The Progressive Movement

The Progressive MovementA major purpose of the Progressive movement (19001917) was to

(1) stimulate the economy(2) support government control of factory production(3) encourage immigration from southern and eastern Europe(4) correct the economic and social abuses of industrial societyOverviewFrom the 1890s to 1920 a reform movement swept the nationPeople focused on improving conditions in the United States that were caused by industrialization and urbanizationProgressive Era Presidents Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Causes of the Progressive EraMonopoliesLabor unrest and violenceUnhealthy and unsafe living and working conditionsIncreasing gap between the rich and poorUrban poverty, crime, congestion and poor sanitationPolitical corruptionAbuse of nations natural resourcesWho were the ProgressivesThey were not one single group. Different groups fought for different things but had some things in commonCharacteristicsLargely city dwellersTended to be middle class educated professionals: doctors, lawyers, social workers, teachersBeliefs and GoalsOptimists, believed the abuses of power and government could be endedBelieved new technologies could be used to improve American societyCapitalists that rejected socialismFaith that a strong government could and should correct abuses and protect rightsFactors Aiding MovementImproved communications systems because of telegraph and telephoneAvailability of inexpensive mass-circulation magazines and newspapersImproved economy gave financial resources to support reform

MuckrakersThe muckrakers helped bring reform issues to the attention of the publicMost were journalists and writers, but some were artists and photographersInvestigated and exposed corruption and injustice through articles in magazines and newspapersAlso wrote novels dramatizing situations that demanded reformTheir work led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection ActProgressive Era MuckrakersMuckrakerBook/ArticleSubject of ExposeFrank NorrisThe OctopusMonopolistic railroad practices in CaliforniaIda TarbellHistory of the Standard Oil Co.Ruthless practices of Standard Oil CompanyLincoln SteffensThe Shame of the CityPolitical corruption in city governmentJacob RiisHow the Other Half LivesConditions of the poor in NY tenementsUpton SinclairThe JungleDangerous unsanitary conditions in meatpacking industryThe actions of muckrakers in the late 19th century and early 20th century resulted in

(1) Supreme Court decisions that expanded the right to vote(2) government regulation of unfair business practices(3) increases in the power of monopolies(4) reduction of the presidents power to manage the economyLincoln Steffenss The Shame of the Cities and Ida Tarbells The History of the Standard Oil Company are examples of the use of

(1) the Gospel of Wealth(2) the melting pot theory(3) Social Darwinism(4) muckrakingThe Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) were efforts by the federal government to

(1) protect public health and safety(2) support business monopolies(3) restrict foreign competition(4) regulate child laborThe Jungle, The Octopus, and The Shame of the Cities are all books that were written to

(1) support the formation of a new political party(2) promote environmental conservation(3) encourage reform in business and government(4) express opinions concerning imperialismUpton Sinclair, Frank Norris, and Ida Tarbell made their greatest contributions to the Progressive movement by

(1) working to end political corruption in cities(2) speaking out for the equal rights of Hispanic Americans(3) supporting legislation to improve tenement housing(4) publishing books and articles to expose the problems of societyBooks such as The Octopus by Frank Norris, How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, and The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed problems associated with

(1) naturalization of immigrants(2) westward expansion(3) rapid industrialization(4) environmental conservationMuckrakers Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair influenced the federal government to

(1) grant citizenship to people who had entered the country illegally(2) pass legislation to correct harmful business practices(3) force individual states to regulate monopolies(4) end racial discrimination in the workplaceProgressive Era authors such as Jacob Riis and Upton Sinclair are best known for

(1) focusing attention on social conditions(2) fighting for the civil rights of African Americans(3) promoting the interests of the American farmer(4) supporting the goal of womans suffrageProgressive IssuesProblems of PovertyAttempts to end poverty, overcrowding and disease in citiesAcceptance of germ theory of disease led to improving water and sewer systemsJacob RiisSocial Settlement MovementSettlement Houses offered working class people, especially immigrants, education, childcare, social activities and help finding jobsWell known settlement house of Hull House in Chicago run by Jane Addams

Hull HouseProgressive IssuesThe Peace MovementLed peace groups before and during World War IJeanette Rankin first woman elected to Congress was active in this movementJane Addams also a part of this movementTemperance and ProhibitionTemperance movement opposed the use of alcoholic beveragesBegan in the 1820sChief goal was prohibition the outlawing of manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beveragesThey thought prohibition would ease some of the problems of povertyLed to the 18th Amendment

Progressive IssuesChild LaborWanted to limit the hours children could workPushed for laws requiring attendance at public schools for childrenWomens RightsMain goal womens suffrage (right to vote)Began in 1848 at the Seneca Falls ConventionLeaders, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman CattLed to the 19th AmendmentOther issuesEducation for women many womens colleges foundedFight for birth control led by Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned ParenthoodAfrican AmericansBooker T. WashingtonFounder of the Tuskegee Institute, urged African Americans to get vocational training in order to get better jobsW.E.B. Du BoisHarvard educated professor, also believed in the importance of education, but wanted African Americans to aspire beyond vocational trainingHelped found the NAACPMarcus Garveya black separatist, he actually advocated that African Americans return to AfricaIda B. Wells-BarnettJournalist who launched a crusade against lynching. She was a suffragists and helped found the NAACPThe formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was primarily a response to

(1) racism and prejudice(2) nationalism and patriotism(3) abolition and temperance(4) militarism and colonialismWhich movements primary goal was the ratification of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition?

(1) abolitionist (3) temperance(2) Populist (4) settlement houseWhich government action is most closely associated with the efforts of muckrakers?

(1) ratification of the womans suffrage amendment(2) approval of the graduated income tax(3) creation of the National Forest Service(4) passage of the Meat Inspection ActA goal set at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was achieved during the Progressive Era by the

(1) formation of the federal Food and Drug Administration(2) creation of the League of Nations(3) adoption of a national income tax(4) ratification of the womans suffrage amendmentThe Progressive movement supported the idea that the federal government should

(1) regulate big business(2) reduce immigration(3) build an overseas empire(4) reduce the number of farmsJacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Margaret Sanger are best known for their efforts to

(1) create awareness about social problems(2) gain support for the womens movement(3) expand the rights of Native American Indians(4) win equal treatment for African AmericansIn the early 1900s, Progressive Era reformers sought to increase citizen participation in government by supporting the

(1) expansion of the spoils system(2) direct election of senators(3) creation of the electoral college(4) formation of the Federal Reserve systemTeddy Roosevelt and the Square DealConsumer ProtectionInfluenced passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection ActRailroad LegislationIncreased federal regulation of railroads, particularly shipping ratesTrust-BustingPressured corporations through investigations and publicity about their activitiesBroke up railroad trustsBroke up the beef trustTeddy Roosevelt and the Square DealConservationAs a naturalist, Roosevelt was interested in conservationTripled the amount of federal land for national forests, national parks, wildlife refuges, and national monumentsSet aside public lands to build dams and irrigation systems in the West

Progressivism Under TaftBrought even more Antitrust cases to the courtsIncreased federal regulation of the telephone and telegraph systems16th Amendment was passed to impose an income tax

Progressivism under Wilson1912 election and three was raceWilliam Howard Taft RepublicanTeddy Roosevelt Bull Moose PartyWoodrow Wilson - DemocratTaft and Roosevelt split Republicans, allowing Wilson to winWilson got a graduated income tax (also called progressive) wealthier people pay a higher rate than less wealthy people.Wealthy 6%Lower incomes 1%Progressivism under WilsonCreated the Federal Reserve SystemIssued currencyControlled the amount of money in circulationShift money from one bank to another as needed

Progressivism under WilsonFederal Trade Commission ActPrevented unfair competition, had the power to stop false and misleading advertisingClayton Antitrust ActPassed to restore business competition, strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by making some specific practices of monopolies illegalPresident Theodore Roosevelts conservation efforts were influenced by a desire to

(1) protect natural resources for the future(2) increase revenues through land sales(3) reduce the role of the federal government(4) return tribal lands to Native American IndiansIn other words, our demand is that big business give the people a square deal and that the people give a square deal to any man engaged in big business who honestly endeavors to do what is right and proper. Theodore Roosevelt, A Charter for Democracy,February 21, 1912This statement reflects President Theodore Roosevelts position that the federal government should(1) leave regulation of big business to the states(2) cease regulation of business activities(3) regulate abusive business practices(4) seize control of all trustsThe Federal Reserve System was created in 1913 to

(1) regulate the money supply(2) operate mints to coin money(3) collect tax revenues(4) protect deposits in savings banksWhich argument was used by Progressive Era reformers to support the use of a graduated income tax?

(1) Imports should be taxed to make foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods.(2) Taxes on corporations should be reduced so jobs can be created.(3) People who earn more money should pay taxes at higher rates.(4) All citizens should be taxed at the same rate to treat all people equally.Which type of federal tax was authorized by the 16th amendment in 1913?

(1) excise (3) income(2) import (4) estateToday, the Federal Reserve System attempts to stabilize the economy of the United States by

(1) requiring federal budgets be prepared and presented to Congress(2) levying and collecting income taxes(3) regulating interest rates and the money supply(4) backing all currency with silver and gold