The Rise of Dictators Ch 23-1

The Main IdeaThe shattering effects of World War I helped set the stage for a

new, aggressive type of leader in Europe and Asia.

Content Statement/Learning Goal

Analyze the reasons for American isolationist sentiment in interwar period.

Identify and explain changes American society experienced with the mobilization of its economic and military

resources during WWII.

Causes of WWI and WWII1) Militarism: building up of military weapons

2) Alliances: WWI: Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Triple Entente (The Allies) WWII: Axis Powers (Japan, Germany, Italy) Allied Powers. Cold War: NATO (U.S.), Warsaw Pact (U.S.S.R)

3) Imperialism: expanding territorial claims

4) Nationalism: putting your nation’s interests above interests of all others.

-60.0

-50.0

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

0.0

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

deficit in billions $

-80.0

-60.0

-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

WWII deficit spending in billions of dollars

receipts outlays deficit

Ch 23-1 vocabulary

• Inflation: rising prices. Lower value of currency.

• Benito Mussolini: Italian Fascist leader; he ruled as Italy’s dictator for more than 20 years beginning in 1922 and made Italy a totalitarian state.

• Fascism: system of government that stressed glory of the state. Focuses on good of the state rather than of the individual.

• Dictatorship: government by a leader or group that holds unchallenged authority. Strong military leadership.

• Totalitarian: form of government in which the person or party in charge has absolute control over all aspects of live.

• Adolf Hitler: totalitarian dictator of Germany; his invasion of European countries led to WWII. Believed in supremacy of German Aryan Race. Responsible for the Holocaust.

• Joseph Stalin: totalitarian dictator of Soviet Union. Led through WWII: created soviet sphere of influence after WWII.

1+2Europe after World War I

1.World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins.

1.The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.

• France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.

• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.

2.Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES = GERMAN RESENTMENT Signed 6/1919

• Germany gave up control of some of its land, including some important industrial areas.

• Germany was forced to pay reparations to other countries, which led to a period of severe inflation. They simply printed off money to pay debt.

2.The Weimer Republic was not a strong government.

• It faced opposition from the Communists and the far right.

• The German military was greatly reduced in size and power.

German hyper-inflation

Tales of German Hyperinflation p.739

One American dollar could buy about 9 German marks in 1919. At the height of the panic, a dollar could buy more than 4 trillion marks.

By 1923, some 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing presses were working around the clock to print money.

Prices rose extremely fast. One customer at a café ordered a cup of coffee at 5,000 marks. By the time he ordered his second, the price had risen to 7,000 marks.

German Hyper inflation

German Hyper inflation

Trying to sell food cheaply. LOOK AT THE PRICE ABOVE.

GERMANY’S ECONOMIC WOES

GERMANY’S ECONOMIC WOES

GERMANY’S ECONOMIC WOES

Nazi Rise to Power 1928

Nazi Rise to Power 1930

Nazi Rise to Power July 1932

Nazi Rise to Power November 1932

March 1933 Elections Number of Votes Percentage

National Socialist 17,277,00043.9

Social Democratic 7,182,000 18.3

Communist 4,848,000 12.3

Center 4,425,000 11.7

Nationalist 3,137,000 8.0

Bavarian People's 1,074,000 2.7

Other parties 1,533,000 3.8

3. Totalitarian Leaders Arise

• European struggles and dissatisfaction during the postwar years had a major effect on European politics.

• Leaders who reflected the people’s bitterness and anger emerged.

• These leaders promised a return to greatness.

• This was very appealing to unhappy Europeans, and many were willing to give up basic freedoms in return for future glory.

• Fascism, dictatorship, totalitarian

4. Mussolini and the Birth of Fascism

• Benito Mussolini led the Italian government by 1922. • His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was appealing

• He encouraged the use of violence against Socialists and Communists, whom many Italians blamed for the chaos of postwar Italy.

• He gained wide support for his views.

• Angry over the Treaty of Versailles, he founded the National Fascist Party.

• Fascism stressed the glory of the state—the rights and concerns of individuals were of little importance.

• Established a dictatorship that allowed no other political parties

• Had total control over daily life in a totalitarian regime

5. Hitler’s Rise to Power

• Adolf Hitler was an Austrian who entered German politics because he was angry over the Treaty of Versailles.

• Joined a small political party called the National Socialists, or Nazis

• Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923; revolt failed and he was sent to prison

• From prison, wrote Mein Kampf—a book that outlined his political ideas• Believed in the racial superiority of the German people• Blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems

• Hitler became Germany’s chancellor in 1933. Merged powers of president and chancellor by referendum in 1934 after death of president.

• Set up a totalitarian dictatorship

• Secretly began to build up the German military as soon as he took power.

• He violates provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as soon as he takes power. Nobody stops him. Afraid of another World War.

Spain

• Spain erupted into civil war during the 1930s.

• General Francisco Franco came to power during this conflict.

• He was a fascist.

• U.S. and Russia support Loyalists

• Italy and Germany support Fascists.

• Signs of things to come.

Soviet Union

• Communism and fascism represent opposite political extremes.

• Yet, under Joseph Stalin, communism was similar to fascism. He crushed all political opposition.

• Stalin dominated all areas of Soviet life.

• One of the era’s most notorious totalitarian dictators

6. Other Totalitarian Regimes

Japan

• Torn apart by political and economic conflict

• Military leaders used violence to gain control over the government.

• Military leaders were inspired by nationalistic dreams of Japanese greatness.

Totalitarian Governments/Appeasement

• In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia.

• Italy had attempted to establish a colony here during late 1800’s but were unsuccessful

• Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help. However, the international community was unwilling to take a stand against aggression.

7.Japan/Manchuria

1931

• Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land and resources for Japan.

• This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government and the strength of Japanese nationalists. Many Japanese officials assassinated in favor of nationalists.

• League of Nations condemns attacks. Japan simply withdraws from League of Nations. League powerless.

8. Italy/Ethiopia

1935

• Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Nationalists led to civil war in 1936.

• Other countries in Europe and North America helped one side or the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won.

9. SpanishCivilWar

Appeasement Map

10.The Rhineland

• Germany could not have troops in an area of the Rhine River valley along the French border.

• This was meant to protect France against a possible German invasion.

• Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936.

• France and Britain were unwilling to stop this.

11. The Anschluss

• In 1938 Hitler tried to unite the ethnic Germans of Austria with those of Germany.

• He tried to force the Austrian government to agree to Anschluss– union with Germany.

• When the Austrian government refused, Hitler sent troops into the country.

• No one stopped Hitler.

10.Adolf Hitler Gains Power (violates Treaty of Versailles)

12. The Sudetenland

• Hitler began plans to gain control of a German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia.

• Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to get Sudetenland.

• Neville Chamberlain and others allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland. “achieved peace for our time”

• appeasement