The role of fungi in our plantThe role of fungi in our plantand urban ecosystemsand urban ecosystems

Dr. Tom Dr. Tom HsiangHsiangDept. Environmental BiologyDept. Environmental Biology

University of University of GuelphGuelphthsiangthsiang@@uoguelphuoguelph.ca.ca

will be posted at www.will be posted at www.uoguelphuoguelph.ca/~.ca/~thsiangthsiang/present//present/and PDF copy given to WCTA organizersand PDF copy given to WCTA organizers

OutlineOutlineWhat are fungi?What are fungi?What are they made of?What are they made of?What do they do?What do they do?How do they affect us and affect plants?How do they affect us and affect plants?Magical & Magic Fungi?Magical & Magic Fungi?

What are Fungi?What are Fungi?Fungi (plural), Fungus (singular)Fungi (plural), Fungus (singular)molds, rusts & mushrooms, etc.molds, rusts & mushrooms, etc.threads calledthreads called hyphaehyphae make up a make up a myceliummycelium(which is the body of the fungus)(which is the body of the fungus)produceproduce sporesspores (dispersal form of the fungus)(dispersal form of the fungus)

FungalFungal growth on an orangegrowth on an orange

http://www.http://www.uoguelphuoguelph.ca/~.ca/~gbarrongbarron/MISCELLANEOUS//MISCELLANEOUS/penicillpenicill..htmhtm

PenicilliumPenicillium on bread on bread treediseasestreediseases..coafescoafes..umnumn..eduedu/image/Bread%20mold.JPG/image/Bread%20mold.JPG

PenicillinPenicillin (www.(www.qfeverqfever.com/issues/20000920/penicillin.html).com/issues/20000920/penicillin.html)

Folk medicineFolk medicine (www. (www.tallpoppiestallpoppies.net.au/.net.au/floreyflorey/explorer/story/72ex.html)/explorer/story/72ex.html)

Bathroom tile & window moldBathroom tile & window moldbungalowdreamsbungalowdreams..fibergeekfibergeek.com/.com/imgimg//mromro_bath_window_mold._bath_window_mold.jpgjpg

discoloration caused by dark fungal growthdiscoloration caused by dark fungal growth

Wood -rotting fungus Wood -rotting fungus ((Polyporus squamosusPolyporus squamosus)) SaprophyticSaprophytic polyporepolypore ((GanodermaGanoderma))also used a herbal medicine (Ling-also used a herbal medicine (Ling-TzuTzu))

MushroomsMushrooms (edible gilled oyster fungus)(edible gilled oyster fungus)

glbglb

http://www.http://www.uoguelphuoguelph.ca/~.ca/~gbarrongbarron/GASTEROS/geast2sa./GASTEROS/geast2sa.htmhtm

Earth-star (specialized puffball)Earth-star (specialized puffball)

glbglb

Earth-star (specialized puffball)Earth-star (specialized puffball)http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Geastrum_floriforme(hes-01).jpg

PuffballPuffball i184.i184.photobucketphotobucket.com/albums/x102/.com/albums/x102/colpoycolpoy//EnhsEnhs/DSC03343./DSC03343.jpgjpg

PuffballsPuffballs

http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/pictures/visions_science/pop_up_01.jpg

http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/Fungus/Pear-shaped%20Puffball/Lycoperdon_pyriforme_3a_L.jpg

http://lh5.ggpht.com/danmccull/SJR_emaOx1I/AAAAAAAAAM0/O8qPAsCHfzI/Scleroderma%20citrinum%202_1.jpg

What are they made of?What are they made of?SporesSpores–– reproductive unitreproductive unit–– most spores are single cellsmost spores are single cells

Powdery mildewPowdery mildew Powdery mildewPowdery mildew

glbglb

Powdery Mildew - sporesPowdery Mildew - sporeshttp://www.http://www.bsppbspp.org..org.ukuk//ndrndr/july2006/2006-29-2.jpg (bars are 20 um)/july2006/2006-29-2.jpg (bars are 20 um)

Powdery Mildew - sporesPowdery Mildew - sporeshttp://www.http://www.bsppbspp.org..org.ukuk//ndrndr/july2006/2006-11-3.jpg/july2006/2006-11-3.jpg

5 um5 um

FungalFungal spores on an orangespores on an orange

http://www.http://www.uoguelphuoguelph.ca/~.ca/~gbarrongbarron/MISCELLANEOUS//MISCELLANEOUS/penicillpenicill..htmhtm

glbglb

AspergillusAspergillus sporessporeshttp://www.http://www.astrographicsastrographics.com/.com/GalleryPrintsGalleryPrints/Display/GP2047.jpg/Display/GP2047.jpg

Spores produced by Spores produced by PythiumPythium && PhytophthoraPhytophthora

thick walled thick walled oosporeoosporehttp://www.http://www.apsnetapsnet.org/education/.org/education/IllustratedGlossaryIllustratedGlossary//PhotosNPhotosN-R/-R/oosporeoospore..jpgjpg

zoospore with flagellumzoospore with flagellumhttp://www.http://www.inrainra..frfr/hyp3/images/6034731./hyp3/images/6034731.jpgjpg

PythiumPythium zoospores zoosporeshttp://classes.http://classes.plantpathplantpath..wsuwsu..eduedu/plp521/PlP150_files/Lecture%202%20Lifestyles%20of%20the%20Fifth%20Kingdom%20compressed%20file./plp521/PlP150_files/Lecture%202%20Lifestyles%20of%20the%20Fifth%20Kingdom%20compressed%20file.pptppt

Sperm

Zoospores

flagella

Similar to what?Similar to what?

Mushroom gillsMushroom gills Mushroom gills (Mushroom gills (ShearerShearer))

Mushroom Gills & SporesMushroom Gills & Sporeshttp://www.biology.http://www.biology.ualbertaualberta.ca/courses/biol108/uploads/fall06/images/F30basidia..ca/courses/biol108/uploads/fall06/images/F30basidia.jpgjpg

Mushroom Gills & Spores

http://www2.http://www2.volstatevolstate..eduedu//msdmsd/BIO/1110/fungi./BIO/1110/fungi.pptppt

four spores each (meiotic products)four spores each (meiotic products)left figure 12.8 in left figure 12.8 in http://www.mercy.http://www.mercy.eduedu/Faculty//Faculty/defeodefeo/Microbiology/Ch12a_/Microbiology/Ch12a_LectLect..pptpptright figure from right figure from http://www.life.http://www.life.uiucuiuc..eduedu//ibib/471/lectures/371_day06/Lecture06_gallery/pages/01-07psilocylebasidium./471/lectures/371_day06/Lecture06_gallery/pages/01-07psilocylebasidium.htmhtm

PolyporePolypore (conk or shelf ) fungi (conk or shelf ) fungi

PolyporePolypore fungi fungihttp://www.http://www.fcpsfcps..eduedu//islandcreekesislandcreekes/ecology/Fungus/Artist's%20Conk//ecology/Fungus/Artist's%20Conk/GanodermaGanoderma__applanatumapplanatum_2001-._2001-.jpgjpg

http://www.http://www.scnresearchscnresearch.info/April%2013%202006..info/April%2013%202006.pptppthttp://students.http://students.juniatajuniata..eduedu/dauchax4/Presentations/Matter/Genes%20Biology/lecture13-2005./dauchax4/Presentations/Matter/Genes%20Biology/lecture13-2005.pptppt

PolyporePolypore (conk) fungi (conk) fungihttp://http://popgenpopgen..unimaasunimaas..nlnl/~/~jlindseyjlindsey//commanstercommanster/Mushrooms//Mushrooms/SuMushroomsSuMushrooms//GanodermaGanoderma..applanatumapplanatum..jpgjpg

http://www.http://www.ofncofnc.ca/.ca/fletcherfletcher/alphabet/fungi/Tinder-/alphabet/fungi/Tinder-polyporepolypore-pores.-pores.jpgjpghttp://www.http://www.forestpathologyforestpathology.org/graphics/.org/graphics/lifeporelifepore..gifgif

Spores of Spores of Psilocybe mexicanaPsilocybe mexicana ((FleglerFlegler))

magicmagicmushroom?mushroom?

Psilocybe mexicanaPsilocybe mexicanahttp://upload.http://upload.wikimediawikimedia.org/.org/wikipediawikipedia/commons/e/e7//commons/e/e7/PsilocybePsilocybe..mexicanamexicana..jpgjpg

a tomb statuette dating from ca. 200 AD anda tomb statuette dating from ca. 200 AD anddepicting a mushroom resembling depicting a mushroom resembling PsilocybePsilocybemexicanamexicana was found in was found in ColimaColima, Mexico, MexicoHallucinogenicHallucinogenic PsilocybePsilocybe were known to the were known to theAztecs asAztecs as teonanácatl teonanácatl (= "god's mushroom" or, (= "god's mushroom" or,more properly, "flesh of the gods”)more properly, "flesh of the gods”)More later on More later on ShroomsShrooms

Spores explosively dischargedSpores explosively discharged from http://www. from http://www.uwyouwyo..eduedu/bot4300//bot4300/

ConidiaConidia (asexual spores) (asexual spores)

spores produced spores produced here on a “stalk” here on a “stalk”

ConidialConidial production - production - sporodochiumsporodochium

coral spotcoral spothttp://http://zbliskazdalekazbliskazdaleka..bloxblox..plpl/2007/08//2007/08/sporodochiasporodochia-i--i-nienie--tylkotylko--sezonsezon--nana--grzybygrzyby.html.html

www.ento.okstate.edu/classes/plp3343/lecture10.pdf

ConidialConidial production - production - pycnidiumpycnidiumhttp://www.http://www.entoento..okstateokstate..eduedu/classes/plp3343/lecture10./classes/plp3343/lecture10.pdfpdf

pycnidiapycnidia on pine cone on pine conehttp://www.http://www.plantpathplantpath..iastateiastate..eduedu//pdcpdc/node/67/node/67

ConidialConidial production - production - acervulusacervulushttp://http://treehealthtreehealth..agsciagsci..colostatecolostate..eduedu/images/national_elm_trial//images/national_elm_trial/IowaNETImagesIowaNETImages/Anthracnose01_ISU./Anthracnose01_ISU.jpgjpghttp://www.http://www.entoento..okstateokstate..eduedu/classes/plp3343/lecture10./classes/plp3343/lecture10.pdfpdf && http://www.http://www.fungionlinefungionline.org..org.ukuk/images/6asexual//images/6asexual/aceracer..gifgif

anthracnoseanthracnose

Spore germinationSpore germinationhttp://www.http://www.phytonewsphytonews..chch/powerpoint06//powerpoint06/TalendoTalendo_f._f.pptppt

sporespore

germination tubegermination tube

Germinated sporesGerminated sporeshttp://www.http://www.usaskusask.ca/biology/.ca/biology/kaminskyjkaminskyj/images/cryoSEM8Jun./images/cryoSEM8Jun.jpgjpg

HyphaHypha (plural: (plural: hyphae hyphae)) http://en.http://en.wikipediawikipedia.org/.org/wikiwiki//HyphaeHyphae

a strand / filament / tube of the vegetativea strand / filament / tube of the vegetativebody of a fungusbody of a fungus

| <-- one cell -->|| <-- one cell -->|

FungalFungal hyphaehyphae

glbglb

HyphalHyphal strand next to what? strand next to what?

hyphahyphagrain of sandgrain of sand

HyphalHyphal strand next to what? strand next to what?

hyphahyphahairhair

glbglb

SEM of hair and hyphaeSEM of hair and hyphaehttp://www.http://www.astrographicsastrographics.com/.com/GalleryPrintsGalleryPrints/Display/GP2096.jpg/Display/GP2096.jpg

Human eyelash (orange)Human eyelash (orange)Fungal hyphae & spores (green)Fungal hyphae & spores (green)

Mycelium (plural: mycelia)Mycelium (plural: mycelia)a mass ofa mass of hyphal hyphal filaments composing the filaments composing thevegetative body of a fungus (vegetative body of a fungus (hyphaehyphae joined) joined)

http://phy.asu.edu/biodyn/hyphae1.png

Mycelium (plural: mycelia)Mycelium (plural: mycelia)http://www.http://www.entoento..okstateokstate..eduedu/classes/plp3343/lecture10./classes/plp3343/lecture10.pdfpdf

MyceliumMyceliumhttp://www.http://www.entoento..okstateokstate..eduedu/classes/plp3343/lecture10./classes/plp3343/lecture10.pdfpdf

10 um10 um

FungalFungal hyphaehyphae

Spore - Spore - HyphaeHyphae - Mycelium- Mycelium

germinating spore with germinating spore with hyphahyphaa very small mycelium with a few a very small mycelium with a few hyphalhyphal strands strandsa mycelium with branching a mycelium with branching hyphaehyphaea large mycelium with actively growing margina large mycelium with actively growing margin

Enzymatic digestion by hyphaeEnzymatic digestion by hyphaesimilar drawing at http://www.similar drawing at http://www.germologygermology.com/rot..com/rot.htmhtm

Enzymes secreted by cellsEnzymes secreted by cells

Enzymes degrade Enzymes degrade nutrient sourcenutrient source

Nutrients are absorbed by cellsNutrients are absorbed by cells

What do fungi do?What do fungi do?

Fungi are decomposers Fungi are decomposers http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

of woody substratesof woody substratesof leaves and needlesof leaves and needlesof sugary substancesof sugary substances

Of woody substrates Of leaves & needles

Of sugary substrates

Fungi are decomposers Fungi are decomposers http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

Of (nearly) everything organicOf (nearly) everything organic

dung

Fungi like damp placesFungi like damp placeshttp://www.http://www.deboltstermiteandpestdeboltstermiteandpest.com/images/shower-mold-photo-2..com/images/shower-mold-photo-2.jpgjpg

How dangerous are “toxic molds” in your home?How dangerous are “toxic molds” in your home?SeeSee http://www.http://www.uoguelphuoguelph.ca/~.ca/~gbarrongbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/aug01./MISCELLANEOUS/aug01.htmhtm

Fungi attack plantsFungi attack plants http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt Fungi attack plantsFungi attack plants http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

Root rot - Root rot - windthrowwindthrow (no roots)(no roots)http://http://blogsblogs..tampabaytampabay.com/photos/.com/photos/uncategorizeduncategorized/2008/02/27/ht_284028_rive_/2008/02/27/ht_284028_rive_stormdamagestormdamage_2.jpg_2.jpg

Root rot - Root rot - windthrowwindthrowhttp://www.http://www.forestryimagesforestryimages.org/images/768x512/1397085.jpg.org/images/768x512/1397085.jpg

Fungi are parasites of plantsFungi are parasites of plants http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

leaf spotsleaf spots

Fungi are parasites of plantsFungi are parasites of plants http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

corn smut (edible)corn smut (edible)

Fungi are parasites of plantsFungi are parasites of plants http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

leaf rustleaf rust

Fungi are parasites of animalsFungi are parasites of animals http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt Fungi are parasites of animalsFungi are parasites of animals (George (George BarronBarron))

Some fungi are adapted for capturing nematodesSome fungi are adapted for capturing nematodesFor what purpose?For what purpose?

Fungi are parasites of humansFungi are parasites of humans http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

Furry white tongue caused byFurry white tongue caused by Candida albicansCandida albicans (yeast infection)(yeast infection)http://http://botitbotit.botany..botany.wiscwisc..eduedu/toms_fungi/jan99.html/toms_fungi/jan99.html

Fungi are parasites of humansFungi are parasites of humans http://http://radrad..usuhsusuhs.mil/.mil/dermderm//tineatinea_pedis1.JPG_pedis1.JPG

Athlete’s foot (jock itch) caused by variousAthlete’s foot (jock itch) caused by variousfungi, particularly fungi, particularly Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton rubrum (easily(easilytransmitted)transmitted)

Fungi are parasites of humansFungi are parasites of humanshttp://upload.http://upload.wikimediawikimedia.org/.org/wikipediawikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ringworm_due_to_/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ringworm_due_to_TrichophytonTrichophyton__rubrumrubrum_PHIL_2909__PHIL_2909_loreslores..jpgjpg/409px-Ringworm_due_to_/409px-Ringworm_due_to_TrichophytonTrichophyton__rubrumrubrum_PHIL_2909__PHIL_2909_loreslores..jpgjpg

Ring worm caused byRing worm caused byTrichophyton rubrumTrichophyton rubrumFor more informationFor more informationhttp://en.http://en.wikipediawikipedia.org/.org/wikiwiki/Ringworm/Ringworm

MicroconidiaMicroconidia & & macroconidiamacroconidiahttp://www.mycology.http://www.mycology.adelaideadelaide..eduedu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/.au/Fungal_Descriptions/DermatophytesDermatophytes//TrichophytonTrichophyton//rubrumrubrum.html.html

Fungi areFungi are mutualists mutualists http://http://calvincalvin..linfieldlinfield..eduedu/~/~jmurphyjmurphy/POB/ch31./POB/ch31.pptppt

AsAs mycorrhizalmycorrhizal associates with plantsassociates with plants

As associates with algae in lichensAs associates with algae in lichens

Fungal symbiosis with insectsFungal symbiosis with insectsSeptobasidiumSeptobasidium cancan parasitzeparasitze some scale insects,some scale insects,but shelters them alsobut shelters them alsohttp://www.biology.duke.http://www.biology.duke.eduedu/fungi//fungi/mycolabmycolab/DFMO//DFMO/ashevilleasheville//septobasidiumseptobasidium..jpgjpg

The scale insect may be The scale insect may be parasitizingparasitizing the tree (the tree (styletstylet) and) andthe fungus is the fungus is parasitzingparasitzing the insect (the insect (haustoriahaustoria))http://www.botany.http://www.botany.hawaiihawaii..eduedu/faculty//faculty/wongwong/BOT135/S_/BOT135/S_burtiiburtii..htmhtm

Fungal symbiosis with insectsFungal symbiosis with insectsLeaf cutting antLeaf cutting antworker returning to nestworker returning to nesthttp://www.http://www.shefshef.ac..ac.ukuk//apsaps//mbiolscimbiolsci//stuartstuart--hutchinsonhutchinson//pastworkpastwork.html.html

fungus garden: foragerfungus garden: foragerpassing leaf to workerpassing leaf to workerhttp://www.http://www.zizi..kuku..dkdk/personal//personal/drnashdrnash//attaatta/Pages//Pages/lcdlcd.html.htmlhttp://en.http://en.wikipediawikipedia.org/.org/wikiwiki//LeafcutterLeafcutter_ant_ant

Termite moundsTermite moundsTermite mound atTermite mound at Litchfield LitchfieldNational Park, AustraliaNational Park, Australiahttp://www.http://www.truktruk.com/art/.com/art/sydneysydney/20020716_/20020716_topEndtopEnd/275//275/lflf__termiteCathedralMoundKattermiteCathedralMoundKat..jpgjpg

Cathedral termite mound,Cathedral termite mound,Darwin, AustraliaDarwin, Australiahttp://www.http://www.itsalittleworlditsalittleworld.co..co.ukuk/images/news/TERM1./images/news/TERM1.jpgjpg

Fungal symbiosis with insectsFungal symbiosis with insectsTermitomycesTermitomyces obligateobligatesymbiosis with termitessymbiosis with termitesmushrooms and fungusmushrooms and funguscombscombs http://www.http://www.mycokeymycokey.com/AU/.com/AU/WestAfricaWestAfrica//TermitomycesTermitomyces..htmhtm

http://www. http://www.tieroekotieroeko.de/.de/picspics/andreasmarten13./andreasmarten13.jpgjpghttp://en.http://en.wikipediawikipedia.org/.org/wikiwiki//TermitomycesTermitomyces

•• fungi grow on 'combs' which are excreta from thefungi grow on 'combs' which are excreta from thetermites, dominated by tough woody fragmentstermites, dominated by tough woody fragmentshttp://en.http://en.wikipediawikipedia.org/.org/wikiwiki//TermitomycesTermitomyces

Fungi make food (Fungi make food (espesp.. yeastsyeasts))BreadBread AlcoholAlcohol

plus cheese, soy sauce, and antibiotics, but also mycotoxins.

Fungi are food: Morels Fungi are food: Morels http://www.http://www.grzybygrzyby..plpl//fotofoto//mjmj//mjmj--MorchellaConicaMorchellaConica_F005_05._F005_05.jpgjpg

http://www.recipetips.com/images/recipe/pasta/big/morels_with_pasta_big.jpg

Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are foodmushroom market in mushroom market in YunnanYunnan, China, China

Fungi are foodFungi are foodboletebolete

Fungi are food (Fungi are food (YunnanYunnan Market)Market) Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are foodhttp://im1.http://im1.shutterflyshutterfly.com/.com/procservprocserv/47b7db02b3127cce840365475bfc00000026108BaNmLNw1cI/47b7db02b3127cce840365475bfc00000026108BaNmLNw1cI

Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are food Fungi are foodFungi are food

Fungi are food for animalsFungi are food for animalshttp://www1.http://www1.istockphotoistockphoto.com/file_.com/file_thumbviewthumbview_approve/1267291/2/_approve/1267291/2/istockphotoistockphoto_1267291_squirrel_with_food._1267291_squirrel_with_food.jpgjpg http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/colloquium/http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/colloquium/bwoodbwood//SlugRussulaSlugRussula..jpgjpg

Fungi are food Fungi are food http://www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/Intro03.http://www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/Intro03.htmhtm Fungi are medicines Fungi are medicines bcpwabcpwa.org/articles/issue_29_28-29_flourish_with_fungi..org/articles/issue_29_28-29_flourish_with_fungi.pdfpdf

LingLing zhizhi (Chinese), (Chinese), ReishiReishi (Japanese)(Japanese)www.www.tachenontachenon.com/Html/langue1.html.com/Html/langue1.html http://users.http://users.lmilmi.net/.net/maxdashumaxdashu//kindredskindreds//xiwangmuxiwangmu.html.htmlGanoderma lucidum Ganoderma lucidum The Great Mother ( The Great Mother (TaoismTaoism) holding peach & ling ) holding peach & ling zhizhi

Fungi are medicinesFungi are medicinesground up and placed in slow release capsulesground up and placed in slow release capsuleshttp://http://hifasdaterrahifasdaterra.com/.com/tiendatienda/images//images/encapsuladosencapsulados%20de%20polvo%20medicinal%202.%20de%20polvo%20medicinal%202.jpgjpg

Fungal antibioticsFungal antibioticsTreat bacterial infections Treat bacterial infections http://faculty.http://faculty.mccflmccfl..eduedu//labordjlabordj/bsc2011/Fungi_/bsc2011/Fungi_LabordaLaborda_Summer2006._Summer2006.pptppt

Staphylococcus (bacterium)

Penicillium (fungus)

Zone of inhibited growth

Forest floor fungiForest floor fungiFungi account for ~80% of the total microbialFungi account for ~80% of the total microbialbiomassbiomass in forest soils in forest soils http://www.http://www.fplfpl..fsfs.fed.us/.fed.us/documntsdocumnts/pdf1997/mille97a./pdf1997/mille97a.pdfpdfhttp://books.http://books.googlegoogle.ca/books?id=ikJfKaz0lEEC&.ca/books?id=ikJfKaz0lEEC&pgpg=PA653&=PA653&lpglpg=PA653&=PA653&dqdq=forest+soil+fungi+=forest+soil+fungi+biomassbiomass&source=web&&source=web&otsots=eVwi4beSEm&=eVwi4beSEm&sigsig=F-rRQ2AJXTf2HoY1sYxapWI7QNY&hl=en&=F-rRQ2AJXTf2HoY1sYxapWI7QNY&hl=en&sasa=X&=X&oioi=book_result&=book_result&resnumresnum=5&=5&ctct=result#PPA653,M1=result#PPA653,M1

http://www.http://www.borenvborenv.net/BER/.net/BER/pdfspdfs/ber3/ber3-287-295./ber3/ber3-287-295.pdfpdfhttp://books.http://books.googlegoogle.ca/books?id=OOH1H779-7EC&.ca/books?id=OOH1H779-7EC&pgpg=PA153&=PA153&lpglpg=PA153&=PA153&dqdq=forest+soil+fungi+=forest+soil+fungi+biomassbiomass&source=web&&source=web&otsots=qZOnlF8DVq&=qZOnlF8DVq&sigsig=vlXS43BBca7Vdw507sTf44CSOmw&hl=en&=vlXS43BBca7Vdw507sTf44CSOmw&hl=en&sasa=X&=X&oioi=book_result&=book_result&resnumresnum=1&=1&ctct=result=result

Soil Micro-organismsSoil Micro-organisms

1 gram of soil contains thousands of1 gram of soil contains thousands of

bacteriabacteriafungifungi

take a few grains of soil or a leaf blade and mixtake a few grains of soil or a leaf blade and mixwith water, and put a few drops on a plate…with water, and put a few drops on a plate…

Soil MicroorganismsSoil Microorganisms

FungiFungiYeastYeast

YeastYeast

YeastYeast

BacteriaBacteria

Role of these micro-organisms?Role of these micro-organisms?most are saprophytic, surviving on dead plantsmost are saprophytic, surviving on dead plantstissues and other organic mattertissues and other organic mattera few are potentially pathogenic, causing diseasea few are potentially pathogenic, causing diseaseespecially if the plant is injured or weakenedespecially if the plant is injured or weakenedsome are beneficial, and help to improve plantsome are beneficial, and help to improve planthealth and deter pathogenshealth and deter pathogens

Disease control by micro-organismsDisease control by micro-organismsStimulation of soil & Stimulation of soil & foliarfoliar micro-organisms micro-organisms–– organic fertilizersorganic fertilizers–– various soil various soil admendmentsadmendments

Biological controlBiological control–– use of living organisms to control pestsuse of living organisms to control pests–– enhancing natural populations of antagonisticenhancing natural populations of antagonistic

organismsorganisms

Predator - Prey cyclesPredator - Prey cycles–– cyclical outbreaks may exceed economiccyclical outbreaks may exceed economic

threshholdsthreshholds

The white-rot fungus, Bjerkandera adusta,growing on a beech stump

A network of fungal hyphae binding soilparticles to wheat stubble

Ecological role of fungiEcological role of fungi

Fungi are the mainFungi are the maindecomposers ofdecomposers ofterrestrial dead plantterrestrial dead plantmaterialmaterialnetworks of hyphaenetworks of hyphaegrow into newgrow into newsubstrates andsubstrates andtransport materialstransport materials

•• Fungal mycelia, can make up to 80%of microbialFungal mycelia, can make up to 80%of microbial biomass biomass•• http://www.http://www.fplfpl..fsfs.fed.us/.fed.us/documntsdocumnts/pdf1997/mille97a./pdf1997/mille97a.pdfpdf

AtmosphericCO2

CO2 from plant andanimal respiration

Assimilation ofCO2 by plants

CO2 fromdegradationof cellulose& lignin

Fungal mycelia, can make upto 80%of microbial biomass

http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/mille97a.pdf

Glucose from degradation ofcellulose transferred to fungivores

like insect larvae, ants, and squirrels

Nutrient Cycles Nutrient Cycles http://www.bio.http://www.bio.utexasutexas..eduedu/courses//courses/ramakrishnanlramakrishnanl/fall03/bio213tth//fall03/bio213tth/classnotesclassnotes/lecture24./lecture24.pptppt

Ecological impacts of fungiEcological impacts of fungihttp://www.http://www.qubqub.ac..ac.ukuk/bb//bb/provanprovan//powerpointpowerpoint/110BSC101j./110BSC101j.pptppt

Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers andEcosystems depend on fungi as decomposers andsymbiontssymbionts: decompose food, wood and even plastics!: decompose food, wood and even plastics!Some fungi are pathogensSome fungi are pathogens–– Cause most plant diseasesCause most plant diseases–– Cause a few animal diseasesCause a few animal diseases

Many animals, including humans, eat fungi:Many animals, including humans, eat fungi:–– In North America, people consume mostlyIn North America, people consume mostly AgaricusAgaricus–– Others eat a range of cultivated and wild mushroomsOthers eat a range of cultivated and wild mushrooms

Fungi as selective forcesFungi as selective forcesWhy Do Some TropicalWhy Do Some TropicalForests Have So ManyForests Have So ManySpecies of Trees?Species of Trees?The few data availableThe few data availablesuggest that pestsuggest that pestpressure is higher,pressure is higher,maintaining higher treemaintaining higher treediversity,diversity, where winter iswhere winter isabsentabsent..http://http://striwebstriweb..sisi..eduedu//cwcw_dick/reprints/Leigh2004._dick/reprints/Leigh2004.pdfpdfBIOTROPICA 36: 447–473BIOTROPICA 36: 447–473

Fungi as selective forcesFungi as selective forcesWhy do leaves fall in the winter?Why do leaves fall in the winter?Some contend that one of the driving forcesSome contend that one of the driving forcesfor deciduousness is diseasefor deciduousness is diseaseAre falling leaves an indication of health orAre falling leaves an indication of health ordisease for a forest?disease for a forest?

The End

Fairy Ring (Mushroom Ring) in FloridaFairy Ring (Mushroom Ring) in Floridaimage from http://faculty.image from http://faculty.mccflmccfl..eduedu//labordjlabordj/bsc2011/Fungi_/bsc2011/Fungi_LabordaLaborda_Summer2006._Summer2006.pptppt

Fairy Ring (Mushroom Ring) in TennesseeFairy Ring (Mushroom Ring) in Tennesseehttp://web.http://web.utkutk..eduedu/~/~exteppextepp/profiles/OT//profiles/OT/turfgrassturfgrass/diseases//diseases/fairyringfairyring-l.-l.jpgjpghttp://www.http://www.dreamstonedreamstone.com.au/artists/.com.au/artists/JohnPhilipWagnerJohnPhilipWagner/Fairy_Ring./Fairy_Ring.jpgjpg

Mushroom on KBMushroom on KB

magic mushroom information magic mushroom information (best at (best at govgov.ca site).ca site)Common dose is around 2 g dry taken orally. What is sold asCommon dose is around 2 g dry taken orally. What is sold aspsilocybinpsilocybin usually turns out to be PCP or LSD. usually turns out to be PCP or LSD.http://www.http://www.hchc--scsc..gcgc.ca/.ca/ahcahc--ascasc/pubs/drugs-drogues/straight_facts-/pubs/drugs-drogues/straight_facts-faitsfaits__mefaitsmefaits/tables-tableaux_e.html/tables-tableaux_e.html

http://www.chartingnature.com/img%5Cmushrooms%5Cmushroom-plate2.jpg (30g)

Psilocybe semilanceataPsilocybe semilanceatahttp://www.http://www.shroomeryshroomery.org/images/23488/32335-13016-sem1..org/images/23488/32335-13016-sem1.jpgjpg Magic Mushrooms Magic Mushrooms US Naval Criminal Investigative Service:US Naval Criminal Investigative Service:

http://www.http://www.usmcusmc--mccsmccs.org/.org/subabusesubabuse/2006/downloads/1-3NCIS%20Brief%20./2006/downloads/1-3NCIS%20Brief%20.pptppt

“All mushrooms are edible, but some only once.”“All mushrooms are edible, but some only once.”

Scientific NameScientific Name: generally within genera: generally within genera PsilocybePsilocybe,, Stropharia Stropharia,,ConocybeConocybe, and, and Panaeolus Panaeolus

Chemical ClassificationChemical Classification:: Tryptamines Tryptamines

Local Street NamesLocal Street Nameshttp://www.http://www.mccsokinawamccsokinawa.com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms..com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms.pptppt

MushroomsMushroomsMagic MushroomsMagic MushroomsShroomsShroomsMushiesMushiesCapsCapsSticks/StemsSticks/StemsLiberty capsLiberty caps

Mushroom BasicsMushroom Basicshttp://www.http://www.mccsokinawamccsokinawa.com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms..com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms.pptppt

There are over 100There are over 100species of mushroomsspecies of mushroomswhich contain psilocybinwhich contain psilocybinoror psilocinpsilocinThe effects of theirThe effects of theiringestion resemble aingestion resemble ashorter acting LSD trip,shorter acting LSD trip,producing significantproducing significantphysical, visual andphysical, visual andperceptual changes.perceptual changes.

Mushroom DosageMushroom Dosagehttp://www.http://www.mccsokinawamccsokinawa.com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms..com/files/community/Narcotics%20Brief%20-%20Mushrooms.pptppt

Recreational doses range from 1-5 grams of dryRecreational doses range from 1-5 grams of drymushrooms depending on the species andmushrooms depending on the species andstrength of specimens. Dosages for wetstrength of specimens. Dosages for wetmushrooms are approximately 10 times higher.mushrooms are approximately 10 times higher.ThresholdThreshold 1 g 1 g–– LightLight 2 - 3 g 2 - 3 g–– Medium 3 - 5 gMedium 3 - 5 g–– StrongStrong 5 - 10 g 5 - 10 g–– HeavyHeavy 10 g 10 g–– Lethal Dosage 17 gLethal Dosage 17 g

Magic Mushroom SitesMagic Mushroom SitesHow much? (many sites go to this one)How much? (many sites go to this one)–– http://http://mushroomstoremushroomstore.biz/supplies/.biz/supplies/mexicanmexican--

magic-mushroom.magic-mushroom.htmhtm

How to grow?How to grow?–– http://www.mushrooms.20m.com/http://www.mushrooms.20m.com/copelandiacopelandia..htmhtm

Don’t?Don’t?–– http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/dangers.htmlhttp://www.magic-mushrooms.net/dangers.html

Santa Claus was a mushroom?Santa Claus was a mushroom?

http://amanita-muscaria.org/mushrooms/images/amanita_mushroom1.jpghttp://www.tonybones.com/kids_parties/images/TonyBonesEntSantaClaus.jpg

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention