the prevalence and consequences of distributed work in europe is1202 training school on virtual...
TRANSCRIPT
The Prevalence and Consequences
of Distributed Work in Europe
IS1202 Training School on Virtual Work , 16–20 September, University of Malta
Satu Ojala & Pasi Pyöriä
Spatial Dispersion of Work - SPACE
0 The Aim of the Project:• To analyze the prevalence and consequences of mobile
work arrangements, e.g. working at home• Funded by the Academy Finland (2010–2013)
0 The data:• Statistics (European Working Conditions Survey EWCS
and representative stats from Finland: Finnish Quality of Working Life Survey & Use of Time Survey)
• Case study material (20 interviews collected from two Finnish public sector organizations)
Distributed Work – An Alternative to Working at the Traditional Office
• Satellite & neighborhood work centers• Flexible work arrangements (e.g. flexi-time) • Generic offices (hoteling)• Telework (usually home) and mobile work (vehicles,
customers’ premises, cafes etc.)
0 25 % of European employees and entrepreneurs are “e-nomads”, working sometimes on the road, at their homes or at customers’ premises, using information technology. In Finland, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands the proportion of e-nomads is over 40 %. (Eurofound 2012).
The Main Dimensions of Telework
1.Time2.Space3.Technology4. Agreement
European Framework Agreement on Telework:
Telework is a form of organizing and / or performing work, using information technology, in the context of an employment contract / relationship, where work, which could also be performed at the employer’s premises, is carried out away from those premises on a regular basis.
European Working Conditions Survey 2010
0 44 countries0 At about 1000 respondents per country0 90–95 % employees0 5–10 % self-employed / entrepreneurs per country0 Collected by the European Foundation for the Improvement of
Living and Working Conditions, www.eurofound.europa.eu
0 Our selection of respondents:0 27 countries: EU + Norway0 All employed wage-earners0 Small entrepreneurs: all self-employed without employees + self-
employed with 1–3 employees
European Working Conditions Survey 2010
0 Measures for distributed work:1. Where is your main place of work?
1. My employers / My own business premises2. Clients’ premises3. A car or another vehicle4. An outside site5. My own home6. Other
2. Have you worked in any other location in the past 3 months1.-6. Equal alternatives respondent can choose several locations
HIGHLY EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN EMPLOYERS’
PREMISES
SpainMalta
NetherlandsLatvia
BulgariaNorway
LithuaniaFranceEstoniaGreece
BelgiumIreland
RomaniaUnited Kingdom
GermanyAustria
DenmarkPoland
SwedenFinland
ItalyLuxembourg
CyprusCzech Republic
PortugalSloveniaHungarySlovakia
Total: EU+NO
2,00
isce
d 4-
6 H
igh
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Own home Other
LESS EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN EMPLOYERS’
PREMISES
Greece
Romania
France
Belgium
Estonia
Slovakia
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Isce
d 0
-3 B
asic
/In
term
edia
te
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Own home Other
HIGHLY EDUCATED
SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN OWN
BUSINESS PREMISES
United KingdomLatvia
EstoniaSlovakia
NetherlandsRomania
IrelandItaly
DenmarkFinland
MaltaPortugalSweden
Czech RepublicHungary
LithuaniaAustriaPolandFrance
NorwaySloveniaBelgium
GermanySpain
LuxembourgBulgaria
GreeceCyprus
Total: EU+NO
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Home Other
LESS EDUCATED
SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN OWN
BUSINESS PREMISES
RomaniaUnited Kingdom
LatviaPoland
LithuaniaPortugal
CyprusBulgaria
EstoniaIrelandFinland
DenmarkAustria
HungarySwedenSlovakia
MaltaGreece
NorwaySpain
BelgiumCzech Republic
GermanyNetherlands
ItalySlovenia
FranceLuxembourgTotal: EU+NO
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Home Other
HIGHLY EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
Finland
Sweden
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Norway
Estonia
Slovakia
Greece
Latvia
Poland
Hungary
Lithuania
Italy
Ed
ucat
ion
: Isc
ed 4
-6: H
igh,
Sec
ond
aryL
ocat
ion
s in
3 m
onth
s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations
LESS EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
DenmarkFinlandSwedenAustria
GermanyPortugalSloveniaSlovakiaEstoniaFranceCyprus
Czech RepublicLatvia
NetherlandsBelgium
GreeceNorway
LuxembourgLithuania
IrelandRomania
ItalySpainMalta
United KingdomPoland
HungaryBulgaria
Total: EU+NO
Educ
atio
n: Is
ced
0-3
Bas
ic/I
nter
med
iate
: Sec
onda
ryLo
catio
ns in
3 m
onth
s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations
SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS (ALL
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS DUE TO
LOW FREQUENCIES)
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
DenmarkGermanySloveniaSweden
NetherlandsFinlandEstoniaAustria
SlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicRomania
LuxembourgIreland
BelgiumUnited Kingdom
HungaryPoland
PortugalNorway
LatviaLithuania
CyprusItaly
MaltaGreece
SpainBulgaria
Total: EU+NO
Smal
l ent
repr
eneu
r (a
ll ed
ucat
ion
leve
ls)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations in 3 months
When does this work take place?
0 Finnish Use of Time Survey 2010 by Statistics Finland0 Time diaries:
0 10 minute-episodes throughout 24 hours0 2 days / each respondent0 Contains details on:
0 What is the respondent doing 0 Both mainly & secondarily
0 With whom0 Where is she/he
0 Next: when and where do employees and small entrepreneurs work in a work day?0 Work days with a minimum of 10 minutes work per that day
All employees, a regular weekday(% of employees working at a certain 10-minute
episode)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at employers premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
White-collars, a weekday
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Work at home
Work at other locations
Work at private ve-hicleWork at a vehicle (pub-lic transport)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Work at employers premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private vehicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
Nature of work at home(Quality of Work Life Survey 2003 & 2008, Finland)
“Do you sometimes do work connected with your main job at home?”
All “Is this work mainly:” Home-working
employees
Works occasionally or partially at home
32 “Overtime work without compensation” (informal overtime)
56
Works at home only 2 “It is agreed that some of the normal working hours are done at home (telework)
33
Does not work at home at all
66 “Both” / does not know 11
Total 100 % Total 100 %
N 8496 N 2748
Entrepreneurs are the most distributed(all work days)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at busi-ness premises
Work at home
Work at other locations
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (pub-lic transport)
Agricultural entrepreneurs work the most
4- 6- 8- 10- 12- 14- 16- 18- 20- 22- 00- 02-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at business premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tionsWork at private vehicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
How work at multiple locations (1 or 2–6 secondary locations) is related with certain
consequences? (EWCS 2010)0 Speed of work:
0 Work at very high speed AND to tight deadlines0 1 Never …. 7 All of the time
0 Work in free time to meet work demands:0 1 Never … 5 Nearly every day
0 Work fit with family:0 Working hours fit family and/or social commitments 0 1 Very well ... 4 Not at all well
0 Multivariate GLM-model that controls for gender, age, country, education, being an employee & being a small entrepreneur0 Interaction terms between working at secondary locations & gender; education;
small entrepreneurs (; country)0 N=36.457 (28 countries)
Work fit with family1 Very well ... 4 Not at all well
0 Means:0 0 secondary
locations: 1.85
0 1: 1.850 2+: 1.93
0 Means for highly educated:0 0: 1.810 1: 1.810 2+: 1.94
Work in free time to meet work demands:
0 1 Never … 5 Nearly every day
0 0: 2.20 1: 2.60 2+:2.9
0 For highly educated with 2+: 3.1
Work at very high speed and to tight deadlines0 1 Never …. 7 All of the time
0 Work at several locations strongly increases sense of haste
0 Means:0 0: 3.20 1 : 3.30 2+: 3.6
Take Home Lessons• Although distributed work is on the increase, the majority of employees
still carry out most of their work at their employers’ premises during “normal” working hours
• Homeworking is often informal overtime without extra compensation: • There is no consensus on how to measure distributed work arrangements
BUT the aspect of agreement should be taken into account (telework vs. overtime at home)
• An agreement would benefit both employer and employee• Work combining main work place + 1 additional location may increase
sense of control / balance for work and family (e.g.)• More distribution of work increases negative outcomes for employee & family
• In virtual environments, work process may become fragmented and information overload may increase – increased work in free time
• Distributed work only at reasonable levels!• E.g. 1–3 days per week outside of an office appears to be optimal for most
teleworkers
References0 Eurofound (2012) Fifth European Working Conditions Survey.
0 Nätti, Jouko & Tammelin, Mia & Anttila, Timo & Ojala, Satu (2011) Work at Home and Time Use in Finland. New Technology, Work and Employment 26(1): 68–77.
0 Ojala, Satu (2011) Supplemental Work at Home among Finnish Wage Earners: Involuntary Overtime or Taking the Advantage of Flexibility? Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 1(2): 77–97.
0 Ojala, Satu & Nätti, Jouko & Anttila, Timo (2014) Informal Overtime at Home instead of Telework: Increase in Negative Work-Family Interface, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, (3) 2014.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2003) Knowledge Work in Distributed Environments: Issues and Illusions. New Technology, Work and Employment 18(3): 166–180.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2009) Virtual Collaboration in Knowledge Work: From Vision to Reality. Team Performance Management: An International Journal 15(7–8): 366–381.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2011) Managing Telework: Risks, Fears and Rules. Management Research Review 34(4): 386–399.
0 Vartiainen, M. & Hakonen, M., Koivisto, S. & Mannonen, P. & Nieminen, M.P. & Ruohomäki, V. & Vartola, A. (2007) Distributed and Mobile Work. Places, People and Technology. Helsinki: Otatieto.