the relevance of urban resilience for strategic planning in coastal metropolitan regions: a...

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The Relevance of Urban Resilience for Strategic Planning in Coastal Metropolitan Regions: A comparative study of Taiwan and the Netherlands

Peiwen Lu PhD candidate in Dept. of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 134, 2628BL, Delft, The Netherlands


I. Theoretical framework

Timeframe

1 2 3 4

II. Research structure

III. Current results

IV. Issues and discussions


The uncertainty of climate disturbances enhance and reframe the concepts in planning decision-making.

Climate relevant concepts


Cross-national comparison

Governance and implementations

Transnational comparison offers a broadened view of strategic spatial planning

How well can and does planning strategies address in planning practices?


Climate relevant concepts


Cross-national comparison

Governance and implementations

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FOSTER, KATHRYN A. 2006. A Case Study Approach to Understanding Regional Resilience. In: FOSTER, K. A. (ed.) Annual Conference of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Fort Worth. Texas.

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SCHLAGER, E. 2007. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes. In: SABATIER, P. A. (ed.) Theories of the policy process. Boulder: Westview Press. CEC 1997. The EU

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Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations

Resilient concepts

policy-making implementations

Resilient concepts




Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Rotterdam, The Netherlands







Rotterdam Kaohsiung

Water Planning Water

Planning





Whether and how resilient concepts take into account in various contexts of decision-making for flood risk management?

In terms of flooding issues, how well can and does the interpretation of strategic planning address on both the institutions and implementations?

Resilient concepts


YIN, ROBERT K. 2003. Case study research: design and methods, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi, Sage Publications, Inc. .





Water Planning

Rotterdam III. Current results

Source: Foster (2006)





Water Planning


Stage

Assessment criteria How well can and does city assess its vulnerabilities to disturbances and its capacity for responding to disaster?

Overarching Question

The capacity (actors, policies, processes, relations and resources) to: -monitor current conditions -predict regional trends and patterns -identify and assess the probability of risks and disturbances -set up ‘priorities’ based on risk assessments and probabilities -learn from the lessens in the past -invest and develop scientific scenarios for risk assessments -communicate findings (concepts, skills, actions) in planning policy -collaborate decision-making in different levels of governance

Measures/ Indicators

(refer to FOSTER, 2006)





Water Planning


Stage

Readiness criteria How well can and does city ready itself to response the assessments and potential disturbances?


The capacity (actors, policies, processes, relations and resources) to: -forecast -authorise and mandate infrastructural actions -coordinate readiness actions -innovate and propose economic-benefit actions -imply and enhance actions -rise up public awareness and preparation education






Water Planning


Stage

Response criteria How effectively, in absolute and relative terms, does city respond to actual disturbances?


How well does city respond in terms of, -react at appropriate (not under- or overreacting) level to disturbance -contain and minimise physical, economic and social damage and other negative outcomes resulting from disturbance -sustain viable, cost-effective levels of service delivery -leverage and use effective networks of internal and external relations -demonstrate effective leadership in authorising, coordinating, communicating and taking actions to response the disturbance -perform capable relations to other places that have similar disturbances -frame the nature and response to the disturbance in media and other communication outlets






Water Planning


Stage

Recovery criteria How effectively, in absolute and relative terms, does the region recover from the disturbance and learn from its lessons and insights?


How well does the region recover from disturbance in terms of, -repair systems damaged in the disturbance -the speed of return to expected levels of regional functioning -the quality of back-up systems needed to bridge recovery period


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II. Research structure Water Planning




Water Planning




III. Current results Rotterdam

In spite of different approaches and interests, planning decision-making in the city of Rotterdam has considered in the first two stages of preparation resilience. Instead of learning from previous experiences, the uncertainty of climate-related floods causes planning decision-making move closer and closer to knowledge-oriented predictions and scientific scenarios. Knowledge formation therefore becomes crucial in planning decision-making in this era.

Rotterdam’s empirical study indicates the multi-level collaboration seems to be the central issues in spatial planning for proposing climate strategies. The municipality is particularly active in cooperation with national (climate knowledge projects), provincial (water resistant projects), and international (experience exchange with other delta cities) levels. Local authorities aim to produce a joint circumstance which enhances the city’s flood risk preparation meanwhile sets up water expertise image for economic profits.

Officially, water is proclaimed as an ordering element, yet actual spatial developments still follow lines of economic and social priorities as executed by institutional powers.


Water Planning





Regard to water issues, planning decision-making approach is very different between Tainan and Kaohsiung, which also shape the physical environment variously.

Water Planning

Kaohsiung & Tainan


Water Planning





Water Planning

Kaohsiung & Tainan

Traditional flood management The spatial-water-adaptive flood management

In terms of water and spatial characteristics

Pumping, dikes, drainage Natural retention and storage

Rapid drainage Retaining (maximum) location-specific water

Sectoral objectives Integrated with spatial development

Reactive, protective and strength Proactive, adaptive and resilience

Standardised and uniform Local-based strategies in diversity

Precise and fixed Blur and hard to estimate

(refer to Wolsink, 2008)


Water Planning





Water Planning

Kaohsiung & Tainan

Traditional flood management The spatial-water-adaptive flood management

In terms of governance characteristics

Control Open

Technocratic (professional sectors) Societal anticipation (groups of interests)

Juridical procedure focus Societal development process focus

Hierarchical, centralised, close and exclusive

Collaborative, decentralised, open and participative

Communication to explain Communication as mutual learning for decision-making

Monistic Pluralistic


The 1990s

The 2000s

The 2010s

In terms of water and spatial characteristics Traditional flood management

The spatial-water-adaptive flood management

In terms of governance characteristics Traditional flood management


Pumping, dikes, drainage

Rapid drainage

Reactive, protective and

strength

Standardised and uniform

Precise and fixed

Sectoral objectives

Open

Technocratic (water sectors)

Societal anticipation (the NGOs)

Juridical procedure focus

Hierarchical, centralised, close and exclusive


Communication to explain

Monistic

Control


Rapid drainage


strength


Precise and fixed

Sectoral objectives

Open

Societal anticipation (the NGOs)


Natural retention and storage

Retaining (maximum) location-specific water

Proactive, adaptive and

resilience

Societal development process focus

Communication as mutual learning for decision-making

Pluralistic

Kaohsiung


The 1990s

The 2000s

The 2010s

In terms of water and spatial characteristics Traditional flood management


In terms of governance characteristics Traditional flood management


Tainan



Rapid drainage


Integrated with spatial development


strength

Proactive, adaptive and resilience


Local-based strategies in diversity

Precise and fixed

Control

Technocratic (engineers+planners.)


Hierarchical, centralised, close and

exclusive

Collaborative, decentralised, open and participative (within the gov.)

Communication as mutual learning for decision-making (within the gov.)

Monistic



Rapid drainage


Integrated with spatial development


strength

Proactive, adaptive and resilience


Local-based strategies in diversity

Precise and fixed

Control

Technocratic (engineers+planners.)


Hierarchical, centralised, close and

exclusive

Collaborative, decentralised, open and participative (within the gov.)

Communication as mutual learning for decision-making (within the gov.)

Monistic


The 1990s The 2000s The 2010s

The Meinung Reservoir issue (1992)

Academics

Annual floodings(2009)


Kaohsiung

Hydraulic engineers

Hydraulic engineers

Hydraulic engineers

NGOs and local groups

Academics


Planning decision-‐making

Hydraulic engineers

The STSP project (1996)

Tainan

Hydraulic engineers


Academics

Hydraulic engineers


Academics


(Healey, 1997; 2007)

Annual floodings(2009)






In spite of having the same national framework, local policy making process in two municipalities has massively different. In Tainan, planners and decision-makers take resilient concepts, regarding to their own sketchy understandings, in policy-making and flood-resistant programmes. In Kaohsiung, resilient concepts are considered as arguments fighting for hydraulic professions. It is often taken by local groups, academics and NGOs to negotiate with the government.

Regarding to strategies for flood risk management, planning policies in Tainan generally direct the implementations. However, implementations in Kaohsiung not always follow the direction of spatial policies. Spatial developments in Kaohsiung still mainly follow lines of national decisions, economic and social preferences as the priority.

Water Planning

Kaohsiung & Tainan

Planning decision-making in Tainan has closer collaborations with hydraulic sectors (after the STSP project) than in Kaohsiung. However, it is technocratic and exclusive within the professions. In Kaohsiung, a shifting paradigm in flood management occur since the late 2000s. Planning decision-making now is open and pluralistic while lacks of practical strategies.


Resilient concepts







Does Dutch cities share the similar context of decision-making for flood risk management?

Planning matters






The Netherlands Taiwan Climate relevant concepts Cross-national comparison Governance and implementations

Tainan

Kaohsiung

XX

Rotterdam

the relevance of urban resilience for strategic planning in coastal metropolitan regions: a...

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