The ReformationThe Reformation1517-15631517-1563

Reformation – a movement to change Reformation – a movement to change religion in Europereligion in Europe started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he

posted his posted his 95 Theses95 Theses ended with the Catholic ended with the Catholic Council of TrentCouncil of Trent in in

15631563

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation

SocialSocial – humanists and secularism led – humanists and secularism led people to question the churchpeople to question the church

PoliticalPolitical – leaders viewed the Pope as a – leaders viewed the Pope as a foreigner who had no real authorityforeigner who had no real authority

EconomicEconomic – people become jealous of the – people become jealous of the church’s wealth and hated paying church church’s wealth and hated paying church taxestaxes

ReligiousReligious – the church had become corrupt – the church had become corrupt

Martin LutherMartin Luther

1483-15461483-1546 was a monk and a teacherwas a monk and a teacher protested the selling of protested the selling of indulgencesindulgences by by

the Catholic churchthe Catholic church wrote the wrote the 95 Theses95 Theses to attack those who to attack those who

sold indulgencessold indulgences started the started the ReformationReformation

95 Theses95 Theses

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings

People can win salvation only by faith in People can win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness. “Good works” were God’s forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed.not needed.

All teachings of the Church should be All teachings of the Church should be based only on the Bible.based only on the Bible.

All people of faith are equal. Priests are All people of faith are equal. Priests are not needed to interpret the Bible.not needed to interpret the Bible.

Reactions of the ChurchReactions of the Church

Pope Leo X excommunicated Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in 1520Luther in 1520 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor issues issues Edict of WormsEdict of Worms Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps

Luther and his teachings are put into Luther and his teachings are put into practicepractice

German princes support Luther’s ideasGerman princes support Luther’s ideas

ProtestantsProtestants

German princes sign a protest against the German princes sign a protest against the Pope – became known as Pope – became known as ProtestantsProtestants

ProtestantProtestant - Christians who belong to - Christians who belong to non-Catholic churchesnon-Catholic churches

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

princes of Germany agree that each ruler princes of Germany agree that each ruler would decide the religion of his own areawould decide the religion of his own area

applied to Catholics and Protestants bothapplied to Catholics and Protestants both

Early Christian Church

Roman Catholicism

Eastern Orthodoxy

Protestantism Calvinism

Anglicanism

Lutheranism

Episcopalian

Baptist

Methodist

Pentecostal

Reformed

Presbyterian

Division of the Christian Church

Roman Catholic - 21%

Protestant - 23%

Independent Christian -28%

Unaffiliated Christian -14%

Non-Christian - 14%

Henry VIII - EnglandHenry VIII - England

Henry VIII - EnglandHenry VIII - England

king of England in 1509king of England in 1509 was Catholicwas Catholic wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon due to her wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon due to her

having only one female childhaving only one female child Pope wouldn’t allow itPope wouldn’t allow it Henry started his own church that allowed divorceHenry started his own church that allowed divorce called it the Anglican Church or Church of England called it the Anglican Church or Church of England

– and the king was the head of the church– and the king was the head of the church

Henry VIII – EnglandHenry VIII – England

remarried Anne Boleyn – she gave him remarried Anne Boleyn – she gave him another female child another female child

Henry had Anne beheadedHenry had Anne beheaded Jane Seymour – the 3Jane Seymour – the 3rdrd wife – finally wife – finally

produces a male child for Henry (named produces a male child for Henry (named Edward)Edward)

all of Henry’s children will rule England all of Henry’s children will rule England and this creates religious turmoiland this creates religious turmoil

Henry’s ChildrenHenry’s Children

Mary I –”Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I – started American Colonies

Edward VI – king at a young age for only six years

Elizabeth I - EnglandElizabeth I - England

restored Protestantism to England after restored Protestantism to England after her sister Mary made Catholicism the her sister Mary made Catholicism the official church and killed Protestantsofficial church and killed Protestants

made the Anglican Church the only legal made the Anglican Church the only legal church in Englandchurch in England

started the American colonies to make started the American colonies to make money for Englandmoney for England

Protestant ReformersProtestant Reformers

Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli – attacked the Catholic church and – attacked the Catholic church and wanted members to have more control over serviceswanted members to have more control over services

John CalvinJohn Calvin – said men and women are sinful by nature, – said men and women are sinful by nature, people cannot earn salvation, God has chosen those to people cannot earn salvation, God has chosen those to save already (called the “elect”) – predestinationsave already (called the “elect”) – predestination

John KnoxJohn Knox – followed Calvin’s teachings but called – followed Calvin’s teachings but called church leaders presbyters (started the Presbyterian church leaders presbyters (started the Presbyterian church) in Scotlandchurch) in Scotland

AnabaptistsAnabaptists – believed that only people who were old – believed that only people who were old enough to choose to be saved could be saved – those enough to choose to be saved could be saved – those baptized at birth had to be “re-baptized”baptized at birth had to be “re-baptized”

Protestant ReformersProtestant Reformers

John Calvin

John Knox

Huldrych Zwingli

PredestinationPredestination

only those chosen by God to be saved will only those chosen by God to be saved will be savedbe saved

God has chosen these people already – God has chosen these people already – we have no control over itwe have no control over it

those who are chosen are called the those who are chosen are called the “elect”“elect”

TheocracyTheocracy

a government controlled by religious a government controlled by religious leadersleaders

rules are based on religious ideasrules are based on religious ideas usually the rules are very strictusually the rules are very strict example – Calvin’s followers lived in towns example – Calvin’s followers lived in towns

where bright clothing and games were not where bright clothing and games were not allowedallowed

Catholic ReformsCatholic Reforms

some Catholics wanted to change the some Catholics wanted to change the church practices – their movement is called church practices – their movement is called the Catholic Reformationthe Catholic Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola – believed daily Ignatius of Loyola – believed daily devotions, prayer, and meditation cleansed devotions, prayer, and meditation cleansed the soul – started the order of the Jesuitsthe soul – started the order of the Jesuits

Jesuits started schools and converted Jesuits started schools and converted people to Christianitypeople to Christianity

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

movement by the Catholic church to hunt movement by the Catholic church to hunt down and prosecute any Protestants for down and prosecute any Protestants for heresyheresy

led to chaos in the church – many leaders led to chaos in the church – many leaders of the church were put on trial as wellof the church were put on trial as well

Ignatius of Loyola

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

1545-15631545-1563 Catholic officials agreed to several statements of Catholic officials agreed to several statements of

the church:the church: 1-Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final.1-Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final. 2-Christians need both faith and good works to get 2-Christians need both faith and good works to get

to heaven.to heaven. 3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious 3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious

authorities.authorities. 4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but 4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but

selling them falsely is wrong.selling them falsely is wrong.

Legacy of the ReformationLegacy of the Reformation

left Europe culturally dividedleft Europe culturally divided Protestant churches flourish and the Protestant churches flourish and the

Catholic church is more unifiedCatholic church is more unified education became more importanteducation became more important did not change the role of womendid not change the role of women Catholic church lost political powerCatholic church lost political power monarchs gain political powermonarchs gain political power led to the Enlightenmentled to the Enlightenment