the role of plant growth regulation as herbicide

8/16/2019 THE ROLE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION AS HERBICIDE

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THE ROLE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION AS HERBICIDE

By :

Fatahalani Rizkika B1K014017

Tuti Alawiyah B1K014003

Gibran Tri Rahmawan B1K014025

Group : I

Sub Group : 4

Assistant : Latifah Ambarwati

PRACTICAL CLASS REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

PURWOKERTO2016


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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Various chemicals deemed to have good prospects for controlling weeds, but

the effectiveness of a herbicide that is used depends on the type and dose of herbicide

that is a given as well as the size of the environmental influences (Akobundu, 1987).

The use of herbicides as a weed has positive and negative effects. The positive effect

is the weeds can be controlled within a relatively short time and cover large areas.

Danger of erosion and damage plant roots do not have to worry about mindless and

dead weeds by herbicides cover the surface of the soil. As for the negative impact of

the use of herbicides is damaging crops, therefore its use should be careful. Misusecan harm the environment, cultivated plants and even humans (Umiyati, 2005).

Herbicides are used as one means of controlling foreign plants. Generally

herbicides work by interfering with the process of anabolism important compounds

such as starch, fatty acids or amino acids through the competition with a compound

that is normal in the process. Herbicides be a competitor because it has a similar

structure and be kosubstrat recognized by the enzyme to be targeted. Another way of

working is to disrupt the balance of the production of chemicals needed plants (Noor,

1987).

Organizing grow is organic non nutrient compounds in small amounts can

support, slows and can alter the process of plant physiology. The concept of

organizing grow begin with the concept of plant hormone. Plant hormone is the

compound of organic compounds that plants in low concentration affect

physiological processes. The process of physiological process is mainly about the

growth process, differentiation and development of plants. Other processes such as

introduction of plants, opening stomata, translocation being produced and absorbed

nutrient influenced by the plant hormone (Abidin, 1985).

Organizing grow (ZPT) is organic compounds not plants nutrition in small

quantities or low concentration will stimulate and make modifications in qualitative

research the growth and development of plants. Thus it could be said that all of the

hormone is substance officers grow but not vice versa because ZPT can be created or

is synthesised by human beings but not hormone. The Meaning of the ZPT here is

2.4-D, 2.4-S-T, IBA, NAA and others. Organizing grow in high doses can be used as


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herbicides. Herbicides are chemical compounds that can be used to overcome the

vegetation especially on agricultural land. The benefits of the use of herbicides is

able to control the weeds before interrupting the plants and aquaculture, prevent

damage to the roots of plant aquaculture and more effective in killing weeds annual

(Chairul et al. 2000).

Herbicides is one of the types of pesticide products that function to control

weeds. The sense of weeds can be defined as all kinds of plants that are considered

interrupting or harm the interests of humans so that man tries to control them. The

interests of human beings is very diverse, can be reviewed in terms of the economy,

aesthetics, health and the environment. Thus, problem weeds are not only found on

the aquaculture business crops, but also in other aspects of life such as the settlement,

the cleanliness of the streets, places of sport and others (Chairul et al. 2000).

B. Objectives

The purpose of Plant Physiology practicum II of herbicides is to determine

the effect of various concentration of 2.4-D as herbicides.


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II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Herbicides is the compound or material which is spread on agricultural land

to suppress or eradicate the invader plants that cause a decrease in the number of

weeds. Herbicides used as one of the means of controlling weeds. Herbicides work

by interrupting the process anabolisme important compounds such as pati, amino

acids through the competition with normal compounds in the process. Herbicides

become competitors because have similar structures and become kosubstrat is

recognized by the enzymes to become the goal (Heddy, 1989). One alternative to

control weeds and potential for organic crops is the use of herbicides vegetable oil

from seyawa alelopati. Alelopati compounds can suppress the growth of weeds e.g.

alang-alang. As the plants C4 alang-alang sensitive to the shadow (Djazuli, 2011).

The types of herbicides which is organizing grow is 2.4-D, 2.4-DB, MCPA,

diklorprop, MCPB, and mekoprop. The types of the herbicides is a group

of Aryloxyalcanoic Acid that is often called as fenoksi groups. Klomeprop systemic

nature and used as a selective pascatumbuh herbicides to control weeds-leaf and

puzzle on the rice. 2.4-D (2.4-dichorophenoxy acetic acid ) is hormone synthetic

plants and working as acids indol acetic acid (IAA), and a systemic. 2.4-DB (2.4-

diklorofenoksi butirat acid ) is a systemic herbicide that selective, active only as

pascatumbuh herbicides to weeds-leaf. Diklorprop is a systemic herbicide and used

as selective herbicides post grow to control weeds-leaf and puzzle on plants serealia.

MCPA is a selective herbicide and is used as a post-emergence herbicide

(Djojosumarto, 2005).

Herbicides 2.4-D or 2.4- dikloro fenoksi acetic acid is one of herbicides for

effective weed disinfectant liquid to the type of weeds that-leaf. Weeds capable of

eradicated for example Limnocharis flava, Monochoria vaginalis, Salvinia

natans, Cyperus difformis. Fimristys miliaceae, Scirpus juncoides in rice fields.

Herbicides 2.4-D is systemic in the form of white crystals, odourless and has a

melting point 140,5°C (Sofnie et al. 2000).

Wearing a mixture of herbicides can increase control spectrum

herbicides. Mixture herbisisda dose with the active ingredient glyphosate will turn

off the weeds with the way impede the path biosintesa amino acids. Herbicides with

the active ingredient 2.4-D will impede the growth of weeds with speed up therespiration, this caused to the two active ingredients can accelerate the death of


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weeds. Another way of working is to disrupt the balance of the production of

chemicals that required plants (Novizan, 2007).

Weeds are plants whose life or presence is not desired. Chemical weed

control is to control use of toxic compounds that can inhibit or turn off weeds using

herbicides. The use of herbicides for weed control has advantages and disadvantages.

Excellence in weed control using herbicides is fast and effective, especially for large

areas. Some of the negative side of this herbicide is the residual effect of the natural

surroundings can be harmful and weed resistance to herbicides (Novizan, 2007).

weeds can become disease. Usual staple crops that compete with weeds to compete

for the needs are of the type of rice, wheat, corn and other plantation crops. Various

weeds in the form of narrow-leaved weeds, weed-tekian puzzles, broadleaf weeds

and weed ferns. Usually broadleaf weeds can be overcome with an effective

herbicide is 2,4-D (Rukmana, 1999).

Based on how it works, the herbicide is divided into two, according Rukmana

(1999) namely:

1. Herbicides Contact

Herbasida contact herbicide which is directly off tissues or parts of weeds

affected by this herbicide solution, especially the green weeds. Privileges can be

deadly weed is fast while the disadvantage is that the weeds will quickly grow again.

Examples are the herbicide paraquat (Napu, 2006).

2. Systemic herbicides

Systemic herbicides are translocated herbicide that works throughout the

body or parts of the network weeds, from the leaves to the roots, or vice versa.

Privileges are able to turn off the weeds overall, while the loss is much longer is a

weed to be eradicated. An example is glyphosate, Sulfosfat, 2,4-D, etc. (Napu, 2006).

Types of herbicide based on the degree of difference vegetation response,

namely according Napu (2006):

1. Selective Herbicides

Definition of Selective Herbicides are herbicides that are more toxic for

certain plants than other plants. Examples of this are Ametrin herbicide, diuron,

oksifluorfen, clomazone and karfentrazon.

2. Herbicides Nonselective

Understanding Nonselective Herbicides are herbicides are toxic to all speciesof plants that exist. Examples of this herbicide is glyphosate and paraquat.


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Type Herbicides based on media type or line application according Rukmana (1999)

namely:

1. Foliar Applications

Herbicides were applied through the canopy of leaves or weeds. Herbicides

are included in this group are growing herbicide post. The herbicide was applied

when the weeds have grown. Examples of post-growing herbicide is glyphosate,

paraquat, glufusinat and propanol.

2. Soil Application

Herbicides were applied through the land, whether carried out by spraying on

the soil surface or mixed with soil. Herbicides were applied through the soil directed

to control weeds before the weeds grow. Examples of this herbicide is diuron,

bromacil, oksadiazon, oksifluorfen, ametrin, butaklor and metsulfuron methyl.

Types of herbicides based on the type of herbicide translocation in plants,

according Rukmana (1999) namely:

1. Herbicides Contact (not translocated)

Contact herbicide to control weeds by killing weeds parts directly affected by

the herbicide. Personality is not translocated herbicides or weed is not flow in the

body. If many organs affected weed herbicides, then the better the workings of

herbicides. Examples of selective contact herbicide that berisifat namely

oksifluorfen, oksadiazon and propanol, as well as most others are non-selective

herbicides such as paraquat and glufosinate.

2. Systemic herbicides (translocated)

Systemic herbicides are herbicides that are drawn to the site of first contact

with the herbicide to other sections, it will usually lead to the growing point because

the piece is the most active plant metabolism. Herbicides of this type can be applied

through the canopy and through the soil. Examples of herbicide through the canopy

that is herbicide glyphosate, sulfosat and esters. Examples of herbicide through the

land, namely, ametrin herbicide, atrazine, Metribuzin and diuron.


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III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Material

The tools used in this practicum is the measuring cup, batang stirrer, sprayer,

erlenmayer, magnetic stirer and a ruler.

The material used in the hands-on labs is the solution 2.4-D with

the concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, akuades and weeds.

B. Method

1. Prepare plastic bags filled with soil and herbiside plant.

2. Create 2.4-D solution with concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and

3000 ppm.

3. Once the plants looking fresh and has been able to adapt to the new

environment, spray 2,4 – D on every plastic bag, as much as 50 cc.

4. Observe the daily state of broadleaf weeds and narrow-leaved weed after

spraying


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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results

Table 1 Herbicides Observation

Weed type 2,4D

concentration

Week 0 Week 1 Week 2

Wide leaf

weeds

0 ppm 4 4 4

1000 ppm 4 4 0

1500 ppm 4 3 0

2000 ppm 5 5 0

Narrow leaf

weeds

0 ppm 5 5 5

1000 ppm 4 4 4

1500 ppm 5 5 3

2000 ppm 4 2 4

Description:

1. Herbicides spraying treatment for 2 weeks

2. Starting number = amount before treatment

3. End number = amount after treatment

4. Counting amount of weeds will be done after 14 days observation

Table 2 ANOVA of Herbicides Observation

Diversity source

Freedom

degrees (fd)

Total square

(tk)

Central square

(ct) F count notation

F table

0.05 0.01

2,4-D (A) 3 1.7 0.566666667 0.521072797 ns 2.92 4.51

Wide leaf (B) 1 10 10 9.195402299 ** 4.17 7.56

AXB 3 9.4 3.133333333 2.881226054 ns 2.92 4.51

Error 32 34.8 1.0875

Total 39 55.9

Description:

NS : non-Significant

* : Significant

** : Very Significant


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R a t a - r a t a

N a r r o w l e a f 1 5 0 0

0 . 8

0

n s

N a r r o w l e a f 1 0 0 0

1 . 4

0 . 6

n s

0

n s

W i d e L e a f c o n t r o l

1 . 6

0 . 8

n s

0 .2

n s

0

n s


1 . 6

0 . 8

n s

0 .2

n s

0

n s

0

n s

N a r r o w l e a f 2 0 0 0

2

1 .2

*

0 . 6

n s

0 . 4

n s

0 . 4

n s

0

n s

W i d e L e a f 2 0 0 0

2 .2

1 . 4

*

0 . 8

n s

0 . 6

n s

0 . 6

n s

0 .2

n s

0

n s

W i d e L e a f 1 0 0 0

2 . 8

2

*

1 . 4

*

1 .2

*

1 .2

*

0 . 8

n s

0 . 6

n s

0

n s

W i d e L e a f 1 5 0 0

3 .2

2 . 4

*

1 . 8

*

1 . 6

*

1 . 6

*

1 .2

*

1

n s

0 . 4

n s

0

n s

W i d e L e a f 1 5 0 0

3 .2

T r e a t m e n

t

0 . 8

2

2 .2

W i d e L e a f 2 0 0 0

W i d e L e a f 1 0 0 0

2 . 8

1 . 4

1 . 6

1 . 6

N a r r o w l e a f 1 5 0 0

N a r r o w l e a f 1 0 0 0



N a r r o w l e a f 2 0 0 0

T a b l e 3 B NT of H e r b i c i d e s

D e s c r i p t i on :

N S

:

n on- S i gni f i c a n t

*

:

S i gni f i c a n t

* *

:

V e r y S i gni f i c a n t


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· Week 0

· Week 1

Figure 6. 1000 ppmFigure 5. 0 ppm




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· Week 2





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B. Discussion

Based on this lab activity observation result we know that the effect of

herbicides 2,4-D in narrow leaf weeds and wide leaf weeds with different

concentration only significant affecting the wide leaf weeds (*) while the narrow leaf

weeds data show not-significant result. This result are correlated with Barus (2003)

statement which said that herbicides will work more efficient against plant that not

desired such as weeds. Herbicides 2,4-D is systematic herbicides which active to

prevent wide leaf weeds.

Herbicides pesticides is one that serves to control weeds. for the purposes of

control, weeds can be divided into 3 groups. 1) broad-leaved weeds, such as Boreria

alata, Chromolaena odorata, Mikania sp, Ipomoea cairica, Lasia spinosa. 2) narrow-

leaved weeds (grasses group), such as Axonopus, Paspalum, Panicum repens, Coix

lachrymal-Jobi, Digitaria ciliaris. 3) class of puzzles, such as Cyperus rotundus,

Cyperus kilinga, Cyperus iris, Cyperus pilosus, Cyperus distans. In general,

broadleaf weed is a plant into pieces two, although there also were dashed one.

Broadleaf weed has the characteristics of wide leaf shapes and plant grows upright or

spreading. Narrow-leaved weeds have the following typical characteristics: ribbon-

like leaves, jointed stems of plants, the plants grow upright or spreading, and has

midrib and leaf blade. Weeds tekian kind of puzzle-like narrow-leaved weeds, but

has a triangular-shaped rods (Barus, 2003).

According Wudianto (1990), based on the target field that is where the herbicide was

applied, herbicides are classified into two groups, namely:

1) Herbicides were applied to the soil

Generally work by inhibiting the germination of weeds or kill the weed seeds

that are still in the ground and are generally sprayed before the weeds grow.2) Herbicides were applied to the leaves of weeds.

Herbicides were applied directly to the leaves of weeds must have been grown.

Herbicides used herbicide post-grow.

According Barus (2003) The motion on the target of weeds, herbicides can also

be divided into the following two groups.

5. Herbicides contact (non-systemic), namely herbicides that kill weeds network

network directly affected by the herbicide and do not translocated within the

plant tissue, so it can only kill weeds parts that are above ground.


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6. Systemic herbicides, the herbicides that can get into the plant tissue and

translocated to other plant parts. Therefore, it is a systemic herbicide network is

capable of killing weeds in the soil (roots, rhizomes, tubers).

Based on the selectivity of the herbicide weed divided into several kinds, according

Barus (2003) are :

1. Selective Herbicides, namely herbicides that kill weeds just do not eradicate

other plants that 2,41D example selective herbicide to kill weeds broadleaf and

narrow. 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4) is a selective herbicide, with

highest toxicity to broadleafplants, used around houses, garden, in agricultural

and forestly (Gehan et al., 2012).

2. Herbsida non-selective, ie herbicides to eradicate all the plants are not only

undesirable plants existence (weeds), for example, the herbicide glyphosate.

Selective herbicide which can be used to control broadleaf weeds, group puzzles,

and some types of grass. The advantages of this selective herbicide is not harmful to

some of the main species recommended on the label. So, using a full-grown

herbicide that is selective, we can turn off the weeds without having to worry staple

crops damaged by herbicide sprays (Abidin, 1985).

Herbicides have two different ways of working, the contact herbicides andsystemic herbicides. Tillage or revocation of weeds after spraying of herbicides is not

recommended, because it can reduce its effectiveness. Tillage will disconnect

between the canopy and the roots of weeds, so herbicides can not reach the roots of

weeds. If tillage is done at the time of the systemic herbicide is not to turn off the

rhizome or stolon, weeds will grow from the rhizome or stolon interrupted (Novizan,

2007).

Deadly weed herbicides in various ways. Effects of herbicides against weeds as

follows (Hance, 1987):

1. Herbicides that affect respiration of weeds.

2. Herbicides weed that affects the photosynthesis process.

3. Herbicides inhibiting germination.

4. Herbicides that have an effect on amino acids.

5. Herbicides that affect lipid metabolism.

6. Herbicides that works as a hormone.


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Herbicidal activity can be influenced by several factors related to weeds and

the status of the plant such as the density of weeds, the growth stage of the weed, and

abiotic factors ie water conditions, weather, soil properties such as the area of land

that is sprayed in a dry state and others, and the corresponding effects of herbicides

can be reduced in adverse circumstances (Prather et al., 2012).


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IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result, we can conclude that:

1. Herbiside can be distinguish into contact and selective herbiside.

2. The result of this practice show that by the given of herbicide contineouslly can

decrese the amount of weeds. The optimum concentration is 3000 ppm and the

rest of leaf that small amount is narrow-leaved weeds while broadleaf weeds die

first.

B. Suggestion

Should be facilitated in the data collection method so that is not scattered in

the group.


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Bandung.

Akobundu, I. O. 1987. Weed Science In The Tropics Principles and Practices. Wiley.

Interscience Publication. New York.

Barus, E. 2003. Pengendalian Gulma di Perkebunan. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.

Chairul, S. M., Mulyadi dan Idawati. 2000. Translokasi herbisida 2,4-D-14

C pada

tanaman gulma dan padi pada sistem persawahan. Risalah Pertemuan Ilmiah

Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Isotop dan Radiasi, Jakarta.

Djazuli, M. 2011. Potensi Senyawa Alelopati sebagai Herbisida Nabati Alternatif

pada Budidaya Lada Organik. Bogor.

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Yogyakarta.

Geham, Raouf., Safaa, Y., Awatef, A., and Tahani, H., 2012. The Mechanism of 2,4

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FTIR

Spectroscopy. Life Science Journal (4). Page 1 68 6-1 697

Hance, Raymond J. 1987. An Introduction to Weed Control. Basle : Ciba-Geigy

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Heddy, S. 1989. Hormon Tumbuhan. CV. Raajawali, Jakarta.

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Novizan. 2007. Petunjuk Pemakaian Pestisida. Jakarta : PT Agromedia Pustaka.

Prather Timothy S, Ditomaso Joseph M, Holt Jodie S. 2012. Herbicide resistance :

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agricultural and nature resouces.


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Yogyakarta..

Sofnie M. Mulyadi. Idawati. 2000. Translokasi herbisida 2,4-D-14C pada Tanaman

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the role of plant growth regulation as herbicide

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