the research centre on zero emission buildings arild gustavsen, professor ntnu director the research...
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The Research Centre onZero Emission Buildings
Arild Gustavsen, Professor NTNUDirector The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings
NUAS, September 10th 2013
ZEB’s main objectiveis to develop competitive products and solutions for existing and new buildings that will lead to market penetration of buildings with zero greenhouse gas emissions related to their production, operation, and demolition.
The centre will encompass both residential, commercial, and public buildings.
www.zeb.noIllustration: Snøhetta/MIR
ZEB Facts• Host institution: NTNU• Research partners: SINTEF Building and Infrastructure and SINTEF Energy Research• Industry and public partners: 22
• Start date (contract with RCN signed): November 2009• Total budget: ca. 290 MNOK (+ additional to research infrastructure)
• Researchers associated with the Centre: about 25 (most part time)• PhD candidates: 21
– 3-5 expected to complete during 2013– 13 is partly/directly funded by ZEB
• Post docs: 4
• Research on topics from nano material science to whole building performance (e.g. energy and CO2), including studies on individual building technologies (e.g. building envelope and building services technologies) and user studies.
ZEB – a national team SkanskaCaverionWeberIsolaGlavaProtanHydro AluminiumNorDanVeluxDuPontBrødrene DahlMulticonsult SnøhettaByBoEntra EiendomForsvarsbyggStatsbyggEnovaHusbanken Direktoratet for byggkvalitetByggenæringens landsforening Norsk TeknologiNTNU SINTEF, SINTEF EnergiforskningNorges forskningsråd
Dialog with:NTE, BKK, Siemens, Sør-Trøndelag fylkeskommune
Users (the reference group) Contractors Producers of materials and products
for the building industry Consultants, architects Trade organizations Property managers Public administration University and research institutions The Research Council
Other institutions cooperating with ZEB
International partners
• VTT (Finland)• Chalmers (Sweden)• Fraunhofer (Germany)• TNO (The Netherlands)• LBNL (USA)• MIT (USA)• University of Strathclyde
(Scotland) • Tsinghua University (China)
Other new• Politecnico di Torino • Shanghai JiaoTong University • EMPA
Reference group
• Lavenergiprogrammet• NBBL• NVE• Forbrukerrådet• EcoBox• Driftsforum• Arkitektbedriftene
Energy use in buildings in Norway
Source: Energibruk i Fastlands-Norge, NVE, 2011
83 TWh til bygninger, hvorav 80% er elektrisitet
Zero energy/emission buildings (ZEBs) in international policy documents
USA: «… to achieve our strategic goal of net-zero energy buildings …»UK: «… The objective of the proposal is to set a timetable for moving towards zero carbon development as a contribution to meeting UK target to reduce carbon emissions …»Canada: «The Equilibrium House Initiative aims …»Austria: «The building stock of the year 2050 should be in total over the entire life cycle free of carbon emissions.»Netherlands: «In the Netherlands, the government and the construction sector aim at achieving energy neutral new construction in 2020.»Germany: «Zero emission buildings are the long-term objective»
Stricter requirements for buildings in NorwayTwo White Papers from the Norwegian government in 2012 stress that:
All new buildings should be nearly zero energy buildings before 2020. Stricter requirements will also apply to rehabilitation of existing buildings.
Why Zero Emission Buildings?
McKinsey, ”Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy. Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve”, McKinsey & Company, 2009.
Low Hanging Fruit:Energy Efficiency Pays for Itself
What should be done?
Reduce the energy demand to aminimum – in new and existing buildings.
New renewable energy should be used to cover the remaining demand for heating and/or cooling.
Use renewable energy to cover the demand for electricity.
Consider the usage of materials.
We have to consider the interaction between buildings and transport.
The most environmental kWh is the one that is not used.
Zero Emission Buildings - The Challenge:
The main concept of a zero emission building is that renewable energy sources produced or transformed at the building site have to compensate for CO2 emissions from operation of the building and for production, transport and demolition of all the building materials and components during the life cycle of the building.
Energy standard, single family houses in Norway
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Today'saverage
standard
Buildingscode, 2007
Passivehouse
standard
Net zeroenergy
Plus energy
Annu
ally
ene
rgy
dem
and/
prod
uctio
n: k
Wh/
m2
Energy demand Energy production
Source: SINTEF Byggforsk
The ZEB research activitiesZEB focuses its work in five areas that interact and influence each other:
– WP1 Advanced materials technologies– WP2 Climate-adapted low-energy envelope technologies– WP3 Energy supply systems and services – WP4 Use, operation, and implementation– WP5 Concepts and strategies
A world where buildings do not contribute with greenhouse gas emissions
WP1 Advanced materials technologiesMain goal: Development of new and innovative materials and solutions, as well as improvements of the current state of the art ‑ ‑ ‑technologies.
Research examples• New insulation materials• New glass material
Contact: Bjørn Petter Jelle ([email protected])
New insulation materialsVIP – Vacuum insulation panel GFP – Gas filled panels
FoilCore
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
100101
102103
104105
10-210-1
100101
102103
104105
Air
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T = 300 K
Nano insulation materials (NIM) From theoretical concepts to
development of new and innovative materials
pd
Tk21
Kn212
B
0,gas0,gasgas
pd2
TkKn
2Bmean
Without optimizing:So far we have
reached 20 mW/(mK)
Controlling: Sphere inner diameter Sphere wall thickness
Patent application
• A new glass material has been made:• Reduced mass density (weight) by a factor
2• Reduced thermal conductivity by a factor 2• Increased solar transmittance
A new glass material
Various other glass and coating properties being investigated
WP2 Climate adapted envelope technologiesMain goal: Develop climate adapted, verified, and cost effective solutions for new and existing building envelopes (roofs, walls and floors) that will give the least possible heat loss and at the same time a reduced need for cooling.
Research examples• New sandwiched elements with VIP • Experimental studies of heat transport in
well insulated walls with phase change materials (PCMs)
• New window solutions
Contact: Berit Time ([email protected]) Photo: Sfære
Development of sandwich elements with VIPs (Leca Isoblock)
• Block built-up; Parametric study of U-value and heat loss by 2D and 3D numerical calculations
• Assessment of and influence of (convective) heat transport in vertical and horizontal joints for sandwich block systems
• Leca Isoblokk with VIP - Prototype developed by ZEB partner Weber (patent has been applied for)
Used to validate e.g. EnergyPlus PCM models.
Phase change material experiments
Window research
• Windows are often considered to contribute to heat losses
What about solar gains?
Example: Multiple layer glazing• Windows with up to 10
layers of glass (U-values of less than 0.3 W/(m²K))
• Phase change material windows
WP3 Energy supply systems and services Main goal: Develop new solutions for energy supply systems and building services systems with reasonable energy and indoor environment performance appropriate for zero emission buildings.
Research example:• Development of a new
energy exchanger
Contact: Vojislav Novakovic ([email protected])
New type of a cross flow energy exchanger using membrane technology
• Hygro-thermal properties of five different membrane samples have been investigated in laboratory. Laboratory setup for testing of the membrane based energy exchanger is developed. CFD simulation study of air flow patterns in an exchanger is conducted aiming at improvement of design and efficiency.
• Recovery of moisture in addition to sensible heat will increase the overall energy efficiency of the exchanger. This will also reduce frosting problems in operation but it demand very careful design of the exchanger.
WP4 Use, operation, and implementationMain goal:Provide knowledge and tools which assure usability and acceptance, maintainability and efficiency, and implementation of ZEBs.
Research example:• Have analyzed end-use in
energy efficient buildings
Contact: Thomas Berker ([email protected])
Analyses of end-use in energy efficient buildings• Evaluation of new buildings with high energy ambitions
– Bad interfaces– Lack of knowledge
• Unintended persistence of energy wasting behaviors (when refurbishing)– Deeply rooted values and attitudes– Negotiations within the household
WP5 Concepts and Strategies for ZEBsMain goal:Develop concrete concepts for zero emission buildings which can be translated into realized pilot buildings within the time frame of the Centre.
Research examples:• ZEB definition• ZEB concepts• Pilot buildings
Contact: Birgit Risholt ([email protected])
ZEB-Definition
ZEB-DEFINITION:1. Ambition level2. Rules for calculation3. System boundaries4. CO2-factors5. Energy quality6. Mismatch production
and demand7. Minimum requirement
energy efficiency8. Requirement indoor
climate9. Verification in use
The main concept of a zero emission building is that renewable energy sources produced or transformed at the building site have to compensate for CO2 emissions from operation of the building and for production, transport and demolition of all the building materials and components during the life cycle of the building.
EMISSION ZEB-O÷EQ ZEB-O ZEB-COM0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
CO2kg/m²y
Construction & demolition process
Embodied emissions
Operational energy use
Renewable electricity production
ZEB-O÷EQ: Balancing operational energy use exclusive equipment.ZEB-O: Balancing operational energy use inclusive equipment.ZEB-COM: Balancing operational energy, embodied emissions , construction and demolition processes
Concept workCONCEPT WORK:Four storey office buildingTwo storey dwelling1. Both BIM-modelled2. Detailed LCA and GHG
calculations 3. Detailed simulation of
building, installations and energy supply.
4. Building integrated PV balancing CO2 emissions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Emssion oper&embodied PV-production
kg/m²yearCO2-balance - Roof & "whole" south facade
Embodied emission
Cooling
Appliencies
Lighting
Fans & pumps
Heat pump system
Solar thermalsystemsystemPV-facade
PV-roof
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWhMismatch - roof & "whole" south facade
Total electric demand
PV-production
Concept work – Office building
Building Envelope
Values Solution
External walls U = 0,12 W/m²K Timber frame wall with 350 mm insulation.
External roof U = 0,09 W/m²K Compact roof with approximately 450 mm insulation.
Floor against cellar* U = 0.11 W/m²K Floor construction with 350 mm insulation, facing unheated basement.
Windows U = 0,75 W/m²K Three layer low energy windows, with insulated frame.
Doors U = 0,75 W/m²K Passive house door solutions.
Normalized thermal bridge value
” = 0.03 W/m²K Detailed thermal bridge design
Air tightness N50 < 0,3 ach@50 Pa Detailed design of a continuous vapour and wind barrier, good quality assurance in craftmanship and pressure testing of the building in two stages (when the windbarrier is mounted and when the building is finished).
Heat loss factor cellar
0,78 Taking into account the increased thermal resistance of the unheated basement
Solutions for the building envelope
6,9 kg/m²year(58 %)
5,0 kg/m²year(42 %)
Embodied and operational emissions
Embodied emissions
Emission operation
Concept work - Dwelling
ZEB-Pilot BuildingsZEB PILOT BUILDINGS:1. Skarpnes Arendal: 37
dwellings, ZEB-O.2. Powerhouse #2 – Sandvika.
Renovation of 2 office blocks to Plus energy.
3. Mulitkomfort-Larvik: Single family house, ZEB-COM.
4. Ådland: 500 dwellings, ZEB-O.
5. Powerhouse # 1 – Trondheim. Large office building, Plus energy.
6. Depotbygget Haakonsvern – Bergen. Small office building, ZEB-O÷EQ.
7. Nordahl Brunsgt – Drammen: Renovation of small apartment building. ZEB-O÷EQ.
Establishment of laboratories and test buildings – ZEB Living Lab and Test Cell
ZEB Living Lab
ZEB Test Cell
