BG3 Figure 5.1-28 Photos of Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey

2) Survey Period

The survey was conducted in 9th to 15th January and 18th February 2013 as shown below. In February 2013, PPAP has changed the alignment of the access road, so the additional survey on Flora was carried out on the changed part of the access road.

Table 5.1-31 Survey period of Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

Date Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot D Plot J Line BG 1 BG 2 BG 3 9-Jan-13 O

10-Jan-13 O O 12-Jan-13 O O 14-Jan-13 O O O O 15-Jan-13 O 18-Feb-13 O

3) Data Collection

a) Flora

The Flora survey was focused on tree/shrub species collection. The tree/shrub species have to be counted 100% within the development area as shown in Figure 5.1-27. The found tree/shrub species were written in local names, English name and scientific names; and checked with IUCN red list and national red list and noted down the level of vulnerability of all tree/shrub species. Only tree/shrub species that are listed in the IUCN red list were taken the coordinates of their locations and they will

75


be easy to find in the field. Those vulnerable/endanger tree/shrub species will be preserved by the project.

Outside the project area, three sample plots with 50 m X 50 m size were setup for flora survey. The survey tracks and locations of the three sample plots are shown in Figure 5.1-27. Only tree/shrub species were counted for the three sample plots.

b) Fauna

It is quite difficult to survey wildlife because they move all the time; they do not stand still like tree/shrub. On the other hand, time for the survey is also limited, so only simple methods were used for this study.

Observation along the transect lines

During the inventory of tree/shrub species, the observation on wildlife was conducted at the same time not only within the transect lines and survey plots but also surrounding those areas. Wildlife species found was recorded and take photos. This method is not quite fruitful but it is used to confirm with information collected from local people.

Interview with local people surrounding those areas

For this study, the interview with local people who live in/around and often access to the study areas are very important and the information is also more reliable. The interviews focus on wild mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The results were checked with IUCN red list and national red list and noted down the level of vulnerability of those wildlife found or reported. The habitats of vulnerable or endangered wildlife were also defined.

4) Endangered Species

Endangered species are assessed based on IUCN Red List, National Red List (Prakas (Declaration) of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) and CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).

The definitions of the categories of the red lists are shown below.

IUNC Red List:

EN: Endanger VU: Vulnerable NT: Near threaten LC: Least Concern Prakas (Declaration) of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries:

Flora: The Prakas (Declaration) is focused on tree species in natural habitats (not for planted tree species). There are 4 categories of flora which the Ministry prohibits from exploitation such as:

1. Species within the tree classification lists which diameter does not yet reach loggable size.

2. Endanger species 3. Tree species which local people collect the resin 4. Tree species provide valuable resin

Fauna: All wildlife in Cambodia are classified into 3 classes - Class 1: Endanger species

76


- Class 2: Rare species - Class 3: Abundant species CITES: Appendix I - species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants Appendix II - species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may

become so unless trade is closely controlled Appendix III - species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the

species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation

(2) Result

1) Flora

The results of the flora survey are shown in Table 5.1-32. The photos of Flora are attached in Appendix.

Plot A

Plot A is dominated by inundated shrub land and grassland. There are two species of tree were found and the dominant tree species in plot A is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 7 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum and Crateva religiosa. There are 2 species of herb existing in the area and the common species is Eichhornia crassipes. There are 4 liana species and the common specie is Merremia hederacea and 4 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum and Bo baos are the common ones). All vegetations found in Plot A are least concern (LC) and not assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

Plot B

Plot B is dominated by rice field and grassland. There are three species of tree were found and the dominant tree species in plot B is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 6 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum and Ficus heterophylla. There are 9 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia adscendens and Ipomoea aquatica.

There are 4 liana species and the common species are Merremia hederacea and Ichnocarpus oxypetalus, and 3 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum and Bo baos are the common ones). All vegetations found in Plot B are least concern (LC) and not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES. Plot C

Plot C is dominated by rice field, inundated shrub land and grassland. The most dominant tree species found in plot C is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 5 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum and Mimosa pigra. There are 6 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes and Cyperus cyperiodes. Only a liana species is Trichosanthes tricuspidata and 2 species of grass Polygonum tomentosum and Bo baos (cannot find scientific name). All vegetations found in Plot C are least concern (LC) and not assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

Plot D

Plot D is dominated by inundated shrubland and grassland. There are two species of tree were found and the dominant tree species in plot D is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland,

77


there are 7 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum, Crateva religiosa and Ficus heterophylla. There are 12 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia adscendens and Ipomoea aquatica. There are 4 liana species and the common species are Merremia hederacea and Ichnocarpus oxypetalus, and 4 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum and Bo baos are the common ones). All vegetations found in Plot D are least concern (LC) and not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

Plot J

Plot J is dominated by inundated shrubland and grassland. There are two species of tree were found and the dominant tree species in plot D is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 13 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum, Dalbergia ebtadoides, Crateva religiosa, Acacia concinna and Ficus heterophylla. There are 4 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia adscendens and Ipomoea aquatica. There are 6 liana species and the common species are Merremia hederacea, Derris scandens and Ichnocarpus oxypetalus, and 3 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum is the common one). All vegetations found in Plot J&J1 are least concern (LC) and not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

Line

Line was surveyed starting from the entrance of the new port until the end of the proposed road with 50 meters width. The vegetations along the line were clearly seen differently in three main parts where the first part is in village, second part is in rice field and the third part is in inundated shrubland and grassland which corresponds to future expansion area of access road.

The part in village is dominated by planted trees, shrub, herb and vines. Along the proposed access road of the development area, there is an endanger tree species, sugar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer). They are local planted trees. This palm tree is very useful to local people because it can be used to make boat, build house, roof, etc; besides its juice can be used to drink, produce sugar and local beer (Tuek Thnaot Chu). It is also Cambodian National symbolic tree. Total 27 of sugar palm trees grow along the access road.

The location and photo of the sugar palm trees are shown in Figure 5.1-29 and Figure 5.1-30 and the X, Y coordinates of those endanger species are attached in Appendix. In the second part of the road is rice field with very few trees scatter everywhere and common species is Barringtonia acotangula. For the third part is in inundated shrubland and grassland, the common species of tree and shrub are Barringtonia acotangula, Combretum trifoliatum, Crateva religiosa and Ficus heterophylla. Beside sugar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer), there is a near threaten species (Dimocarpus longan) and the other vegetations found in the line are Least Concern (LC) and not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

78


Figure 5.1-29 Location of the endangered species (Sugar Palm Tree)

Figure 5.1-30 Photo of the endangered species (Sugar Palm Tree)

Back Ground

BG 1 is dominated by inundated shrubland and grassland. Only one species of tree was found is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 5 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum and Ficus heterophylla. There are 2 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes and Ludwigia adscendens. There are 4 liana species and the common species are Merremia hederacea and Ichnocarpus oxypetalus, and 2 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum is the common one). All vegetations found in BG 1 are not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

79


BG 2 is dominated by inundated shrubland and grassland. There are three species of tree were found and the dominant tree species is Barringtonia acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there are 4 species were found and the common species are Combretum trifoliatum and Crateva religiosa. There are 4 species of herb existing in the area and the common species are Eichhornia crassipes and Ludwigia adscendens. There are 2 liana species and the common species are Merremia hederacea and Ichnocarpus oxypetalus, and 2 species of grass (Polygonum tomentosum is the common one). All vegetations found in BG 2 are not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

BG 3 is dominated by inundated grassland. Only one species of tree was found is Barringtonia

acotangula. For inundated shrubland, there is one species was found, Combretum trifoliatum. There are 2 species of herb existing in the area and the common species is Ludwigia adscendens. There one liana species, Ichnocarpus oxypetalus and three species of grass, the common species is Polygonum tomentosum. All vegetations found in BG 3 are not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. They are not listed in Prakas and CITES.

Table 5.1-32 Result of Flora Survey

Family Scientific name Local name A

B C

D J Li

ne

BG

1

BG

2

BG

3

IUC

N

Prak

as

CIT

ES

Trees (including seedlings and saplings) Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Svay O Annonaceae Polyathia longifolia Krasaob O Apocynaceae Plumeria alba Champei sa O Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra Kor O Ebenaceae Diospyros mollis Mak khlue O Ebenaceae Diospyros sylvatica Kchahs O Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura Krakhob O Euphorbiaceae Antidesma ghaesembilla Dangkiep kdam O Euphorbiaceae Bridelia ovata Thmenh Trei O Euphorbiaceae Hymenocardia wallichii Phnom phnaeng O Euphorbiaceae Mallotus anisopodus Chhkaeng O Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus acidus Kantuet O Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula Reang Tuk O O O O O O O O O Leguminosae Acacia auriculiformis Acasia O Leguminosae Albizia saman Ampil barang O Leguminosae Cassia grandis Oy moy O Leguminosae Erythrina variegata Roluehs bay O Leguminosae Leucaena leucocephala Krathum thet O Leguminosae Peltophorum dasyrrhachis Trasek O Leguminosae Pithecellobium dulce Ampil tuk O Leguminosae Sesbania grandiflora Angkie dei O Leguminosae Tamarindus indica Ampil O Lythraceae Lagerstroemia floribunda Trabek prey O Magnoliaceae Michelia alba Champa sa O Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Sdau O Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape Kamping riech O Moracea Artocarpus heterophyllus Khnaor O Moraceae Ficus racemosa Lovie O Moraceae Streblus asper Snay O Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Mrom O Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Preng Khchal O Myrtaceae Melaleuca cajeputi Smach O O Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini Pring O

80



B C

D J Li

ne

BG

1

BG

2

BG

3

IUC

N

Prak

as

CIT

ES

Myrtaceae Syzygium malaccense Chumpu kraham O Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi Trolung tung O Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola Spu O Podocarpaceae Podocarpus neriifolius Srol O LC Rhamnaceae Zizyphus mauritiana Putrie O LC Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata Tromeng O Rubiaceae Anthocephalus chinensis Thkow O Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis Kdol O O Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia Kroch chhmar O Rutaceae Limonia acidissima Khvot O Rutaceae Citrus maxima Kroch khlong O Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Kroch poo sat O Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Mien O NT Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito Tuk dah koo O Simaroubaceae Quassia harmandiana Kra O O O O O Verbenaceae Vitex glabrata Sam ley (Popul tuk) O Xanthophyllaceae Xanthophyllum glaucum Pumsaen O Chhat O Krakhob barang O Mdenh O Tra ngen O Shrubs Acanthaceae Justicia gendarussa Chha eng morn O Annonaceae Annona muricata Tiep barang O Annonaceae Annona squamosa Tiep bay O Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus Kamping puey kook O Araliaceae Polyscias fructicosa Porium O Capparidaceae Capparis micracantha Kanh che bay dach O Capparidaceae Crateva religiosa Tunlie O O O O O Caricaceae Carica papaya Lhong O Cochlospermaceae Cochlospermum religiosum Kabbashs prei O O O Combretaceae Combretum quadrangulare Sang ke O Combretaceae Combretum trifoliatum Trahs O O O O O O O O O Euphorbiaceae Breynia vitis-idaea Phnak prieb O Euphorbiaceae Erismanthussinensis Nuan srei O Euphorbiaceae Hymenocaedia wallichii Phnom phnaeng O Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Lhong khwang O Euphorbiaceae Mallotus anisopodus Chhkaeng O Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Damloong mi O Euphorbiaceae Sauropus androgynus Sluek ngob O Leeaceae Leea indica Bay kdang O Leguminosae Acacia concinna Banla saot O O O Leguminosae Bauhinia curtisi Chudae sva toch O Leguminosae Caesalpinia pulcherrima Kngaok toch O Leguminosae Cathormion umbellatum Sambue sa O O O Leguminosae Dalbergia ebtadoides Khnay moen sbat O O O Leguminosae Mimosa pigra Preah khlab yiek O O O O O O O Leguminosae Sesbania paludosa Snao O O O O O Malvaceae Abutilon indicum Thbal koen O Moracea Ficus heterophylla Slot O O O O O O O Moracea Morus australis Mon toch O Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Trabaek O Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea buttiana Phka kradahs O Oleaceae Jasminum funale Chha eng puehs sva O O O Oleaceae jusminum sambac Mlis O

81



B C

D J Li

ne

BG

1

BG

2

BG

3

IUC

N

Prak

as

CIT

ES

Punicaceae Punica granatum Totuem O LC Rubiaceae Gardenia lucida Mlis ruet O Rubiaceae Ixora nigricans Reang Sab O Rubiaceae Morida persicaefolia Nho tuk O O O O Rutaceae Glycosmis pentaphylla Phleang O Rutaceae Murraya koenigii Kantrook O Sapindaceae Allophyllus serrulatus Bey sanlok O Solanaceae Datura metel Slak O Solanaceaea Solanum torvum Trab put lumnhong O Tiliaceae Grewia urenaefolia Samrak O O Verbenaceae Lasianthus hoensis Leach phtuhs O Urticaceae Pouzolzia zeylanica Kanndab chang e O Bay chrueng O Chha eng morn O Lhong khnhe O Phka sarikakeo O Kravan (flower) O Kravan (Kdo ta) O O O Srakei andeng O Bamboo Gramineae Dendrocalamus giganteus Russey prey O LC

Gramineae Dendrocalamus membranaceus Russey srok

O

Gramineae Bambusa multiplex Russey srok chin O Palms Palmae Areca catechu Sla O Palmae Arenga pinata Doong prehs O Palmae Borassus flabellifer Tnaot O EN Plamae Caryota urens Tunsae O Palmae Cocos nucifera Doong O Herbs Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Cheng bankang O O O O LC Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Phti O Amaranthaceae Celosia cristata Se moen kraham O Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Tuk dahs khla O LC

Araceae Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum Kdat O

Araceae Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta Trav O

Boraginaceae Coldenia procumbens Cheng tokae O Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum Pramaoy damrei O O O Cactaceae Cereus peruvianus Dambang Yiak O Cannaceae Canna indica Chek tehs O Capparidaceae Cleome gynandra Momienh O Compositae Chromolaena odorata tuntrien khaet O Compositae Eclipta prostrata Khmanh O O O O O Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Trakuen O O O O O Crassulaceae Kalanchoe tubiflora Pratiel sethei O Cyperaceae Cyperus cyperiodes Kak O O O O O Cyperaceae Cyperus Kyllingia Kak kdam O Heliconiaceae Heliconia bihai Chek miehs O Leguminosae Neptunia oleracea Kan chhet O LC Malvaceae Sida acuta subsp. Kantreang bay sa O

Marantaceae Schumannianthus dichotomus Run O

Marsileaceae Marsilea quadrifolia Chon Tulphnom O LC

82



B C

D J Li

ne

BG

1

BG

2

BG

3

IUC

N

Prak

as

CIT

ES

Musaceae Musa spp. Chek O Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Chhuk O O O O O O O Nympheaceae Nymphaea lotus Pralit O O O Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens Kamping Puey O O O O O O Piperaceae Piper lolot Chaphlu O Pontedderiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Kamphlaok O O O O O O O O Pontederiaceae Monochoria hastata Trakiet O O LC Scrophulariaceae Mazus japonicus Pramat dei O Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Kanndieng O O LC Sterculiaceae Pentapetes phoenica Krachieb O Umbelliferae Eryngium foetidum Chi banla O Kamphlorng O Protil reasey O Protil krong samrith O

Protil tevda prambey teus O

Protil batday O Sra kaneak O Tra chiek chruk O Vines and lianas Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus oxypetalus Voer Thmenh Trei O O O O O O O O Basellaceae Basella alba Voer chunlueng O Convolvulaceae Aniseia martinicensis Voer Anndat trakuet O LC Convolvulaceae Merremia hederacea Voer Ta aek O O O O O O O Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Tralarch O Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Slok bahs O Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Lo pov O Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria Khlook O Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes tricuspidata Voer pul aek O O Leguminosae Bauhinia curtisi Chudae sva toch O O Leguminosae Derris scandens Voer Preng O O O LC Leguminosae Psophcarpus tetragonolobus Po peay O Leguminosae Vigna unguiculata Sanndek treng O

Oleaceae Jasminum scandens Voer Chha eng puehs

O O

Passifloraceae Passiflora edulis Smis Passion O Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Voer Saw maw O O O Piperaceae Piper betle Mlou O Rubiaceae Paederia scandens Voer phaom O Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum Peng pahs sraom O Vitaceae Cayratia trifolia Voer tradich O Nonong Prey O Voer An sehs O Voer Pohs Ambeng O O O O Voer thlong O Grass Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera Andat koo O Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus Mnohs O Capparidaceae Cleome gynandra Momienh O Commelinaceae Commelina salicifolia Slab Tie O O O O O Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinaria Prak phlae O Gramineae Cymbopogon nardus Slek krei O Gramineae Imperata cylindrica Sbov O Gramineae Saccharum officinarum Ampov O Labiatae Ocimum basilicum Chi neang vong O

83



B C

D J Li

ne

BG

1

BG

2

BG

3

IUC

N

Prak

as

CIT

ES

Labiatae Ocimum tenuiflorum Mreahs prow O Leguminosae Cassia occidentalis Sanndek khmaoch O Leguminosae Mimosa pudica Preah khlab O Marantaceae Maranta arundinacea Saku O Pandanaceae Pandanus amaryllifolius Taey O Polygonaceae Polygonum tomentosum Kanteang hae O O O O O O O O O

Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens var. fasciculatum Mtehs O

Sterculiaceae Pentapetes phoenica Krachieb O Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga Rum deng O Zingiberaceae Zingiber putpureum Ponlei O Bo baos O O O O O O O Kanthom thet O Kamphlorng O Kombuoy O Kra leng vek O Protil russey O Smao barang O Smov barang O Treng O O O O O

2) Fauna

The survey on wildlife was focused on mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Two methods were carried out for the survey, one is field observation and takes photo of the wildlife and the other one is interview with old local people who frequently go to the project area. As the time is quite limited and the lack of professional camera (Long distance zoom camera lens), so very few species of wildlife were found during the field observation and some of those captured pictures are not very clear. The following are the results of Fauna survey. The list of Fauna species and their levels of vulnerability of the 3 institutions (IUCN, Prakas and CITES) are shown in below, and the photos of those Fauna are attached in Appendix.

Mammals

During the five days of field study, the survey team did not meet any mammal species but according to the interviews with local people they have reported that in the study area, there are 14 species of mammals are currently met and only three species of them are listed in IUCN red list as an Endanger species such as fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) and hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana). They are listed as class 2 for sunda pangolin and hairy-nosed otter and class 3 for fishing cat in the Prakas and listed in Appendix III in the CITES for all three species. The other species are also quite important but listed as Least Concern species like long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), and large-toothed ferret Badger(Melogale personata). The population of those existing mammal species is getting less compare to ten years ago because of hunting and loss of habitats reported by interviewees.

Most of the mammals (except rats live in rice field) live in inundated shrubland and grassland because those areas are rich of wildlife's fodder like fish, fruits and vegetation. In the rainy season, those mammals move to shrubland or grassland in higher areas where the flood is not deep and in the dry season, they move back to shrubland or grassland in lower areas. Those mammals move forth and back within the inundated shrubland and grassland according to the season.

84


Table 5.1-33 Result of Mammals

Family Scientific name Local name Common name Interview Survey IU

CN Prakas CITES

Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Sva kdam Long-tailed macaque O LC Class3 II

Felidae Prionailurus viverrinus Khlar Trey Fishing Cat O EN Class3 II

Herpestidae Herpestes javanicus Ska touch Small Indian Mongoose O LC Class3

Leporidae Lepus peguensis Ton sai Siamese hare O LC Class3 Manidae Manis javanica Pong ro Sunda pangolin O EN Class2 II Muridae Abrocoma sp. Kandol Rat O LC

Mustelidae Lutra sumatrana Phe Hairy-nosed otter O EN Class2 II

Mustelidae Melogale personata Chhlok Large-toothed ferret Badger O Class3

Sciuridae Callosciurus finlaysonii

Kamprok kro horm Variable sqirrel O LC Class3

Sciuridae Menetes berdmorei Kang Hen Berdmore's squirrel O LC Class3

Sciuridae Tamiops maritimus Kang Hech Eastern Striped Squirrel O LC Class3

Viverridae Hemigalus owstoni Kamping dong Owston's Civet O Class3

Viverridae Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Sampoch kro aub

Common palm civet O LC Class3 III

Viverridae Viverricula indica Sampoch vor Small Indian civet O LC Class3 III

Birds

As reported by the local people and field observation, there are many species of birds are present in the development area. Total 41 species and almost all of them are water birds. Among the 41 species, there are two endanger species (according to IUCN Red List), white-winged duck (Cairina scutulata) and white-shouldered ibis (Pseudibis davisoni); three vulnerable species, oriental reed warbler (Acrocephalus tangorum), sarus crane (Grus antigone), lesser adjustant (Leptoptilos javanicus); four near threaten species, darter (Anhinga melanogaster), germain's peacock pheasant (Polyplectron germaini), milky stork (Mycteria leucocephala), and spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis); thirty two least concern species; and one species is not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List. White-winged duck (Cairina scutulata) and white-shouldered ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) are also listed as class 1 in the Prakas.

The proposed development area is located in the Mekong flood plain. It is flooded every year by water from Mekong River in the rainy season and in the dry season this area will be dried up. The Mekong River brings a lot of nutrient for vegetations and fish every year. Based on the current landuse 2011, the development area composes of rice field, inundated shrubland and grassland. Such kind of habitat is very good for fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and especially water birds. Even though, some water birds species like sarus crane (Grus antigone), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) and lesser adjustant (Leptoptilos javanicus) are present only in the beginning of the flood season (June, July and August), especially rice field and inundated grassland, reported by local people. The other species of water bird are present all year round in the flood plain.

In the flood season, those water birds feeding in flooded areas and in the dry season some water birds like Cotton Pygmy-goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), White-winged duck (Cairina scutulata), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Grey heron (Ardea cinerea), Milky stork (Mycteria leucocephala), and Whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybridus) move down follow

85


the recession movement of water to find food in inundated shrubland and grassland. And other water birds like Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) and Javan pond heron (Ardeola speciosa) feeding every where including rice field and inundated grassland; reported by local villagers and field observation.

Table 5.1-34 Result of Bird


CN Prakas CITES

Accipitridae Elanus caeruleus Steang lolok Black-shouldered kite O O LC Class3

Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Chor Chat Kruem

Common King Fisher O LC Class3

Anatidae Cairina scutulata Tea prey slab sor

White-winged duck O O EN Class1 I

Anatidae Nettapus coromandelianus Bro Veak Cotton

Pygmy-goose O LC Class3

Anhingidae Anhinga melanogaster Smounh Darter O NT Class3 II

Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Krasa Grey heron O LC Class3

Ardeidae Ardeola speciosa Kok thnaut Javan pond heron O O LC Class3

Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Kok Ko Cattle Egret O O LC Class3 III

Centropodidae Centropus bengalensis Lo Aut Touch Lesser coucal O O LC Class3

Centropodidae Centropus sinensis Lo Aut Thom Greater Coucal O O LC Class3

Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Tro devich Red-wattled lapwing O LC Class3

Ciconiidae Anastomus oscitans Chang kiel Khayorng Asian openbill O LC Class3

Ciconiidae Leptoptilos javanicus Tradok touch Lesser Adjustant O VU Class2

Ciconiidae Mycteria leucocephala Roneal sor Milky stork O NT Class2 I

Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Lolork bai Spotted dove O O LC Class3

Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Ka Ek Large-billed

Crow O O LC Class3

Dendrocygnidae Dendrocygna javanica Bro voek Lesser

whistling Duck O LC Class3

Dicruridae Dicrurus aeneus Antep tong kantray

Bronzed drongo O O LC Class3

Dicruridae Dicrurus paradiseus Antep tong kantray

Greater Racket tailed drongo O O LC Class3

Gruidae Grus antigone Kriel Sarus Crane O VU Class2

Jacanidae Metopidius indicus Prohit khmao Bronze-winged jacana O LC Class3

Laridae Chlidonias hybridus Rom pe Whiskered tern O O Class3

Pelecanidae Pelecanus philippensis Tung Spot-billed

pelican O NT Class3

Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax niger Ka ek tuek Little Cormorant O O LC Class3

Phasianidae Francolinus pintadeanus To Tea Chinese

Francolin O LC Class3

Phasianidae Gallus gallus Moan prei Red jungle fowl O LC Class3

Phasianidae Polyplectron germaini

Moan to prapeh

Germain's peacock pheasant

O NT Class2

86



CN Prakas CITES

Phasianidae Turnix suscitator Krouch Eut Barred Buttonquail O LC Class3

Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis Popous tuek Little grebe O LC Class3

Psittacidae Psittacula roseata Sek-at Blossom-headed parakeet O LC Class3 II

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus finlaysoni Popich Stripe-throated

Bulbul O LC Class3

Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus Moan tuek White-breasted

waterhen O LC Class3

Rallidae Gallicrex cinerea Klom Watercock O LC Class3

Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Tom Purple swamphen O LC Class3

Rallidae Porzana pusilla Domdol Baillon's crake O LC Class3

Strigidae Glaucidium cuculoides Meam Asian Barred

Owlet O LC Class3 II

Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Sarika keo Common myna O O LC Class3

Sylviidae Acrocephalus orientalis Daunta Oriental reed

warbler O VU Class3

Sturnidae Sturnus nigricollis Kro ling kro loang

Black-collored starling O LC Class3

Threskiornithidae Pseudibis davisoni Tra yorng chamkom kor sor

White-shouldered ibis O EN Class1

Tytonidae Tyto alba Khleang Srak Barn Owl O LC Class3 Reptiles

According to the field observation and information gained from the local people, there are many species (about 31 species) of reptiles are present in the development area. The reptiles in and outside the study area, snakes is the most abundant species, it occupies 21 species, followed by turtles 5 species and other reptiles 5 species. Among the 31 species of reptiles, there are six Vulnerable species (in which 3 species are turtles), Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis), Black Asian Giant Tortoise (Siebenrockiella crassicollis), Rice-field Terrapin (Malayemys subtrijuga), Southeast asian softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea), Black And White Spitting cobra (Naja siamensis), and King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah); seventeen species are listed as Least Concern; four species are not yet assessed for the IUCN Red List; and four species cannot find the scientific names.

The majority of those reptiles are found in inundated shrubland and grassland, reported by local people.

Table 5.1-35 Result of Reptile


CN Prakas CITES

Agamidae Calotes versicolor Bang kouy Garden fence lizard O O LC Class3

Agamidae Physignatus concincinus An-sorng Water dragon O LC Class3 II

Bataguridae Cuora amboinensis An-doeuk bitmok

Asian box turtle O VU

Colubridae Ahaetula prisina Pos khsae ko Oriental whip snake O LC Class3

Colubridae Coelognathus radiata Pos sab ansorng N/A O

87



CN Prakas CITES

Colubridae Coelognatus radiatus Pos sang soeu Copper head racer O LC

Colubridae Oligodon taeniatus Pos Angkach meas

Stripe kukri snake O LC Class3

Colubridae Ptyas karros Pos prei Ratsnake O LC Class3

Cylindrophiidae Cylindrophis ruffus Pos ouch Common Pipe Snake O LC

Elapidae Bungarus candidus Pos chea Malayan Krait O LC Elapidae Bungarus fasciatus Pos kray N/A O Class3

Elapidae Naja Kaouthia Pos Vek kro bei

Monocled Cobra O LC Class2 II

Elapidae Naja siamensis Pos Vek Dambok

Black And White Spitting Cobra

O VU Class2 II

Elapidae Ophiophagus hannah Pos Vek Roneam King cobra O VU Class2 II

Geoemydidae Malayemys subtrijuga An-doek Sre Rice-field

Terrapin O O VU

Geoemydidae Siebenrockiella crassicollis

An-doek ka ek

Black Asian Giant Tortoise O VU

Homalopsidae Enhydris plumbea Pos pro lit Plumbeous water snake O LC

Homalopsidae Erpeton tentaculatum Pos chhue Tentacled Snake O LC

Natricinae Xenochrophis piscator

Pos samlab kang keb N/A O Class3

Pythonidae Python reticulatus Pos thlan Python O LC Class3 II

Scincidae Eutropis macularia Thlen Speckles forest skink O O LC

Testudinidae Manouria emys emys An-doeuk sakol

Brown Asian Giant Tortoise O

Trionychidae Amyda cartilaginea Kanthiey Southeast asian softshell turtle O O VU

Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Trakuot Common Indian Monitor O LC Class3 I

Viperidae Calloselasma rhodostoma Pos pophleak Malayan

pitviper O LC Class3

Viperidae Trimeresurus albolabris Pos khiev White-lipped

Tree Viper O LC

Xenopeltidae Xenopeltis unicolor Pos breng Sunbeam snake O LC

An-doek kramuon N/A O

Pos ka ek N/A O Pos romchek N/A O

Pos vek sra nge N/A O

Amphibian

There are nine species of amphibian were reported by local villagers and found during field observation. All of those species are Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List. They area not listed in the Prakas and CITES. Those amphibians are reported that exist everywhere in the development area.

88


Table 5.1-36 Result of amphibian


CN Prakas CITES

Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus King kork Common Asian toad O O LC

Microhylidae Kalophrynus interlineatus Hing chor Sticky frog O LC

Microhylidae Kaloula pulchra Hing kro bei Common Asian Bull frog O LC

Microhylidae Microhyla fissipes Hing touch Ornate narrow mouth frog O LC

Microhylidae Microhyla pulchra Hing touch Beautiful narrow mouth frog

O LC

Ranidae Fejervarya limnocharis Tro lorn torn Paddy frog O LC

Ranidae Hoplobatrachus rugulossus Kan keb kob Rugulose frog O LC

Ranidae Occidozyga lima Ka-at Floating frog O LC

Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax

Kanh chanh chek

Common Asian Bull frog O O LC

5.1.13 Soil Contamination

Soil contamination survey was conducted to understand 1) contaminant concentration of the planned land filling material for the SEZ and 2) contaminant concentration in the paddy field around the planned SEZ area.

(1) Methodology

1) Survey Location

The survey locations were shown in Figure 5.1-31 . Three sites were selected for the filling material survey in Mekong River. PPAP is currently dredging in the statin M1 (Chak-tomuk), where is conjunction of Tonle Bassac River and Mekong River and the dredged soil will be used as the filling material for this project. For the land soil survey, three sites were selected on the paddy field north side of the planned SEZ area. The descriptions of stations were summarized in Table 5.1-37

89


Figure 5.1-31 Location map for Soil Contamination Survey


Type Station Location/Sampling site Sampling date GPS

X Y

Bottom Sediment

M1 Confluence of Tonle Bassac River and Mekong River(Chak-tomuk) 14 Dec. 2012 494083 1278900

M2 In front of NCT (Upper) 14 Dec. 2012 513284 1270691 M3 In front of NCT (Lower) 14 Dec. 2012 515629 1269205

Land Soil L1 North side of Plot C 3 Feb. 2013 513931 1264667 L2 North side of Plot A 3 Feb. 2013 515336 1264798 L3 North side of Plot B 3 Feb. 2013 515865 1264841


For the filling material survey, the sediment sample was taken on the dredger which was doing dredging work on site at the station M1. At the station M2 and M3, the sediments were taken by scoop on the river bank. For the land soil survey, the land soils were taken by scoop on the paddy fields. All samples were kept in cool box and transported to the laboratory. The analyzed parameters and method are shown in Table 5.1-18.


Parameter Methodology Remarks Survey

Filling material

Land Soil

Grand size distribution ASTM D422 MoE lab O O Density Use cylinder tube and weight the mass MoE lab O O Water Content Method Drying Owen MoE lab O O

M1

M2

M3

L1 L2 L3

90


Parameter Methodology Remarks Survey

Filling material

Land Soil

Arsenic (As) Method 3500-As D MoE lab O O Cadmium (Cd) Method 3500-Cd C MoE lab O O Total Chromium (Cr) Method 3500-Cr C MoE lab O Copper (Cu) Method 3500-Cu C MoE lab O O Lead (Pb) Method 3500-Pb C MoE lab O Mercury (Hg) Method 3500-Hg B MoE lab O Nickel (Ni) Method 3500-Ni C MoE lab O Zinc (Zn) Method 3500-Zn C MoE lab O Cyanide(CN) Method 4500-CN E MoE lab O PCBs Method L 2000 PCB analyzes MoE lab O

(2) Result

As there are no soil quality standards in Cambodia or in Southeast Asia, the standards in Japan are used to assess soil pollution. There are two standards for soil contamination in Japan. One is the standard based on the soil contamination countermeasures act, which is set down to prevent health damage by direct ingestion of the contaminated soil. The other is the standard based on the agricultural land soil pollution prevention law, which is set down to prevent production of contaminated agricultural crops on the contaminated farm land.

1) Filling material survey

The results are shown in Table 5.1-39and Table 5.1-40. The major portion of the sediments consists of sand. All parameters are below the standards including the dredged soil at the station M1 which will be used as the filling material for this project.

Table 5.1-39 Result of the Filling Material Survey


M1 M2 M3 Soil* Agri. Soil**

Density g/cm3 1.834 1.889 1.663 - - Water Content % 46.54 46.11 32.25 - - Arsenic (As) mg/kg-dry 2.1 10.5 11.9 150 15 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg-dry 0.46 0.64 0.68 150 - Total Chromium (Cr) mg/kg-dry 4.3 3.7 4.7 250 - Copper (Cu) mg/kg-dry 2.9 1 0.52 - 125 Lead (Pb) mg/kg-dry 10 7.9 6.3 150 - Mercury (Hg) mg/kg-dry 1.4 2.6 2.5 15 - Nickel (Ni) mg/kg-dry 3.7 2.4 1.7 - - Zinc (Zn) mg/kg-dry 32 24 20 - - Cyanide (CN) mg/kg-dry 4.56 5.49 2.6 50 - PCBs mg/kg-dry 8.73 11.9 11.7 - - Note: * Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, JAPAN ** Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law, JAPAN

91


Table 5.1-40 Result of the Filling Material Survey (Grain Size)

Station Gravel (%)

Sand (%)

Silt (%)

Clay (%)

M1 0 44 34 22 M2 0 70 14 16 M3 2 67 3 8

2) Land Soil Survey

The results are shown in Table 5.1-41 and Table 5.1-42. The major portion of the sediments consists of silt. Arsenic and copper are below the standards for the agricultural land soil pollution prevention law. Cadmium is also below the standard for the soil contamination countermeasures act.

Table 5.1-41 Result of the Land Soil Survey


L1 L2 L3 Soil* Agri. Soil**

Density g/cm3 1.381 1.522 1.349 -- - Water Content % 129.82 61.56 125.64 - - Arsenic (As) mg/kg-dry 7.27 8.83 10.35 150 15 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg-dry 0.028 0.027 0.017 150 - Copper (Cu) mg/kg-dry 1.44 1.55 1.18 - 125 Note: * Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act, JAPAN ** Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law, JAPAN

Table 5.1-42 Result of the Land Soil Survey (Grain Size)

Station Gravel (%)

Sand (%)

Silt (%)

Clay (%)

L1 0.00 0.72 61.84 37.44 L2 0.00 0.85 80.52 18.63 L3 0.00 0.63 61.16 38.21

5.2. Social Environmental Condition

5.2.1 Survey Methodology

(1) Outline

Socio-economic information was collected through review of village level data and information sources and of primary data gathered via household and key informant interviews. Household interviews provided the detailed information about household characteristics, occupations, income status, water consumption, health, and other allied aspects in family. Key informant interviews gave overall aspects in the villages and comments on the project. In combination of the secondary data and the primary one made both quantitative and qualitative data. As a result, such different components of socio-economic data complement each other and give wider and firmer information for the whole study.

The survey was conducted in January – February, 2013.

92


(2) Study Process

The process of the study started from contacting local authorities such as a commune chief and village chiefs in the survey area. From these contacted persons, some of the last updated background information (villages profile as of December 2012) were obtained. Such data partly gave the secondary data and were then interpreted into an easily understandable way. For the primary data, a survey team was assigned and went to the site in order to conduct household interviews and key informant interview. 40 household samples and 6 village key informants were assigned and carried out in the survey area. Number of the samples is as in Table 5.2-1.

For fishery and irrigation, information was also collected through in-depth key informants interviews arranged for the specific purposes apart from the other interviews. The details are described in each section of results.

Table 5.2-1 Number of households in each village and its selected samples

District Commune Village Total Families Samples

Households Key Informant

Kien Svay Banteay Daek

Khsom 576 7 1 Angkor Chey 425 6 1 Kandal Leu 723 7 1 Kandal 345 6 1 Kandal Kraom 495 7 1 Prek Paol 511 7 1

Total 3,075 40 6 Source: Villages’ profile as of December, 2012

93


Figure 5.2-1 Locations of the surveyed households

5.2.2 Results

(1) Population

Kien Svay district, where the project site is located, is one of the 10 districts and 1 municipality in Kandal province of Cambodia. It is located at the Eastern part of the Phnom Penh city. The total area is 382.11 km2 with total population of 168,121. Of the total population, women contributed 51.4% or 86,495 persons. Administratively, the district is subdivided into 12 communes, one of which is Banteay Daek commune, the survey area.

In the survey area, there are 6 villages: Khsom, Angkor Chey, Kandal Leu, Kandal, Kandal Kraom, and Prek Paol. The population is 3,075 families with total people of 13,811 persons. Of the total population, women contributed about 51.1% or 7,057 persons. Average family size is made of 4.5. Detailed population and families in each village in the survey area is shown in Table 5.1-2.

94


Table 5.2-2 Detailed Population and Families in the Survey Area

Commune Village Total Families Population Female Family size

Banteay Daek

Khsom 576 2,755 1,360 4.8 Angkor Chey 425 2,048 1,054 4.8 Kandal Leu 723 2,731 1,422 3.8 Kandal 345 1,863 957 5.4 Kandal Kraom 495 2,063 1,065 4.2 Prek Paol 511 2,351 1,199 4.6

Total 3,075 13,811 7,057 4.5 Source: Villages’ profile as of December 2012

(2) Ethnic and Religion

According to the collected information and interview results, no any ethnicity and minority group was found. Regarding to religion, 100 percent of the people in the survey area are Buddhist.

(3) Education

In any discussion regarding to education, literacy level is the main focus. It is also notable that the general education system in the country continues facing many difficulties such as shortage of qualified teaching staff due to low salary levels and lack of suitable teaching materials. This has mostly occurred in rural areas. It was reported that literacy levels have increased from 62.8% in 1998 (55.3% for females) to 78.3% in 2008 (73.1% for females) in the country, resulting of being improved. The education level and literacy rates amongst women are usually lower than that of men. It is generally said that people need to go to school at least 5th grade of primary school for simple reading and writing, and to 9th grade of secondary school for accurate writing.

Enrollment rates of primary school and illiteracy rate for both sexes in each village are shown in Table 5.2-3 and Table 5.2-4, respectively. There are 4 primary schools, 1 secondary school, and 1 high school in the commune (Table 5.2-4). On the average basis, the distances from the middle of villages to primary school, secondary school, and high school are 0.25, 1.41, and 7.25 km, respectively.

As reported by village chiefs, generally school boys and girls dropped out schools when they just finished secondary school and high one. One of the most important causes is poverty. They then involved in works such as garment factories and construction in order to support family’s daily livelihoods.

Educational level of the respondents is shown in Figure 5.2-3. It shows that 10%, 45%, 27%, and 18% are non-education, primary school, secondary school, and high school, respectively.

Table 5.2-3 Education Status

Village Enrollment rate Illiteracy for both sexes Khsom 100% 5.5% Angkor Chey 100% 3.2% Kandal Leu 100% 8.7% Kandal 100% 5.4% Kandal Kraom 92% 3.7% Prek Paol 100% 7.9%

The illiteracy rate was calculated from the male and female population aged 15 and above. Source: Villages profile as of December 2012

95


Table 5.2-4 Number of School Facilities

Commune Primary School Secondary School High School Banteay Daek 4 1 1

Source: Commune profile as of December 2012

a) Banteay Daek primary school b) Angkor Chey primary school

Figure 5.2-2 Schools around the Project Site

n=40 Source: Primary data through interview

Figure 5.2-3 Percentage of educational levels of respondents

(4) Livelihood

People in the villages around the project site have traditionally engaged in agriculture. 67.5 % of 40 interviewed households are farmers as main occupation, followed by 22.5 % which are small-scale business owners such as small shop owners. In addition, 55% of the 40 households have secondary occupations, while the rest have only one occupation. Table 5.2-5 shows in detail both main and secondary occupations listed as descending percentage.

96


Table 5.2-5 Main and secondary occupations of people in the villages

Main occupation Percent Secondary occupation Percent Farmer 67.5 Small-scale business owner 20 Small-scale business owner 22.5 Worker at private factories 10 Tailor 2.5 Farmer 5 Teacher 2.5 Fisherman 2.5 Worker at private factories 2.5 Transportation service provider 2.5 Transportation service provider 2.5 Construction worker 2.5

Total 100 Others 12.5

Total 55% Source: Interviews to households. Sample number is 40.

(5) Infrastructure

Sandy and laterite roads were found as common road types, some parts are bumpy due to damages caused by rains and floods during the rainy season. Motorbikes are mainly used in transportation of people and in transporting goods.

Households in the villages use firewood as a source of cooking, while sources of lighting are battery and electricity (Figure 5.2-4).

a) Typically rusted road in Kandal Kroam b) Common laterite road in Khsom

Figure 5.2-4 Condition of the Local Roads

Table 5.2-6 Energy sources used by households

Village Total houses Houses using battery for lighting Houses using electricity Khsom 546 51 495 Angkor Chey 374 142 232 Kandal Leu 449 154 295 Kandal 281 37 244 Kandal Kraom 470 22 448 Prek Paol 495 33 462

Total 2,615 439 2,176 Source: Villages profile as of December 2012

97


(6) Land Holdings and Ownership

Size of the residential area varies depending on the households. Based on the interviews to 40 households, it is found that the minimum size is 66 m2 while the maximum size is 5,000 m2. On the average basis, 1,150 m2 per household was observed. 35 of the total 40 interviewed households reported that they had official land title while the rest, 5 respondents, did not have it yet but their currently residential lands have been duly recognized by local authorities.

Identical to the residential land, paddy field also varies from household to another. 22 of the total interviewed households reported that they have paddy field, ranging from 0.1 to 6 ha. On the average basis, 1.1 ha per household was found. 17 of the 22 households reported that they have ownership document for their paddy fields. 7 of the total interviewed households reported they have their own farm land, ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 ha. On the average basis, 0.48 ha per household was found. Such kind of land was reported by the 7 households to have its ownership document as well.

Based on villages’ profile as of December 2012, the paddy field and the farm land by each village are shown as in Table 5.2-7 and Table 5.2-8.

Table 5.2-7 Paddy field occupied by families

Village Families having/ having no paddy field

More than 1 ha Less than 1 ha No paddy field Khsom 309 215 52 Angkor Chey 25 113 287 Kandal Leu 293 352 78 Kandal 80 236 29 Kandal Kraom 94 345 56 Prek Paol 306 85 120

Total 1,107 1,346 622 Source: Villages’ profile as of December 2012

Table 5.2-8 Farm land occupied by families

Village Families having/ having no farm land

More than 1 ha Less than 1 ha No farm land Khsom 303 211 62 Angkor Chey 127 73 225 Kandal Leu 523 125 75 Kandal 6 186 153 Kandal Kraom 100 315 80 Prek Paol 212 227 72

Total 1,271 1,137 667 Source: Villages’ profile as of December 2012

(7) Agricultural Productivity

Villagers are engaged in rice production in the dry season. Due to getting flooded, no rice is cultivated during the rainy season. The practice of rice cultivation is considered as the dominant crop in the survey area. The number of rice cultivation times varies from village to another as well. The detailed rice cultivation times and yields by village are shown inTable 5.2-9. Based on the interviewed households, 4.24 tons/ha were found on the average basis.

98


Apart from the dry season rice, based on the key informant interviews, vegetables growing such as string bean, cucumber, bitter melon, tomato, and lettuce were applied for all villages. Some crops included corn and mung bean was also found in Khsom village. These vegetables and crops are either supplement income or family consumptions. The detailed vegetables and planting and harvesting times by village are shown in Table 5.2-10.

Table 5.2-9 Detailed Rice Cultivation Times and Yields

Village Cultivation period (Starting month – Harvesting month)*

Yield tons/ha** First time Second time Third time

Khsom Oct – Jan Feb - May Mid of May – Mid of Aug 4.5 Angkor Chey Oct – Jan Feb - May Mid of May – Mid of Aug 5 Kandal Leu Nov - Feb Apr - Jul - 4.5 Kandal Nov - Feb Mar - May Mid of May – Mid of Aug 4.5 Kandal Kraom Nov - Feb Mar - May - 4.5 Prek Paol Nov - Feb Apr - Jul - 5 Source: * Villages’ key informant interviews ** Villages’ profile as of December 2012

Table 5.2-10 Planting and Harvesting Period of Vegetables

Village Vegetables Period

Planting Harvesting (number of months after planting)

Khsom String bean Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Cucumber Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Bitter melon Jul or Aug 2

Angkor Chey String bean Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Cucumber Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5

Kandal Leu String bean Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Cucumber Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Bitter melon Jul or Aug 2

Kandal

String bean Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Cucumber Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Tomato Mar or Apr or Sep or Aug 2 Lettuce Mar or Apr 1.5

Kandal Kraom String bean Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Cucumber Aug or Sep or Nov or Dec 1.5 Tomato Mar or Apr or Sep or Aug 2

Prek Paol String bean Jul or Aug 1.5 Cucumber Jul or Aug 1.5 Bitter melon Jul or Aug 2

Source: Villages’ key informant interviews

99


a) Rice field in Angkor Chey village b) Cucumber planted in Khsom village Figure 5.2-5 Farm Fields in the villages

(8) Animal Husbandry

Generally, apart from growing rice and crops, Cambodian farmers also raise livestock, such as cattle, buffalo, pigs, and poultry, which play a major role in rural farming system. Farmers use cattle and buffalo in the rice field to plough, carry rice and perform other tasks. Farmers also sell their livestock in exchange for cash. In addition, most poor farmers raise a small number of chickens and pigs in order to earn some supplementary income. The livestock statistic in the survey area is shown in Table 5.2-11.

Table 5.2-11 Animals Husbandry

Village Oxen/Cows Buffalos Pigs Chickens Ducks

No.of Families

No. of animals

No.of Families

No. of animals

No.of Families

No. of animals

No.of Families

No. of animals

No.of Families

No. of animals

Khsom 72 156 0 0 9 64 472 1,360 25 2,882 Angkor Chey 56 122 0 0 5 18 350 1,325 10 14,270 Kandal Leu 38 175 1 3 15 125 357 1,874 2 2,146 Kandal 95 315 0 0 15 65 278 1,172 1 2,000 Kandal Kraom 150 457 2 6 6 70 395 2,527 35 1,500 Prek Paol 32 42 0 0 6 38 357 507 24 241

Total 443 1,267 3 9 56 380 2,209 8,765 97 23,039 Source: Villages’ profile as of December 2012

(9) Fishery

1) Flood Plain and Canals

According to the interview to 16 sample fishermen living in the villages, they go fishing mostly in the rainy season due to the flood from Mekong River as well as Tonle Basak. The fishing grounds are canal, rice field/flood plain and swamp. During the rainy season, fishermen catch fish in flood plain and canal while in the dry season the fishing ground is restricted in swamp and canal where water remains because the water flows to the river and the flood plain becomes rice field. As a results from interview 16 fishermen, it is about 53 % of fishermen catch fish in canal and others do in swamp which is far away from the village (about 1.5 km or over).

Fishermen use various fishing gear such as gill net, cast net, hook long line …etc. Based on the interview to 16 fishermen in the survey area, there are six different gears are used in this area. Among these gears there are two main fishing which are preferred by local people: these are gill net and cast net (gill net=35%, cast net=32%). There are some types of mesh size, namely, 3.5 cm, 4 cm, 4.5 cm, 5

100


cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. The small mesh size is for catching small fish while big mesh size is for big fish. Small mesh size of gill net (4 cm to 4.5 cm) is most commonly used in this area.

According to the key informant interview (interview to the village chiefs), the most valuable fishing ground in the area is the lake (Locally called Lake Sambok Satt) which is approximately 8 km southern part of the National Road No.1. Fishing activities are available in this location for year round. Most fishermen do fishing during the rainy season since they cannot cultivate rice. Fishing is a family-scale activity and most of the fishermen do not earn much more than subsistence. In other word, the activity is either for family consumption or selling for extra income.

Source: Interview to fishermen Answered by 16 fishermen

Figure 5.2-6 Interview Results on Type of Fishing Ground


Figure 5.2-7 Interview Results on Fishing Gear

2) Mekong River

According to the interview to 8 fishermen in three villages in Banteay Daek Commune, namely, Kandal Leu, Kandal Kraom and Khsom, three kinds of fishing gear are used: gill net, cast net and hook long line. Among these three kinds of gear, gill net is the most commonly used by the fishermen (Figure 5.2-8). The fishermen use this gear in large mesh size which started from 4.5 cm to 14 cm with length of 80m to 1000m to catch big fish in Mekong River.

In order to collect more detailed information, two (2) fishermen in Kandal Lau village where NCT is located and the fishing activities are the most active were interviewed. The Results are tabulated in Table 5.2-12. According to them, about ten (10) boats are fishing in Mekong River in Kandal Lau village. Also, about fifty (50) boats from the villages at opposite side of the river are operating in the same fishing ground. No conflict has been occurred between fishermen.

0

5

10

15

Flooded area Swamp Canal

Num

ber o

f ans

wer

s

0

5

10

15

Gill net Hook longline

Single hookset pole

Cast net Seine Horizontalcylinder trap

Num

ber o

f ans

wer

s

Q: Where is your fishing ground?

Q: What kind of fishing gear do you use?

101



Figure 5.2-8 Fishing Gear used by 8 Sample Fishermen around NCT

Table 5.2-12 Results of the Detailed Interview to Fishermen in Mekong River

Interviewee Items

Fisherman A, Kandal Lau village, fishing experience 11 years

Fisherman B, Kandal Lau village, fishing experience 15 years

Fishing ground

Downstream of NCT, about 2,000 m distance with 900 m width.

Downstream of NCT, about 2,000 m distance with 900 m width.

Fishing gear and boat

Fishing net which mesh size is 14 cm, 500m of length and 9m of width. Fishing boat is 1.6m of width, 11m of length. The engine is 12 horse power (gasoline). The fishing is conducted by 3 persons in one boat. Spent 3-4 liters per night for fishing. The price of equipment is 700 $ for the boat (second hand), 600$ for the net and 225 $ for the engine.

Fishing net which mesh size is 13 cm, 1,000m of length and 6m of width.. Fishing boat is 1,7m of width, 12m of length. The engine is 9 horse power (gasoline). The fishing is conducted by 3 persons in one boat. Spent 3-4 liters per night for fishing. The price of equipment is 600 $ for the boat (second hand), 700$ for the net and 250 $ for the engine.

Fishing activity

Fishing is conducted from evening (5 or 6 pm) until early morning (5 am). Fishing season is from November to June/July. August to October is restricted due to protection of fish resources as well as climate condition. The water depth of the fishing ground is about 15 - 20 m in the dry season. The net with the width of 9m is dropped down to the river bottom. The process takes about 15 minutes. The fisherman used to catch fish by hook attached to a long line (100 hooks in one line) but now he uses only gill net. In fishing operation, he drops the net into the water, and then both the net and the boat are drifted by water current for about 1 ~2 hour. In the rainy season, from August to October, is closed season, Mekong river water current flow strong, big wave and strong win with rainfall down, so he cannot do fishing. During that time, he works as a construction worker or motor bike driver.

Fishing is conducted from evening (5 pm) until early morning (6 am). The net is deployed into the water with distance of 500m; the process takes about 15 minutes. Number of the labor force is 3 in one boat. Both of the net and the boat are drifted by water current for about 3 hour. After that, he removes the net, and then goes back to the same point. During one night, he operated 4 times. In the rainy season, when Mekong river flooded around his house, he catches fish in vicinity for family consumption. He also does small business for earning his livelihood.

Income The average fish catch is 5kg- 20kg per night, and average income is 40,000 – 60,000 Riel (USD 10-15) per night.

The average income by selling fish is 40,000 – 50,000 Riel (USD 10-12.5) per night. Sometimes noting but another time 200,000 Riel (USD 50).

Accidents Collision accidents with large vessels have not been happened. After NCT was constructed, fishing operation in front of NCT is restricted while navigation is available. Any other accidents such as sinking or life losing accidents have not been happened during fishing activities in this area. Meanwhile, the deployed net had been lost when a large vessel crossed the net. However, it happened once in a while.

Collision accidents with large vessels have not been happened. After NCT was constructed, fishing operation in front of NCT is restricted while navigation is available. Floating lights are attached to the net; therefore, vessels can know the location of the net. In addition, vessels are able to pass over the net because the net is deployed under water.

01234567

Gill net Hook long line Cast net

Num

ber o

f ans

wer

s

Q: What kind of fishing gear do you use?

102


(10) Income and Expenditure

Villagers depends on various income source, namely, salary or wage, rice milling, transportation service, manual labor, selling livestock, selling fish, selling rice yield, selling vegetables, selling fruits, and miscellaneous incomes. According to the interviews to 40 households, median income in 2012 was 14,472,500 Riel (US$ 3,618.13) per year per household. The average was 19,771,700 Riel (US$ 4,942.93).

Household expenditure was asked to balance with the household income. Normally, the household income is higher than that of the household expenditure. In some cases, the household expenditure is higher than that of the household income as well due to a lot of money was spent for treating family members, coping food shortage, and others. The average expenditure in 2012 was 11,259,000 Riel (US$ 2,814.75) per year per household. The average was 13,650,100 Riel (US$ 3,412.53)

Figure 5.2-9 and Figure 5.2-10 presents the percentages of each income source or type of expenditure to the total average income and expenditure of 40 interviewed households. Although most of them are farmers, salary or wage is sharing large portion of their income. Major type of the works is working for factories, companies, and construction work. On the median basis, the annual income from this type of works is 7,800,000 Riel (US$ 1,950) per year per household.

According to the information of the 6 village chiefs, 10-40 % of the households in the villages are identified as the poor, who live in small hats and have only old bicycles for transportation. Most of them do not have farm land. They earn their livelihood by collecting firewood, fishing, selling their labor force at the farm land in/outside of the village and in factories in Phnom Penh.

Source: Interviews to households

Figure 5.2-9 Proportion of Income Sources in the Total Average Income of 40 Sample Households

Salary or wage

Operate rice millTransportation

servicesManual labor

Selling livestock

Selling fish

Selling rice yield

Selling grains

Selling fruits

Selling vegetable

Miscellaneous income

103


Source: Interviews to households..

Figure 5.2-10 Proportion of Type of Expenditure in the Total Average Expenditures

(11) Migration

It is well recognized that migration can have both negative and positive impacts on development and poverty reduction. The purpose of migration is a short-term strategy to cope with unexpected problems to improve the socio-economic status of the family. The reasons are generally due to push factors include chronic poverty, landlessness, lack of employment, debt and natural disasters.

Asking about migration of interviewees’ family members, 17 households of the total 40 interviewed households reported that they had family members do migration, ranging from 1 – 3 persons per family. Those members have mostly worked for private company outside their current living province. On the median basis, their monthly income is 640,000 Riel (US$ 160).

(12) Water Source

Due to the public water supply is limited in the villages, the major water source for the households relies on borehole, surface water, and preserved rainwater for general consumption. Table 5.2-13 shows the distributional pattern of water sources in the survey area.

Based on the interviewed households, it was found that 27, 7, 3, and 3 households used borehole, surface, shallow well and pipe water for general consumption, respectively.

Regarding to drinking water, the number of families using drinking water by source is shown inTable 5.2-14. Generally, the sum of drinking water methods is less than the total families in the villages. This indicates that people still drink water from the above direct sources without a proper treatment.

Result from the survey found that 13, 11, 9, 6, and 1 households used borehole, bought water, surface water, pipe water, and open well for drinking, respectively out of the 40 households. The common method for treating water before drinking is boiling.

Animal raising and vegetable growing are also considered as the major water consumers in households. This included pigs and draft animals such as oxen and cows. The water sources are identical to what for general consumption.

Food/Beverage/Tobacco

Medical care/ Health expense

Education

Kerosene/ Battery/

Electricity

Clothes

Telephone

Transportation

Wedding and Festival

Animals raising

Other exspenses

104


Table 5.2-13 Water Sources for General Consumption

Village Families Number of families using water by source

Pipe water Borehole Open well Surface water Protected rainwater Khsom 576 52 472 2 19 31 Angkor Chey 425 5 195 1 205 15 Kandal Leu 723 23 499 2 142 57 Kandal 345 0 282 0 53 10 Kandal Kraom 495 0 285 0 202 8 Prek Paol 511 0 257 0 252 2 Source: Villages’ Profile as of December 2012

Table 5.2-14 Drinking Water Source

Village Families Number of families drinking water by method

Total Pipe water Filtering tank Chlorinating water Boiling water

Khsom 576 17 42 18 254 331 Angkor Chey 425 5 67 0 349 421 Kandal Leu 723 35 51 47 723 856 Kandal 345 15 32 0 298 345 Kandal Kraom 495 12 35 0 175 222 Prek Paol 511 58 0 0 453 511 Source: Villages’ Profile as of December 2012

(13) Toilet Facility

The use of toilet in the village is one of the several factors to understand living standards and basic health care in the community. High percentage of the used latrine in any village indicates relatively good living standards and knowledge about basic health care of the villagers. Based on the survey, it was found that 35 (34 households used pour flush latrine and 1 household used dry pit latrine) of the total interviewed households have access to sanitary latrine. According to village’s profile 2012, the number of families which use toilets is shown in Table 5.2-15.

Table 5.2-15 Number of Families using Toilets

Village Families Families using toilet Percentage Khsom 576 417 72.4 Angkor Chey 425 221 52.0 Kandal Leu 723 407 56.3 Kandal 345 275 79.7 Kandal Kraom 495 392 79.2 Prek Paol 511 317 62.0

Total 3,075 2,029 66% Source: Villages’ profile as of December 2012

(14) Solid Waste Management

No any available solid wastes service was found in the survey area. Instead, 37 households (92.5%) use on-site disposal and then they burnt the wastes within their house compounds. The rest 3 households (7.5%) use used dumping sites outside their houses.

105


(15) Health

There is a health center, Banteay Daek Health Center, in the survey area. Although the data was limited; the major diseases is shown as in Table 5.2-16. The data shows that Dysentery is dominated among the diseases, followed by Diarrhea, Skin infection, Eyes diseases, and Dengue fever. The lack of sanitary waste disposal and of clean water for drinking, cooking, and washing is one of the critical problems for such diseases.

It seemed to be hard for people to find out health services in the center due to limitation of health staff, medicines and other facilities. This means that in case of there are serious patients, those must be brought to city, where is approximately 30 km far from the commune.

The question of diseases occurring in the family was interviewed to 40 sample households. It is found that 50.0% of the diseases in the villages are Typhoid, followed by Dysentery (35.7%), Dengue Fever (7.1%), Skin infection (3.6%), and Cholera (3.6%) (Table 5.2-17).

There are nine families who live with members infected with HIV/AIDS in Banteay Daek commune, which accounts for 0.29% in total family numbers (Table 5.2-18). This proportion is relatively low comparing with overall rate in Kandal province and Kien Svay district.

Table 5.2-16 Major Diseases Recorded in the Year 2012

No Disease Cases 1 Dysentery 772 2 Diarrhea 641 3 Skin infection 331 4 Eyes diseases 114 5 Dengue fever 42 6 Malaria 0

Source: Annual Health Report in 2012

Table 5.2-17 Diseases Reported by Respondents in the Year 2012

Disease Responses

Number Percent Typhoid 14 50.0% Dysentery 10 35.7% Dengue Fever 2 7.1% Skin infection 1 3.6% Cholera 1 3.6% Total 28 100.0%

Source: Interviews to 40 sample households.

Table 5.2-18 Family with members infected with HIV/AIDS (2010)

Source: Commune Database (2010), JICA Survey Team

Population Family (A)Families living with

HIV/AIDS (B)(B)/(A)

(%)1,300,797 270,230 1,583 0.59

170,759 36,568 273 0.75Banteay Daek Commune 15,537 3,134 9 0.29Samraong Thum Commune 20,926 4,866 33 0.68Kanpong Svay Commune 10,790 2,379 6 0.25Dei Edth Commune 16,029 3,391 43 1.27

Place

Kien Svay DistrictKandal Province

106


(16) Irrigation

Irrigation system is important to maintain the rice field around the project site. In-depth interviews to the village chiefs were conducted to understand the current situations on the irrigation. The obtained information is summarized below.

The rice field around the project site is flood plain: most of the area is submerged during the flood season, September-December. The water comes into the flood plain from both Mekong River and Bassac River through canals connected the plain with the rivers. After the flood season, water flows out to the rivers and water level at the plain goes down. From this season until the next flood season, namely in the dry season, villagers need to control irrigation water so as to cultivate rice and the other crops.

According to the village chiefs, irrigation water is mainly supplied through a main canal running parallel to Mekong River between the Mekong and the project site. Water of the canal is originated from Bassac River through a pond called Beoung Thom (Big Pond) in the dry season. During the season when farmers need water for rice cultivation, especially December-March, three water gates at the main canal are operated to supply water to the field responding to the farmers requests. In case that more water is requested, another upstream water gate between Beoung Thom (Big Pond) and the main canal is opened.

Operation of the water gates of the main canal is under responsibility of ‘farmer’s water user community’ in village level, while upstream water gates including gates along Bassa River are under control of Kien Svay District.

Source: Interviews to village chiefs.

Figure 5.2-11 Irrigation Water Flow in the Dry Season

(17) Archaeological/ Cultural Site

There are two cultural sites called Dambok Khmao temple and Krabao Chrum one in Angkor Chey village.

Irrigation water flow 0 2 km

Beoung Thom (Big Pond)

Project Area (SEZ)

Access Road

Bassac River

Mekong River

Main canal

Banteay Daek Commune

107


Source: Key informant interview and field observations.

Figure 5.2-12 Locations of Dambok Khmao and Krabao Chrum Temples

(18) Perspectives on the Project

Regarding to the information of the development project, 20 (50%) of the 40 interviewed households have been aware of the project, while the others 20 (50%) did not know about this. The information was obtained from multiple sources such as 17, 2, and 1 households from neighbors, local authority, and relatives, respectively. Meanwhile, most of them knew about the information more than 6 months ago. However, almost all the interviewed households agreed with the development project saying that the area (villages/commune) would be developed and jobs opportunity for local people would be provided. Very few households were worried about land price in case of exchange for cash.

Asking whether interviewees and their family members want to work in the construction work or factory, 12 households (30%) reported that they and family members wanted to do the work. All of them also agreed to get back to original occupations when the construction work is completed. The rest 28 households (70%) replied their family members did not want to. The reasons why they did not want to do the work were sick, old age, enough money for a living, and already had a work.

Results from the village key informants interview found that they strongly agreed for the development project. This is due to the fact that from such development local people would be able to improve their living standards through on-site work opportunity and to reduce local migrants. Also, social infrastructures are expected to be improved thorough the project.

108


6. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

6.1. SEZ and the Access Road

6.1.1 Pre-construction Phase

(1) Involuntary Resettlement

1) Impacts

Land acquisition for the SEZ development has partly completed as of March 2013. The process is based on purchase and sales agreements with each landowner; the agreements are made through individual negotiation and the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) enable to refuse the agreement based on their own decision.

The land for SEZ is low land where water remains until December; therefore, the agricultural value is not very high. Indeed, out of the 18 former landowners of SEZ area already purchased, 12 owners are investors living in Phnom Penh who bought the land several years ago expecting any developmental projects in the future. According to the village chief, they just kept the land unused until it was purchased for this project. There are no houses and the other structures in the SEZ area.

Area for the access road is mostly used as rice field by local villagers. The field is divided into small lots, one hectare or smaller for each, and the most of them are cultivated by the owners themselves. The area close to the National Road No.1 is used as residential area. Residents in this area are the same family who own the land and the structures. In total, 12 houses owners are identified as potential affected household who need to be relocated.

According to the interview survey to forty (40) local landowners who own/used to own the farm land of SEZ and the access road area, more than half (22) answered that the land is identified as their major income source. Those owners also answered that they would need to buy another land after they sold the land. Therefore, if they could not buy the alternative land due to any reasons, the land acquisition would affect their livelihood even though it is based on the agreement and the owners enable to choose whether they agree. In addition, there are three renters recognized based on the interview. Their income may also be affected although they have their own farm land outside of the project area.

Regarding the employed workers for the farm land, each landowner employs 0-12 work force for 4-12 days in one year. There are no permanent employed workers for the farm land in this area.

Table 6.1-1 Number of Affected Landowners

Project

Status of transaction

Area (ha)

Farm land Residential area Number of landowners Number of

landowners with house

Number of landowners

without house Local villager Others(1) Local

villager Local villager

SEZ Agreed 47.5 6 12 0 0 Not yet 157.5 31 1 0 0

Access road Not yet 15 47 (2) 0 12 (2) 7 (2) Notes 1: Inverters outside of the villages. 2: The numbers are showing maximum potential. The exact number shall be confirmed based on

the detail design.

109


Figure 6.1-1 Location of the Affected Area

2) Mitigation Measures

In order to mitigate the possible impacts on the livelihood of the landowners and the renters, grievance mechanism is prepared for them to request livelihood assistance to PPAP. Although the risk of the impacts seems to be small for the employed workers, the right to join the mechanism is also provided to them.

In the grievance mechanism, Project Affected Persons (PAPs) can request assistance or lodge complaint in case of following.

In case that the living standards become worse due to the land acquisition or the resettlement, PAPs can request PPAP to provide opportunities for restoring and improving their living standards; for example, providing employment opportunity and job training for the SEZ and NCT.

In case that the PAPs are identified as socially vulnerable household such as the poor, disabled and woman headed, the PAPs can request PPAP to provide special considerations appropriate to the situations to improve living standards altered due to the land acquisition and the resettlement.

In case of any other issues related to the land acquisition and the resettlement, PAPs can lodge the complaint to PPAP to discuss the solution.

Three stages are prepared to discuss the submitted request and complaint including the last resort at court. PPAP will be liable for all administrative and legal fees that will be required through the resolution process.

1. First Stage: Village and Commune Level 2. Second Stage: District Level 3. Third Stage: Court Procedure

0 1 km

SEZ Project Area (205 ha)

Access Road

NCT

C A B

110


Figure 6.1-2 Flow Chart of the Grievance Resolution

(2) The poor

Based on the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) in 2007, National Poverty Line in urban area other than Phnom Penh is defined as 0.66 USD/day/person (20USD/month/person). Comparing with the criteria, five (5) household out of the forty (40) interviewed landowners are categorized as the poor. As the land acquisition may affect their livelihood, those people’s right to join the grievance mechanism needs to be ensured in case they need assistance on their livelihood.

(3) Indigenous and Ethnic People

According to the social survey results, any ethnicity and minority group was not found in the survey area.

First Stage PAP can lodge the complaint either to village chief or to commune chief. The complaint can be either verbal or in writing.

Resolved? Yes

No

Finished

Village chief receives the complaint and conveys to commune chief

Commune chief receives the complaint and records it in writing.

Commune chief calls a meeting to decide the course of action to resolve the complaint within 15 days. The meeting members consist of commune chief, village chief, PPAP and the PAP.

Commune chief convey the complaint and the results of the first stage to the district office.

PAP can appeal to district office if he/she does not hear from the village or the commune within 15 days, or if he/she is not satisfied with the decision in the first stage.

Second Stage

District office has 15 days which to resolve the complaint to the satisfaction of all concerned.

Resolved? Yes

Finished

No

District office files results of the first and the second stage to convey to the court.

PAP can submit the complaint to the Provincial Court as the last resort if he/she is not satisfied with the decision in the second stage.

Third Stage

Decision of the Provincial Court

111


(4) Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood

As described in section (1), acquisition of the farm land may affect the livelihood of the land owners and the renters in case they cannot find alternative farm land after the acquisition. To mitigate the impacts, grievance mechanism is proposed for the affected people to request livelihood assistance.

(5) Land use and Utilization of Local Resources

For developing SEZ, 205 hectors of lowland which is partly used as rice field are altered. However, the productivity of the rice field is not so high comparing with the area with higher elevation due to the longer flooding period. Therefore, the impacts to the rice production in the SEZ area are deemed to be limited.

On the other hand, existence of SEZ will reduce the water reserving volume of the area in the dry season because the lowland tends to retain water even after higher area is dried up. In order to mitigate the impacts, the area adjacent to SEZ is excavated to create a pond to reserve irrigation water. The pond is connected with existing cannels so that the water can be supplied to the surrounding rice fields. The retaining water volume which will be reduced by SEZ is estimated as: 150 ha x 0.5 m (natural water reservoir depth) = 750,000 m3. In order to compensate entire of the volume, the pond with approximately 2 m depth or more is prepared in 55 ha adjecsent to the SEZ. (0.5m + 750,000 /(205ha – 150ha)= Approx. 2.0m depth)

For the access road, the land to be altered includes high productivity rice fields as it is in the higher elevation area. However, the area to be altered is limited to the area along the access road; the area will be about 15 ha. Therefore, impacts to the regional rice production are deemed to be limited.

Meanwhile, the access road is planned to cross irrigation canals at two points. As the mitigation measures, constructing pipe culverts or bridge structure are proposed to secure the water flow of the canals under the access road. The other small water-flow network in the rice field is preserved by constructing ditch along the access road. (see following section (6)).

(6) Existing Social Infrastructures and Services

Since the surrounding area of the project site is used as farm land, mostly rice field, the existing irrigation canals and small local roads around the rice field may be split by the development. In addition, small-sized local fishing boats sometimes navigate in the irrigation canals in all season as far as the water remains in the canals, and in the flooded water in the rainy season. Therefore, land acquisition for the project may prevent or disturb those social infrastructures and the utilizations.

Figure 6.1-3 shows the location of the points where the existing canals and the local roads are affected. In total, three points of the canals and four points of the roads are affected by being crossed by the access road. In addition, navigation of fishing boats is prevented by the SEZ and the access road.

As the mitigation measures for the canals, constructing pipe culverts or bridge structure are proposed to secure the water flow of the canals under the new access road. The other water-flow network in the rice field is preserved by constructing canal along the access road. For the measure for existing roads, intersection is arranged as grade crossing so that the local vehicles and the pedestrians can also use the access road as well as not to prevent the local traffic. Boat navigations are preserved by preparing bridge structure or large-sized culvert tunnel which enables the boats to go through under the access road (Figure 6.1-4).

Although the existing land use within the proposed SEZ is eliminated by the acquisition, surrounding water flow will be secured by creating reservoir pond around the SEZ. Also, there is no existing roads crossing through the SEZ; therefore, the land acquisition will not affect the local traffic.

112


Figure 6.1-3 Impacts on the Existing Infrastructures and Services

Access road Existing local road Existing canal crossed by the access road

0 1 km

SEZ

NCT

The canal is crossed by the access road. Navigation is prevented as well as water flow.

The road is crossed by the access road.

The canal and the road are crossed by the access road. (No boat navigation)

Navigation of boats is prevented.

The canal is crossed by the access road. (No boat navigation)

Mitigation measure: See Figure 6.1-4 (a)

Mitigation measure: See Figure 6.1-4 (b)

113


(a) Bridge structure for boats

to pass through under the access road.

(b) Large-sized culvert for boats to pass through under

the access road.

Figure 6.1-4 Mitigation Measures for Securing Water Flow

(7) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damages

Land acquisition for the project may cause misdistribution of benefits and damages in the local communities because the landowners and the renters who rely on the land may be affected, while the other people in the same communities may gain benefits from the project through likely economic growth and living standard improvement. Considering the issue, it is important to mitigate the impacts on the livelihood of the landowners and the renters of the affected area.

As the mitigation measures, grievance mechanism is proposed so as to assist the livelihood of the affected people after the land acquisition.

(8) Local Conflicts

According to the interviews to the local people, there are no existing conflicts in the community. Villagers seem to be living together sharing farm land dividing into small lots, sharing irrigation water and helping each other for planting and cultivating. Therefore, it is difficult to expect conflicts; however, the possibility is not deniable in case that bargaining of land is extremely activated due to increase of the land demand caused by the owners who lose the land and purchase alternative land.

In order to reduce the risk, preparation of the grievance mechanism proposed in above section is deemed to be important.

6.1.2 Construction Phase

(1) Pollution

1) Air Pollution

During the construction phase, works of the construction equipment are likely to increase pollutants such as dust, NOx and SOx in the ambient air.

At the target SEZ area, dredging soil will be used as the land filling material, which will be conveyed by pumping from NCT to the target SEZ area. Hence, the impact by soil transportation will be negligible. Estimated number of major construction equipment is limited as shown in Table 6.1-2 and the number of the construction-related trucks is estimated about 15 trucks / day at peak time and

114


about 5 trucks / day on an average. The residential area located northwest edge of the target SEZ area is about 100m from the construction site. Therefore, the dust by the construction work may affect the residential area.

At the target Access Road area, the excavated soil generated by the SEZ construction work will be used to expand the road. Estimated number of major construction equipment is limited as shown in Table 6.1-2 and the number of the construction-related trucks is estimated to be about 15 trucks / day at peak time and about 5 trucks/day on an average. However, the residential area located along the construction site. Therefore, the dust by the construction work may affect the residential area.

In order to minimize the dust generation, following measures need to be taken by contractors.

- To conduct measures for minimizing the dust i.e. sprinkling water at the construction site

nearby communities. - To wash tires of trucks in washing area before leaving the construction site.

Table 6.1-2 Estimated Number of Major Construction Equipment

Equipment SEZ Access Road Excavator 5 - Bulldozer 2 - Dump truck 4 1 Concrete pumping truck 1 1 Tire roller 1 1 Vibration roller 1 1 Grader 1 1 Asphalt finisher 1 1 Pile hammer 1 - Pump for filling soil 2 -

2) Water Pollution

During the construction phase, turbid water may be generated in accordance with earth works and reclamation works at the target SEZ and Access Road area. Domestic wastewater may be generated from the workers camp.

At the target SEZ area, dredging soil will be used as the land filling material, which will be conveyed by pumping from NCT to the target SEZ area. Therefore the turbid surplus water will be generated and deteriorate the ambient water quality in the canals or ponds. So, mitigation measures to prevent the generation of the turbid water are required. On the other hand, at the target Access road area, the excavated soil generated by the SEZ construction work will be used to expand the road. So, surplus water may not generate from the excavated soil. In addition to that, the ditch will be dug along the access road during the construction work. Hence, the risk of the turbid water dispersion will be limited in the access road construction.

Regarding to the human waste, at most 80 workers will join the construction work for each SEZ and Access Road. The proper treatment of the human waste is required.

From the reasons above, to minimize the water pollution generated the projects following measures need to be taken by contractors during the construction phase.

- To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce the turbid water from the dredging soil at the SEZ construction site.

- To install the treatment facility of waste water such as temporally toilets or septic tanks at the construction sites.

115


3) Waste

During construction phase, construction workers camp will be prepared around the construction site. Out of the workers, people from the other villages will stay in the camp; the expected numbers are maximally about 50. Since there is no solid waste collecting service in this area, the waste may be scattered around the site and decrease sanitary condition. In order to avoid the negative situation, the contactor shall collect the waste by its own responsibility and dispose properly at the site or out of the site.

For constructing access road, construction waste will be generated by demolishing existing house structures. According to the Department of Environment in Phnom Penh, this type of waste is commonly reused by the contractor or waste material collectors. The method shall be ensured for the construction works not to emit the waste at the site.

The other large amount of construction waste such as surplus soil is not expected for the works. However, some small waste such as waste oil of equipment and containers of materials may be generated. As same as the waste form the camp, the contractor shall manage them properly not to affect surrounding environment.

Considering the likely waste generation mentioned above, proposed measure is:

- To obligate the contractor to collect and dispose the garbage and construction waste properly.

4) Soil Contamination

Riverbed materials collected from the Mekong River are planned to be used for the reclamation for the SEZ. Soil contamination may generate at the SEZ site if the riverbed materials are contaminated. On the other hand, at the target Access road area, excavated soil generated by the SEZ construction work will be used to expand the road. Hence, the possibility of soil contamination is not deemed.

According to the baseline survey, the riverbed sediment at the station M1 (Chak-tomuk) which will be used as the filling material doesn’t include the pollutants above the standard of Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act and Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law in Japan. Therefore, the risk of soil pollution by filled with the dredging material is limited.

5) Noise and Vibration

During the construction phase, works of the construction equipment are likely to generate the noise. Table 6.1-2 shows the estimated number of the construction equipment for each construction structure. There is some residential area in the northwest edge of the target SEZ area and near National Load No.1 along the target Access Road area. On the other hand, the number of construction related trucks passing through the vicinity of the residential area will not be so much, namely 15cars/day at the peak time and 5 cars/day on average and the impact of that is deemed to be limited .So, the noise during the construction work was predicted for the pile drivers which will generate loudest noise among the construction equipment at the SEZ construction site.

a) Prediction Method

The attenuation of pile-driving noise was calculated through the following formula.

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 8 − 20 × log10𝑟𝑟

LAeq: Equivalent sound level LAw: Sound power level of noise source r: Distance from noise source

116


Noise attenuation was predicted for two types of pile driver, diesel and hydraulic pile-driver. Table 6.1-3 shows the sound power level of diesel and hydraulic pile-drivers.

Table 6.1-3 Sound power level of diesel and hydraulic pile-drivers

Pile driver Sound power level (dB) Diesel pile-driver 132.9 Hydraulic pile-driver 110.5

Source: Handbook for Noise and Vibration Measure on Construction (2001,Japan construction machinery and construction association)

Figure 6.1-5 shows the calculated distant attenuation of diesel and hydraulic pile-driver noise.

According to the calculation, noise from diesel pile-drivers will not decrease below the standard level at the daytime even after 200m from the source. On the other hand, noise from hydraulic pile-drivers will decrease to below the standard level at the daytime after only about 30m from the source.

Figure 6.1-5 Distant attenuation of diesel and hydraulic pile-driver noise

The nearest residential area is about 100 m from the northwest edge of the target SEZ area. During the Access road construction, the pile-driver will not be used but there is residential area along the access rode vicinity of the National Road No.1. Therefore, the noise by the construction work may affect the residential area especially for night time.

In order to minimize the dust generation, following exemplified measures are needed to be taken by contractors when the construction works are conducted adjacent to communities.

- Measures for reducing noise; for example, installing noise barrier and selecting low-noise equipment as much as possible,

- To restrict works which will cause large noise during night time, - Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities to obtain their consensus.

6) Sediment Quality

During the construction phase, turbid water may be generated in accordance with earth works and reclamation works at the target SEZ and Access Road area. The sediment quality in the canal around the target area may be affected because the turbid water may diffuse and accumulate in the canal.

To reduce the generation of the turbid water, a mitigation measure is proposed in water pollution section and same measure shall be required during the construction phase at the target SEZ area. At the target Access Road area, the risk of the turbid water dispersion will be limited in the access road construction (See 2) Water Pollution)

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Noi

se L

evel

(dB

)

Distance from pile driver (m)

Diesel pile-driverHydraulic pile-driverStandard(6AM-18PM)Standard(18PM-22PM)Standard(22PM-6AM)

117


- To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce the turbid water from the dredging soil at the SEZ construction site.

(2) Natural Environment

1) Ecosystem

Flora and fauna in the target SEZ and Access Road area may lose their habitat. The aquatic fauna may be affected by the turbid water generated by the construction work.

The major portion of the target area has been developed as the paddy field. According to the baseline survey, aquatic organisms, birds and mammal etc. are living in or around the target area, even though mammal is reported only by the interview survey. For the aquatic organisms, to reduce the generation of the turbid water, a mitigation measure is proposed in water pollution section and same measure shall be required during the construction phase at the target SEZ area (See (1) 2) Water Pollution). For the birds and mammal, vast swamp and inundated shrublands are remaining in the south side of the target area in addition to the extensive rice field around the target area. The birds and mammals will easily move and escape to the other area. Therefore, the effect to the birds and mammals by the construction work will be limited.

On the other hand, the sugar palm trees (Borassus flabellifer), total number of 27, are found along the target Access Road area, which are listed as endanger species in the IUCN red list. Even though they are not listed in the national red list, some consideration might be required on this species.

From the reasons above, to prevent the deterioration of the ecosystem by the project, the

following measures need to be taken by contractors during the construction phase.

- To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce the turbid water from the dredging soil at the SEZ

construction site. - To transplant the sugar palm trees (Borassus flabellifer) at the new access road edge or in the

premises of SEZ.

2) Hydrology

Existence of SEZ and Access Road may alter the hydrology during the rainy season.

The target SEZ area lays on the north part of the delta consisted of the Mekong and the Bassac River. The area is flooded in the rainy season and dried up in the dry season. There are some water gates and culverts along the Mekong River and the Bassac River. The river water comes from and out through them, which is used for irrigation and to reduce the flood damage of surrounding area. According to Figure 5.1-13, the southern part of the delta is the major flooded area because many water gates and culverts are installed. It is said that flood damage of national load No.1 or the surrounding area is eased by making around the target area submerged intentionally. Ground level on the target area will be changed from 2-3m to 8.5m by filling the soil. Therefore, decreasing of submerged area may make the flooded area stretch out to the surroundings. The existence of SEZ and Access Road also may change the flow of the water.

Even though, the target areas are not major portion of the submerged area in the delta area, following measures need to be taken by contractors, to minimize the risk of enlargement of the flood damage and to prevent the alternation of the water flow.

SEZ

- To install a water reservoir pond adjacent to the SEZ area in order to secure the water volume as large as the one or more than the one lost by the project. The pond shall be connected with the existing ones to secure the water flow.

118


Access Road

- To install bridges and pipe culverts at the crossing points with the existing canal in order to secure the water flow.

- To install canals along both sides of the access road and connect them to the existing canals in order to secure the water flow.

3) Topography and Geology

Ground level on the target SEZ area will be changed from 2-3m to 8.5m by filling the soil and land use will be changed from the paddy field or shrubland to the SEZ and the Access Road. However the impact to the topography is not expected because the topography of the target areas is not discriminative to be protected. Also, geological impacts are not expected because no underground construction has been planned.

(3) Social Environment

1) Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood Through the interview survey to the local people, it was found that large portion of the households

are earning their livelihood not only by agriculture but also other side business such as running small shops. The fact is indicating that the income from agriculture may not be sufficient to afford decent livelihood. According to the village chiefs, working at construction works is one of the important income sources especially for the people who do not have their own land. Considering the situation, it is expected that the construction works and the relevant business for this project would increase employment opportunities and contribute to improving the local economic conditions.

Through the interviews to 40 sample households in the local villages, it was asked whether interviewees and their family members want to work in the construction work or factory. As the results, 12 households responded that they and the family members wanted to do the work. All of them also answered that they wanted to get back to original occupations when the construction work is completed. It means the risk of obsolescent of the original local industry, agriculture, caused by the temporary construction work opportunities is not very high.

It is expected that about 20-30 people corresponding one-third of the entire labor force will be hired from the local community for the construction works.

2) Existing Social Infrastructures and Services

Construction vehicles passing through the existing road may block or disturb the local traffic around the construction site. However, the transportation volume of the materials through the National Road No.1 is estimated to be small, about 15 trucks per peak day (5 trucks per day on average). Therefore, the impacts on the road traffic are limited.

3) Local Conflicts

It is expected that one-third of the entire construction workforce will be hired from local community, while the other portion will be outsiders including foreign workforce. The expected approximate numbers are 20-30 from local while 50 from the other. Although the number is not very large, the risk of conflicts with local community is not deniable when the outsiders flow into the region and occupy the employment opportunities.

In order to reduce the risk, following measure is proposed:

- To prioritize local workforce for the employment.

4) Infectious Diseases such as HIV/AIDS

Reported incidence of HIV/AIDS is not high in Banteay Daek commune (0.29%) comparing with the overall rate of the province and districts (0.59 % and 0.75%). The fact is indicating that the

119


incidence will increase when outsiders migrate into the region for the construction works and the other project related business.

To reduce the risk, the contractor shall take into account the following measure:

- To promote awareness of the workers on the infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, for example by waging a campaign.

5) Labor Environment

Labors working condition is stipulated by Labor Law adopted in 1997 and the related sub-decree and declaration including safety and health control. Since construction works have risks of construction accidents generally, the contractor shall ensure the safety control as well as complying with the relevant regulations. Examples of the control measures to be taken by the contractor are listed below:

- Safety training for the workers, - Safety patrol at the construction site by supervisors, - Periodical meetings for safety control, and - First aid station is prepared near the construction site.

(4) Others

1) Accidents

Accidents during construction need to be considered. Especially, considering that the site for the access road is located adjacent to local communities, it is necessary to pay special attention not to cause accidents with local people including traffic accidents by construction vehicles. In order to reduce the risk of the accidents with local people, following measures need to be considered:

- Installing fence or signboard at the construction site to keep out local people such as children - Deploying flagman at the entrance of the construction site and crossing points of the

construction vehicles

6.1.3 Operation Phase

(1) Pollution

1) Air Pollution

Emission from factories and vehicles passing through the access road may affect ambient air quality.

SEZ

The type of factory has not been decided, however, light manufacturing industry may tenant into the SEZ. According to the baseline survey, ambient air quality is much lower than the standard. The impact on the ambient air quality is deemed to be limited. However, the possibility of effluent of pollutant can’t be denied according to the type of the factory which may tenant in the SEZ.

In order to prevent the impacts caused by the factories, following measures need to be taken by factories when they tenant into SEZ.

- To oblige strict abidance of the Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance to the factories. The Sub-decree stipulates that the emission of pollutants from immovable source into the atmosphere shall be asked for a permission from the MOE and that the owner or responsible person of pollution source shall be responsible for installing the equipment for measurement of amount of pollutant contained in his/her pollution sources and keep the result for record keeping.

120


Access Road

Traffic passing through the access road will increase air pollutant in the ambient air. Air quality during operation phase along the proposed access road was predicted quantitatively based on the estimation of emission from vehicles and the pollutant dispersion.


Prediction method established in the “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads” 5 is used to predict the pollutant levels in ambient air based on the projected traffic volume. The basic principles and procedure are as follows:

1. To obtain the emission of pollutants from vehicles based on the projected traffic volume; 2. To calculate the concentration increment of pollutants by the atmospheric dispersion models

such as a Plume Model and Puff Model ; and, 3. To estimate the pollution levels adding the calculated increment to the background

conditions.

Emission of Pollutants in Exhaust Gas from Vehicles

The average emission of gaseous pollutants is calculated by the following equation.

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 × 13600

× 11000

× ∑ (𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑡 × 𝐸𝑖𝑖)2𝑖𝑖=1 Qt = VW × 1

3600× 1

1000× ∑ (Nit × Ei)2

i=1 (eqn. 1.1)

Where,

Qt : the average emission of a gaseous pollutant at hour t [mg/m·s] 𝐸𝑖𝑖 : the emission factor of the i-th type of vehicle [g/km· vehicle] 𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑡 : the hourly traffic volume of the i-th type of vehicles [vehicle/hr] 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 : the conversion coefficient [mL/g or mg/g]

The emission factor of the i-th type of vehicle, Ei is calculated by the following equation.

𝐸𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑉𝑉� + 𝑏𝑏𝑉𝑉 + 𝑐𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑑 (eqn. 1.2)

Where V is the average running speed of the i-th type of vehicle and a, b, c, and d are regression coefficients given in Table 6.1-4(Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads1 provide the coefficients of NOx, PM10, CO and SO2). Table 6.1-4 shows the calculated emission factors for the light and heavy vehicles at the velocities of 40 km/hr.

Table 6.1-4 Pollutant Emission Factors

Pollutants Vehicle Size a b c d Emission Factor

(g/km/car)

NOx Light -0.902 -0.00578 4.39E-05 0.261 0.0572 Heavy -7.12 -0.0895 0.000735 3.93 1.0873

PM10 Light -0.069 -0.00039 2.87E-06 0.017 0.0031 Heavy 0.0318 -0.0031 2.27E-05 0.158 0.0543

CO Light -12.5 -0.0559 0.000448 2.2 0.2505 Heavy 10.9 -0.0168 0.000115 1.19 0.7777

SO2 Light 0.0783 -0.00016 1.31E-06 0.0112 0.0075 Heavy 0.0411 -0.0007 5.51E-05 0.0424 0.1995

5 Japan Highway Environment Research Institute (HERI), “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads, 2007 edition”.

121


Pollutant Dispersion Model

Pollutant concentrations in ambient air were calculated using the Plume Model for windy condition (>1m/s) and the Puff model for calm air condition (<1m/s), which expressed the dispersion of pollutants emitted from the moving vehicles.

(Plume Model)

𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑄𝑄2𝜋𝜋∙𝑢𝑢∙𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦∙𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧

exp �− 𝑦𝑦2

2𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦2� �exp �− (𝑧𝑧+𝐻𝐻)2

2𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧2�+ exp �− (𝑧𝑧−𝐻𝐻)2

2𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧2�� (eqn. 1.3)

Where,

C(x, y, z): pollutant concentration at any prediction point (x, y, z) [ppm or mg/m3]

Q : air pollutant emission rate [mL/s or mg/s] u : average wind speed [m/s] H : height of emission source [m] x : distance from an emission source to the prediction point along the wind direction

[m] y : horizontal distance from the prediction point perpendicular to the x-axis [m] z : vertical distance from the prediction point perpendicular to the x-axis [m] 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦,𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧: dispersion width of toward y dimension and z dimension [m]

in which

𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊 2 + 0.46𝐿𝐿0.81⁄ (in case of x< W/2: 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊/2)

𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = σz0 + 0.31𝐿𝐿0.83 (in case of x< W/2: 𝜎𝜎𝑍 = σz0)

𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧0: initial vertical dispersion width [m]

- without noise barrier 𝜎𝜎0 = 1.5 - with noise barrier (height > 3 m) 𝜎𝜎0 = 4.0

L : distance from the road edge to the prediction point [m] W : road width [m]

(Puff Model)

𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑄𝑄(2𝜋𝜋)3 2⁄ 𝛼𝛼3 2⁄ 𝛾𝛾

�1−𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒�− 𝑙𝑙

𝑡𝑡02�

2𝑙𝑙+

1−exp �−𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡02�

2𝑚𝑚� (eqn. 1.4)

Where,

𝑡𝑡 = 12�𝑒𝑒

2+𝑦𝑦2

𝛼𝛼2+ (𝑧𝑧−𝐻𝐻)2

𝛾𝛾2� 𝑚𝑚 = 1

2�𝑒𝑒

2+𝑦𝑦2

𝛼𝛼2+ (𝑧𝑧+𝐻𝐻)2

𝛾𝛾2�

t0 : time corresponding to initial diffusion [s] α, γ : coefficient on width of diffusion [m]

α=0.3, γ=0.18(day time), 0.09(night time)

Others are same as Plume model

Input Data and Calculation Conditions

For calculating pollutant dispersion, wind condition was set as Wind direction; Northeasterly and Wind speed; 0.4m/s which was observed in the baseline survey at N3.

122


The prediction points were set with two points. One is the edge of the access road and another is in front of Angkor Chey Pagoda and Angkor Chey Elementary School which is 630m far from the access road , which corresponds to N3 and N2 in the locations for the baseline survey. Road width was set as 15m with 5m green zone at both side and height of the emission source were set as 1m.

The number of vehicles passing through the access road was estimated with two types, light vehicle for commuting of SEZ worker and Heavy truck for transportation from/to SEZ. The number of light vehicle was estimated to be 2,000 cars/day assuming that number of workers is 25,000 persons, capacity of transportation car is 25 persons/car, and commuting twice a day, morning and evening. The number of heavy truck was estimated to be 106 cars/day, assuming that the container throughput at SEZ is 57,720 TEU/year, the ratio of 20F and 40F truck is 34% and 66%, and truck will make a round trip.

Table 6.1-5 Number of Vehicles Passing through the Access Road

Type Number (car/day) Light Vehicle 2,000

Heavy Truck 106

b) Prediction Results

Emission of Pollutants

The pollutant emissions calculated by eqn.1.1 based on the projected traffic volume are summarized in Table 6.1-6.

Table 6.1-6 Average Emission Rate of Pollutants

Pollutants Emission Rate (g/km/day) NOX 298

SPM 16.5

CO 840

SO2 28.5

Predicted Ambient Air Quality

The increments of pollutant concentration at the edge of the access road and in front of Angkor Chey Pagoda were calculated by eqn. 1.3 and eqn. 1.4. The pollution levels of ambient air were estimated by adding the calculated increments to the background pollutant concentrations, which were observed in the baseline survey. And NOx were converted to NO2 by using statistic model. The results are tabulated in Table 6.1-7.

According to the results, pollutant concentration in ambient air considering the emission from the vehicles at access road will still satisfy the Cambodian standard except SPM. SPM in the access road edge and in front of the Angkor Chey pagoda are currently higher than the standard because the road is unsurfaced. The access road will be surfaced by asphalt and SPM concentration will decrease. The contribution concentrations by the project relation traffics are much lower. Therefore, the impacts to the air quality are deemed to be limited.

123


Table 6.1-7 Predicted Ambient Air Quality

Location NO2 (mg/m3)

SPM (mg/m3)

CO (mg/m3)

SO2 (mg/m3)

Standard 0.1 0.33 20 0.30

The Access Road Edge (N3)

Baseline 0.0150 0.4540 4.000 0.0100 Predicted 0.0164 0.4541 4.006 0.0102

Angkor Chey Pagoda (N2)

Baseline 0.0160 0.5840 4.000 0.0140 Predicted 0.0162 0.5840 4.000 0.0140

2) Water Pollution

Wastewater from factories and rain water generated from SEZ and Access Road area may cause water pollution to the creek existing around the target area or to the Mekong and Bassac River. The types of the wastewater are thought to be rain water from SEZ premise and Access Road, sewage water, industrial and medical waste water from factories or clinic.

In order to minimize water pollution, following measures need to be taken by SEZ operator and respective tenants.

SEZ

- Rain water shall be discharged to the ponds in the SEZ area and the canal around the SEZ. - Sewage shall be discharged to the storm canal around the SEZ after being treated at the

sewage plant which shall be installed in the SEZ. - Industrial water containing oily waste or metals and medical waste water generated from

factories or clinic shall be discharged after being treated at the respective tenant properly. - To conduct periodical water monitoring at the canal around the SEZ to compare with the

standards. Access Road

- To install drain ditches and collection pits with oil separator at each side of the Access Road. Rain water shall be discharged to the existing canals after being separated from flotages and oil at the collection pits.

3) Waste

Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management (No.36, ANKr.BK, 1999) defines following type of waste as hazardous waste. Collection, transportation, storage and disposal of the hazardous waste are competence of the local authorities under control of the Ministry of Environment.

For collecting and disposing the hazardous waste, it is necessary to be licensed by the Ministry of Environment. In Kandal Province, there is only one company licensed by the Ministry of Environment to handle the hazardous waste. The tenants in SEZ shall make contract with the licensed company to secure proper waste management of the industrial waste.

Hazardous waste:

1. Fibrous and clothing wastes from textile and garment industry; 2. Paper waste from paper-mill industry; 3. Sludge waste from factory waste water treatment and product manufacturing processes; 4. Combustion residues from coal-fired power plants; 5. Plastics waste from production or use of plasticizers; 6. PCB waste from use of PCB contained in discarded air conditioners, TVs and microwaves; 7. Rubber waste from production or use of resins and latex;

124


8. Oil waste from oil refinery, use of lubrication oils, washing oils; 9. Acid waste; 10. Alkalis waste; 11. Metal waste and their compounds such as:

Zinc (Zn) Selenium (Se) Tin (Sn) Vanadium (V) Copper (Cu) Arsenic (As) Barium (Ba) Cobalt (Co) Nickel (Ni) Antimony (Sb) Beryllium (Be) (Tl) (Cr) (Mo) (B) Tellurium (Te) Lead (Pb) Titanium (Ti) Uranium (U) Silver (Ag) Mercury (Hg) Cadmium (Cd) Iron (Fe)

12. Soot and dust waste from incineration facilities, treating exhaust gas; 13. wastes from used or discarded electricity lamp; 14. Wastes from production or use of battery; 15. Wastes from production and use of paints, lacquers and pigments; 16. Wastes from production and use of inks and dyes; 17. Explosive wastes; 18. Infectious diseases wastes; 19. Agriculture drugs wastes; 20. Ask wastes from incinerators; 21. Wastes from expired products; 22. Wastes from production and use of film; 23. Waste from treatment of polluted soil; 24. Waste from production of drugs and medicines, and expired drugs; 25. Inorganic fluorine wastes; 26. Cyanide wastes; 27. Asbestos wastes; 28. Phenols wastes; 29. Ethers wastes; 30. Wastes from production and use of solvents; 31. Wastes from production and use of dioxin and furan; 32. Radioactive wastes; 33. Wastes produced as a result of treating above item 1-32.

Mitigation measure is:

- To obligate tenants to collect and dispose the waste by entrusting contractor licensed by the Ministry of Environment.

4) Soil Contamination

Possible soil contamination will be caused by industrial wastewater discharge. It will be controlled by the measures described in section 2) water pollution.

5) Noise

Factory operation at the SEZ area and traffic passing through the access road may generate the noise.

SEZ

The type of factory has not been decided, however, light manufacturing industry may tenant into the SEZ such as automobile parts or metal/non-metal processing industry. Power generator which will make large noise will not be installed except for emergency one. School and hospital are planned to be constructed in the SEZ area but the fence will be installed around the factory area, which will restrain the noise. According to the baseline survey, current noise level vicinity of the target SEZ area is much lower than the standard. Therefore the impact on the ambient noise is deemed to be limited. However,

125


the possibility of noise generation can’t be denied according to the type of the factory which may tenant in the SEZ.

In order to prevent the impacts caused by the factories, following measures need to be taken by

factories when they tenant into SEZ.

- To oblige strict abidance of the Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance to the factories. The Sub-decree stipulates that the noise from immovable source into the atmosphere shall be asked for permission from the MOE and that the owner or responsible person of noise source shall be responsible for installing or equipping any equipment to reduce noise and vibration in order to respond to noise standard.

Access Road

Traffic passing through the Access Road will generate the noise Noise during operation phase along the Access Road was predicted quantitatively based on the estimation of noise generated by the passing vehicles.


The numerical model “ASJ RTN-Model 2008” developed by the Acoustical Society of Japan6 is used to predict the noise levels based on the projected traffic volume.

The principles and basic formulas used in the prediction model are as follows.

First, obtain the time variation of the A-weighted sound level LA (unit pattern) at a prediction point for a single vehicle which is passing along the road under consideration. Then, calculate its time integrated value over the duration of its passage, i.e., LAE (the single-event level sound exposure level).

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 10 log10 �1𝑇𝑇0∑ 10𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 10⁄𝑖𝑖=1 ∙ ∆𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖�

Where,

LA, i : the A-weighted sound pressure level at the prediction point emitted from the i-th section of the road [dB]

∆𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 : ∆𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉⁄ ∆𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 : the length of the i-th section of the road [m] V : the average running speed of the vehicle in the i-th section [m/s]

The A-weighted sound pressure level LA,i for noise propagation from the i-th source to the

prediction point is calculated by considering the sound propagation in a hemi-free field from an omni-directional point source as:

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 − 8 − 20 log10 𝑟𝑟 +∆𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑖𝑖

Where,

LWA, i : the A-weighted sound pressure level at a single running vehicle at the i-th sourcce [dB] 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 : the direct distance from the the i-th source to the prediction point [m]

The correction term ∆𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑖𝑖 [dB] is related to the various attenuation factors such as the correction for diffraction, correction for ground effect and correction for atmospheric absorption; it was neglected in this prediction for simplification. This simplification provides conservative estimates, i.e., slightly higher noise levels.

6 K. Yamamoto, “Road traffic noise prediction model “ASJ RTN-Model 2008”: Report of the Research Committee on Road Traffic Noise,” Acoust. Sci. & Tech. 31, 1 (2010)

126


The A-weighted sound power level of a road vehicle LWA, i [dB] is given by

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 log10 𝑉𝑉 + 𝐶𝐶

where V is the vehicle speed [km/h], a and b are regression coefficients, and C is the correction term such as correction for pavement condition, road gradient and so on. In this prediction, the correction term C is omitted for simplification, then the A-weighted sound pressure levels at a single running vehicle LWA,i along the steady traffic flow are given as

Light vehicle : 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = 46.7 + 30 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙10 𝑉𝑉

Heavy vehicle : 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = 53.2 + 30 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙10 𝑉𝑉

Finally, the time averaged value of the noise at a prediction point, LAeq (the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level is obtained by taking account of the traffic conditions such as traffic volume (N: number of vehicles per hour) and vehicle types (light and heavy vehicles).

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 10 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙10 �10𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 10⁄ ∙ 𝑁𝑁3600

�

The number of vehicles per hour is calculated based on Table 6.1-5. But light vehicles for commuting will be converging at the time of about 7~8 AM and 16~17 PM, so calculated as 1,000 cars/hour for maximum number in a day. The number of heavy truck is calculated as 9 cars/hour for average assuming the trucks will mostly run from 7AM to 17PM. However, the tenant is not determined and the possibility to operate until midnight is not be able to deny. For this reason, the noise was predicted all day assuming light vehicle as 100 cars/hour and heavy vehicle as 9 cars/hour during mid-night. The speed of the vehicle was estimated as 40km/h. The configuration of the access road is same as the air pollution estimation, which is road width; 15m with 5m green zone at both side.

The prediction points are set at the edge of the access road(N3) and in front of Angkor Chey Pagoda and Angkor Chey Elementary School(N2) as same as the air quality prediction.

b) Prediction results

The results are tabulated in Table 6.1-8. The predicted noise levels were estimated by adding the calculated increments to the baseline noise level. According to the results, the noise during 6AM to 22PM are still below the standard, however, during 22PM-6AM are above the standard even though the speed decrease to 20km/h.

Table 6.1-8 Predicted Noise Level(LAeq)

Time Item Number of

Cars (car/hour)

The Access Road Edge(N3)

(dB)

Angkor Chey Pagoda (N2)

(dB)

6AM-18PM

Baseline ― 53.3 59.9

Predicted (Light)1000 (Heavy) 9 65.2 60.2

Standard 75 dB

18PM-22PM


Predicted (Light) 1000 (Heavy) 9 65.0 58.4

Standard 70 dB

22PM-6AM


Predicted (Light) 100 (Heavy) 9

56.7 (20km/h)51.9 51.9

Standard 50 dB

127


Although the noise level was calculated above, the number of traffic in the operation phase especially during mid-night (22PM-6AM) cannot be estimated clearly, so the following monitoring is required to assess the effect of noise generated by the project.

- To conduct the noise and traffic volume monitoring along the Access Road. - Measures for reducing noise shall be taken if the noise generated by the project turn out to be

significant.

6) Vibration

Traffic at the access road will generate vibration. Vibration level during operation phase along the proposed access road was predicted quantitatively based on the predicted traffic volume.


Prediction method established in the “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads” is used to predict the vibration by the access road. The generated vibration was calculated using following formula which predicts maximum value of 80% range of the generated vibration level.

𝐿𝐿10 = 𝐿𝐿10∗ −∝𝑙𝑙

𝐿𝐿10∗ = 𝑎𝑎 log10(log10𝑄∗) + 𝑏𝑏log10𝑉𝑉 + 𝑐log10𝑀 + 𝑑 +∝𝜎𝜎+∝𝑓+∝𝑠

Where

L10 : Predicted maximum vibration level in 80% range

L10* : Predicted maximum vibration level in 80% range at a fiducial point

Q*: Traffic volume [number of vehicles/500sec/lane]

=500

3600×

1𝑀

× (𝑄1 + 𝐾𝑄2）

Q1: Number of light vehicles [/hour]

Q2: Number of heavy vehicles [/hour]

K: Conversion factor for heavy vehicles to light vehicles

V: Average speed [km/hr]

M: Number of lanes

ασ: Correction value for flatness of road surface [dB]

αf: Correction value for predominant frequency of ground [dB]

αs: Correction value for road structure [dB]

αl: Decay by distance [dB]

a,b,c and d: Constants

In this prediction, each value was set as follows based on the “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads”.

K: 13, V: 40, M: 4

ασ: 8.2 log σ, σ: 20mm, αf: -17.3logf f:16Hz, αs: 0

αl: (0.073 L10*-2.3)×log (r/5+1)/log2, r: Distance (m)

a: 47 ,b: 12 ,c:3.5, d: 27.3

128


The road configlation and the number of traffic and speed passing throuth the access road is same as the noise estimation, that is road width of 15m with 5m green zone at both sides, small vehicle; 1000 cars/houhr and heavy truck;9 cars/hour with 40km/hour.

b) Prediction Result

The predicted vibration level from the access-road edge to 100m is shown in Figure 6.1-6. Vibration level shows the maximum value with 43dB at the edge of the Access Road and decreases with increasing distance from the edge. Although there are no standard for the vibration in Cambodia, it is set as 65dB for day time and 60dB for night time in residential area in Japanese standard. In this context, vibration caused by the access road traffic is not deemed to cause impacts to surroundings.

Figure 6.1-6 Predicted Vibration Level

7) Odour

Possibility of odour generation from the wastewater treatment facility and waste storage of each tenant is not deniable. However, the proposed SEZ is located away from residential area; therefore, the risk of the impacts of odour will be limited within the SEZ area.

For mitigating the possible impacts, it is proposed to monitor whether odour is observed in and outside of the SEZ during operation phase as well as the number of complaint from local communities and tenants in SEZ. In case any impacts are identified, measures such as installing concrete wall shall be considered.

8) Sediment Quality

There is a possibility of pollution of sediment in the canals so that possible sediment soil contamination will be caused by industrial wastewater discharge. It will be controlled by the measures described in section 2), water pollution.


1) Ecosystem

Aquatic organisms in canals may be affected if polluted water is discharged from the factories. The habitat of the fauna may be separated by the presence of SEZ and Access Road.

The land uses of the target Access road area are village road, paddy fields, swamp and canals. According to the baseline survey, aquatic organisms, birds and mammal etc. are living in or around the target area. Fishing cat or hairy-nosed otter are said to be living around the target area but all mammals

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vib

ratio

n Le

vel (

dB)

Distance from the road edge(m)

129


were not found during the survey period. It is assumed that the mammals are generally living the south side of the target area where vast swamp and inundated shrubland are remaining. Hence, the impact to the mammals by habitat separation is deemed to be limited.

As many aquatic organisms are living in the canals in or around the target area, the measures should be taken to prevent the shutdown of the water pass in the canal and water pollution from the factory. The presence of SEZ will reduce the habitat for several organisms, it is required to minimize the impact and create the new habitat.

From the reasons above, to prevent the deterioration of the ecosystem by the project, the

following measures need to be taken by operator during the operation phase.

SEZ

- To install the canal around the SEZ area and connect to the existing canals, to secure the habitat and migration pathway.

- To create the habitat by installing the pond and green space in the SEZ area. - To conduct mitigation measures for the water pollution (See (1) 2 water pollution)

Access Road

- To install bridges and pipe culverts at the cross section of the existing canals, to secure the water flow and migration pathway

- To prevent the separation of the water flow and separation of the aquatic organisms by installing the canals along the both side of the Access Road and connecting them to the existing canals.

- To create the habitat to install the green zone along the both side of the Access Road.

2) Hydrology

Same as the construction phase (See (1) 2) Hydrology)


1) The poor

According to the village chiefs, villagers without land ownership tend to be suffering from poverty. They earn their livelihood by collecting firewood, fishing, selling their labor force at the farm land in/outside of the village and in factories in Phnom Penh. Operation of SEZ is expected to provide employment opportunities to the local people; therefore, it is expected to contribute to improving income and living standard of the poor.

2) Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood

Although most of the local villagers are farmers, salary or wage is sharing nearly half of their income in average. Major type of the works is working for factories, companies, and construction works. Through the interview survey, 12 respondents out of the 40 sample households (30%) answered that they intended to work at SEZ if the project was realized. Since some of them are working in Phnom Penh or the other region outside of the villages, employment at the SEZ will be beneficial because they will not have to disburse transportation fee for commuting. In addition, relevant business will also provide another job opportunity to locals. Considering the situations, operation of SEZ is expected to contribute to activating regional economy by improving the villager’s income and living standards. Expected number of the employed workers is presented in Table 6.1-9.

130


Table 6.1-9 Expected Employment

Zoning Number of employees/ha Total Employees I. Industrial park (140 ha) 50~250/ha 7,000~35,000 II. Commercial zone 250~300/ha 300~360 III. Residential zone 50~100/ha 60~120 IV. Public zone 50~300/ha 30~180 Total 7,390~35,660

Remarks: The above estimated number of employees for each zone is at the peak time but is changeable by the kind of tenants, scale and its products. Actual figures in the existing ASEAN’s industrial parks show a similar number of employees. Source: JICA Survey Team

3) Land use and Utilization of Local Resources

In case that the industry in SEZ discharges polluted wastewater, it will affect surrounding rice field and cause impacts on land use. In order to prevent the impacts, measures for water pollution (see section (1) 2)) shall be secured.

4) Water Usage

Water for the SEZ is planned to be supplied through the existing water supply network running along National Road No.1. It will be extended to the SEZ by constructing water pipeline under the access road. Comparison was made between the water supply capacity of the existing network and the volume for the SEZ (Table 6.1-10). It is estimated that the capacity is far enough comparing the demand at the SEZ; therefore, water supply to the SEZ will not affect the existing water usage.

Impacts on the existing irrigation canals and the mitigation measure are described in section (6) of 6.1.1 pre-construction phase.

Table 6.1-10 Comparison of Water Supply Capacity and Volume to be Supplied to the SEZ

Items Volume Water supply capacity of the existing network 10,000 ton/day Present water use at the existing network 4,000 ton/day Planned water volume to be supplied to SEZ 1,500-2,000 ton/day


In case that large traffic volume is generated for running the SEZ, it may cause traffic congestion at the surrounding existing roads. Since the cargo traffic volume is limited to be about 100 per day, the peak volume of the traffic will be generated by the workers’ commuting. Assuming that 25,000-30,000 workers commute by trucks in two hours every morning/evening, the number of the trucks will be estimated to be about 500 per hour (about 8 per minutes). Considering the volume, it is expected that the congestion will hardly be occurred or the duration will be limited in short time.

6) Local Conflicts

As similar to the impacts during construction phase, there is a risk of conflicts over employment opportunities between local villagers and the outsiders who flow into the region. In order to reduce the risk, local workforce shall be prioritized for the employment.

131



As similar to the impacts during construction phase, there is a risk that the incidence of infectious diseases especially HIV/AIDS increases when outsiders migrate into the region for seeking job opportunities. Since the measures should be taken in long-term with many-sided approach, it is necessary to collaborate with local authorities and clinics to promote awareness and conduct monitoring.

Proposed measure is:

- To promote awareness on the infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and conduct monitoring collaborating with local clinics.


Labors working condition is stipulated by Labor Law and the related sub-decree and declaration. Declarations related to the working conditions in factories are listed in Table 6.1-11. The each tenant of SEZ needs to comply with the regulations.


- To obligate tenants to comply with Labor Law, the relevant sub-decrees and declarations.

Table 6.1-11 List of Declaration on Working Condition under Labor Law

Number Name 08 SKA, 94, January 19, 1994 Joint declaration on the arrangement network of clinic service

09 SKA, 94, January 19, 1994 Joint declaration on physical checkup for Cambodia citizen and foreigner workers in Kingdom of Cambodia

86 SKA, March 20, 1997 Declaration on wage 10 SKBY,February 04, 1999 Declaration on allowance for working in Holiday with wage 80 SKBY, March 01, 1999 Declaration on overtime out of work hour 004 SKBY, January 05, 2000 Declaration on apprenticeship 052 SKBY, February 10, 2000 Declaration on arrangement of latrines in enterprise 313 SKBY, November27, 2000 Declaration on role and function of delegate and entrepreneur 330 SKBY, December 06, 2000 Joint Declaration on establishing clinic in enterprise 56 SKBY March 20,2001 Joint Declaration on salary tax book 124 SKBY June 15, 2001 Declaration on weight carried by labor 125 SKBY June 15, 2001 Declaration on ventilation system and healthy working environment 139 SKBY June 28, 2001 Joint Declaration on condition and mission of clinic service in enterprise 161 SKBY July 16, 2001 Declaration on foreigner using foreign labor 267 SKBY October 11, 2001 Declaration on special holiday 268 SKBY October 11, 2001 Declaration on recording internal account book of the company 269 SKBY October 11,2001 Declaration on payroll report 286 SKBY November 05, 2001 Declaration on delegate in enterprise 288 SKBY November 05, 2001 Declaration on opening and closing enterprise 317 SKBY November 29, 2001 Declaration on prosecute on solution of work conflict 318 SKBY November 29, 2001 Declaration on prosecute on solution of individual dispute 100 SKBY April 11, 2002 Declaration on suspension for weekly rest

243 SKBY September 10, 2002 Declaration on work accident announcement how social allowance providing and work disability rate

138 SKBY April 22, 2003 Declaration on noise in work place

132


Number Name 174 SKBY May 09, 2003 Declaration on establishment of secretariat of arbitration council 099 SKBY April 21, 2004 Declaration on arbitration council

106 SKBY April 28 2004 Declaration on prohibition of children to work at worksite that has accident

453 KKBV November 22, 2004 Declaration on establishing council committee to solve work dispute in Cambodia

413 KKBV March 23, 2005 Declaration on employment card and work record book for foreigners 414 KKBV March 23, 2005 Declaration on work record book for Khmer worker 138 KKBV/Pr K July 07, 2006 Declaration on appointment work council committee 076 KKBV May 10, 2007 Declaration on appointment arbitration council

307 KB/PrK December 14, 2007 Declaration on sanitation condition and work security in garment factory and shoe sew

002/08 KB/PrK January 08, 2008 Declaration on determination type of occupation and petty work that permit to children aged 12-15.

Source: Document about Labor Law, Department of Labor Inspection, January 1, 2011.

(4) Others

1) Accidents

Considering the risk of accident in SEZ, outdoor hydrants were planned at roads and the facilities building in SEZ. Fire fighting will be carried out by connecting the fire fighting truck’s hose to the outdoor hydrant. Fire fighting pipe is used for both Fire fighting and Water supply pipe. Major equipment of the Fire Fighting System is as follows:

• Outdoor hydrant (65mm x 65mm x 100mm) 20 nos.

In order to prevent traffic accidents, speed of vehicles shall be control at the road in SEZ and the access road. Considering the risks of oil contamination caused by the traffic accidents, collection pits are installed at the storm water ditch of the access road to prevent oil contamination at the surrounding rice field.

Apart from the general safety control, special measures should be mandated for tenants who handle dangerous materials.

6.2. PHN Port NCT

6.2.1 Pre-construction Phase

(1) Involuntary Resettlement

The land for the new terminal 2 and 3, currently owned by PPAP, is vacant reclaimed land without any structures. Before purchasing by PPAP, the area including for the terminal 1 was used as farmland owned and cultivated by local villagers. There were no houses.

According to the village chief, the landowners sold the land in 2006-2009. Since the market price was not high for this area at that time due to the low accessibility, the land transaction brought enough benefit to the landowners. Any grievances and issues related to the transaction have not been identified.

(2) The poor

According to the information from the village chiefs obtained through the social baseline survey, 10-40 % of the village households are identified as the poor who live in small hats and have only old

133


bicycles for transportation. However, they are not identified as a specific group such as ethnic group but living in the community together with the other households. Therefore, both positive and negative impacts of the project will be brought to the people with the same condition as the other villagers; no special impacts for the poor are expected.

(3) Indigenous and Ethnic People

According to the social survey results, any ethnicity and minority group was not found in the survey area.

6.2.2 Construction Phase

(1) Pollution

1) Air Pollution

During the construction phase, works of the construction equipment are likely to increase pollutants such as dust, NOx and SOx in the ambient air.

Estimated number of major construction equipment is limited as shown in Table 6.2-1 and the number of the construction-related truck is estimated to be about 15 cars/day at peak time and about 5 cars/day on an average. The residential area located at south and east side of the target NCT area is about 100m from the construction site. Therefore, the dust by the construction work may affect the residential area.

In order to minimize the dust generation, following measures need to be taken by contractors when the construction works are conducted adjacent to communities.

- To conduct measures for minimizing the dust i.e. sprinkling water at the construction site nearby communities

- To wash tires of trucks in washing area before leaving the construction site.

Table 6.2-1 Estimated Number of Major Construction Equipment

Equipment Number Excavator 2 Bulldozer 1 Dump truck 1 Concrete pumping truck 1 Tire roller 1 Vibration roller 1 Grader 1 Pile hammer 1 Grab bucket excavator 1

2) Water Pollution

The construction works could have adverse impacts on water quality, in particular due to the following factors:

- Turbidity may be generated in accordance with the dredging works (river bank shaping) at the berth construction site.

- Concrete washing water may be discharged into the river. - Domestic wastewater is generated from the workers camp.

134


The volume of dredging soil which will be generated during the river bank shaping is estimated to be 90,000m3. According to the baseline survey, the sediment at the river bank includes silt and turbidity may be easily generated during the work. Regarding to the human waste, at most 80 workers will join the construction work. The proper treatment of the human waste is required.


- To prepare the silt screen to prevent turbidity to diffuse the lower stream during the river bank shaping.

- To prepare sedimentation ponds to prevent the turbid water generated by concrete washing etc. to outflow to the river directly.

- To install the treatment facility of waste water such as temporally toilets or septic tanks at the construction sites.

3) Waste

Dredged materials may be generated for the dredging works (river bank shaping) at the berth construction site. Garbage may be generated at construction workers camp.

The volume of dredging soil which will be generated during the river bank shaping is estimated to be 90,000m3. According to the baseline survey, the sediments around the target NCT area don’t include the pollutants above the standard of Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act and Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Prevention Law in Japan (See 5.1.10). Therefore, the risk of soil pollution is limited if it is disposed at the land. Dredging for navigation channel is not required since the water depth is already secured (See 5.1.6).

Regarding to the garbage from the workers camp, at most 80 workers will join the construction work. Therefore, proper treatment of the garbage and construction waste is required.


- The dredging soil generated by the river bank shaping shall be filled in the yard construction work.

- To oblige constructor to collect and treatment of the garbage and construction waste.

4) Noise and Vibration

During the construction phase, works of the construction equipment are likely to generate the noise. Estimated number of major construction equipment is limited as shown in Table 6.2-1 and the number of the construction-related truck is estimated to be about 15 cars/day at peak time and about 5 cars/day on an average. The residential area located at south and east side of the target NCT area is more than 100m from the construction site. Number of traffic and equipment is limited but a pile driver will be used, which may generate loud noise as shown in Chapter 6.2.2 (1) 1) and affect the residential area.

In order to minimize the dust generation, following exemplified measures are needed to be taken by contractors when the construction works are conducted adjacent to communities.

- Measures for reducing noise; for example, installing noise barrier and selecting low-noise

equipment as much as possible, - To restrict works which will cause large noise during night time, - Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities to obtain their consensus.

135


5) Sediment Quality

Siltation may be occurred downstream if significant turbidity is generated by the construction works. The volume of dredging soil which will be generated during the river bank shaping is estimated to be 90,000m3. According to the baseline survey, the sediment at the river bank includes silt and turbidity may be generated during the work. Therefore, to minimize the water pollution generated the projects following measures need to be taken by contractors during the construction phase same as the mitigation measure of the water pollution (See 2) Water Pollution).

- To prepare the silt screen to prevent turbidity to diffuse the lower stream during the river bank shaping.


1) Ecosystem

During the construction work, aquatic organisms may be affected at/around the berth construction site. On the other hand, the terminal site has been prepared by reclamation and currently vacant. Hence, the impact to the terrestrial ecosystem is negligible.

A pilling vessel and a grab bucket barge are assumed to be used by the construction work. The river bank will be shaped and its volume is estimated to be limited as 90,000m3. According to the baseline survey, there is no habitat of Mekong dolphin and deep hole which is very important habitat for the fish (See 5.1.11 Aquatic Fauna). Therefore, the impact of construction work on fish and aquatic mammal is deemed to be limited. The berth will be constructed as the pier type and the disappearance area of the benthic habitat will also be limited.

2) Topography and Geology

During the construction work, the river bank will be shaped and its volume is estimated to be limited as 90,000m3. The area to be shaped will also be limited such as below and in front of the pier. In addition to the above, the topography of the target areas is not discriminative to be protected, therefore the impact to the topography is not expected.



Downstream of the NCT is used as fishing ground by the local fishermen. Water area in front of the existing Terminal-1 and some hundreds meters wide on both side are restricted for port operation in terms of security control. Fishermen working around the area have been instructed not to operate fishing in this area. Therefore, the construction works for Terminal-2 adjacent to the Terminal-1 will not affect the existing fishing activities.

On the other hand, it is expected that the construction works and the relevant business for this project would increase employment opportunities and contribute to improving the local economic conditions. About 40 people corresponding one-third of the entire labor force is expected to be hired from the local community for the construction works.


In case that water pollution is occurred by the construction works, aquatic living resources including fishery resources are likely to be affected. To prevent the impacts, measures for water quality shall be secured (see section (1) water pollution).


Construction materials will be brought through the National Road No.1. In case that large number of vehicles is expected, it will disturb the existing traffic. However, the transportation volume

136


is estimated to be small, about 15 trucks per peak day (5 trucks per day on average). Therefore, the impacts on the existing traffic are limited.

4) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damages

In case of the impacts on the fishery resource, benefits and damages may be unfairly distributed between the affected fishermen and the other villagers who benefit from the project such as by obtaining job opportunities. In order to prevent the risk, measures for water quality shall be secured (see section (1) water pollution).

5) Local Conflicts

It is expected that one-third of the entire construction workforce will be hired from local community, while the other portion will be outsiders including foreign workforce. The expected approximate numbers are 40 from local while 80 from the other. Although the number is not very large, the risk of conflicts with local community is not deniable when the outsiders flow into the region and occupy the employment opportunities.

In order to reduce the risk, following measure is proposed:

- To prioritize local workforce for the employment.


There is a risk that the incidence of infectious diseases especially HIV/AIDS increases when outsiders migrate into the region for the construction works.

To reduce the risk, the contractor shall take into account the following measure:



Labors working condition is stipulated by Labor Law adopted in 1997 and the related sub-decree and declaration including safety and health control. Since construction works have risks of construction accidents generally, the contractor shall ensure the safety control as well as complying with the relevant regulations. Examples of the control measures to be taken by the contractor are listed below:

- Safety training for the workers,

- Safety patrol at the construction site by supervisors,

- Periodical meetings for safety control, and

- First aid station is prepared near the construction site.

(4) Others

1) Accidents

Accidents during construction need to be considered. Especially, consideration should be paid for local fishermen working nearby the construction water area. In order to reduce the risk of the accidents, following measures need to be considered:

- Installing fence or signboard at the construction site to keep out local people and fishermen

- Deploying flagman at the entrance of the construction site and crossing points of the construction vehicles

137


6.2.3 Operation Phase

(1) Pollution

1) Air Pollution

Vessels and vehicles which come to the new port will increase air pollutant in the ambient air. Therefore, emission from vessels during anchoring and navigation for arrival/departure and emission from vehicles were predicted.

a) Emission from Vehicles

Prediction Method

Emission from vehicles coming in/out of the port area may increase local ambient air pollutants. Pollutant levels in the ambient air during operation phase were calculated by the method established in the “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads”7. The basic principles and procedure are described in Chapter 6.1.3 (1) 1) for the SEZ and Access Road.

For calculating pollutant dispersion, wind condition was set as Wind direction; North and Wind

speed; 0.8m/s which was observed in the baseline survey at N1.

The prediction points were set at the road edge of the national road No.1, which corresponds to N1 in the locations for the baseline survey. Road width was set as 8m with 2m pavement at both side and height of the emission source were set as 1m.

The number of vehicles passing through the national road No.1 was estimated on heavy trucks for transportation from/to the port only. The number of heavy truck was estimated based on the container throughput at the port, which is 170,000TEU for Terminal 1, 420,000TEU for Terminal 1 and 2 and 670,000 for Terminal 1, 2 and 3. The ratio of 20F and 40F truck is assumed 34% and 66% respectively. The result is shown in Table 6.2-2.

Table 6.2-2 Number of Vehicles Passing through the National Road No.1 (N1)

Type Present at N1 Terminal1 Teminal1+2 Terminal1+2+3 Light Vehicle 3,648 - - - Heavy Truck 636 312 771 1,230

Total 4,248 312 771 1,230

Prediction Result

The increments of pollutant concentration at the edge of the national road No.1 were calculated by eqn. 1.3 and eqn. 1.4. The pollution levels of ambient air were estimated by adding the calculated increments to the background pollutant concentrations, which were observed in the baseline survey. And NOx were converted to NO2 by using statistic model. The results are tabulated in Table.

According to the results, pollutant concentration in ambient air considering the emission from the vehicles will still satisfy enough the Cambodian standard even the case of Terminal 1, 2 and 3 except SPM. SPM in the road edge are currently almost equal to the standard and contribution concentration by the port related traffic is less than 0.1%. Therefore, the impacts to the air quality from the vehicle increasing by the project are deemed to be limited.

The reason of high SPM is considered that the road edge is unsurfaced and as motorcycles are passing on the edge the dust is rolling up.

7 Japan Highway Environment Research Institute (HERI), “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads, 2007 edition”.

138


Table 6.2-3 Predicted Ambient Air Quality at the National Road No.1 (N1)

NOx (mg/m3)

SPM (mg/m3)

CO (mg/m3)

SO2 (mg/m3)

Standard 0.1 0.33 20 0.30 Baseline 0.021 0.33 6.0 0.015

Terminal1 0.0226 0.3301 6.0018 0.0152 Terminal1+2 0.0228 0.3302 6.0022 0.0152

Terminal1+2+3 0.0236 0.3303 6.0035 0.0154

b) Emission from Vessels

Prediction Method

For estimating emission from vessels, prediction method established in the “Manuals for Total Volume Control of NOx

8” is used for NOx and SOx estimation, while IPCC Guideline9” is applied for CO2 estimation. The formulas for estimation are shown below:

W＝0.17×P0.98（A0.98×T×d） (During anchoring)

P=2.2X0.6×1.88

W＝0.21×(P×A)0.95×T (During navigation)

P=2.2X0.6×1.88

N＝1.49×P1.14（A1.14×T×d）×10-3×(46/22.4)

S＝W×s×(64/32)

C＝40,190×W×21.1×（44/12）×10-6

Where,

W: Fuel consumption (kg/vessel)

N: Emission of NOx (kg/vessel)

S: Emission of SOx (kg/vessel）

C: Emission of CO2 (kg/vessel)

P: Rated power (PS)*

X: Gross tom (t)

T: Time (hr)

d: Number of working engine

A: Loading factor of engine

S: Sulfer ratio in fuel (% weight)

*Assuming one sub-engine during anchoring and one main engine during navigation.

Specification of vessel for estimating emission was set as in Table 6.2-4, which is one of the largest container-vessel currently used in the port because the size of the vessel is expected to be larger in the future.

8 ERCC, Manuals for Total Volume Control of NOx, 2000. 9 IPCC Draft Guideline for National Greenhouse Gas

139


Table 6.2-4 Specification of Vessel and Given condition for Estimation

Parameters Specification Number of loading containers 240 TEU Gross tom 998 GT

Operation time Anchoring:13 Navigation:1 h

Number of engine Anchoring:1 Navigation:1 Unit

Loading factor of engine Anchoring:0.42 Navigation:0.09 -

Sulfur ratio in fuel Anchoring:1.326 Navigation:1.423 %

Prediction Result

The estimation results are shown in Table 6.2-5. It is estimated that about 44kg of NOx, 31kg of SOx and 3,623kg of CO2 will be emitted from the vessels at the total capacity of Terminal1+2. The increments by terminal 2 which is the target of the project are 26kg of NOx, 19kg of SOx and 2,157kg of CO2. The increment emission of NOx is almost same amount of the current emission from the vehicles at the national road No.1 assuming the travel distance of 20km as shown in Table 6.2-6. The current air quality concentrations at the target area of NCT are 0.011mg/m3 of NO2 and 0.008mg/m3 of SO2and much lower than the Cambodian standard as shown in Table 5.1-8. The residential area located at south and east side of the target NCT area is more than 100m from the target NCT area. Generally, CO2 emission from the vessel is much lower and it is about 1/4 of the cargo truck. Therefore, the impacts to the air quality from the vessels by the project are deemed to be limited.

Table 6.2-5 Results of Estimation of Emission from Vessels

Item Unit Terminal 1 Terminal 1+2 Terminal 1+2+3

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily Container TEU 170,000 466 420,000 1,151 670,000 1,836 Vessel vessel 708 2 1750 5 2792 8 NOx kg 6,552 18.0 16,188 44.3 25,823 70.7 SOx kg 4,596 12.6 11,356 31.1 18,115 49.6 CO2 kg 535,230 1,466 1,322,334 3,623 2,109,438 5,779

Table 6.2-6 Current Emission rate from The vehicle at National Road No.1

Size Number (car/day)

Emission at 40km/h (g/km/car)

Emission at 40km/h (g/km/day)

NOx SO2 NOx SO2 Light 3,648 0.077 0.0088 280.9 32.1 Heavy 636 1.348 0.104 857.3 66.1 Total 4,284 1.425 0.1128 1138.2 98.2

2) Water Pollution

Wastewater from vessels may cause water pollution at the river. According to PPAP, they have initiated discussion for controlling the waste water from vessels; however, any actual methodology has not been established yet.

140


Meanwhile, the baseline survey results indicate that the water quality around the NCT is in good condition although it is located downstream of Phnom Penh urban area where the existing Phnom Penh port is operated. The fact is suggesting that the port operation has not affected the water quality severely. At the NCT, type of vessels which likely cause water pollution such as oil tanker is not planned to arrive. It is also considerable that the terminal structure will not create enclosed water area which will cause water stagnation. Considering the situations, arrival of vessels will not invite severe water pollution although proper management is desirable in near further.

As the land-based pollution source, domestic sewage water is generated from the terminal buildings. For the existing buildings in Terminal-1, a septic tank has been already installed. In order to treat the additional sewage water generated from the Terminal-2, a sewer treatment unit is to be installed.

Proposed mitigation measure is:

- To install treatment unit to treat sewage water generated from the building at Terminal-2.

3) Waste

The domestic solid waste generated at the existing Terminal-1 has been handled by an entrusted contractor. The collected waste is carried to the approved dumping site near Phnom Penh. The waste from the Terminal-2 shall also be treated properly following the existing methodology.

Amount of the waste from vessels will be limited because NCT is only for container vessels, not for passenger ships. In addition, waste oil from vessels has been hardly landed at both NCT and the existing Phnom Penh Port. Dredged materials to be disposed will not be generated at NCT because maintenance dredging is not necessary.

From the reasons above, mitigation measure to be taken for waste is:

- To ensure domestic waste collection at the terminal building by entrusting proper contractor considering the exiting methodology at Terminal-1.

4) Noise

Port operation works and passing of cargo vehicles may generate noise and affect residential areas.

Regarding to port operation, cargo handling equipment such as quayside gantry crane, yard transfer crane (RTG; Rubber Tired Gantry Crane), top lifter, tractor trailer and reach stacker will be installed(Table 6.2-7). However, equipment which generate noise continuously such as electric generator will not be installed. The residential area located at south and east side of the target NCT is more than 150m from the berth. Therefore, the impact of the noise generated by port operation on the residential areas is deemed to be limited.

Table 6.2-7 Estimated Number of Cargo Handling Equipment

Equipment Number Quayside Gantry Crane 3 Rubber Tired Gantry Crane 6 Top Lifter 2 Tractor Trailer 15 Reach Stacker 1

Meanwhile, cargo vehicles may have significant impacts as they travel through the national road

No1 on the residential area along the road. Therefore, the noise along the national road No.1 was predicted quantitatively based on the estimation of noise generated by the passing vehicles.

141



The numerical model “ASJ RTN-Model 2008” developed by the Acoustical Society of Japan10 is used to predict the noise levels based on the projected traffic volume. The basic principles and procedure are described in Chapter 6.1.3 (1) 5) for the Access Road.

The number of vehicles per hour was calculated based on Table 6.2-2. But hourly number of the vehicles is estimated by proportionally distributed on the current number of heavy vehicle along the national road No.1 which counted in baseline survey, and selected the maximum number at respective time (Table 6.2-6). The speed of the vehicle was assumed to be 40km/h. The prediction points were set at the road edge of the national road No.1, which corresponds to N1 in the locations for the baseline survey. Road width was set as 8m with 2m pavement at both side and height of the generation source were set as 1.2m.

Table 6.2-8 Estimated maximum number of cargo vehicle at respective time(car/hour)

Time Terminal 1 Terminal 1+2 Terminal 1+2+3 6AM-18PM 26 65 104 18PM-22PM 15 36 58 22PM-6AM 21 51 81


The results are tabulated in Table 6.2-9. The predicted noise levels were estimated by adding the calculated increments to the baseline noise level. According to the results, the noise during 6AM to 22PM are still below the standard, however, during 22PM-6AM are above the standard because the baseline noise level is already above the standard. For the purpose of reference, the noise level standard in Japan is set as 65dB in the area close to the main road even during night time and the predicted noise levels during mid-night are below the Japanese standard.

Table 6.2-9 Predicted Noise Level(LAeq, dB)

Time Item Terminal 1 Terminal 1+2 Terminal 1+2+3

6AM-18PM Baseline 61.5 61.5 61.5 Predicted 62.5 63.7 64.7 Standard 75

18PM-22PM Baseline 58.5 58.5 58.5 Predicted 59.7 60.9 61.9 Standard 70

22PM-6AM Baseline 59.3 59.3 59.3 Predicted 60.6 62.0 63.1 Standard 50

Although the noise level was calculated above, the number of traffic in the operation phase

especially during mid-night (22PM-6AM) cannot be estimated clearly and noise levels are above the standard. Therefore, the following monitoring is required to assess the effect of noise generated by the project.

- To conduct the noise and traffic volume monitoring along the national road No.1. - Measures for reducing noise shall be taken if the noise generated by the project turn out to be

significant.

10 K. Yamamoto, “Road traffic noise prediction model “ASJ RTN-Model 2008”: Report of the Research Committee on Road Traffic Noise,” Acoust. Sci. & Tech. 31, 1 (2010)

142


5) Vibration

The cargo trucks coming in/out of the port area through national road No.1 will generate vibration. Vibration level during operation phase along the road was predicted quantitatively based on the predicted traffic volume.


Prediction method established in the “Technical Handbook for Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads” is used to predict the vibration by the access road. The basic principles and procedure are described in Chapter 6.1.3 (1) 6) for the Access Road.

The road configuration is same as the noise estimation, which is road width of 8m with 2m pavement at both sides. The number of vehicles is set as 354 cars/hour of light vehicle and 158 cars/hour of heavy vehicle as the maximum numbers, which is estimated by adding the maximum estimated numbers of cars of terminal1+2+3(Heavy vehicle: 104 cars/hour) to the maximum current number of cars (light vehicle: 354 car/hour, Heavy vehicle: 54 cars/hour). The car speed is set as 40km/h.


The predicted vibration level from the access-road edge to 100m is shown in Table. Vibration level shows the maximum value with about 49dB at the road edge and decreases with increasing distance from the edge. Although there are no standard for the vibration in Cambodia, it is set as 65dB for day time and 60dB for night time in residential area in Japanese standard. In this context, vibration caused by the access road traffic is not deemed to cause impacts to surroundings.

Figure 6.2-1 Predicted Vibration Level

6) Sediment Quality

Any activities and facilities which will cause sediment pollution has not been identified and not been planned at the terminals. Therefore, the terminal operation will not cause sediment pollution.


1) Ecosystem

If polluted water is discharged from vessels, aquatic life may be affected. Disturbance and elimination of habitat by constructing revetment and berth may affect surrounding ecosystem.

Even though any actual methodology has not been established to control the waste water from vessels, the impact on the aquatic ecosystem is deemed to be limited because the water quality around the NCT is in good condition although it is located downstream of Phnom Penh urban area where the

4041424344454647484950

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vib

ratio

n Le

vel (

dB)

Distance from the road edge(m)

143


existing Phnom Penh port is operated as described in 2) water pollutant. The berth will be constructed as the pier type and the disappearance area of the benthic habitat will not be large. According to the baseline survey, endangered benthic organism is not confirmed in or around the target area. Therefore, the impact on the aquatic ecosystem by the project is deemed to be limited.



Downstream of NCT is used as fishing ground by local fishermen, while upstream has not been valuable ground due to physical conditions. Local fishermen living near NCT catch fish within 2 km downstream of NCT by drifting nets. For operating Terminal-1, the area in front of the terminal and some hundreds meters on both sides has been restricted for safety reason according to the fishermen. When the Termina-2 starts operation, it is expected that the restricted area will be expanded for about 300m, the length of the constructed berth, to the downstream. Since expansion of the restricted area may affect fishing activities, it is necessary to consult with the fishermen and obtain consensus.

Meanwhile, new terminal operation will create employment opportunities such as stevedoring and the other port related activities. In reality, some villagers have been working at the port after Terminal-1 started operation in January 2013 according to the villagers. The new terminal operation is expected to contributing to improvement of regional economy by providing job opportunities.

Measure to be taken for local employment and livelihood is:

- To minimize the restricted area of fishing activities and consult with local fishermen to obtain consensus prior to the operation.


In case that water pollution is caused by the terminal operation, it will affect fishery resources in the river. However, considering that it is not enclosed water area and the major pollution source is limited to the domestic sewage water from the terminal buildings, possibility of the impacts on fishery resource is deemed to be low.

3) Water Usage

For the existing Terminal-1, the water for using at the buildings and the wharf has been supplied from the existing main water supply pipe (200mm) laid along the local road in front of NCT by installed pipeline (150mm). To cope with the additional water demand at the Terminal-2, another pipeline (150mm) is planned to be installed to convey from the main pipe to the terminal. The water will be supplied after stored in the reservoir tank newly prepared in the terminal area.

The water demand at Terminal-2 is expected to be about 400 ton/day. Since it is small enough comparing with the water supply capacity of the existing network (10,000 ton/day), it will not affect the existing water use.


As shown in Table 6.2-2, predicted number of the port-related vehicles is 771/day in 2029 when the cargo volume reaches full-capacity of terminal 2. The increase corresponds to 18% of the current traffic volume, 4,248/day. On the other hand, comparing with the capacity of the national road No.1 (more than ten thousand per day), the increase is not the level deemed to cause traffic congestion and affect regional transportation. In addition, the increase will be a long-term change; therefore, it is expected that surrounding new road construction will alleviate the risk of the congestion. Number of the port traffic after 2029 at the time when terminal 3 is constructed and becomes full is 1,230/day, which corresponds with 29% of the current traffic volume.

144


5) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damages

As described in the section 1), the terminal operation will generally contribute to local communities by providing job opportunities and improving regional economy. On the other hand, people who earning their livelihood by fishing next to NCT may be affected by the port expansion. To deal with the possible misdistribution, consultation with the affected fishermen is deemed to be important.

6) Local Conflicts

As similar to the impacts during construction phase, there is a risk of conflicts over employment opportunities between local villagers and the outsiders who flow into the region. In order to reduce the risk, local workforce shall be prioritized for the employment.


As similar to the impacts during construction phase, there is a risk that the incidence of infectious diseases especially HIV/AIDS increases when outsiders migrate into the region for seeking job opportunities. Since the measures should be taken in long-term with many-sided approach, it is necessary to collaborate with local authorities and clinics to promote awareness and conduct monitoring.


- To promote awareness on the infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and conduct monitoring collaborating with local clinics.


Labors working condition is stipulated by Labor Law and the related sub-decree and declaration. Declarations related to the working conditions in factories are listed in Table 6.1-11. The employer of the port labors needs to comply with the law and the regulations.

(4) Others

1) Accidents

According to the statistic data of National Road Safety Committee, number of the annual fatality by traffic accident at national road No.1 tends to be increasing recently: 107 in 2011 while 75 in 2006. As the traffic number will be increased by the port operation, the risk of the accident may be accelerated.

Regarding the accidents in water area between vessels and boats, any collision accidents has not been happened at least for these 10 years according to the information from both PPAP and fishermen.

Meanwhile, oil tank (capacity: 30,000L) and oil dispenser will be prepared to supply fuel oil to the RTG (Rubber Tire Gantry Crane) and Reach Stacker. It is necessary to consider the risk of oil leaking from the facility.

Considering the above risks, following measures are proposed:

- To monitor the traffic volume and the number of the accidents at national road No.1 to cope with the possible increase of the accidents,

- To install embankment around the oil tank to prevent oil leaking, and - To install firefighting systems at the terminal.

145


7. Environmental Management Plan

7.1. Environmental Management Plan

Environmental management plan are prepared together with the responsible/implementation agencies and the cost during construction and operation phase, and tabulated in Table 7.1-1~Table 7.1-4 for SEZ, access road and NCT, respectively.

The environmental team and the social responsibility committee shown as implementation

agencies are proposed as a part of Special Purpose Company (SPC) organization. The roles are:

- Environmental Team: Execution of leading and consultation for environmental measures of tenants, environmental monitoring and general environmental measures in SEZ.

- Social Responsibility Committee: Execution for measures requiring interlocution and cooperation with local communities such as work environment and employment. Inquiries counter for grievance.

Table 7.1-1 Environmental Management Plan for SEZ and Access Road (Construction Phase)

Items Explanation Responsible Agency

Implementation Agency Cost

Pollution Air Pollution - To conduct measures for minimizing the

dust i.e. sprinkling water at the construction site nearby communities


PPAP Contractor Included in the construction cost.

Water Pollution - To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce the turbid water from the dredging soil at the SEZ construction site.

- To install treatment facilities of waste water such as temporally toilets or septic tanks at the construction sites.


Waste - To obligate the contractor to collect and dispose the garbage and the construction waste properly.


Noise and Vibration

In order to minimize the dust generation, following exemplified measures are needed to be taken by the contractor when the construction works are conducted adjacent to communities. - Measures for reducing noise; for example,

installing noise barrier and selecting low-noise equipment as much as possible,

- To restrict works which will cause large noise during night time,

- Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities to obtain their consensus. etc.


Sediment Quality - To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce turbid water discharge which may cause siltation at the bottom of the irrigation canals. (See Water Pollution)


Natural Environment Ecosystem - To prepare sedimentation ponds to reduce

turbid water. (See Water Pollution) PPAP Contractor Included in the

construction cost.

146




- To transplant affected sugar palm trees (Borassus flabellifer) to the edge of the access road or in the premises of SEZ.

Hydrology <SEZ> - To install a water reservoir pond adjacent to

the SEZ area in order to secure the water volume as large as the one or more than the one lost by the project. The pond shall be connected with the existing ones to secure the water flow.

<Access Road> - To install bridges and pipe culverts at the

crossing points with the existing canal in order to secure the water flow.

- To install canals along both sides of the access road and connect them to the existing canals in order to secure the water flow.

PPAP To be specified in Detail Design

-

Social Environment Local conflicts - To prioritize local workforce for the

employment. PPAP Contractor -

Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS



Labor environment (Including work safety)

- To comply with Labor Law and the relevant sub-decrees and declarations.

- To ensure safety control by the measures such as safety training for the workers, safety patrol at the construction site by supervisors and periodical meetings for securing measures.

- To prepare first aid station near the construction site.


Accidents Accidents - To install fence or signboard at the

construction site to keep out local people. - To deploy flagman at the entrance of the

construction site.



Table 7.1-2 Environmental Management Plan for SEZ and Access Road (Operation Phase)



Pollution Air Pollution - To oblige strict abidance of the Sub-decree

on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance to the factories. The Sub-decree stipulates that the emission of pollutants from immovable source into the atmosphere shall be asked for permission from the MOE and that the owner or responsible person of pollution source shall be responsible for installing the equipment for measurement of amount of pollutant contained in his/her pollution sources and keep the result for record keeping.

SPC Environment Team

Included in the operating cost

147




Water Pollution <SEZ> - Rain water shall be discharged to the ponds

in the SEZ area and the canal around the SEZ.

- Sewage shall be discharged to the storm canal around the SEZ after being treated at the sewage plant which shall be installed in the SEZ.



<SEZ> - Industrial water containing oily waste or

metals and medical waste water generated from factories or clinic shall be discharged after being treated at the respective tenant properly.

- To conduct periodical water monitoring at the canal around the SEZ to compare with the standards.

(Number of Station) 1 [treated sewage water] (Frequency) 4times/year (Period) 5years after operation


Included in the operating cost Monitoring:14,000 USD/5years

<Access Road> - To install drain ditches and collection pits

with oil separator at each side of the Access Road. Rain water shall be discharged to the existing canals after being separated from flotages and oil at the collection pits.


-

Waste - To obligate tenants to collect and dispose the waste by entrusting contractor licensed by the Ministry of Environment.



Soil contamination - To prevent soil contamination by securing measures for water pollution.



Noise and Vibration

<SEZ> - To oblige strict abidance of the Sub-decree

on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance to the factories. The Sub-decree stipulates that the noise from immovable source into the atmosphere shall be asked for permission from the MOE and that the owner or the responsible person of noise source shall be responsible for installing or equipping any equipment to reduce noise and vibration in order to respond to noise standard.



<Access Road> - To monitor the noise and the traffic volume

along the Access Road. - Measures for reducing noise shall be taken

if the noise generated by the project turn out to be significant.

(Number of Station) 1 [around residential site] (Frequency) 2times/year (Period) 5years after operation


Monitoring: 65,000 USD /5years

Odour - To monitor odour as well as the number of the complaints. In case any impacts are identified, measures such as installing concrete wall shall be considered.

SPC Environment team and social responsibility committee


148




Sediment quality - To prevent sediment pollution by securing measures for water pollution.



Natural Environment Ecosystem <SEZ>

<Fish, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles> - To create a canal around the SEZ area and

connect to the existing canals in order to secure the habitat and migration pathway of aquatic organisms.

- To create habitat by installing ponds and green space in the SEZ area.

- To conduct mitigation measures for the water pollution. (See Water pollution)

<Plants> - To create habitat by installing green zone in

the SEZ area.

SPC To be specified in Detail Desighn

-

<Access Road> - To install bridges and pipe culverts at the

crossing points with the existing canals in order to secure the water flow and the migration pathway of aquatic organisms.

- To install canals at both sides of the access road so as to connect them with the existing canals.

SPC To be specified in Detail Design

-

Social Environment Water usage - To install pipe culverts and bridges to

secure the water flow of the canals under the new access road.

- To install canals at both sides of the access road to preserve water-flow network in the rice field.

SPC To be specified in Detail Design

-

Local conflict - To prioritize local workforce for the employment.

SPC Social responsibility committee

-

Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

- To promote awareness on the infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and to monitor collaborating with local clinics.




- To obligate tenants to comply with Labor Law and relevant sub-decrees and declarations.



Others Accidents - To control speed of vehicles at the site.

- To obligate tenants who handle hazardous materials to take proper measures.

SPC SPC Included in the operating cost

- To install hydrants at the site. - To install collection pits (oil separators) in

the storm water ditches of the access road.


-


149


Table 7.1-3 Environmental Management Plan for NCT (Construction Phase)



Pollution Air Pollution - To conduct measures for minimizing the

dust i.e. sprinkling water at the construction site nearby communities



Water Pollution - To install the silt screen to prevent turbidity to diffuse the lower streem during the river bank shaping.

- To prepare sedimentation ponds to prevent the turbid water generated by concrete washing etc. to outflow to the river directly.

- To install treatment facilities of waste water such as temporary toilets or septic tanks at the construction sites.


Waste - The excavated soil generated by the river bank shaping shall be used for backfilling for the yard.

- To oblige the constructor to collect and dispose the garbage and the construction waste properly.


Noise and Vibration

In order to minimize the dust generation, following exemplified measures are needed to be taken by the contractor when the construction works are conducted adjacent to communities. - Measures for reducing noise; for example,

installing noise barrier and selecting low-noise equipment as much as possible,

- To restrict works which will cause large noise during night time,

- Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities to obtain their consensus. etc.


Sediment Quality To install a silt screen to prevent turbidity to diffuse the lower stream during the river bank shaping.(See Water Pollution)


Social Environment Land use and utilization of local resources, misdistribution of benefits and damages

- To prevent impacts on fishery resources by securing measures for water pollution.


Local conflicts - To prioritize local workforce for the employment.


Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS




- To comply with Labor Law and the relevant sub-decrees and declarations.

- To ensure safety control by the measures such as safety training for the workers, safety patrol at the construction site by supervisors and periodical meetings for


150




securing measures. - To prepare first aid station near the

construction site. Others Accidents - To install fence or signboard at the

construction site to keep out local people fishermen.

- To deploy flagman at the entrance of the construction site.



Table 7.1-4 Environmental Management Plan for NCT (Operation Phase)



Pollution Water pollution - To install treatment unit to treat sewage

generated at the building. PPAP To be Specified

in Detail Design -

Waste - To ensure domestic waste collection by entrusting proper contractor following the exiting methodology at Terminal-1.

PPAP PPAP Included in the operating cost

Noise and Vibration

- To monitor the noise and traffic volume along the national road No.1.

- Measures for reducing noise shall be taken if the noise generated by the project turn out to be significant.

(Number of Station) 1 (Frequency) 2times/year (Period) 5years after operation

PPAP PPAP Monitoring: 65,000 USD/5years

Social Environment Local economy such as employment and livelihood, misdistribution of benefits and damages

- To minimize the restricted area of fishing activities and consult with local fishermen to obtain consensus prior to the operation.


Local conflict - To prioritize local workforce for the employment.

PPAP PPAP, terminal operators, the other port related enterprises


Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

- To promote awareness on the infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and to monitor collaborating with local clinics.



- To obligate tenants to comply with Labor Law, the relevant sub-decrees and declarations.


Others Accidents - To monitor the traffic volume and the

number of the accidents at national road No.1. (combined with the traffic survey for the noise monitoring)

PPAP PPAP -

- To install embankment around the oil tank PPAP To be specified -

151




to prevent oil leaking, and - To install firefighting systems at the

terminal.

in Detail Design


8. Public Consultation

8.1. Stakeholder Meeting

Local stakeholder meeting was held by PPAP on the 11th in December 2012 for discussing scoping results. Number of the attended local people was 29; they were residents of the villages in Banteay Daek Commune. In addition, representatives of local authorities such as Commune chief and deputy governor of Kien Svay District were attended as well as the other project related authorities such as Ministry of Public Works and Transportation. In the meeting, the local villagers addressed their opinions and requests on the project after the entrusted local consultant presented the project outline and the draft scoping results. Basically, the opinions were to support the project because they expected job opportunities and improvement of life conditions. Besides, the requests from the villagers are listed in Table 8.1-1.

Table 8.1-1 Requests from Local People at the 1st Stakeholder Meeting Villagers and the Policy of Response

No. Request Policy of Response 1 Existing local roads are affected by flood in rainy

season. Please rehabilitate the roads to be elevated.

Elevation of the new access road is planned to be sufficient not to be affected by flood. Villagers are allowed to use it.

2 Please let the villages to use the constructed new road.

3 Please construct irrigation systems for farmers. The project is planned not to affect existing irrigation systems although new system cannot be built by the project.

4 Please find mitigation measures to avoid negative environmental impacts.

Considered in the study.

5 Please consider securing people’s health and safety.

Considered in the study.


9. Conclusion

As the results of the EIA study, it is concluded that the project will not cause any fatal issues on the environment as long as proper mitigation measures are ensured.

Major possible issues and the mitigation measures are described below.

<SEZ and the Access Road>

Since the SEZ is developed by landfill at lowland, it is concerned that the development will make the flooded area stretch out to the surroundings because it will decrease the water storage capacity of the area. Also, water volume which is reserved and used for irrigation during the dry season may decrease. For mitigating the impacts, a water reservoir pond is planned to be constructed adjacent to the SEZ to compensate the decrease of water storage

152


capacity.

As the access road will split the existing canals and roads as well as affecting navigation routes of local fishing boats, bridge and culvert tunnels are planned to be installed in order to mitigate the impacts.

During operation of the SEZ, it is proposed to control wastewater carefully not to affect surrounding fauna and flora. In addition, pond and green space are planned in the SEZ for creating their habitats.

<PHN Port NCT >

Monitoring of traffic volume and noise is proposed as the terminal operation will increase traffic.

Consultation with local fishermen is suggested regarding water area use considering that the fishing ground is located adjacent to the terminal site.

153

the preparatory survey on phnom penh ...13-088 jr os the preparatory survey on phnom penh autonomous...

Documents