the renaissance2

7/29/2019 The Renaissance2

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The Renaissance

1485-1660


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umanism: A New Intellectual Movement

During the 1500s educational

philosophy known as

humanismtoday we know thisfield as humanities (philosophy, history,

languages, and the arts)became very

popular.

Humanism combines classicalideals with traditional Christian

thought in order to teach people

how to live and rule.

Hans Holbein, the Younger,

The Ambassadors, 1533Represents astronomy, math and

music disciplines mastered

during this period-the slanted

skull represents death as the great

equalizer


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Henry VIII

Breaks with the Catholic Church, 1534

Henry VIII inherited his brothers crown and

his wife. Why let a good marriage dowry go to waste?

Not pleased by the lack of boys provided by

his wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry

petitioned the pope to dissolve his marriageand allow a divorce. The pope refuses at the

insistence of his mistress, Anne Boleyn he

pursued destroying the Catholic church. This

is the start of Protestant Reformation.

In November of 1534 Henry gained the title

Supreme Head of the Church of England,

this meant all church matters became the

responsibility of the English King.


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Break with the Catholic church continues

Henry regarded himself, not the pope, as Godsdeputy on earth.

Between 1535 and 1539, Henry closed all

Roman Catholic monasteries and convents inEngland; he sold or gave their lands to membersof the middle and upper classes.

The dissolution of church property filled

Henrys coffers and gave the gentry

much desired land.On a side note, towards the end of Henrys life he considered himself a

devout Catholic and worshipped in the traditional fashion. He hated

Martin Luther and did all he could to block religious reforms.


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The English Navy Defeats the Spanish

Armada, 1588

In religious conflicts the Spaniard's saw themselves asdefenders of the Catholic faith due to the protestant reformationin England, Germany and Holland.

Spain was wealthy and strong militarily and had colonies that

supplied them with gold and silver. Sir Frances Drake and Sir John Hawkins preyed on the loaded

Spanish vessels.pirates they be.


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Pirates you say. Because of English piracy (the scurvy

dogs) the Spanish and English brokeout in war.

July 1588 the 130-ship SpanishArmada sailed in to the Englishchannel with 30,000 men aboard.

The English ships were smaller andmaneuvered easily, inflicting severedamage on the Spanish fleet.

The wind on England's side wrecked

many of the Spanish ships on the coastof Ireland. In the end sixty-seven of the130 ships

returned and 6,000 out of the 30,000men lived to tell the tale


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Now..

The Jigsaw part of the notes. Turn to your

neighbor look at pages 240-242 and fill in what

you consider the most important details from

the following sections:

Rediscovering Ancient Greece and Rome

The Spirit of Rebirth

It All began in Italy: A Flourish of Genius


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Humanism

An intellectual movement where humanists

went to the old Latin and Greek classics to

discover new answers to questions such as:

1. What is a human being?

2. What is is a good life?3. How do I lead a good life?


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Humanism

The church provided answers for each of these questionsand humanist didnt see conflict between the church androman moralist Cicero. The wanted to harmonize thesetwo great sources of wisdom: the Bible and the classics.

Humanist wanted to use the classics to strengthenChristianity, not discredit it.

Humanist learned that the aim of life is to attain virtue,not success or money or fame because virtue is the bestpossible human possession and the only source of truehappiness.


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New Technology

The printing press radically changed the way people

received information the same way the computer orsmart phone modern day man intakes information.

Books were laboriously written out by handdid you

read thatby hand!

Johannes Guttenberg, a German was the inventor of

movable printing type. He printed the first complete

book---a Latin version of the bible.


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New Technology Continued

By 1500 relatively inexpensive books were

available throughout western Europe.

In 1476 printing reached the remote island of

England and William Caxton, a merchant,

diplomat and writer set up a printing press inWestminster and started printing about 100

different titles.


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Jigsaw Time

The Jigsaw part of the notes. Turn to your

neighbor look at pages 244-47 and fill in what

you consider the most important details from

the following sections:

1. Two Friends

2. The Reformation: Breaking with the Church

3. King Versus Pope: All for an Heir


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The Protestant Reformation

Henry closed the monasteries and sold their rich landsand buildings to his subjects (mostly those in thegentry class)many of his subjects agreed that thechurch was corrupt and was glad to see the changes hemade.

Henrys very close friend, Sir Thomas More, alsoHenrys Lord Chancellor of Englandcould notapprove of Henrys leaving the church and declarehimself the supreme head of the church; being adevout Catholic. Henry saw Mores behavior as

betrayal and had him beheaded


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Protestant Reformation Continued

Staunch Catholics believers saw Henrys changes

as blasphemy, supporters saw it as a change to

change the corruption within the church, but some

did think Henry went far enough with hisreformation.

These people later became known as Puritans,

Baptists, Presbyterians, Dissenters, andNonconformists.


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Henry VIII: Renaissance Man and

ExecutionerHad a total of six wivesCatherine ofAragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard,and Catherine Parr. There is jingle that

will help you remember what happenedto each:

Divorced, beheaded, died,

Divorced, beheaded, survived.


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Henry VIII: Renaissance Man and Executioner

Despite troubles at homeHenry was an important figure in

history. He created the royal navy which puts a stop to foreign

invasions and provides means for political power, language, and

literature of England to spread all over the globe.

Henry was the ultimate renaissance manhe wrote poetry,

played musical instruments well, was a champion athlete, hunter

and supported humanistic learning.

Unfortunately in the latter part of his life he was coarse,

womanizer and ignored the one child that would become one of

the greatest monarchs England has ever knownQueenElizabeth, I.


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The Boy King and Bloody Mary

King Henry VIII had three children: Mary,

Elizabeth and Edward. Law dictated that the boy becrowned first.

Edward was crowned at the age of nine, but ruled in

name only. He ruled from 1547-53; dying fromtuberculosis.

Mary, the daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, adevout catholic ruled from 1553-58 and tried to avengeany wrong done to her mother. She dies unloved by her

people for burning many protestants at the stake andmarrying Prince Phillip of Spaina country England

both feared and hated.


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Jigsaw Time

With the people nearestto you look at pages250-top of 253 and fill in what you consider themost important details from the following

sections:

Elizabeth: The Virgin Queen

A True Daughter

The Spanish Armada Sinks: A Turning Point inHistory


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A Flood of Literature

Now with the security of the realm, Englishauthors began writing like never before andElizabeth became their muse.

Elizabeth was represented in poetry, dramaand fiction as a mythological figure.

Anything not depicting Elizabeth was usually

dedicated to her because it was known thatshe was a lover of literature, widely learned,and something of a writer herself.


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A Dull Man Succeeds a Witty Woman

Elizabeth dies childless and is succeeded by her second cousin,James VI of Scotland (son of the Mary Queen of the Scots who

Elizabeth had beheadedsounds just like her dear ol da right?)

He took the moniker James I of England only reigning 23 years.

He lacked Elizabeths ability to resolve critical issues.

James I was the opposite of Elizabeth in almost every way. He

was a spendthrift where she was thrifty, he was thick-tongued and

goggle-eyed where she was glamorous and witty. She was all

English were he was viewed as a foreigner.

James does accomplish great things while kinghe writes books,

patronized Shakespeare, sponsored a new translation of the bible--

-you know the King James Bible and was a peaceful and

benevolent ruler.


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Jigsaw Time

With the people nearestto you look at pages

253-255 and fill in what you consider the most

important details from the following section:

The Decline of the Renaissance

The Glass of Fashion


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The Pastoral (p 257)

The pastoral poem showscountry life in an idyllic,idealized terms-

Pastoral poems usually havehandsome shepherds andbeautiful women (nymphs)living in harmony with nature.

The characters are highlysophisticated despite theirnaivets.


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Christopher Marlowe

Belonged to the first generation of Elizabethandramatists.

Son of a shoemaker(no, thats not a euphemism), won

scholarships to attend the Kings school and then toCambridge

While he was a student he translated love poems bythe roman poet Ovidthey were burned because

they were thought to erotic. His career was ending just as Shakespeares was

starting even though he was only two months older. Continued.


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Marlowe

Became a spy before completing his studies for England---he spied on those who were Roman Catholics. Moved to London and hung out with other recent theatre

graduates earning their living by writing play.

Marlowes company was nefarious at best and wouldeventually lead him to his death. The story goes: Marlowe and friends go to the bad side

of town get into a violent fight. He was stabbed abovehis eye.

The conspiracy theory: Marlowe never dies, in fact hegoes on to live and write Shakespeares plays for him.Perhaps he was Shakespeare


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Passionate Shepherd to His Love

p. 259

Most famous pastoral poemmany authorshave written a reply to his shepherd.

Follows the carpe diem traditionin otherwords one should live life to the fullest at alltimes. (your generation calls it yolo)

Marlowes poems were often set to musichewas the rock star of his dayor perhaps more

like the Justin Bieber of his time.


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Sir Walter Raleigh

Handsome, expensive taste in clothes,probably very arrogantat the height ofhis success.

Queen Elizabeths I secretary, captain of herguard, and a brilliant solider defending Englandagainst Spain, France, Ireland and even thosepesky Americans.

After Elizabeths death Raleighs enemiespoisoned the new King against Raleigh.

Continued


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Enemies create trumped up charges against

Raleigh where he would be convicted of

treason. He was imprisoned for 15 years with the

exception of one year he was allowed to travel

to Guiana. He promised treasure for theEnglishwhat he gave them was men to feed

(including his son) to the Spanish army and who

demanded his life. While imprisoned he wrote theHistory of the

Worldand many poems.


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The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd

p261

Sir Walter Raleigh replied to Marlowes poem

with a tainted view of love asserting that some

shepherds lie and that one must look to the

future and not the fleeting joy that summerbrings.


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The Italian Sonnet

Francesco Petrarch developed the Italian sonnetoddly it is called the Petrarchan form.

Fourteen line lyrical poem Two parts: an eight line octave followed by a six

line section called a sestet. This form allows the poem to set up this form:

statement: question-answer, problem solution orthemecomment.

The volta, or the turn usually occurs at the ninth lineor the start of the sestet.


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When I consider how my light is spent,

Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,

And that one talent which is death to hide

Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent

To serve therewith my Maker, and present

My true account, lest He returning chide;

"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?"

I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent

That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need

Either man's work or His own gifts. Who best

Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. His state

Is kingly: thousands at His bidding speed,

And post o'er land and ocean without rest;

They also serve who only stand and wait."


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Shakespearean Sonnet

Follows the fourteen line rule, but Shakespearechanged the format. Shakespeare wrote his poems in iambic pentameter

divided into three quatrains and a rhyming couplet atthe end

The rhyme scheme looks like this:abab cdcd efef gg

The first and second quatrains typically deal with aquestions and tentative answers while the third the

turn and rhyming couplet the final answer. See page277 for an example of Shakespeare'sSonnet 18


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RHYTHM IN POEMS

Rhythm in poems is best described as a pattern of recurrence,something that happens with regularity. Poets use the following tocreate rhythm:

Repetition - the repeating of words creates rhythm. Examples:Walt Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!"and "Beat! Beat!Drums!" are two examples of repetition creating rhythm in poems.

Line Length - Standard line lengths allow a poem to flowsmoothly; breaking up the flow with shorter lines or longer linesinterrupts the flow and creates a rhythm of its own. For example,Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" varies line lengths to enhance themood of sadness.


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Meter and Line Length - Poets don't have to vary line length tocreate a specific rhythm. Pentameter, five sets of two syllablesfollowing a stressed unstressed pattern (called an iamb), is themost common meter, followed by tetrameter, four sets of theaforementioned iambs. Compare the rhythm in a Shakespeareansonnet, written in iambic pentameter, to that of AndrewMarvell's "To His Coy Mistress." If this stuff really excites you,rewrite each poem in the other's form and note the differences.

When you get to the point where you think nothing about rhythmand meter in poetry will amaze you, check out TheodoreRoethke's "My Papa's Waltz," written in iambic trimeter, thesame meter as a waltz (I told you you'd be amazed).

Pauses - Poets manipulate rhythm with end-stopped lines--whenthe poems's sentences end naturally at the end of lines; run-onlines-when the sentence carries over into the next line; andenjambments--when the sentence ends midway through the line.


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Meter Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem--each set of

syllables is referred to as a foot. The name of the meter is based on this pattern and the

length of the line--trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, and heptameter.

Following are the most common feet:

iamb - an iamb consists of an unstressed syllable { ) } followed by a stressed syllable

{/}. Because it mimics the natural rhythm of language, it is the most common. Any

poetry anthology will contain more iambic pentameter than any other meter.

pyrrhic - a pyrrhic is a foot with two unstressed syllables.

spondee - a foot with two stressed syllables is a spondee.

trochee - a foot with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable is a

trochee.

anapest- an anapest consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed

syllable.

dactyl- a dactyl consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.


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Example of Meter:


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Time to practice

Tell me the meter of this line:

You blocks! / You stones! / You worse / than sense / less things!

(Julius Caesar, Act I, scene i)


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Did you get:

Iambic pentameter: five stressed and five

unstressed syllables in one line.

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