The Rise of Mass Democracy1824-1840

Chapter 13

The Election of 1824

Last of the “old style” elections “corrupt bargain” of 1824 All candidates said they were Republicans No real parties None of the four candidates won a majority

and the election was thrown to the House

Election of 1824

No one won majority – sent to House Henry Clay dropped out (least votes) He was Speaker of the House and threw

election to John Q. Adams Adams named Clay Secretary of State Election was called the “Corrupt Bargain” Jacksonites very angry

John Quincy Adams

Adams was a nationalist at a time when the American people were turning from nationalism to states’ rights and sectionalism

Americans disapproved of Adams’ nationalism and federally funded programs

Adams received less than 1/3 of the vote but was elected President

Election of 1828 Campaign for Andrew Jackson in 1828

started the day Adams took office in 1824 Lasted the entire 4 year term of Adams National Republicans – led by Adams Democratic Republicans – led by Jackson Mudslinging Jackson won 178-83

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff protected industry but raised prices for all Americans

Middle states supported protective tariffs Tariff passes in 1824 and is increased in 1828 Southerners were touchy about the tariff because

they purchased a lot of manufactured goods and they were concerned about Federal interference in the institution of slavery.

John C. Calhoun issues the “South Carolina Exposition” called for nullification of the tariff

The Great Compromiser comes to the rescue!

Henry Clay proposed a bill that would gradually reduce the tariff by 10% until it reached the levels of 1816 over 8 years

Tariff of 1833 squeezed through Congress

Expansion under Jackson

Jackson and Democrats were committed to expansion

Native Americans in the way in Alabama and Georgia

Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

1808 – Cherokee National Council 1828 – GA rules Council illegal

The Trail of Tears

Cherokees appeal to Supreme Court Supreme Court rules in favor of Cherokees

3 times Andrew Jackson refused to recognize

court’s decision

Trail of Tears

1830 Indian Removal Act – 100,000 Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles were sent to Indian Territory

Moved to present day Oklahoma

Trail of Tears

1836 – Bureau of Indian Affairs created to manage relationship between federal government and US Indians

Some Seminoles ran into Everglades where descendants now live

Many Indians died because of the hardship of the journey to Oklahoma

Reservations created to “corral” Indians

Banking National government minted gold and silver

but not paper money Jackson vetoed renewal of Bank of US Election issue of 1832 Jackson wins reelection 219-49 Jackson killed bank by pulling all federal

deposits from Bank of US

Whigs Emerge

The Whig Party emerges in the 1830s as an opposition party to Andrew Jackson

Against King Andrew I Turned into potent

national party Led by Henry Clay Defenders of “common

man”

Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren Hand picked by

Jackson Yes man Beat Whig William

Henry Harrison Panic of 1837 –

financial crisis inherited from Jackson

Took the blame

Texas

1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain

1823 – huge land tract granted to Stephen F. Austin

TEXAS

Texans remained American

30,000 Texan – Americans by 1835

1833 – Austin imprisoned in MC for negotiating Texans rights

1836 – Texas declares Independence

Texan Independence

Mexico trapped and killed 200 @ The Alamo

400 butchered @ Goliad after they surrendered

April 21, 1836 – Gen. Sam Houston strategically retreated to San Jacinto

Defeated 1,300 Mexicans near present day Houston

Sam Houston Commander of Texas

forces 1st president of

Republic of Texas (1836-1845)

Favored Union with US

Texans wanted annexation in 1837 but denied because of slavery issue