the role of public infraestructure in market development in rural peru

7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru

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oeadbn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9===%<%7% Obsia| de adeq~bs|ode iel qivoehq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?3

97

=%>% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?1

Ieen} I=%9 Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn Xn`fiwn Oeloai|dw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9?6

?% ADEA@^QODEQ IEL IEI@_\OAI@ IEL SD@OA_ OBS@OAI\ODEQ %%%%%%9??

?%9% \mndwn|oai` iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%739?%7% Bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%738

?%1% Obsòai|odeq fdw sd oa %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 73?

Wnfnwneanq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%798

Q~bbiw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 711

Qibnevi||oeh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7<9

D|mnw wnì|nl s~gòai|odeq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7<?

\wioeoeh iel q~snwvoqode sìe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>9A~wwoa~`~b vo|in %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>1

91

@oq| df |ig`nq

\ig`n 1%9 Sdvnw| oeloai|dwq g wnhode; 9?89 9?=> 9??9 9??< iel 9??6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<9

\ig`n 1%7 Sdvnw| g hndhwismoa {den 7337 -e~bgnw iel snwane|ihn

df sddw snds`n/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<>

\ig`n 1%1 Sdvnw| wi|nq g hndhwismoa {denq -snwane|ihn df sddw/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<>

\ig`n 1%< Sdvnw|"hwdx|m nìq|oao|onq fdw w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<8

\ig`n 1%> Sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d jn iqqn|q oe ~wgie iel w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<=

\ig`n 1%6 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

-~qoeh viwoig`nq xo|md~| oe|nwia|odeq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>8

\ig`n 1%8 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe |mn md~qnmd`l

-~qoeh viwoig`n oe|nwia|odeq/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>=

\ig`n 1%= Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q

-G y~oe|o nq ‑ snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>?

\ig`n 1%? Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q

-Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63

\ig`n 1%93 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm qob~`|iend~q iaanqq |d qn`na|nl

iqqn|q -G y~oe|o nq ‑ snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63

\ig`n 1%99 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl

iqqn|q -Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%69

\ig`n 1%97 Loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`l sien` gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??< -Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%67

\ig`n 1%91 Bdln`‟q swnloa|ode wi|n %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%61

\ig`n 1%9< B~ |oedboi` iei`qoq df amiehnq oe q|i|nq df sdvnw| -biwhoei` nffna|q/%%%%%%%6<

\ig`n 1%9> Mi~qbie |nq| fdw OOI %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>

\ig`n 1%96 Swdgigoò| df |wieqo|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>

\ig`n <%9 Wnhodei` oeadbn snw"aiso|i loqsnwqode oe @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq %%%%%%%%%%%%83

\ig`n <%7 Hndhwism iel nadedboa xn fiwn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 81

\ig`n <%1 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe iaanqq |d qnwvoanq iel iqqn|q; Snw~ 9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%81

\ig`n <%< Loq|wog~|ode df enx iaanqq |d giqoa iel qdaoi` qnwvoanq; Snw~ 9??< ‑ 9??8 %%8<

\ig`n <%> Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode df swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8?

\ig`n <%6 Mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|nl viwoig`nq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=3

\ig`n <%8 Ln|nwboeie|q df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9?87"9??1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=7

\ig`n <%= Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode df hwdx|m wnhwnqqode wnqol~i`q g bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=1

\ig`n <%? Ln|nwboeie|q df snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| md~qnmd`l nvn`; 9??< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =<

\ig`n <%93 Y~ie|o n wnhwnqqodeq df - dh/ snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn; 9??< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=8

\ig`n <%99 Sien` li|i iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

wi|n; 9??9"9??< 9??<"9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ==

9<

\ig`n <%97 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq

-@dh loffnwneanq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=?

\ig`n <%91 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq

g bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?3

\ig`n <%9< Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-Hwdx|m wi|nq loffnwneanq i| swdvoean `nvn`/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9

\ig`n <%9> Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i hwdx|m n}snelo|~wn

loffnwneanq g bdln` -I| swdvoean nvn`/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?9

\ig`n I<%9 Ln|nwboeie|q df -@dh/ snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

-D@Q Nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?>

\ig`n >%9 Qibs`n lnqohe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%938

\ig`n >%7 Ivnwihn iel q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode df |mn bioe viwoig`nq iaadwloeh

|d iaanqq wd~|n %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%93=\ig`n >%1 Md~qnmd`l iqqn|q iel biwjn| iaanqq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 999

\ig`n >%< \wieqsdw| adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 999

\ig`n >%> Oefdwbi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%997

\ig`n >%6 Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%991

\ig`n >%8 Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99<

\ig`n >%= Ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbhi|n qi`nq

-Swdgo| nq|obi|nq df fiwbhi|n qi`nq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99>

\ig`n >%? Ln|nwboeie|q df qi`nq swoan-D@Q nq|obi|ode df qi`nq swoan/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 996

\ig`n >%93 Ln|nwboeie|q df ibd~e| qd`l dff |mn fiwb

-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df qi`nq y~ie|o|/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%998

\ig`n >%99 Loqad~e| oe qi`nq swoan g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|

-E~nvdq qd`nq snw jh/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 998

\ig`n >%97 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq| -Jh/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99=

\ig`n >%91 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq| -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ %%%%%%%%%% 99?

\ig`n 6%9 Wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%916\ig`n 6%7 \wieqia|ode adq|q iel qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~oògwo~b df

|mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%91=

\ig`n 6%1 @ojnòmddl wi|od |nq| -Md; IW-9/ vq M9; \NAB/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<7

\ig`n 6%< Swdgigoò|onq df daa~wwnean fdw |mn loffnwne| joelq df iwgo|wihn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<<

\ig`n 6%> Nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~ g

lnsiw|bne|q fdw |mn OV y~iw|nw df 7339 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<>

\ig`n 6%6 Ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn

oeawniqn df |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<=

96

@oq| df foh~wnq

Foh~wn 9%9 Q|~l fwibnxdwj%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%77

Foh~wn 7%9 Adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%78

Foh~wn 1%9 Oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe Snw~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<7

Foh~wn 1%7 Nvd`~|ode df w~wi` sdvnw| wi|nq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<6

Foh~wn 1%1 Hoeo adnffoaone| df iaanqq |d iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<?

Foh~wn 1%< Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>1

Foh~wn 1%> Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%><

Foh~wn 1%6 Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode

|named`dhonq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>>

Foh~wn <%9 Amiehnq oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8?

Foh~wn 6%9 Nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q; @obi vq% M~ieaid%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<3

Foh~wn 6%7 Swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne @obi iel M~ieaid snw |de df sd|i|d

7333"7339 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<6

Foh~wn ?%9 Biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn -~elnw i`|nwei|ovn iqqn|

i``dai|odeq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%731

98

Amis|nw 9

Oe|wdl~a|ode

9%9 Qn||oeh df |mn swdg`nb

Edxiliq o| oq 'adbbde xoqldb' |d q~hhnq| |mi| den df |mn f~elibne|i` ai~qnq df sdvnw|

ìaj df nadedboa hwdx|m iel mohm oeadbn oeny~iò| oq ie oeq~ffoaone| iel ~eny~i` iaanqq iel

sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q% Oe |moq wnqsna| obswdvoeh |mn iqqn| giqn df |mn sddw iel wioqoeh |mn wi|n

df wn|~weq df |mn iqqn|q |mn sdqn edx iwn jn n`nbne|q df ie q|wi|nh |mi| iobq |d obswdvoeh

|mn òvnòmddlq df |mn w~wi` sddw%

Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqqoeh s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ade|oe~nq |d gn wnq|woa|nl iel

~envne` loq|wog~|nl oe w~wi` Snw~ amiehnq oe |mn `nvn` iel oe |mn si||nwe df dxenwqmos dw

iaanqq |d |mnqn iqqn|q l~woeh |mn ìq| fof|nne niwq mivn gnne y~o|n lwibi|oa% Fdw n}ibs`n oe

9?=> |mn nvn` df qamddòeh df mnilq df md~qnmd`l xiq vnw dx iel ~eny~i` oe w~wi` qna|dw% Oe

9??8 ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode mil oeawniqnl fwdb 7%? |d > iel oeny~iò| mil lnaòenl;

ibdeh |mn sddwnq| qna|dwq |mn qamddòeh df |mn mnil i`bdq| ld~g`nl xmo`n ibdeh |mn woamnq|

|mn oeawniqn xiq >3 snwane|% \mn ivnwihn fibo` qo{n oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n xiq >3 snwane|

mohmnw |mie oe |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n% De |mn d|mnw miel iaanqqoeh awnlo| xiq wnì|ovn` qnhbne|nl

gnoeh vnw dx oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n% \mn 9??8 Snw~voie @QBQ9 q~wvn wnvni`nl |mi| i`|md~hm

h`dgi` iaanqq |d awnlo| mil fi``ne fwdb 71 snwane| df fiwbnwq |d 96 snwane| o| mil oeawniqnl fdw

|mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n iel fi``ne fdw |mn d|mnw y~oe|o`nq siw|oa~ìw` |mn woamnq|% \moq ad~`l gn

n}sìoenl g |mn loqissniwiean df |mn lnvn`dsbne| giejq xmoam adeane|wi|nl de iwhnw qai`n

ihwoa~`|~wn% Oe |mn aiqn df giqoa qnwvoanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn -n`na|woao| |n`nsmden qnwvoanq iel

xi|nw iel qnxnwihn/ nvn`q df iaanqq xnwn dx iel mohm` oeny~o|ig`n oe 9?=>% Oe ade|wiq| oe

9??8 i| `niq| oe |mn aiqn df xi|nw iel n`na|woao| iaanqq mil ld~g`nl; 78 snwane| iel 7<

snwane| df md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq |d |mnqn qnwvoanq wnqsna|ovn`% Mdxnvnw loqsnwqode oe iaanqq

g qsneloeh lnao`nq |~wenl edx |d gn b~am bdwn swded~eanl |mie fof|nne niwq ihd% \moq oq qd

gnai~qn |mn si||nwe df oevnq| oe s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mil gnne goiqnl ihioeq| |mn sddwnq|

qnhbne|q oe w~wi` Snw~ `nivoeh |mnb oe i sdvnw| |wis%

Lnqso|n |mn dgvod~q obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q o| miq ed| hwdxe i| |mn

sian ennlnl fdw wnqmisoeh Snw~‟q sdvnw| swdfo`n% Iq o| miq missnenl oe bie lnvn`dsoeh

ad~e|wonq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq q|ihei|nl dw fi``ne oe wnqsdeqn |d foqai` loffoa~`|onq

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne|% \mn bi mivn i`qd lnawniqnl gnai~qn oe|nwei|odei`

addsnwi|ode miq olne|ofonl o| iq i '`dx swodwo|' oe |mnow ihneliq% Loboeoqmoeh g~lhn|q fdw w~wi`

oevnq|bne|q s~|q ie illo|odei` swnqq~wn |d hdvnwebne|q; |mn ennl |d ld 'bdwn xo|m `nqq'%

9 Oe Qsieoqm |moq q~wvn oq jedxe iq NEEOV -Nea~nq|i Eiaodei` ln Eovn`nq ln Voli/

9=

Mdxnvnw |mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh ldnq ed| mn`s fdw bijoeh |moq sdqqog`n% ^q~i`` ei|odei` iel

`dai` g~wni~awiaonq ld ed| addwloei|n iel nvne adbsn|n oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode% \mn foei`

d~|adbn df q~am ie oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh oq |mi| |mn ad~e|w boqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df i addwloei|nl

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iel i gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% êlnwq|ieloeh mdx

adbs`nbne|iwo` xdwjq bi hovn ~q i a`~n igd~| mdx |d bi}obo{n |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%

9%7 Wnqniwam y~nq|odeq

\moq q|~l fda~qnq oe fd~w oe|nw"adeena|nl wnqniwam y~nq|odeq;

9% Xm iel mdx oq w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsdw|ie| fdw fdq|nwoeh oeadbn hnenwi|ode

oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode iel ~`|obi|n` w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode4

7% Iwn |mnwn ie adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|4 Xmi| iwn |mn

obsia|q df loffnwne| adbgoei|ode df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de d~|s~| ielìgdw w~wi` biwjn|q4

1% Aie w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| mn`s dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism iel i``dx

|mn sddw iaa~b~ì|n iqqn|q iel nqaisn fwdb |mn sdvnw| |wis |mn bi gn fiaoeh4

<% Xmi| joel df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq gn||nw q~o|nl |d obswdvn biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode iel wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn w~wi` sddw4

I`|md~hm |moq wnqniwam y~nq|odeq iwn wn`nvie| fdw bdq| of ed| i`` lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq

|mn mivn gnne illwnqqnl oe i qsnaofoa ade|n}| xmoam oq |mi| df w~wi` Snw~% Snw~ oq den df |mn

bdq| lovnwqn ad~e|wonq oe |mn xdw`l -o| neadbsiqqnq =< df |mn xdw`l 93< jedxe ovoeh nad`dhoai`wnhodeq iel 7= loffnwne| aòbi|nq/ |mn oej gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iel lnvn`dsbne|

miq ed| gnne q|~lonl% Iq fiw iq xn aie |n`` |moq oq |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| iqanw|ioeq mdx hndhwismoa

viwoig`nq oe|nwia| xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d n}sìoe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q

iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%

Xn i`qd loqa~qq adeena|odeq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn| nffoaonea%

I`|md~hm biwjn| nffoaonea iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne |mdwd~hm` q|~lonl oe Snw~ |mnwn

iwn vnw fnx i||nbs|q |d adeena| |mnqn adeans|q |d sdòa viwoig`nq -oe siw|oa~ìw oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|/% Oe |mn oe|nwei|odei` ò|nwi|~wn |moq miq gnne lden iq o| oq f~`` iajedx`nlhnl oeAmis|nw 6 df |moq q|~l% Wnane| iei`qoq de |mn ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq hden

fwdb goviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq |d b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode% I| |mn qibn |obn |mnwn oq

wnqniwam |mi| miq n}sòao|` adeena|nl jn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n bniq~wnq df

oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode fwibnxdwj iq

xn ld oe |moq q|~l%

Oe wnì|ode |d |mn boawdnadedboa obsia|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q vnw ò||`n nffdw|

miq gnne lowna|nl |dxiwl |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh |mn

sodennwoeh xdwj df Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??9/ xn lnvn`ds i lowna| bniq~wn df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|iel qmdx mdx |mn bign gn wnl~anl |mwd~hm ie ilny~i|n swdvoqode df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

Oe|wdl~a|ode

9?

Foei`` i`|md~hm iamonvoeh a`niw ai~qi` òejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel

biwjn| nffoaonea d~|adbnq dw md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn d~|adbnq oq dgvod~q` i loffoa~`| |iqj: |mn

~qn df isswdswoi|n ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq swdvolnq i hddl isswd}obi|ode |d |moq oqq~n% Oe

|moq iwni |moq q|~l miq i`qd i bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode q~hhnq|oeh i |xd"q|ns swdanl~wn

|d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df anw|ioe oevnq|bne|% Olne|of fowq| |mn hwd~s -|dxe dw wnhode/ |mi| biadeq|o|~|n i sdqqog`n 'bi|am' iel |mne ~qn i qob~ì|ode |nameoy~n |d f~w|mnw ade|wd` fdw |mdqn

md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| i`|md~hm bi ed| gn obsdw|ie| fdw |mn lnaoqode"bijnw

|d i``dai|n ie oevnq|bne| |mn anw|ioe` iffna| |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq%

9%1 Li|i qn|q

\moq q|~l ~qnq i ìwhn e~bgnw df li|i qn|q fdw ieqxnwoeh d~w fd~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Qdbn df

|mn li|i giqnq iwn awdqq"qna|ode md~qnmd`l `nvn` li|i qn|q adboeh fwdb @ovoeh Q|ieliwl

Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq xmoam Xdw`l Giej q|iw|nl obs`nbne|oeh oe |mn niw` nohm|onq iq i xidf obswdvoeh |mn |sn iel y~iò| df md~qnmd`l li|i ad``na|nl g hdvnwebne| q|i|oq|oai` dffoanq

oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq% \mnqn q~wvnq iwn wnswnqne|i|ovn i| |mn ei|odei` iel wnhodei` `nvn`q

iel |mn iwn b~`|o"|dsoa y~nq|odeeiownq lnqohenl |d q|~l b~`|os`n iqsna|q df md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn

iel gnmivodw% Fdw |xd df |mn wd~elq |mi| xnwn obs`nbne|nl oe Snw~ -9??8 iel 7333/ |mn

i~|mdw df |moq q|~l xiq ig`n |d oea`~ln i fnx y~nq|odeq oe |mn ei|odei` q~wvn qd iq |d n}s`dwn

oqq~nq wnì|nl |d iaanqqoeh biwjn|q iel |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~% Oe |mi| xi xn mil |mn

sdqqogoò| df adeena|oeh iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel jn oqq~nq df w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|%

Illo|odei` wd~elq df @QBQ |sn df q~wvn w~e |mn hdvnwebne| q|i|oq|oai` dffoan -OENO/ fdw7333 7339 iel 7337 i``dx ~q |d mivn i gn||nw olni df wnane| |wnelq oe w~wi` sdvnw| iel |mn

nffna| |mi| wnane| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi mivn mil oe amiehoeh |mn sdvnw| swdfo`n df

w~wi` Snw~% Oe Amis|nw 1 xmne xn adbsiwn gd|m qn|q df li|i i aiwnf~` adbsiwoqde df

bn|mdld`dhonq oq lden iel swdsnw ilk~q|bne|q fdw iqq~woeh adbsiwi|ovnenqq iwn snwfdwbnl%

Ie illo|odei` qd~wan df oefdwbi|ode oq |mi| adboeh fwdb qnadeliw qd~wanq |mi| aie hovn

~q i gn||nw iqqnqqbne| df |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn ivioìg`n oe |mn wnhodeq xmnwn

|mnqn md~qnmd`lq iwn `dai|nl% Adbb~eo| y~nq|odeeiownq lden i| |mn qibn |obn |mnqn q~wvnq

xnwn adel~a|nl oe illo|ode xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q lden igd~| |mn qibn |obn |mn li|i xiqad``na|nl -9??< iel 7333/ hovn ~q swnaod~q oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

xmoam mn`sq ~q |d ivdol sd|ne|oi` neldhneno| goiqnq adboeh fwdb |mn lnaoqode df i md~qnmd`l

df ed| lnbieloeh i qsnaofoa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan nvne of ivioìg`n oe o|q wnqolnean iwni%

Xn mivn i`qd ~qnl oe Amis|nw < ihhwnhi|odeq giqnl de Snw~voie Aneq~q li|i fdw 9?87

9?=9 iel 9??1 iel oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie Aneq~q df 9??< |d adeq|w~a|

loq|woa| `nvn` oeloai|dwq |mi| iwn ~qnf~` |d amiwia|nwo{n |mn q~g"wnhodeq xmnwn |mn q~wvnnl

md~qnmd`lq xnwn `dai|nl% \d nq|obi|n snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| swdvoeaoi` `nvn`q fdw Aneq~q

niwq 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 xn fd``dxnl |mn bn|mdld`dh q~hhnq|nl g Mne|qamn` -7333/ n|i`% adbgoeoeh aneq~q iel md~qnmd`l `nvn` li|i%

Amis|nw 9

73

_n| ied|mnw qd~wan df li|i |mi| xiq adbgoenl xo|m |mn @QBQ q~wvn li|i xiq |mi| df |mn

hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn iwniq xmnwn |mnqn md~qnmd`lq òvn% Qoean xn mil iaanqq |d |mn

eibn df |mn ao|onq |dxeq iel vo`ìhnq xmnwn niam md~qnmd`l ovn xn xnwn ig`n |d oeadwsdwi|n |d

md~qnmd`lq li|i giqnq i xni`|m df oefdwbi|ode de ivnwihn |nbsnwi|~wn |nbsnwi|~wn viwoigoò|

i`|o|~ln qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q`dsn df |mn |nwwioe n|a% |mi| bi iaad~e| fdw |mn hndhwismoaadelo|odeq ~elnw xmoam |moq md~qnmd`l iwn bijoeh |mnow ovnòmddl% Foei`` i| |mn bdwn ihhwnhi|n

`nvn` xn i`qd ~qnl ie n}|neqovn li|i giqn de wnhodei` swoanq qd iq |d nvi`~i|n mdx wnhodei`

ihwoa~`|~wi` swoanq xnwn wnqsdeloeh |d n}dhned~q qmdajq iel xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn si||nwe df qsi|oi`

biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oq iffna|nl g loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q%

Mdxnvnw qdbn df |mn y~nq|odeq wnì|nl |d |moq q|~l aieed| gn ieqxnwnl xo|m hnenwi`

s~wsdqn @QBQ"|sn df q~wvnq% \mn ìaj |mn ln|io` oe wnì|ode |d qsnaofoa |wieqia|odeq iel

ln|io`q igd~| mdx |mn adeena| |d d~|s~| iel oes~| biwjn|q iel qsnaofoai`` mdx |mn adeena|

|d |wilnwq% \m~q oe illo|ode |d |mn bdwn hnenwi` ei|odei` nvn` wnswnqne|i|ovn q~wvnq xn mivni`qd iaadbbdli|nl xo|moe |mn q|~l |xd bdwn qbi`` qsnaofoa s~wsdqn q~wvnq% Den xiq iobnl

|d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode iel bioe|neiean oe wnì|ovn ìwhn qibs`n df

md~qnmd`lq adboeh 731= md~qnmd`lq loq|wog~|nl ibdeh 19< df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~%

\mn d|mnw adeqolnwq i vnw qbi`` qibs`n df md~qnmd`l |mi| adeena|q |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm vnw

loffnwne| xiq -i fowq| hwd~s |mwd~hm w~wi` bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel |mn d|mnw |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl

|wiajq/% \moq ade|wiq| i``dxq ~q |d wnadwl ed| de` loffnwneanq oe |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q g~| i`qd

oe |wieqia|ode adq|q iel bdwn hnenwi`` oe |mn xiq |mnqn adq|q iffna| |mn adbs`n}o| df |mnow

biwjn| n}amiehn wnì|odeqmosq% \mn i~|mdw df |moq q|~l xiq oevd`vnl oe adeq|w~a|oeh |mnqibsòeh fwibnxdwj iel y~nq|odeeiown df |mn fowq| q~wvn iel xiq oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel

obs`nbne|oeh |mn qnadel den%

I`|md~hm o| qmd~`l gn dgvod~q |mi| q~am lovnwqn li|igiqnq bi oelnnl mivn qdbn

oeadeqoq|neaonq gn|xnne |mnb -|d q|iw| loffnwnean oe |mn niwq xmne |mn xnwn ad``na|nl iel

loffnwne| qibsòeh fwibnxdwjq/ xn q|wdeh` gnònvn |mi| xn ad~`l ed| |iaj`n |mn adbs`n}o|

df d~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq of xn lol ed| mivn |~wenl oe|d |moq gwdil q|wi|nh% Df ad~wqn i`deh

niam amis|nw iel oe d~w adea`~loeh amis|nw xn gwoeh i||ne|ode |d |mn bn|mdld`dhoai`

adbs`n}o|onq |mi| |moq q|wi|nh miq hnenwi|nl%

9%< D~|òen df |mn q|~l

\mn q|~l oq q|w~a|~wnl iaadwloeh |d |mn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq lnqawognl oe qna|ode 9%7 adbgoenl

xo|m |mn adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mi| oq ìol ldxe oe ln|io` oe Amis|nw 7 xmnwn |mn wnqniwam

y~nq|odeq xn illwnqq iwn qmdxe oe |mn ade|n}| df xmi| |mn ò|nwi|~wn miq qiol igd~| |mn

wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` sdvnw|%

O| oq obsdw|ie| |d mohmòhm| |mi| |moq o|nwi|~wn wnvonx oq lden ~qoeh iq i giqn i ilis|nl ovnòmddl

adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj xmnwn iq xn xo`` qnn oe Amis|nw 7 oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q aie gnadeena|nl |d ovnòmddl d~|adbnq -obswdvnl iaanqq |d qnwvoanq amiehnq oe swdl~a|ovo| igdw

Oe|wdl~a|ode

79

i``dai|odeq biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq oeadbn qd~wanq iel ~`|obi|n` |d oeadbn n}snelo|~wnq

iel iqqn| iaa~b~ì|ode/ |mwd~hm i e~bgnw df bnloi|oeh fia|dwq wnì|nl |d biawd"sdòa

hndhwism qdaoi` wnì|odeq iel oeq|o|~|odeq dw nvne n}|nwei` qmdajq%

Foh~wn 9%9 swdvolnq i wdil bis igd~| |mn loffnwne| adbsdene|q oe xmoam |mn q|~l miq

gnne lovolnl% Iq xn aie qnn mnwn xn aie mivn loffnwne| si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam w~wiòefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| w~wi` nadedboa hwdx|m iel

~`|obi|n` |mn òvnòmddlq df w~wi` Snw~% \mn adeena|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode

iel biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel nadedboa hwdx|m ad~`l dsnwi|n i| biawdnadedboa dw i|

boawdnadedboa nvn`% Oe |mn fowq| aiqn xn bi qnn amiehnq oe |mn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode df |mn

iqqn| giqn iel amiehnq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we df swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q% \mnqn wi|nq df wn|~we

iwn iffna|nl g |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn qsnaofoa dai|odeq xmnwn |mn sddw òvn iel bi i`qd gn

iffna|nl g ie adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |mi| |ijnq sìan% Nvi`~i|oeh |mnqn

adeena|odeq xo`` mn`s ~q |d wnqsdel |mn fowq| |mwnn y~nq|odeq swnqne|nl oe qna|ode 9%7% I| |mnboawdnadedboa `nvn` |mn adeena|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel w~wi` òvnòmddlq bi

daa~w i| biwjn| `nvn` |mwd~hm `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel

amiehnq oe wnì|ovn swoanq xmoam iffna| mdx md~qnmd`l wnia| |d biwjn| amiehnq mdx |mn

adeena| |d |mnb iel |mn obsia| |mi| |moq adeena|ode bi mivn oe |mnow òvnòmddlq% \mnqn

md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa obsia|q bi gn wnì|nl |d amiehnq oe fia|dw i``dai|ode -ìgdw i``dai|ode

ìel ~qihn awds amdoan dw oes~| bo}/ dw amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh si||nweq -qi`n bo} dw biwjn|oeh

amieen`q/% I`` df |mnqn si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|

bi ~`|obi|n` mivn ie obsia| oe |mn ovnòmddlq df w~wi` oemigo|ie|q qmisoeh sdvnw| oeadbnloq|wog~|ode iel iqqn| iaa~b~ì|ode oe |mn iwniq xmnwn q~am oevnq|bne|q iwn i``dai|nl%

Amis|nw 1 oe |moq q|~l hovnq ~q i fowq| ddj |d w~wi` sdvnw| oe Snw~ fwdb ie iqqn| giqnl

sdoe| snwqsna|ovn% Xn mivn lnaolnl |d `ddj i| sdvnw| ed| k~q| iq i oeadbn dw n}snelo|~wn

hi~hn g~| wnì|n o| |d i bdwn adbswnmneqovn lnfoeo|ode giqnl de iqqn|q iaanqqoeh iel |mn

igoò| df w~wi` md~qnmd`l |d iaa~b~ì|n dw mivn bdwn iel gn||nw iaanqq |d |mnb% \moq amis|nw

qmdxq |mn qmdw| w~e leiboaq df iqqn| iaa~b~ì|ode iel qmdxq mdx jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~we df |mdqn swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe

|mn miel df |mn sddw%En}| oe Amis|nw < xn ill i awo|oai` n`nbne| |d |mn iei`qoq; xmoam oq |mi| df hndhwism%

Xn mivn i`wnil bne|odenl |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism oe Snw~% \moq amis|nw illwnqq xmn|mnw

hndhwism oq |mn bioe ln|nwboeie| df biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` òvnòmddlq oe Snw~ dw

i`|nwei|ovn of oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi mn`s |d dvnwadbn |mn sd|ne|oi` enhi|ovn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqn

hndhwism% Xn gnònvn |mi| oe |mn iei`qoq df |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

iel hndhwism ònq qdbn df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l%

G adeq|w~a|oeh i qsnaofoa iel edvn` bniq~wn fdw |wieqia|ode adq|q Amis|nw > q|~lonq

xmi| oq |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe qmisoeh |mdqn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel iffna|oeh |mn wnì|ovnswoanq |mn md~qnmd`l fian oe oes~| iel d~|s~| biwjn|q% Amis|nw 6 fd``dxq i wnì|nl si|m ddjoeh

Amis|nw 9



77

F o h ~ w n 9 % 9

Q | ~ l y f w i b n x d w j

Oe|wdl~a|ode



71

i| iwgo|wihn adq|q iel qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% G adeena|oeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d

|mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne|q df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q |d n}|nwei` qmdajq |mn amis|nw sivnq |mn xi

|d loqa~qq qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea iel |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe obswdvoeh biwjn|

snwfdwbiean% \d d~w jedx`nlhn |moq oq |mn fowq| |obn |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq gnne

adeena|nl |d b~`|oviwoi|n bniq~wnq df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%\mn q|~l df igdw i``dai|odeq oe loffnwne| oefwiq|w~a|~wn qn||oehq oq s~wq~nl oe Amis|nw

8% Iq xn xo`` aìob oe Amis|nw 7 |mwd~hm ie n}|neqovn o|nwi|~wn wnvonx xn gnònvn |mi| |dhn|mnw

xo|m amiehoeh iaanqq |d jn s~gòa qnwvoanq w~wi` ìgdw d~|adbnq iwn |mn fowq| den xn qmd~`l

qnn dean ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| qn||`nq% \moq missneq gnai~qn oe |mn ade|n}| df |moe

ìgdw biwjn|q iel vnw `dx dssdw|~eo| adq|q w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn dsneq enx xihn iel ede

xihnl qd~wanq df oeadbn xmoam |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`l q|iw|q n}s`dwoeh oe i xi |d lovnwqof o|q

oeadbn sdw|fdòd% \moq lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nh bi gn i xi |d adsn xo|m |mnow v~ènwigoò|

-fdw n}ibs`n fdw |mdqn xo|m o||`n iel iqqn|q/ g~| bi i`qd gn wnì|nl |d |mn n}s`dwi|ode df enxiel bdwn swdfo|ig`n ìgdw dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mdqn |mi| mivn |mn adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q |d |ijn

ilvie|ihn df |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi` df i enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%

Amis|nw = fd``dxq |mn si|m oeo|oi|nl oe |mn swnvod~q amis|nw `ddjoeh i| |mn oeadbn

n}snelo|~wn iel qivoehq nffna|q |mi| i enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi gwoeh igd~|% \moq oq lden ilis|oeh

wnì|ovn` enx obsia| iqqnqqbne| bn|mdld`dhonq |d |mn siw|oa~ìwo|onq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q% Ihioe mnwn xn aie qnn |mi| ìgdw biwjn|q iwn |mn fowq| |d wnia| |d |mnqn enx

biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq% Mdxnvnw xn i`qd qmdx |mi| |mn sdqqogoò| df |~weoeh |moq òvnòmddl

obswdvnbne| oe i q~q|ioe den oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oehq ennl |d iaadbsie |mn swdanqq qd iq |dadeena| |moq enx oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq |d bdwn snwbiene| gnmivodwi` amiehnq |mi|

bi wnelnw nvne bdwn gnenfo|q of |mn iwn q~q|ioenl oe |obn%

Foei`` Amis|nw ? s~``q |dhn|mnw i`` d~w wnqniwam wnq~`|q iel swnqne|q |mnb oe q~am i xi

o| illwnqqnq d~w fd~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Xmo`n ldoeh |mi| |mn amis|nw hdnq oe|d |mn bioe |mndwn|oai`

iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq iq xn`` iq |mn bioe bn|mdld`dhoai` denq |mi| xn gnònvn xn mivn s~|

fdwxiwl% \mn sdòa obsòai|odeq df |mdqn ade|wog~|odeq iwn |mn foei` lnq|oei|ode sdoe| oe |moq

ibgo|od~q wnqniwam wdil adeena|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|%

Of adwwna| xn bi gn oe |mn wohm| si|m |d bijn |mn biwjn|q wni`` xdwj fdw |mn sddw%

Amis|nw 9

7<

7>

Amis|nw 7

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|;

i wnvonx df |mn ò|nwi|~wn

7%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode

\mn 9??< Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw| lnfoenq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe i eiwwdx` xi iq '`deh ovnl

nehoennwnl q|w~a|~wnq ny~osbne| iel fiaoò|onq iel |mn qnwvoanq |mn swdvoln |mi| iwn ~qnl oe

nadedboa swdl~a|ode iel g md~qnmd`lq' Xdw`l Giej -9??</% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/

mdxnvnw |ddj oqq~n de |mn lnfoeo|ode df 'oefwiq|w~a|~wn' qmdxoeh mdx |mn adeans| miq nvd`vnl

qoean |mn xdwj df Iw|m~w @nxoq iel |mi| df I`gnw| Mowqambie% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/

wnadheo{n |mi| xo|m |mn oeawniqoeh obsdw|iean df |mn wd`n df ihwoa~`|~wn oe nadedboalnvn`dsbne| |mn ò|nwi|~wn q|iw|nl oea`~loeh ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam n}|neqode qnwvoanq foeieaoi`

oeq|o|~|odeq dw$iel owwohi|ode iq siw| df i b~am gwdilnw adeans| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

I| |mn bdwn adeans|~i` nvn` |mn adevne|odei` |mndwonq de s~gòa hddlq q|iw|oeh fwdb

|mn qnboei` iw|oa`n xwo||ne g Qib~n`qde -9?></ wnadheo{n |mi| s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iwn hddlq

|mi| iwn |soai`` |nameoai` oelovoqog`n mivn dx n}a`~ligoò| deh ofn iel iwn wiwn` |wilnl%

\mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq mivn biln |mnb |mn joel df hddlq |mi| iwn |soai`` swdvolnl g |mn

s~gòa qna|dw%

Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ g~o`loeh oe |mn lnfoeo|ode ìol d~| g Xmiw|de -9?68/ loq|oeh~oqmnl|mn fd``dxoeh 99 adbsdene|q df ihwoa~`|~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn; -9/ owwohi|ode iel s~gòa xi|nw

fiaoò|onq: -7/ |wieqsdw| fiaoò|onq: -1/ q|dwihn fiaoò|onq: -</ biwjn|oeh iel n}sdw| fiaoò|onq: ->/

swdanqqoeh fiaoò|onq: -6/ ~|oò|onq: -8/ ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam iel n}|neqode qnwvoanq: -=/

adbb~eoai|ode iel oefdwbi|ode qnwvoanq: -?/ qdo` adeqnwvi|ode qnwvoanq: -93/ awnlo| iel foeieaoi`

oeq|o|~|odeq: iel -99/ nl~ai|ode iel mni`|m fiaoò|onq%

I`|md~hm xn bi ihwnn xo|m |mn igdvn òq| xn |moej |mi| o| qmd~`l gn òq|nl ~elnw |mn

eibn df w~wi` oeq|nil df ihwoa~`|~wn oefwiq|w~a|~wn gnai~qn iq Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ wnadheo{n o|

oea`~lnq o|nbq |mi| fiaoò|i|n ed| de` ihwoa~`|~wi` g~| i`qd ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` -xihnl dwoelnsnelne|/ oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq% D~w q|~l `ddjq i| w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~qoeh iq i

q|iw|oeh sdoe| |moq gwdil lnfoeo|ode iq o| neadbsiqqnq i wiehn df s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq |mi|

mivn dx n}a`~ligoò| mivn deh ofn iel iwn wiwn` |wilnl% I`|md~hm fwdb amis|nw |d amis|nw

|mn qsnaofoa fda~q df iei`qoq eiwwdxq ldxe |d i qsnaofoa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw i adbgoei|ode

df |mnb xn gnònvn |mi| i`` iei`|oai` iel bn|mdld`dhoai` adea`~qodeq iwn issòaig`n |d bdq|

of ed i`` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq òq|nl igdvn%

\mn ihhwnhi|n oejihnq gn|xnne sdvnw| iel w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn gnne n}|neqovn`

loqa~qqnl oe |mn o|nwi|~wn% Qnn fdw n}ibs`n Xdw`l Giej -9??</ @os|de iel Wivi`òde -9??>/Kobnen{ -9??>/ Vie Ln Xi``n -9??6/ ibdeh bie d|mnwq% Fdw qna|dw qsnaofoa loqa~qqodeq

76

-òjn |mn wd`n df w~wi` wdilq dw n`na|woao| oe sdvnw| wnl~a|ode/ qnn fdw n}ibs`n Mdxn iel

Woamiwlq -9?=</ Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ Kiadg -9??=/ dw @ngd iel Qamn`òeh -7339/%

Bdq| df |mnqn q|~lonq wnadheo{n |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq oelnnl i sdxnwf~` obsia|

oe w~wi` oeadbn% \mn qsnaofoa òejihnq iel |mn ai~qi` amioe |mi| gwoehq igd~| |moq d~|adbn

mdxnvnw iwn ~q~i`` ed| q|~lonl% \mn swdg`nb xo|m |moq ìaj df ~elnwq|ieloeh df |mn ai~qi`wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq

iel xn`fiwn obswdvnbne| oq |mi| |mnwn oq ò||`n wddb fdw sdòa wnadbbneli|ode d|mnw |mie

q~hhnq|oeh ie dvnwi`` oeawniqn oe s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|% \mn sdqqogoò| df niqoeh

jn gd||`nenajq |mi| iffna| |moq ai~qi` amioe oq ~elnwboenl%

Oe i xdw`l xo|m qaiwao| df foeieaoi` wnqd~wanq òjn |mn den |mi| swnvio`q oe bdq|

lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq jedxoeh |mn wnì|ovn swdfo|igoò| df niam |sn df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq

awo|oai`: |mi| oq jedxoeh xmnwn iel oe xmi| |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| qmd~`l niam

illo|odei` ld`ìw gn qsne|% Oe illo|ode iq awo|oai` iq jedxoeh xmoam |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo``

wnelnw |mn mohmnw wn|~we oe |nwbq df hwdx|m sdvnw| dw oeadbn loq|wog~|ode o| oq i`qd awo|oai` |d

~elnwq|iel |mn ai~qi` si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam |mnqn obsia|q daa~w% \moq oq nqsnaoi`` obsdw|ie|

of xn iwn oe|nwnq|nl oe lnvoqoeh sdòa wnadbbneli|odeq |mi| bi bi}obo{n |mn xn`fiwn obsia|

df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|% Oe |moq ade|n}| qdbn df |mn ami``nehnq oe |moq iwni iwn;

) Olne|ofoeh oevnq|bne| dssdw|~eo|onq |mi| hnenwi|n i b~`|osònw nffna| g i||wia|oeh

illo|odei` s~gòa iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|q |d w~wi` nadedbonq

) êlnwq|ieloeh |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne loffnwne| |snq df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iel gn|xnne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn| neldxbne|q -m~bie aiso|i` smqoai`

iel foeieaoi` aiso|i` dw qdaoi` aiso|i`/ |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn mielq df w~wi` lxn``nwq qd

iq |d bi}obo{n |mn obsia| df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|

) êlnwq|ieloeh xmi| gd||`nenajq -smqoai` dw oeq|o|~|odei`/ ~elnwboen |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi`

df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%

\d bnn| |mnqn ami``nehnq xn ennl |d ~elnwq|iel f~`` |mn ai~qi` òejq gn|xnne s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel amiehnq oe w~wi` md~qnmd`l gnmivodw%

Oe dwlnw |d i||ioe |moq d~w adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj oq wdd|nl oe |mn wnane| o|nwi|~wn de ovnòmddl

q|wi|nhonq9% Iq aie gn qnne oe Foh~wn 7%9 |mn òvnòmddl giqn bi oea`~ln |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

qnwvoanq i w~wi` md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d% Of |mnwn oq i sdqo|ovn qmdaj |d |moq ovnòmddl giqn fdw

n}ibs`n |mwd~hm qdbn joel df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| -o%n% i enx dw obswdvnl wdil iaanqq

|d n`na|woao| w~wi` |n`nadbb~eoai|ode xi|nw dw qieo|i|ode fiaoò|onq/ |moq xo`` iffna| md~qnmd`l

òvnòmddl q|wi|nhonq% Mdx ovnòmddl q|wi|nhonq amiehn gnai~qn df |moq sdòa qmdaj xo`` lnsnel

de |mn ade|n}| xmnwn q~am oevnq|bne| |ijnq sìan xmoam bi oea`~ln ed| de` |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq

df |mn smqoai` nevowdebne| xmnwn |moq md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl -qdbn|moeh |mi| xn wnfnw iq

9 Qnn fdw n}ibs`n Aiwen -9??=/dw N`òq -7333/

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn ò|nwi|~wn



78

Amis|nw 7

F o h ~ w n 7 % 9

7=


'hndhwism'/ g~| i`qd |mn qdaoi` iel oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh |mn biawd sdòa iel |mn oe|nwei|odei`

|wnelq iel foei`` ie d|mnw qmdaj |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l bi gn q~gkna| |d%

Iq ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| amiehnq |mn òvnòmddl giqn o|q obsia| xo`` gn wnf`na|nl

oe ie obswdvnl iaanqq |d qnwvoanq oe amiehnq oe |mn ~|oò{i|ode df igdw iel d|mnw fia|dw biwjn|q

oe amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq iel ~`|obi|n` oe amiehnq oe ovnòmddl lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq%Oe |~we |mnqn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq lnsneloeh de |mn iqqn| giqn xo`` mn`s adsn xo|m dw

wnl~an v~ènwigoò|onq dw xo`` gn ~qnl iq i qniwam bnamieoqb fdw enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq |mi|

xd~`l nemiean |mn iqqn| giqn iel i``dx |mnqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d nqaisn fwdb sdvnw|%

Fd``dxoeh |moq adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |moq q|~l `ddjq i| |mn loffnwne| si|mq |mwd~hm

xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| bi iffna| w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel ~`|obi|n` |mn

òvnòmddl df |mn w~wi` sddw% Iq xn mivn qnne oe Amis|nw 9 oe siw|oa~ìw oe Foh~wn 9%9 xn

nevoqihn |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi mivn biawdnadedboa iel boawdnadedboa obsia|q%

I| |mn biawdnadedboa `nvn` obswdvnl iaanqq |d enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi amiehn |mnbiwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we df |mn bioe oefwiq|w~a|~wn xn bi gn nvi`~i|oeh g~| o| bi i`qd iffna|

|mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we df d|mnw s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq |mn wn|~weq |d |mdqn swovi|n

iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn miel df |mn sddw% \m~q fwdb amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q

iel |mn wi|n df wn|~weq df s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q xn bi |wian |mn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q de w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%

De |mn d|mnw miel boawdnadedboa nffna|q aie gn |wianl |mwd~hm amiehnq oe biwjn|

qsnaofoa wnì|odeqmosq dw md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa gnmivodwi` amiehnq% Oe |mn fowq| aiqn biwjn| qsnaofoa

obsia|q aie gn wnì|nl |d |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q dw |mn obswdvnbne| df biwjn|oe|nhwi|ode iffna|oeh oe |moq xi biwjn| nffoaonea iel |mn q|w~a|~wn df wnì|ovn swoan i w~wi`

md~qnmd`l xo`` fian% Boawdnadedboa nffna|q aie i`qd gn |wianl i| |mn md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa nvn`

iq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q amiehnq fia|dw biwjn|q iffna|oeh oes~| amdoan iel bo} iq xn``

iq igdw i``dai|ode% I`` |mnqn obsia|q aie gn q~bbiwo{nl iq xn qmdx oe Foh~wn 9%9 oe amiehnq

oe xni`|m oeloai|dwq -oeadbn iel iqqn|q/ nemieaoeh òvnòmddl qna~wo| df |mn w~wi` sddw%

Oe dwlnw |d s~| oe snwqsna|ovn d~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq iel |mn adeans|~i` iel bn|mdld`dhoai`

ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l oe |mn wnbioeoeh qna|odeq df |moq amis|nw xn hd |mwd~hm xmi| |mn

ò|nwi|~wn miq qiol igd~| |mn loffnwne| si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|iffna|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel |mwd~hm o| w~wi` òvnòmddl qna~wo|%

7%7 Biawdnadedboa obsia|q; sdvnw| iel hwdx|m

Xn aie |wian |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel hwdx|m iq fiw giaj iq |mn xwo|oehq df

nadedboq| Ild`f Xihenw iel Hndhwismnw Kdmiee Mnoewoam vde \m~ene xmoam iajedx`nlhnl

|mn obsdw|iean df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe lnvn`dsbne|7% Bdq| df |mn |mndwn|oai` lnvn`dsbne|q

7 Xihenw‟q xdwj de |mn wd`n df s~gòa n}snelo|~wnq xwo||ne oe 9=?3 aie gn fd~el oe B~qhwivn iel Sniadaj -9??</%Vde \m~ene xdwj oq loqa~qqnl oe ln|io` oe Qib~n`qde -9?=1/%



7?

oe |moq iwni oea`~loeh |mn q|ieliwl endaìqqoai` |mndw mivn |soai`` iqq~bnl |mi| aiso|i`

iaa~b~ì|odeq -oe siw|oa~ìw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q/ iwn q~gkna| |d loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq% Of

|moq oq |mn aiqn |mn sd|ne|oi` gnenfo|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi gn wnq|woa|nl g i

wiehn df obo|oeh fia|dwq oea`~loeh |mn iaj df adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q dw |mn swnqnean df

oeq|o|~|odei` gd||`nenajq% Mdxnvnw neldhned~q hwdx|m |mndw ZWdbnw -9?=6/ @~aiq -9?==/Rmiq qmdxe i| niq| i| |mn |mndwn|oai` nvn` |mi| loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq nffna| aie gn sdq|sdenl dw

nòboei|nl qd |mi| |mn hwdx|m wi|nq oe |mn nadedb aie gn sdqo|ovn` iffna|nl g oevnq|bne|q

oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mn `deh w~e% Oe illo|ode |mn ò|nwi|~wn adboeh fwdb |mn 'enx nadedboa

hndhwism' Jw~hbie -9??9/ miq sdoe|nl d~| |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi oel~an |d|i`

fia|dw swdl~a|ovo| hwdx|m |mwd~hm nadedbonq qai`n gwd~hm| fwdb biwjn| n}sieqode

ihh`dbnwi|ode nadedbonq oe qsi|oi` a`~q|nwq dw oeedvi|ode"oel~anl nffna|q% \m~q xmn|mnw

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q aie mivn i q~q|ioenl hwdx|m nffna| de w~wi` oeadbnq dw ed| oq ie

nbsowoai` bi||nw |mi| xo`` lnsnel ed| de` de |mn qo{n iel |sn df |mi| s~gòa oevnq|bne| g~|de i wiehn df d|mnw fia|dwq |mi| bi gddq| dw moelnw o|q nffna|q%

I`|md~hm n}|neqovn` wnvonxnl fdw lnvn`dsnl ad~e|wonq |mn ò|nwi|~wn gn|xnne

oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| iel hwdx|m oq wnì|ovn` qaiwan oe lnvn`dsoeh

ad~e|wonq% Bdq| xdwj oq adeane|wi|nl oe |mn lnvn`dsnl ad~e|wonq iel iq Awnohm|en -9??1/

wnadheo{nq o| oq bdq|` wnq|woa|nl |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df s~gòa oevnq|bne| de ihhwnhi|n

lnbiel iel d~|s~|%

\mn xdwjq df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n|

i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel Amoei iwn |mn fowq| iel bdq| adbswnmneqovni||nbs|q |d oej oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d w~wi` hwdx|m iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% \moq wnqniwam

nffdw| qmdxq |mi| oevnq|bne| oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` owwohi|ode wdilq n`na|woao| iel

|n`nadbb~eoai|odeq ade|wog~|nl ed| de` |d ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode hwdx|m g~| i`qd |d |mn

wnl~a|ode df w~wi` sdvnw| iel wnhodei` oeny~iò| oe |mnqn ad~e|wonq% \mn qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei`

wn|~weq df s~gòa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnwq iaadwloeh |d

hndhwismoa qn||oehq iel |nelq |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq| wnhodeq -|mwnn |obnq ìwhnw |mie

ei|odei` ivnwihn fdw wdilq |n`nadbb~eoai|ode iel n`na|woao|/ % \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn ny~iò| nemieaoeh% \moq òen df wnqniwammiq gnne q~aanqqf~` oe wiejoeh |mn biwhoei` nffna|q df s~gòa oevnq|bne|q de hwdx|m oeny~iò|

iel sdvnw| swdvoloeh i sdxnwf~` bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj |mi| swdvolnl |mn iaanqq |d

q~ffoaone| li|i aie gn vnw ~qnf~` fdw iei`{oeh d|mnw ad~e|wonq%

\mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl g Fie [mieh Mi{n` iel |mnow ad``nih~nq fdw Oeloi iel Amoei

dgvod~q` lnsnel awo|oai`` de |mn loq|wog~|ode df swovi|n iqqn|q gn|xnne wnhodeq iel |mn lnhwnn

df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |mi| iwn swnqne| gn|xnne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe aiqn

xmnwn swovi|n iqqn| bi gn mohm` adeane|wi|nl oe i wnhode biwhoei` wn|~weq " l~n |d q|wdeh

adbs`nbne|iwo|onq " bi gn mohmnw oe |mi| wnhode iffna|oeh enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%\moq oq df ad~wqn ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode |mi| ennlq |d gn |nq|nl oe niam ade|n}|%

Amis|nw 7



13

\ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq xn iwn illwnqqoeh oe |moq q|~l |xd iwniq df

ney~own iwn df siw|oa~ìw obsdw|iean xmne xn `ddj i| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn

w~wi` sdvnw| iel hwdx|m; i/ |mn ei|~wn df |mn ai~qi` òej gn|xnne |mnqn viwoig`nq: iel g/ |mn

n}oq|nean df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| bi sdq|sdenl dw nòboei|nl |mn loboeoqmoeh

wn|~weq nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% En}| xn xo`` wnvonx |mn o|nwi|~wn ade|wog~|ode deniam df |mnqn |xd iwniq%

Ai~qiò|y òejq

\mn ai~qiò| oqq~n oq den |mi| miq wnanovnl qdbn i||ne|ode oe |mn ò|nwi|~wn% Ldnq oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne| `nil |d hwdx|m dw ldnq oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`ds iq i lnwovnl lnbiel wnì|nl xo|m i

mohmnw hwdx|m sian4 Bdq| q|~lonq mivn ed| gnne ig`n |d qd`vn |moq oqq~n% Oe i qnboei` iw|oa`n de

|moq |dsoa Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ olne|ofonq qnvnwi` òejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|

iel hwdx|m xmoam bi daa~w qob~`|iend~q`% Fdw n}ibs`n gn||nw neldxnl wnhodeq iwn bdwn

òjn` |d swnqq fdw illo|odei` s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn hnenwi|oeh i qn`f"nefdwaoeh si||nwe% I| |mn

qibn |obn xn aie qnn hndhwismoa sdvnw| |wisq òjn |mdqn bne|odenl g Kiìe iel Wivi`òde

-7337/ xmnwn `nqq neldxnl iwniq iwn `nf| d~| fwdb s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|odeq%

Xdwjoeh xo|m wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn Y~nowd{ iel Hi~|ib -9??7/ ade|nelq |mi| |mnwn iwn

qnvnwi` oeloai|odeq |mi| wdilq qmd~`l swnanln lnvn`dsbne|% \mn iwh~n iq Goeqxiehnw n| i`%

-9??1/ lol |mi| |mn iaj df wdilq oq i qoheofoaie| adeq|wioe| de |mn q~ss` wnqsdeqn df ihwoa~`|~wn%

F~w|mnwbdwn |mn wnsdw| oe i q|~l de Oeloi g |mn Ane|wi` Wdil Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n qmdxoeh

|mi| ò|nwia ihwoa~`|~wi` on`l iel mni`|m aiwn oeawniqn xo|m wdil lneqo|% De |mn d|mnw miel

Iqami~nw -9??8/ miq qmdxe |mi| swdl~a|ovo| -o%n% d~|s~| snw ~eo| df swovi|n aiso|i` iel igdw/oq sdqo|ovn` wnì|nl |d hdvnwebne| qsneloeh de oefwiq|w~a|~wn xmoam bi gn ie oeloai|dw df

hwdx|m iffna|oeh |mn wi|n df iaa~b~ì|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%

Li|| iel Wivi`òde -9??6/ `ddjoeh i| Oeloie li|i mivn qmdxe |mi| oeo|oi` adelo|odeq

bi||nw xmne o| adbnq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn% \mdqn xmd q|iw|nl |mn snwodl xo|m gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iel m~bie wnqd~wanq " xo|m bdwn oe|neqn owwohi|ode hwni|nw o|nwia iel dxnw oefie| bdw|iò|

wi|nq " mil qoheofoaie|` hwni|nw deh"|nwb wi|nq df adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%

@ìam`nw iel Iqami~nw -9??=/ mivn qmdxe |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne i qq|nbi|oa ad"bdvnbne|

df oefwiq|w~a|~wn n}snelo|~wnq iel nadedboa hwdx|m oe Bn}oad g~| |mn fd~el ed nvolnean |d

nq|igòqm ie ai~qi` wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel hwdx|m% Den

wniqde fdw |moq oq |mn s~gòa oevnq|bne|‟q awdxloeh d~| nffna| de swovi|n oevnq|bne|% Ied|mnw

n}sìei|ode bi gn wnì|nl |d mdx |mn s~gòa oevnq|bne| bi mivn gnne foeieanl iq o| bi

mivn iffna|nl d|mnw jn adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q lden g |mn s~gòa qna|dw%

Hndhwism bi i`qd sì i awo|oai` wd`n n}sìoeoeh |mn ai~qi` oej gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q iel w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m dw sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%1 Vneig`nq iel @obád -9???/ fdw

1

Ie obsdw|ie| sdoe| |d gn mohmòhm|nl mnwn oq |mi| hndhwism wnì|nl viwoig`nq iwn den df |mn fnx |mi| bi gnadeqolnwnl |w~` n}dhned~q xmne iei`{oeh |mn ai~qiò| gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|dw w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%




19

n}ibs`n fd~el |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel hndhwism oe|nwia| gn|xnne niam d|mnw iel ln|nwboen |mn

lowna|ode iel wnì|ovn qo{n df |wiln f`dxq% \mnqn i~|mdwq lnfoen |wieqsdw| oe|neqo| iel qmdx mdx

`dai|ode iel |wieqsdw| oe|neqo| qmd~`l gn adbgoenl xo|m fia|dw ig~eliean iel fia|dw oe|neqo|

oe ln|nwboeoeh |wiln si||nweq% Nvne bdwn |mn q|i|n |mi| i |mndw giqnl de de` den qn| df |mdqn

viwoig`nq q~am iq fia|dw ig~eliean xo`` qq|nbi|oai`` bijn oeadwwna| swnloa|odeq%Mdxnvnw hndhwism bi i`qd gn i giwwonw |d hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% Aiwenbiwj

n| i`% -9?86/ `ddjoeh i| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne w~wi` wdilq iel nadedboa d~|adbnq q|i|n |mi|

bdq| df |mn q|~lonq |mi| wnsdw| oe |mn gnenfo|q df |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn fda~qnl oe |mn

y~ie|ofoai|ode df wdil ~qnw qivoehq ed| sioeh b~am i||ne|ode |d |mn nvi`~i|ode df swdkna|q xmnwn

|moq s~gòa oevnq|bne| hnenwi|nl enx |wiffoa% \mn q|~lonq df|ne enh`na|nl |mn n}oq|nean df

hndhwismoa adeq|wioe|q oe |mn iwni df oef`~nean df |mn wdil xmoam obo| o|q lnvn`dsbne|i` obsia|%

Wivi`òde -7331/ ~qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb Amoei |iaj`nq |moq oqq~n iel qmdxq |mi| |mnwn iwn oelnnl

hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq |mi| bi iwoqn fwdb |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne |mn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|odedf `dai` nadedboa ia|ovo| iel |mn biwhoei` wn|~we |d swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|% Fdw |moq i~|mdw

|moq oe|nwia|ode oq i a`niw qohe |mi| |mn iaj df lnvn`dsbne| oe w~wi` iwniq adbnq fwdb ie oeilny~i|n

swdvoqode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel m~bie aiso|i` qd |d |ijn ilvie|ihn df |mnqn n}|nweiò|onq%

Iq Nqfimieo iel Wibown{ -7331/ bioe|ioe |mn nbsowoai` iqqnqqbne| df |mn wnì|odeqmos

gn|xnne obswdvnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel w~wi` oeadbn dw d|mnw wn`nvie| d~|adbn

viwoig`n miq gnne q~gkna| |d e~bnwd~q awo|oaoqbq bdq| df |mnb iqqdaoi|nl |d swdg`nbq df

neldhneno| iel lowna|ode df ai~qiò|% I`|md~hm |mn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q swdl~a|ovo|

iel oeadbn nadedboa hwdx|m iel oeadbn n}sieqode i`qd iffna| |mn lnbiel iel |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Loqwnhiwloeh |moq qob~`|iend~q wnì|odeqmos bi goiq adeqolnwig` ie nbsowoai`

iqqnqqbne| df |mn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%

ê|o` wnane|` |mn sdqqogoò| df olne|ofoeh ai~qi` wnì|odeq gn|xnne iaanqq |d

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo| dw w~wi` oeadbn xiq òbo|nl |d

biawdnadedboa q|~lonq giqnl de |obn qnwonq li|i xmnwn o| xiq olne|ofonl of |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne| swnanlnl dw ed| |mn nffna|q |mi| q~ssdqnl` xnwn i||wog~|nl |d |moq oevnq|bne|% Oe

nadedbn|woa |nwbq |moq oq ai``nl Hwiehnw ai~qiò|% Oe wnane| niwq mdxnvnw |miejq |d |mn

lnvn`dsbne| df nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq -Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ dw Mnajbie n| i`%-9??=// |mn o|nwi|~wn miq ilvieanl oe nq|igòqmoeh ai~qi` oejq fwdb boawdnadedboa nvolnean

adbsiwoeh |mn |wikna|dw df oelovol~i`q q~gkna| |d qdbn oe|nwvne|ode oe adbsiwoqde xo|m |mn

|wikna|dw df d|mnw adbsiwig`n oelovol~i`q |mi| mivn ed| gnne q~gkna| |d |mn qibn oe|nwvne|ode%

Adbs`nbne|iwy oe|nwvne|odeq iel |mn wn|~weq |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

Lnqso|n o| oq ie dgvod~q iel awo|oai` iwni fdw wnqniwam |mnwn oq vnw o||`n adeans|~i` dw swia|oai`

iei`qoq |mi| loqa~qqnq |mn sd|ne|oi` adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |mi| bi iwoqn g adbgoeoeh bdwn

|mie |xd |sn df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw |mn oe|nwia|ode |mi| bi hnenwi|n adbgoeoeh s~gòaoefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q%

Amis|nw 7

17

I| |mn adeans|~i` nvn` Fnwwnowi -9??>/ swdsdqnq i bdln` df xni`|m loq|wog~|ode leiboaq

xo|m i aiso|i` biwjn| obsnwfna|odeq iel i swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode xmnwn s~gòa aiso|i` oq

adbs`nbne|iw |d swovi|n aiso|i`% Mn qmdxq |mi| oeawniqnq oe ede"|iwhn|nl s~gòa oevnq|bne|

dvnw qdbn wiehn `nilq |d ~eibgoh~d~q` `nqq oeny~iò| df dssdw|~eo| iq xn`` iq |d hwni|nw

d~|s~|% Of |mi| xnwn |mn aiqn |mn wi|odei`n fdw ie ia|ovn wd`n fdw |mn hdvnwebne| oe oefwiq|w~a|~wnswdvoqode xo`` gn a`niw` hwie|nl%

De |mn nbsowoai` qoln den df |mn fnx q|~lonq |mi| n}sòao|` |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn

adbs`nbne|iwo| ei|~wn df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq |mi| df Vie Ln Xi``n -7333/% Mn qmdxq |mi|

|mn biwhoei` hioeq fwdb oevnq|bne| oe smqoai` aiso|i` lnsnel sdqo|ovn` de jedx`nlhn qd of

i md~qnmd`l aieed| mown qjo``nl ìgdw |d adbsneqi|n fdw moq `dx qjo``q |mne nvne of o| miq

iaanqq |d awnlo| |mn md~qnmd`l xo`` iamonvn `dxnw wn|~weq |mie ie nl~ai|nl md~qnmd`l%

Aieeoeh iel Gneei|mie -7333/ q|~l s~gòa oevnq|bne| oe n`na|woao|"hnenwi|oeh aisiao|

iel sivnl wdilq iel qmdx |mi| gd|m oevnq|bne|q xmnwn adbs`nbne|iw xo|m d|mnw smqoaiàiso|i` iel m~bie aiso|i` g~| mivn wisol` loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq wdil"of oeawniqnl oe oqdì|ode%

\mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de |mn den miel iel loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq de |mn d|mnw sdoe| |d |mn

n}oq|nean df ie ds|obi` bo} df aiso|i` oes~|q bijoeh o| vnw niq fdw i ad~e|w |d mivn |dd

b~am " dw |dd ò||`n " oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

Wivi`òde -7331/ ~qoeh li|i fwdb Amoei qmdxq |mi| w~wi` ~elnwlnvn`dsbne| iwoqnq

fwdb ~elnwoevnq|bne| oe n}|nweiò|"hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq nqsnaoi`` |mdqn wnì|nl |d ihwoa~`|~wi`

lnvn`dsbne|% Mn qmdxq |mi| |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| n}|nweiò|onq iq |mn fiwbnwq aie gnenfo| fwdb

|mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`wnil oe sìan dai``% Oe siw|oa~ìw |moq i~|mdw qmdxq |mi| mohmnw `nvn`q df

ò|nwia iel dai`` iel mohmnw wdil lneqo| swdbd|n mohmnw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i| md~qnmd`l

`nvn`% Foei`` G`~b -9??=/ `ddjoeh i| |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn q|i|nq |mi| oevnq|bne| oe wdilq

aie wnl~an swnn}oq|oeh enhi|ovn n}|nweiò|onq%

Ied|mnw obsdw|ie| oqq~n i| |mn biawd `nvn` |mi| oq wnì|nl |d adbs`nbne|iwo| df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q oq |mi| df awdxloeh oe dw awdxloeh d~| df s~gòa oevnq|bne|% De |moq

oqq~n qnvnwi` q|~lonq òjn |mdqn df G`nknw iel Jmie -9?=</ Awnohm|en -9??1/ dw Kiìe iel

Wivi`òde -7337/ mivn qmdxe |mi| oe w~wi` iwniq oq vnw ~eòjn` |mi| awdxloeh d~| ad~`l

daa~w% De |mn d|mnw miel awdxloeh oe bi daa~w |mwd~hm i viwon| df amieen`q òjn |mn

awni|ode df enx lnbiel fdw swovi|n swdl~anl oe|nwbnloi|n swdl~a|q dw g `dxnwoeh |mn|wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn swdl~a|ode iel biwjn|oeh df ~ewnì|nl hddl iel qnwvoanq%

7%1 Boawdnadedboa obsia|q; biwjn| iel md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa obsia|q

Xmiw|de -9?68/ xiq den df |mn fowq| wnqniwamnwq |mi| wioqnl |mn obsdw|iean df |mn wnì|odeqmos

gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel n}|nwei` nadedbonq iel mdx |mnqn oevnq|bne|q qmisn biwjn| iel

swdl~anw gnmivodw% Mn wnadheo{nl |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` lnvn`dsbne| xiq ed| n}a`~qovn` ln|nwboenl

g |mn 'nadedbo{oeh gnmivodw df fiwbnwq' g~| xiq i`qd ln|nwboenl g |mn 'nadedbo{oeh

qn||oeh' xmoam iaadwloeh |d mob xiq biln df smqoai`"aòbi|oa qdaod"a~`|~wi` iel oeq|o|~|odeiàdbsdene|q |mi| fdwbnl |mn qd ai``nl 'ihwoa~`|~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn'% Xmiw|de -9?68/ lovolnl



11

Ihwoa~`|~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mwnn |snq; aiso|i` oe|neqovn -òjn wdilq gwolhnq dw libq/: aiso|i"

n}|neqovn -bioe` qnwvoanq òjn n}|neqode dw ihneaonq fdw sìe| iel ieobi` mni`|m/: iel

oeq|o|~|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn -adbswoqnl df fdwbi` iel oefdwbi` oeq|o|~|odeq/% I jn sdoe| mnwn oq

|mi| |mn lnvn`dsbne| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iaadbsieonq |mn lnvn`dsbne| df biwjn|q |mn bdvnbne|q

|dxiwl qsnaoiò{i|ode lovoqode df ìgdw bden|o{i|ode df swdl~a|ode iel s~wamiqn df oes~|qXmiw|de -9?68/%

Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ nq|igòqmnl |mi| |d iei`{n |mn boawdnadedboa amieen`q |mwd~hm xmoam

s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` sdvnw| xn ennl loq|oeh~oqm gn|xnne

lowna| nffna|q iel oelowna| nffna|q% \mn fowq| den adbn igd~| xmne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oeawniqn

d~|s~| g qmof|oeh |mn swdl~a|ode fwde|onw iel biwhoei` adq| a~wvn iel g oeawniqoeh |mn wi|n df

wn|~we df swovi|n oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` ia|ovo|onq% D|mnw s~gòa oevnq|bne|q amiehn |mn wnì|ovn

swoan q|w~a|~wn df oes~|q iel d~|s~|q wnl~aoeh |mnow |wieqia|ode adq|q iel hnenwi|oeh i adbs`n|n`

loffnwne| qn| df swoan qohei`q |mi| wnqmisn |mn adeena|ode df swdl~anwq xo|m |mn biwjn|% \mnqnadeena|odeq bi daa~w i| |mn biwjn| nvn` |mwd~hm dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode iel amiehnq oe wnì|ovn swoanq% \mnqn adeena|odeq bi i`qd daa~w i| |mn md~qnmd`l dw

oelovol~i` `nvn` iq i wnqsdeqn |d |mnqn biwjn| amiehnq% Oe |moq ì|nw aiqn md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa

obsia|q bi gn wnì|nl |d amiehnq oe fia|dw i``dai|ode -ìgdw i``dai|ode iel ~qihn awds amdoan

dw oes~| bo}/ dw amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh si||nweq -qi`n bo} dw biwjn|oeh amieen`q/%

I`|md~hm bie i~|mdwq mivn wnadheo{nl |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn wnì|nl n}|nweiò|onq sì i

wd`n oe w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| |mnwn oq vnw ò||`n nbsowoai` xdwj |mi| giajq |moq swdsdqo|ode i| |mn

boawdnadedboa nvn`% Of |mnqn n}|nweiò|onq iwn wnì|nl |d ovnòmddl q|wi|nhonq nbsowoai` xdwj

|mi| nvi`~i|nq mdx w~wi` md~qnmd`l xo|m loffnwne| iqqn| adbsdqo|odeq hnenwi|n loffnwne|oi|nl

òvnòmddl q|wi|nhonq bi i``dx ~q |d nvi`~i|n |mn swnqnean iel obsdw|iean df q~am nffna|q%

7%1%9 Biwjn| qsnaofoa obsia|q; |mn wd`n df |wieqia|ode adq|q

Oeq|o|~|odei` Nadedboaq miq amibsodenl |mn olni |mi| biwjn| |wieqia|odeq iwn ed| adq|`nqq%

Iqoln fwdb |mn |wieqsdw| adq|q g~nwq iel qn``nwq mivn |d adbb~eoai|n |d nq|igòqm ade|ia|

iel |mne |d giwhioe ihwnn iel n}na~|n i siw|oa~ìw |wieqia|ode xmo`n lnvn`dsoeh bnamieoqbq

|d amnaj iel nefdwan |mn lnòvnw iel sibne| df hddlq iel qnwvoanq |d gn n}amiehnl%

Xo`òibqde -9?8?/ Edw|m -9??3/ ibdeh d|mnwq mivn qmdxe |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwnoef`~neanl g ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn |wieqia|ode iwn snwfdwbnl% I`|md~hm |mn oeq|o|~|odei`

nevowdebne| -|mn w~`nq df |mn hibn/ iel oeq|o|~|odei` iwwiehnbne|q -|mn qsnaofoa iwwiehnbne|

|mi| snds`n qn| ~s fdw i siw|oa~ìw |wieqia|odeq/ iwn |mn |xd bikdw oef`~neanq de |wieqia|ode

adq|q iel de |mn woqjq df |wieqia|ode fio`~wn oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd sìq i jn wd`n fiaoò|i|oeh dw

dgq|w~a|oeh i biwjn| n}amiehn% Oe ie n}|wnbn qo|~i|ode |mn ìaj df i siw|oa~ìw oefwiq|w~a|~wn

qnwvoan -o%n% i wdil oe hddl adelo|ode dw i |n`nsmden/ bi oeawniqn |wieqia|ode adq|q |d i sdoe|

|mi| o| bijnq swdmogo|ovn` adq|` |d snwfdwb i siw|oa~ìw |wieqia|ode%

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iffna| |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mwd~hm |mnb iffna| biwjn|lnvn`dsbne|% Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ qmdxq fdw Bï}oad bio{n swdl~anwq |mi| oeq~ffoaone|

Amis|nw 7

1<

oefwiq|w~a|~wn ibdeh d|mnw jn fia|dwq xo`` oeawniqn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel ln|nwboen |mi| i

bikdwo| df |mnqn swdl~anwq bi ed| gn swdl~aoeh fdw |mn biwjn| iel adeqny~ne|` bi ed| gn

lowna|` iffna|nl iq swdl~anwq g sdòaonq |mi| iffna| |mn swoan df bio{n% Md``dxi n| i`% -7333/

qmdxq mdx |mn swdvoqode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn -bniq~wnl g |obn |d |wieqsdw| bo`j |d biwjn|/

moelnwq siw|oaosi|ode% Ginq -7339/ fdw n}ibs`n qmdxq mdx |n`nsmdenq aie gn |~wenl oe|dswdl~a|ode hddlq `dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iel gddq|oeh biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| oe Giehìlnqm%

D|mnw xdwjq |mi| adevoeaoeh` wnsdw| mdx |wieqia|ode adq|q iffna| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iwn

|mdqn df Dbibd -9??=/ Jn iel W~eq|ne -9???/ iel Awixfdwl n| i`% -7331/%

W~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd sìq i bikdw wd`n qmisoeh biwjn|q |wd~hm |mn wnl~a|ode df

|wieqsdw| iel |wieqia|odeq adq|q g obswdvoeh qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Of |wieqsdw|i|ode iel

|wieqia|ode adq|q iwn dx biwjn|oeh oe|nhwi|ode oq sdqqog`n% Of ed| i~|iwam xo`` swnvio`% Giloien

iel Qmovn` -9??=/ J~osnw n| i`% -9???/ Igl~ìo -7333/ ibdeh d|mnwq mivn ~qnl b~`|oviwoi|n

adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq |d nq|obi|n |mn lnhwnn df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% \mnqn q|~lonqmivn qmdxe |mi| qdbn biwjn|q bi wnqsdel fiq|nw |mie d|mnwq xmne |mn iwn iffna|nl g qdbn

n}dhned~q qmdaj% Mdxnvnw xmi| fia|dwq iwn gnmoel |mnqn wnq~`|q oq q|o`` qdbn|moeh |mi| miq

ed| gnne q~ffoaone|` wnqniwamnl%

I`|md~hm |mn |mndwn|oai` ò|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq vnw n}|neqovn |mn ò|nwi|~wn

iqqdaoi|nl |d bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oq qaiwan ZGdnwenw iel Biamnw -7337/ Xieh

-7331/R% Wnane|` Wnejdx n| i`% -733</ mivn nq|obi|nl fo} |wieqia|ode adq|q -|mi| oq |mdqn

adq|q |mi| ld ed| lnsnel de |mn vd`~bn |wilnl/ |mi| bi swnvne| iaanqq |d biwjn| |d anw|ioe

swdl~anwq% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode df q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq oe Jnei |mnqn i~|mdwq adeqolnw |mi||mnqn |wieqia|ode adq|q wnswnqne| ie il"vi`dwnb |i} ny~ovi`ne| |d 9>.% O| oq qdbnxmi| q|wiehn

mdxnvnw |mi| |mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn ed| q~gq|ie|oi`` mohmnw oe |mdqn {denq xmnwn

iaanqq |mn wn`nvie| biwjn|q ~qoeh |w~ajq xo|m wnqsna| |d |mdqn {denq xmnwn ld qd ~qoeh ede"

bd|dwo{nl |wieqsdw| -òjn goaa`nq dw b~`nq/% \mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn

|xd hwd~sq iwn ny~ovi`ne| |d 9>. iel 99. wnqsna|ovn`: i`|md~hm |moq loffnwnean oq ed|

q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \moq xd~`l mivn missnenl oe d~w dsoeode gnai~qn |mn qibs`n lnqohe

lol ed| s~| aiwn oe qnhbne|oeh swdl~anwq iaadwloeh |d |mn |sn df wdil iaanqq%

7%1%7 Md~qnmd`l iel fiwb qsnaofoa obsia|q

I q~o|ig`n iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xd~`l i`qd mivn ie nffna| de fiwb iel oelovol~i`

gnmivodw iffna|oeh swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |named`dh ilds|ode oes~| ~qn awds amdoan dw igdw

oe|neqo| gd|m xo|moe ihwoa~`|~wn iq xn`` iq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wn wnì|nl ia|ovo|onq% L~woeh |mn iq|

fnx niwq |mnwn miq gnne i xni`|m df sisnwq `ddjoeh i| mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iffna|

swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |mnqn amieen`q%< Gnqolnq |mn qnboei` xdwj df Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/


< O| oq gnai~qn df |moq fia| |mi| i`|md~hm xn lni` xo|m |moq oqq~n oe amis|nw 1 iel amis|nw 8 xn ld ed| illwnqq |mn nffna|df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de |named`dh ilds|ode iel oes~| ~qn oe b~am ln|io` oe |moq q|~l%

1>

xmoam xn i`wnil bne|ode -xmoam qmdxq mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q qmisn oes~| ~qihn

awnlo| lnbiel iel |named`dh amdoan/ bie d|mnw i~|mdwq mivn `ddjnl wnane|` i| |mn nffna|

df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q de swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |mnqn amieen`q% Fdw n}ibs`n wnhiwloeh

|named`dh amdoan Li`|de n| i`% -9??8/ qmdxq |mn obsdw|iean df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe

ln|nwboeoeh swdl~a|ode adq|q iel qmisoeh |mn q~gq|o|~|igoò| gn|xnne igdw godamnboai` oes~|qiel aiso|i`% Oe |mn qibn iwni Iee Md`òfon`l n| i`% -7333/ qmdx mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|

oe w~wi` |n`nadbb~eoai|ode iffna|q `dai` ilds|ode df enx |named`dhonq% Bdwn wnane|`

Hdajdxqjo iel Eld~bgn -733</ qmdxq |mi| ~eo| |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q qoheofoaie|` lnawniqn

|mn swdgigoò| df ilds|ode df oe|neqovn bdedawds |named`dhonq iel Qsneanw -9??</ qmdxq

|mi| |mn isswdswoi|n qn| df ihwoa~`|~wn |named`dh |mi| oq oes~| nffoaone| ennlq |d |ijn oe|d

iaad~e| |mn qaiwao| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` w~wi` wdilq iel owwohi|ode qq|nbq% Wnhiwloeh

|mn nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de oes~| bo} xn qmd~`l i`qd bne|ode |mn xdwj df Dgiwn n| i`%

-7331/% \mnow xdwj nq|igòqmnq |mi| fiwbnwq fiaoeh mohm fiwb"|d"biwjn| iaanqq adq|q adbbo|`nqq ìel fnw|oò{nw iel biamoenw wnqd~wanq |d swdl~a|ode g~| bdwn ìgdw%

Qnvnwi` sisnwq aie gn wnsdw|nl |mi| mivn q|~lonl mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oeawniqnq

ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo|% Wnane| q|~lonq òjn |mi| df Bibi|{ijoq -7331/ fdw Hwnnan qmdx

|mi| |mn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn dsnwi|nq iq adbs`nbne| |d swovi|n iqqn|q iel |d jn oes~|q g~|

|mi| o| bi q~gq|o|~|n fiwb igdw% \moq foeloeh oq oe|nwnq|oeh gnai~qn o| qmdxq |mi| |mn iaanqq |d

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi fivdw oe|neqofoai|ode swdanqqnq |mi| iwn aiso|i` iel oes~| oe|neqovn

wnl~aoeh ihwoa~`|~wn ìgdw lnbiel xmoam xo`` gn wnsdqo|odenl oe|d |mn ìgdw biwjn| iq ede"

ihwoa~`|~wn wnì|nl ia|ovo|onq n}siel iq w~wi` biwjn|q gnmivn bdwn leiboai`` |miejq |doefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|%

De |mn d~|s~| qoln Soehiò iel Wdqnhwie| -9??>/ swdvolnq nvolnean wnhiwloeh mdx

ihwoa~`|~wi` adbbnwaoiò{i|ode iel lovnwqofoai|ode swdanqqnq iwn iffna|nl g w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn

ivioìgoò| xmo`n Dbibd -9??=/ qmdxq mdx gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iffna|q

|wieqia|ode adq|q iel swdbd|nq qsnaoiò{i|ode%

Hovne |mi| bdq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq iwn nehihnl oe b~`|os`n nadedboa ia|ovo|onq no|mnw

wnì|nl |d ihwoa~`|~wn dw ede ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq -iqqdaoi|nl |d xihnl"nbs`dbne| dw qn`f"

nbs`dbne| qd~wanq/ o| oq ed xdelnw |mn iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd iffna|q |mn ìgdwi``dai|ode xo|moe |mn md~qnmd`l -lovnwqofoeh ovnòmddlq/% \moq lovnwqofoai|ode aie gn |mn wnq~`|

df |mn ennl |d adsn xo|m ~eie|oaosi|nl woqjq oe i ade|n}| xmnwn |mn awnlo| iel oeq~wiean biwjn|q

iwn no|mnw ~elnwlnvn`dsnl dw nvne eden}oq|ne| Z[obbnwbie iel Aiw|nw -7331/ dw N`òq n| i`%

-7331/R dw i`|nwei|ovn` o| aie gn l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df ne|wiean giwwonwq |d bdwn swdfo|ig`n

ìgdw biwjn|q swdl~a| gnai~qn df oeq~ffoaone| swovi|n dw s~gòa iqqn|q ZWniwlde n| i`% -7339/R%

Oe no|mnw aiqn |mn iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie mivn gd|m i lowna| iel oelowna| wd`n oe

nemieaoeh |mn dssdw|~eo|onq fdw oeadbn hnenwi|ode df |mn w~wi` sddw%

Amis|nw 7

16

7%< Loq|wog~|odei` oqq~nq

Iq lnqawognl oe d~w adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj -lnsoa|nl oe Foh~wn 9%9/ amiehnq oe |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

giqn aie amiehn òvnòmddl q|wi|nhonq oe loffnwne| xiq lnsneloeh de |mn ade|n}| iel de |mn

iqqn| giqn |mi| |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`l sdqqnqq dw miq iaanqq |d% \mnwn oq adeqneq~q oe |mn o|nwi|~wn

|mi| |mn swdanqq df oeadbn iel iqqn| iaa~b~ì|ode |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| xo`` |wohhnw

miq a`niw sdvnw| wnl~a|ode nffna|q% Mdxnvnw xmi| obsia| bi mivn oe oeadbn iel iqqn|

loq|wog~|ode oq i bi||nw df lngi|n%

Fdw bie |mn Hdvnwebne| wd`n df oevnq|oeh oe s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie obswdvn gd|m

ny~o| iel nffoaonea% Nqfimieo -9?=8/ Ginq -7339/ dw Fie n| i`% -7337/ fdw n}ibs`n qmdx

nvolnean de |moq wnhiwl% Mdxnvnw fdw d|mnwq òjn Swimìliamiw -9?=1/ Gohq|ne n| i`% -7331/

Jwdehjinx iel Jijxieo -7331/ dw Gneivolnq -7331/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q of ed|

ilny~i|n` adbgoenl xo|m d|mnw s~gòa oe|nwvne|odeq bi iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode

iq |mn `nqq sddw oe w~wi` iwniq bi hwig bdwn gnenfo|q fwdb |moq oevnq|bne|q |mie |mn sddwnq|

qnhbne|q |miejq |d |mnow mohmnw swovi|n neldxbne|q%

\mn w~wi` sddw i`bdq| i`xiq q~ffnw |mn bdq| fwdb ìaj df isswdswoi|n oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iel s~gòa qnwvoanq% Mdxnvnw xmo`n sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode oq adeqoq|ne|` i jn dgkna|ovn df

w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |mn y~nq|ode df mdx |d neq~wn |mi| |mn woamnw bnbgnwq df |mn

w~wi` sds~ì|ode ld ed| ais|~wn bdq| df |mn gnenfo|q oq fiw fwdb a`niw% \mn ede"n}a`~lig`n

ei|~wn df bdq| w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bnieq |mi| i`|md~hm swdhwibq bi |iwhn| |mn sddwnq| |mn

gn||nw dff bi gnenfo| bdwn |mie |mn sddwnq| i| xmdb |mn swdkna| oq iobnl% \moq oq gnai~qn

oeo|oi` adelo|odeq ld bi||nw%

\mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh iel |mn ivioìgoò| df qdaoi` aiso|i` bi i`qd gn ie obsdw|ie|

oehwnlone| |mi| aie nemiean dw moelnw |mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia|q df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q% Fdw n}ibs`n W~||ie iq ao|nl g @ngd iel Qamn`òeh -7339/ bne|odeq |mi| |mn

fio`~wn |d wnfdwb i adbb~eo| sdxnw q|w~a|~wn bi `nl |d dai` nò|n ais|~woeh i loqswdsdw|odei|n

qmiwn df gd|m |mn nadedboa iel sdò|oai` hioeq hnenwi|nl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% De |mn

d|mnw miel qdaoi` aiso|i` iq i bnloi|dw fdw ad``na|ovn ia|ode aie mn`s snds`n fdw n}ibs`n

g~o`l adbbde swdsnw| wnqd~wanq dw bioe|ioe s~gòa swdvolnl oefwiq|w~a|~wn Dwq|wdb -9??3/%\mn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~we df |mn iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil

|mn sddw dxe dw mivn iaanqq |d% De |moq wnhiwl Vie Ln Xi``n -7333/ fdw n}ibs`n nvi`~i|nq

of |mn wn|~weq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iwn `dxnw dw mohmnw fdw sddw% Xn gnònvn o| oq awo|oai`

|d nvi`~i|n |moq nbsowoai`` gnai~qn o| ad~`l gn |mn aiqn |mi| |mn gnenfo|q df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne| bi gn ais|~wnl g |mdqn woamnw |miejq |d i hwni|nw iaanqq |d jn swovi|n iqqn|q

òjn fdw n}ibs`n i ìwhnw neldxbne| df m~bie aiso|i`%

Amdeh iel Ai`lnwñe -7339/ swdvoln nvolnean i| |mn ihhwnhi|n `nvn` oe i ade|n}| df i

leiboa sien` df ad~e|wonq |mi| gd|m y~ie|o| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel y~iò| df oefwiq|w~a|~wnbi gn enhi|ovn` òejnl xo|m oeadbn oeny~iò|% Mdxnvnw |moq nbsowoai` wnh~ìwo| òjn



18

bie df |mn d|mnwq den wnsdw|nl mnwn iwn ed| fwibnl oe ie adeans|~i` bdln` |mi| bi i``dx

~q |d ~elnwq|iel xmi| bi gn |mn bioe lwovoeh fdwanq gnmoel |mnqn wnq~`|q%

7%> Adea`~qodeq

Fwdb d~w gwonf o|nwi|~wn wnvonx xn aie adea`~ln |mi| i`|md~hm nvolnean ldnq n}oq| fdw obswdvnlmd~qnmd`l xn`fiwn adboeh fwdb w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q wnì|ovn` o||`n nvolnean aie

gn fd~el df q|~lonq |mi| swdvolnl adeawn|n òejihnq gn|xnne qsnaofoa oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeawniqnl xn`fiwn df |mn w~wi` sddw% I`|md~hm o| oq obsdw|ie| |d jedx |mn

biheo|~ln df |mn gnenfo|q |mi| iaanqq |d enx dw obswdvnl oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq gwoeh igd~|

o| oq i`qd awo|oai`` obsdw|ie| |d ~elnwq|iel |mwd~hm xmoam ai~qi` si|mq |mnqn gnenfo|q iwn

dg|ioenl% Gn||nw jedx`nlhn df |mnqn òejihnq xo`` mn`s ~q |d ~elnwq|iel xm qsnaofoa

oe|nwvne|odeq ld ed| |wohhnw anw|ioe gnmivodwi` wnqsdeqnq iel xo`` mn`s ~q |d lnqohe

adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| xo`` i``dx ~q |d bijn |mn biwjn|q wni`` xdwj fdw |mn w~wi`sddw% Enx bn|mdld`dhonq òjn |mdqn wnì|nl |d swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh bi swdvoln ~q

xo|m xiq |d illwnqq |moq |sn df iei`qoq% Mdxnvnw iq xn xo`` lnvn`ds f~w|mnw oe |moq q|~l

|mnwn oq i ennl fdw ilis|oeh |moq joel df bn|mdld`dhonq |d |mn siw|oa~ìwo|onq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

lnvn`dsbne|% ê|o` edx |moq bn|mdld`dhonq mivn fda~qnl de oelovol~i` giqnl oe|nwvne|odeq

-o%n% i |wioeoeh swdhwib/ mdxnvnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| iffna| ed|

den oelovol~i` g~| i hwd~s df mn|nwdhnend~q oelovol~i`q xo|moe i adbb~eo|%

Xn mivn i`qd ddjnl i| mdx |mn o|nwi|~wn miq loqa~qqnl |mn xi hndhwism bi oe|nwia|

xo|m w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xn mivn qnne |mi| fdw qdbn i~|mdwq hndhwism bi moelnw |mn sdqo|ovnnffna|q df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi swdvoln |mn ei|~wi`

aiso|i` ennlnl |d obswdvnl w~wi` oeadbnq% Xn gnònvn |mi| s~wq~oeh |moq oe|nwia|ode f~w|mnw iq

xn xo`` ld i`deh |moq q|~l oq awo|oai` hovne |mn siw|oa~ìw hndhwismoa lovnwqo| |mi| i ad~e|w

òjn Snw~ miq%

Bie q|~lonq wnvonxnl oe |moq amis|nw mivn qmdxe |mi| md~qnmd`l iel biwjn| qsnaofoa

nffna|q gwd~hm| fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| aie gn awo|oai` |d wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iel

obswdvn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% G ldoeh qd |mnqn i~|mdwq mivn qmdxe |mi| xn bi iamonvn

hwni|nw biwjn| nffoaonea xmoam oe |~we bi mivn ie obsdw|ie| obsia| oe w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%Xn xo`` i`qd s~wq~n f~w|mnw |moq òen df wnqniwam oe |moq q|~l g bniq~woeh fowq| |wieqia|ode

adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~ iel |mne g adeena|oeh |mn wnl~a|ode oe |wieqia|odeq adq|q |d w~wi` biwjn|

lnvn`dsbne|: qsnaofoai`` |d obswdvnl biwjn| nffoaonea%

Vnw fnx sisnwq oe d~w ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx mivn loqa~qqnl |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iw

oe|nwvne|odeq qd iq |d ivdol |mn xn`` jedxe swdg`nb df loboeoqmoeh biwhoei` wn|~we |d

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gnònvn |mi| |moq oq i aw~aoi` iel swdboqoeh iwni df wnqniwam%

\moq q|~l `ddj i| |moq oqq~n qmdxoeh i| |mn boawdnadedboa `nvn` |mi| o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n

|d wioqn |mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| g oevnq|oeh qob~`|iend~qòe bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw adbgoen s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m swovi|n iqqn|q%

Amis|nw 7



1=

Foei`` |mn o|nwi|~wn |mi| xn mivn wnvonxnl qmdxq adef`oa|oeh wnq~`|q xmne illwnqqoeh

|mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Fdw qdbn o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n |d

mivn i 'xoe"xoe' qo|~i|ode xmnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn gnenfoaoi` |d w~wi` md~qnmd`l

gd|m de nffoaonea iel ny~o| hwd~elq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi||nwq |mn iqqn| neldxbne| iel

oeq|o|~|odei` giqn |mi| gd|m |mn w~wi` sddw iel ede"sddw mivn |d ieqxnw xmn|mnw dw ed| |mdqngn||nw dff xo`` dg|ioe dw ed| iwhnw gnenfo|q fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gn`onvn xmn|mnw

|mnwn oq i |wiln dff dw ed| gn|xnne nffoaonea iel ny~o| de |mn swdvoqode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oq ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode: den |mi| |moq q|~l xo`` i`qd |w |d illwnqq%


1?

Amis|nw 1

\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~++

1%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode

Gd|m oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel sdvnw| nvn`q mivn n}snwoneanl obsdw|ie| bdlofoai|odeq l~woeh

|mn iq| fd~w lnailnq oe Snw~% Qn||oeh iqoln |mn swdg`nbq df adbsi|ogoò| gn|xnne q~wvnq iel

bn|mdld`dhoai` loffnwneanq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn aià~ì|ode df |mnqn oeloai|dwq |mn nvolnean

q~hhnq|q |mi| dvnw |mn ìq| <3 niwq |mn loqsnwqode df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode miq lnawniqnl%

Illo|odei`` i qoheofoaie| wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| nvn`q |ddj sìan nqsnaoi`` oe |mn 9?83q% Oe |mn

9?=3q iel 9??3q |mn loqsnwqode oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode ade|oe~nl |d fi`` i`|md~hm i| `dxnw

wi|nq xo|m obsdw|ie| f`~a|~i|odeq oe sdvnw| `nvn`q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m igw~s| amiehnq oe |mn

biawdnadedboa ade|n}|% I`|md~hm |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| amiehnq oe sdvnw| loq|wog~|ode df oeadbniel qsneloeh daa~wwnl gn|xnne 9?63 iel 9?=3 obsdw|ie| bdlofoai|odeq oe si||nweq df sdvnw|

mivn |ijne sìan qoean |mn bol"9?=3q% \mn ivioìgoò| df i li|igiqn fdwbnl g fovn Md~qnmd`l

Q~wvnq -9?=>"9?=6 9??9 9??< 9??8 7333/ iq xn`` iq i sien` df md~qnmd`lq fwdb 9??9 |d

9??< dsneq |mn xi fdw ie n}s`dwi|ode df |mn amiehnq oe |mn sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q g |mn sddw

sds~ì|ode iel |mnow obsia| de sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%

\mn isswdiam ilds|nl g |moq amis|nw oq |d iei`{n |mn swdg`nbq df sdqqnqqode iel

iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn g |mn sddw% Swovi|n s~gòa iel dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q

iwn |mn swoeaosi` ln|nwboeie|q df md~qnmd`l qsneloeh iel oeadbn f`dxq iel iwn |m~q aw~aoiòe ln|nwboeoeh xmn|mnw i fibo` oq q~aanqqf~` oe nivoeh sdvnw|% Oe |moq wnqsna| s~gòa sdòaonq

ennl |d gn aiwnf~`` lnqohenl |d wnqd`vn ~eny~i` iaanqq |d anw|ioe iqqn|q -òjn s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn/ |mi| iwn q~o|ig`n fdw q|i|n oe|nwvne|ode iel xmoam fiaoò|i|n iaanqq iaa~b~ì|ode

iel mohmnw wn|~weq de md~qnmd`l iqqn|q% Fdw |moq wniqde |mn lda~bne| nvi`~i|nq fowq| |mn ei|~wn

amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel wnane| |wnelq oe sdvnw| oe Snw~ iq xn`` iq |wnelq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df

oeadbn$qsneloeh iel iqqn|q% En}| i |i}dedb df |mn iqqn|q df |mn sds~ì|ode oq biln

o``~q|wi|oeh |mn n}oq|oeh loqsnwqode iel |mn loffnwneanq oe sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q g

|mn sddwnq| qna|dw% qoeh |mnqn |dd`q wnì|odeqmosq iwn nq|igòqmnl gn|xnne |mn loffnwne| |snqdf iqqn|q iel |mn q|i|~q df sdvnw| iq xn`` iq |mn bdgoò| df md~qnmd`lq de oeadbn$n}snelo|~wn

qai`n% Illo|odei`` |mn nffna| df amiehoeh |mn iaanqq |d jn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq de

|mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q oq iqqnqqnl%

\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d qnvne bikdw qna|odeq oea`~loeh |moq oe|wdl~a|ode% \mn qnadel

qna|ode swnqne|q Snw~voie moq|dwoai` |wnelq wnhiwloeh sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq xn``

++ Qna|odeq 1%7 iel 1%> df |moq sisnw iwn giqnl de '@dq Ia|ovdq ln `dq Sdgwnq ne n` Snw~' g Kivonw Nqadgi` Kiobn

Qiivnlwi iel Bé}obd \dwnwd% \wobnq|wn Nadeñboad Vd` @]VO-1/ Eûbnwd 761% ss% 69? " 6>?% K~` "Qns|nbgnw9???% i`qd oe; 'Sdw|wio| df |mn Sddw% Ie iqqn|q"giqnl isswdiam'% Dwi{od I||ieiqod iel Boh~n` Q{ïjn` -nlo|dwq/%@i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj% OILG% \mn Kdmeq Mdsjoeq êovnwqo| Swnqq% Xiqmoeh|de 7339% ss%73?"7<3%

<3

iq o|q qmdw| |nwb leiboaq xo|m siw|oa~ìw nbsmiqoq oe w~wi` Snw~% Qna|ode 1%1 lnqawognq iqqn|

dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% \mne Qna|ode 1%< swnqne|q |mn adeans|~i`

iel iei`|oai` fwibnxdwj |mi| xn ~qn |d adeena| iqqn| dxenwqmos |d sdvnw| q|i|~q% En}| oe

Qna|ode 1%> xn swnqne| d~w bioe wnq~`|q qmdxoeh mdx iqqn| dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d jn

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn aw~aoi` fia|dwq ln|nwboeoeh |mn loq|wog~|ode df oeadbn iel qsneloehoe w~wi` Snw~% Oe illo|ode |moq qna|ode iqqnqqnq |mn obsia| df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn

swdvoqode% Oe qna|ode qo} xn hd den q|ns f~w|mnw iel loqa~qq sdvnw| leiboaq iel mdx o|q

qmdw| |nwb leiboaq oq iffna|nl g amiehnq oe iqqn| neldxbne|q% Foei`` Qna|ode 1%8

q~bbiwo{nq |mn wnq~`|q iel loqa~qqnq mdx oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie gn ie nffna|ovn

bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we df swovi|n iqqn|q fiaoò|i|oeh |mn wnl~a|ode df w~wi` sdvnw|%

1%7 Sdvnw| oe Snw~

1%7%9 Moq|dwoai` |wnelq

Oe |mn 9?63q iel 9?83q |mn nbsowoai` ò|nwi|~wn |mi| iei`{nl oeadbn iel qsneloeh fda~qnl

de |mn iei`qoq df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode enh`na|oeh nq|obi|nq df |mn biheo|~ln df sdvnw|% Oe

hnenwi` |mn |wnel oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel sdvnw| xnwn obsòao|` |wni|nl iq go~eovdai``

oe|nwwnì|nl adeans|q -o%n% ie oeawniqn oe oeadbn adeane|wi|ode xd~`l enanqqiwo` wnq~`| oe ie

oeawniqn oe sdvnw|/% O| xiq ned~hm nq|igòqmoeh |mi| i mohm snwane|ihn df dx"oeadbn fiboònq

xd~`l wnanovn i lnawniqoeh swdsdw|ode df |d|i` oeadbn dw qsneloeh |d iffowb |mi| sdvnw| xiq

oeawniqoeh% Obsòao|` |mn n}oq|nean df i ei|odei` sdvnw| òen xiq swnq~bnl xo|md~| |ijoeh

oe|d iaad~e| |mn loqsiwo| df wnhodei` giqjn|q iel wnì|ovn wnhodei` swoan q|w~a|~wnq xmoambnie |mi| |mn qibn `nvn` df qsneloeh aie gn iqqdaoi|nl oe den wnhode xo|m i sddw fibo` iel

xo|m i ede"sddw fibo` oe ied|mnw wnhode% Bdwndvnw |mnwn xiq ed loqa~qqode df bdwn adbs`n}

wnì|odeqmosq q~am iq |mn sdqqogoò| df loq|wog~|ovn obswdvnbne|q oe ade|n}|q df oeawniqnq oe

sdvnw| dw df bdwn ~eny~i` loq|wog~|odeq oe ade|n}|q df wnl~a|odeq oe sdvnw|%

\mn Ei|odei` Fddl Adeq~bs|ode Q~wvn -NEAI/ df 9?89"9?87 xiq ~qnl |d nq|obi|n

|mn deh"|nwb amiehnq oe sdvnw| wi|n issòeh |mn wnhodei` sdvnw| òenq aià~ì|nl g Ibi|

_ @nñe iel @nñe -9?=9/ iel Ibi| _ @nñe iel A~wdeoq -9?=8/% \d adbsiwn |mn sdvnw|

wi|nq lnwovnl fwdb |moq q~wvn xo|m sdvnw| wi|nq aià~ì|nl fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Q~wvnq df Q|ieliwl df @ovoeh -NEEOV/ fdw wnane| niwq |mn òenq xnwn ilk~q|nl |d bijn |mnb

bn|mdld`dhoai`` adbsiwig`n xo|m |mn oenq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn NEEOV9% Ed|n |mi| gd|m q~wvnq

iwn wniqdeig` adbsiwig`n; gd|m ~qn fibo` qsneloeh iel |mn advnwihn df qsneloeh oq qoboìw%

Sdvnw| oe Snw~ miq amiehnl lwibi|oai`` dvnw |mn ìq| |mwnn lnailnq -qnn \ig`n 1%9/

n}snwoneaoeh ed| de` ie obsdw|ie| wnl~a|ode g~| i`qd adbsdqo|odei` amiehnq% Xmo`n oe |mn

9

\xd ilk~q|bne|q xnwn biln |d |mn li|i fwdb Ibi| iel @nñe; mdbdhneo{i|ode df ai`dwofoa adeq~bs|ode df gd|mq~wvnq |d adeq|w~a| i giqoa qsneloeh de fddl: iel ~qn df |mn qibn bn|mdl |d n}|wisdì|n |mn h`dgi` qsneloehwny~ownl -o%n% |mn òen/ fwdb |mn giqoa fddl qsneloeh%

\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~

<9

niw` 9?83q sdvnw| xiq iwhn` w~wi` " |xd"|mowlq df |mn sddw xnwn w~wi` lxn``nwq nbs`dnl oe

ihwoa~`|~wn “ |mn soa|~wn wnvnwqnl oe |mn bol"9??3q i| xmoam sdoe| |xd"|mowlq df |mn sddw

xnwn wnsdw|nl |d gn ~wgie lxn``nwq% Mnean xmo`n ~wgie sdvnw| wi|nq mivn woqne |ne sdoe|q

dvnw |mn ìq| 7= niwq oe |mn w~wi` qna|dw sdvnw| miq fi``ne 9= sdoe|q% Oe |moq qneqn o| oq

sdqqog`n |mi| |mn ne|own `deh"|nwb wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| ad~`l gn i w~wi` smnedbnede iwoqoehd~| df i bikdw bohwi|dw swdanqq7%

7 \mn 9??9 q~wvn ldnq ed| oea`~ln |wdsoai` fdwnq| iwniq iel |mn w~wi` adiq| xmo`n |mn d|mnw q~wvnq iwn wnswnqne|i|ovni| |mn ei|odei` `nvn`%

1 êòjn |mn aià~ì|odeq swnqne|nl oe |mn wnq| df |mn lda~bne| |mn oeloai|dwq swnqne|nl mnwn iwn giqnl de s~gòqmnlihhwnhi|n foh~wnq fwdb xmoam |mn Hoeo adnffoaone|q xnwn aià~ì|nl iq xn`` iq |mn oeloai|dwq df |mn oeaolnean his

iel qnvnwo| df sdvnw|% I y~ilwi|oa f~ea|odei` fdwb xiq nq|obi|nl oe niam aiqn fdw |mn @dwne{ a~wvn% Fdw |mnqsnaofoa bn|mdl ~qnl qnn Li|| -9??7/%< Fdw n}ibs`n oe 9?=>"=6 |mn Hoeo giqnl de fibo` oeadbn oq 3%<= xmo`n |mi| giqnl de oeadbn snw aiso|i oq 3%<?>%

Xngg iel Foh~nwdi -9?8>/ iel Foh~nwdi -9?=7/ mivn q~hhnq|nl |mi| oeadbn loq|wog~|ode

oe |mn 9?63q xiq vnw ~eny~i` iel |mi| |moq oeny~iò| lnnsnenl oe q~gqny~ne| lnailnq% \mn

xdwjq df Ibi| @nñe -9?=9i iel 9?=9g/ giqnl de |mn Ei|odei` Fddl Q~wvn df 9?89"9?87

i``dxnl ~q |d aià~ì|n oeloai|dwq df |mn loq|wog~|ode df fibo` oeadbn iel qsneloeh giqnl de

s~gòqmnl |ig~ì|odeq

1

xmoam aie gn adbsiwnl xo|m d~w dxe foh~wnq giqnl de bdwn wnane|q~wvn li|i adboeh fwdb |mn NEEOV q~wvnq%

Xmne xn ddj |d oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq oe bdq| @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq Snw~ qmdxq

ie obswdvnbne| oe |mn ihhwnhi|nl `nvn`q -qnn Foh~wn 1%9/% \mn Hoeo adnffoaone| fn`` |mwnn

snwane|ihn sdoe|q gn|xnne 9?69 iel 9?89% Mdxnvnw |ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mn fia| |mi| |mn Hoeo

adnffoaone| fdw snw aiso|i oeadbn oq mohmnw |mie |mn adnffoaone| dg|ioenl fdw fibo` oeadbn o| oq

ed| sdqqog`n |d q|i|n |mi| |mnwn miq gnne i wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn loqsnwqode% Wi|mnw o| oq bdq|

òjn` |mi| |mn adeane|wi|ode `nvn`q df 9?69 iwn qoboìw |d |mdqn df 9?89"9?87<% Qoean 9?89 i

a`niw si||nwe df wnl~a|ode oe loqsnwqode miq gnne dgqnwvnl% Iq qmdxe oe Foh~wn 1%9 |mn Hoeo

adnffoaone| df fibo` oeadbn fn`` fwdb 3%>> |d 3%<3 gn|xnne |mn niw` 9?83q iel |mn 9??3q% \mn

snwane|ihn df |d|i` oeadbn wnanovnl g |mn sddwnq| mi`f df |mn sds~ì|ode wdqn fwdb 93%8 snwane|

|d 7<%> snwane| oe 9??6 xmo`n |mn qmiwn df woamnq| mi`f fn`` fwdb 69 snwane| |d <1 snwane|%

Amis|nw 1

\ig`n 1%9 Sdvnw| oeloai|dwq g wnhode; 9?89 9?=> 9??9 9??< iel 9??6- G fibo` qsneloeh ‑ Snwane|ihnq/

<7

\mn |wnel oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode fwdb |mn 9?83q aie i`qd gn adwwdgdwi|nl g |mn

nq|obi|ode df adeane|wi|ode oeloai|dwq giqnl de fibo` qsneloeh>% O| oq i`qd oe|nwnq|oeh ed|oeh

|mi| |mn wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df fibo` dw snw aiso|i oeadbn dw qsneloeh ad~`l mivn

|ijne sìan gd|m oe snwodlq oe xmoam ivnwihn oeadbn xiq fi`òeh -n%h% 9?=>"=6 |d 9??9/ iel oe

snwodlq oe xmoam o| xiq woqoeh -9??9 |d 9??< dw 9??6/% Gw~ed n| i`% -9??=/ lnbdeq|wi|n |mi||mn nbsowoai` q~ssdw| fdw J~{en|q‟ q~hhnq|nl |mi| qq|nbi|oa wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne hwdx|m iel

oeny~iò| oq vnw xnij% \mn Snw~voie aiqn i`qd qmdxq |mi| |mnwn oq ed nvolne| iqqdaoi|ode

gn|xnne |mn nadedboa aa`n iel oeny~iò|6%

\mn adeena|ode gn|xnne iqqn| neldxbne|q iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode oq xn`` ~elnwq|ddl oe

|mn nadedboa ò|nwi|~wn% Fdw n}ibs`n Gowlqi`` iel @deldùd -9??=/ q~hhnq| |mi| den df |mn

f~elibne|i` ai~qnq df sdvnw| iel oeadbn oeny~iò| oq ~eny~i` iaanqq |d iel sdqqnqqode df

iqqn|q% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| qmd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d foel bdlofoai|odeq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df jn iqqn|q

|mi| ~elnwòn |mnqn `deh"|nwb amiehnq oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode% I`|md~hm ed ln|io`nl oefdwbi|ode

-g md~qnmd`l/ oq ivioìg`n de sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q gnfdwn |mn 9?=3q fdw bijoeh i qq|nbi|oanvi`~i|ode df |mnow wnì|odeqmos |mn nvolnean swnqne|nl gn`dx q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn obswdvnbne| oe

|mn loq|wog~|ode df |xd jn iqqn|q ìel iel m~bie aiso|i` sìnl ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe wnl~aoeh

|mn adeane|wi|ode df oeadbn$qsneloeh iel oe sdvnw| wnl~a|ode iq xo`` gn qnne ì|nw%

\m~q i`deh xo|m |mn wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn loqsnwqode iel sdvnw| fwdb |mn 9?63q |d |mn

9?=3q ie oeawniqn daa~wwnl oe |mn ivnwihn neldxbne| df ìel iel nl~ai|ode qob~`|iend~q`

>

\mnqn wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe i bdwn adbs`n|n vnwqode df |moq lda~bne| -qnn Nqadgi` n| i`% 9??=/%6 Bdwn nvolnean de |mn |obn |wnel df oeny~iò| df oeadbn iel qsneloeh ~qoeh loffnwne| li|igiqnq oq fd~el oe Qiivnlwiiel Lâi{ -9??=/%


Foh~wn 1%9 Oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe Snw~

<1

xo|m i wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df |mnqn iqqn|q% Fdw n}ibs`n gn|xnne 9?69 iel 9?89 |mn

Hoeo adnffoaone| df ìel loq|wog~|ode fn`` fwdb 3%?< |d 3%=9 iel |mne |d 3%69 oe 9??<8% I| |mn

qibn |obn gn|xnne 9?89 iel 9??< |mn ivnwihn neldxbne| snw fiwbnw wdqn fwdb den |d |xd

mna|iwnq -q|ieliwlo{nl oe ny~ovi`ne| ~eo|q df owwohi|nl adiq|i` ìel/% \moq daa~wwnl iq i wnq~`|

df i q~gq|ie|oi` n}sieqode df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` fwde|onw -owwohi|ode oe |mn lnqnw| adiq|i` q|wos ieln}sieqode df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` fwde|onw oe fdwnq| iwniq/ iel ie oeawniqn oe fiwboeh mna|iwnq

~elnw owwohi|ode%

I| |mn nel df |mn 9?63q oe Snw~ |mn boò|iw hdvnwebne| gnhie ie ihwiwoie wnfdwb

swdanqq% Mdxnvnw gnfdwn wnloq|wog~|oeh |mn ìel n}swdswoi|nl fwdb ìwhn ìeldxenwq |mn

hdvnwebne| ad``na|ovo{nl ihwoa~`|~wn awni|oeh iwhn addsnwi|ovnq de |mn Adq|i iel oe |mn Qonwwi%

\mn fio`~wn df |moq wnfdwb xmoam gnaibn nvolne| oe |mn i|n 9?83q nl |d |mn qsò||oeh ~s df |mn

addsnwi|ovnq% Oe 9?=3 |mn Gnìûeln ilboeoq|wi|ode fdwbiò{nl |moq swdanqq xmoam ade|oe~nl

l~woeh |mn 9?=3q% Oe 9??< iaadwloeh |d |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q Snw~voieihwoa~`|~wn adeqoq|nl swnldboeie|` df mohm` i|dbo{nl qbi`` md`loehq n}a`~loeh |mn sniqie|

adbb~eo|onq df |mn Qonwwi xmoam wn|ioenl iwhn iwniq df wnì|ovn` oefnw|o`n iel% De |mn Adq|i

isswd}obi|n` >3 snwane| df ihwoa~`|~wi` md`loehq xnwn gn`dx |mwnn mna|iwnq iel 67 snwane| oe

|mn Qonwwi% F~w|mnw niam swdl~anw mil ie ivnwihn df |mwnn ede"ade|oh~d~q s`d|q df ìel xo|m

oq amiwia|nwoq|oa df |mn Qonwwi, xmnwn i`bdq| den"|mowl df swdl~anwq mivn fovn dw bdwn s`d|q

ivnwihoeh `nqq |mie den mna|iwn%

\mn d|mnw obsdw|ie| amiehn oe ivnwihn dxenwqmos iel iqqn| loq|wog~|ode xiq oe nl~ai|ode%

Qamdd` newd`bne| oeawniqnl biqqovn` qoean |mn 9?>3q% \mn swdsdw|ode df qamdd` ihn amo`lwnexmd i||nelnl nl~ai|odei` oeq|o|~|odeq wdqn lwibi|oai``% Oe 9?<3 13 snwane| df amo`lwne ihnl

qo} |d fd~w|nne i||nelnl qamdd` g 9??1 |moq foh~wn mil woqne |d =6 snwane|% Q|iw|oeh oe |mn

niw` 9?83q |moq n}sieqode n}|nelnl |d sdq|"qnadeliw nl~ai|ode% \mnqn amiehnq oe newd`bne|

mil ie obsia| de |mn nl~ai|ode `nvn` df sds~ì|ode iel ìgdw fdwan% Xmo`n i`bdq| 63 snwane|

df sds~ì|ode ihnl dvnw >3 mil ed nl~ai|ode oe 9?<= oe 9??6 |mn wi|n mil lwdssnl |d 9>

snwane|% Oe 9?<3 `nqq |mie > snwane| mil adbs`n|nl qnadeliw `nvn` g 9??6 den |mowl xnwn

iamonvoeh |moq `nvn` df nl~ai|ode% Ivnwihn niwq df qamddòeh wdqn adeqoq|ne|` fwdb |xd oe

9?<3 |d qo} oe 9?=9 iel nohm| oe 9??6%O| oq a`niw |mi| |mn nl~ai|odei` n}sieqode iel wnloq|wog~|ode df iel wnq~`|nl oe i amiehn

oe |mn si||nwe df iqqn| dxenwqmos ibdeh |mn sddw sds~ì|ode% Iq |mn wn|~we de |mnqn iqqn|q miq

ed| fi``ne dvnw |obn o| aie gn n}sna|nl |mi| |mnqn q|w~a|~wi` |wieqfdwbi|odeq wioqn i| `niq|

siw|oi`` |mn ivnwihn oeadbn df |mn sddwnq| qna|dw iel obswdvn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode% Oe |mn

aiqn df ìel |mnwn oq qdbn nvolnean df i wnl~a|ode oe wn|~weq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn wnq|woa|odeq

|mi| |mn ihwiwoie wnfdwb obsdqnl de |wiloeh |moq iqqn|% \moq ad~`l mivn iffna|nl fiwbnwq‟

8 \mn 9?69 foh~wn adbnq fwdb Xngg iel Foh~nwdi -9?8>/ |mdqn fdw 9?83 |d 9??< iwn |mn i~|mdwq‟ dxe aià~ì|odeqgiqnl de oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q%

Amis|nw 1

<<

dssdw|~eo|onq fdw ~qoeh iel iq i bnieq df wioqoeh |mnow oeadbn iel wnl~aoeh sdvnw|% Oe ade|wiq|

fdw nl~ai|ode |mn nvolnean swdvolnl g Sqiamiwdsd~`dq iel Xddlmi`` -9?=>/ fdw wn|~we wi|nq

oe |mn 9?83q iel niw` 9?=3q iq xn`` iq Qiivnlwi -9??8/ oe |mn bol"9?=3q iel niw` 9??3q

qmdxq o||`n swdgigoò| df i fi`` oe |mn swovi|n wn|~we de nl~ai|ode oe |mn iq| |mwnn lnailnq% \mn

ed|ig`n oeawniqn oe ~wgie iel w~wi` nl~ai|odei` `nvn`q iel |mn wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df

|mnqn iqqn|q oeloai|n |mi| |mn nl~ai|odei` |wieqfdwbi|ode dvnw |mn iq| fnx lnailnq oq den df |mn

viwoig`nq |mi| bi gn n}sìoeoeh |mn amiehnq olne|ofonl oe sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%

1%7%7 Wnane| |wnelq oe w~wi` sdvnw|y

Iaadwloeh |d |mn Ei|odei` Q~wvn df Md~qnmd`lq -NEIMD/ oe 7337 86%< snwane| df |mdqn

òvoeh oe w~wi` iwniq aie gn adeqolnwnl sddw=% \moq foh~wn oq fiw mohmnw |mi| ~wgie sdvnw| -<9%>

snwane|/% Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| de` qòhm|` bdwn |mie den |mowl df ei|odei` sds~ì|ode oe Snw~

oq w~wi` mi`f df |mn 9<%> bo`òde sddw gn`deh |d |mn w~wi` qna|dw% F~w|mnwbdwn |mn n}|wnbn

sdvnw| wi|n -|mn wi|od df md~qnmd`lq xmdqn n}snelo|~wnq iwn gn`dx |mn wny~ownbne|q ennlnl

fdw i||ioeoeh i boeob~b ai`dwoa edwb?/ oq <?%8 snwane|% \moq bnieq |mi| eniw` |mwnn d~| df

fd~w n}|wnbn sddw òvn oe w~wi` iwni%

Nvne of |mnqn foh~wnq iwn mohm g oe|nwei|odei` q|ieliwlq |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| loffnwneanq

oe sdvnw| iel n}|wnbn sdvnw| wi|nq xo|moe |mn w~wi` qna|dw% Xmo`n oe w~wi` Adq|i |soai``

gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl |d fia|dw iel hddlq biwjn|q 67%7 snwane| df w~wi` sds~ì|ode oq sddw oe |mn

Qonwwi iel oe |mn Qonwwi wnhodeq xmnwn o| oq bdwn loffoa~`| |d iaanqq biwjn|q iel iwhn fwia|ode

df |mn sds~ì|ode oq oelohned~q sdvnw| wi|nq iwn qoheofoaie|` mohmnw wniamoeh gn|xnne 83

snwane| iel =3 snwane|% I`qd |mnqn loffnwneanq aie gn dgqnwvnl gn|xnne sdò|oai` wnhodeq

xmnwn w~wi` sdvnw| wi|nq wiehn fwdb 13 snwane| |d ?3 snwane|%

Mdx miq w~wi` sdvnw| nvd`vnl oe wnane| niwq4 \d ieqxnw |moq y~nq|ode fowq| df i`` xn

ennl i `deh iel adeqoq|ne| sdvnw| |obn qnwonq% Mdxnvnw |mnwn oq i swdg`nb df adbsiwigoò|

iawdqq |mn loffnwne| ivioìg`n q~wvnq% Envnw|mn`nqq Mnwwnwi -7337/ miq lden ie obsdw|ie|

nffdw| |woeh |d bijn adbsiwig`n nq|obi|odeq df sdvnw| ~qoeh NEIMD li|i% Fd``dxoeh |mn

awo|nwode nq|igòqmnl g Mnwwnwi -7337/ xn swnqne| oe \ig`n 1%1 |mn sdvnw| nvd`~|ode fdw |mn

snwodl 9?=8"7337% I`qd xn mivn oea`~lnl nq|obi|odeq fwdb NEEOV xmoam iwn ed| q|woa|`

adbsiwig`n xo|m |mdqn fwdb NEIMD i`|md~hm |mn iwn adeqoq|ne| iawdqq niwq xo|moe |mnow

dxe q~wvn%

Wnane| foh~wnq wnsdw|nl g OENO qmdx |mi| oe 7331 w~wi` sdvnw| wniamnl i qòhm|`

`dxnw wi|n -9 snwane|ihn sdoe|/ |mie |mn 7337 sdvnw| wi|n% Mdxnvnw l~n |d |mn wnl~anl qibs`n

qo{n fwdb xmoam |mnqn enx wi|nq xnwn aià~ì|nl |mn den snwane|ihn sdoe| loffnwnean oq ed|

= NEIMD oq |mn ei|odei` q~wvn hnenwi|nl g ` OENO oe i adbsiwig`n giqoq qoean 9??8%? 7717 ai`dwonq snw aiso|i snw li fdw @obi ao| 7911 ai`dwonq fdw w~wi` Qonwwi iel Qn`vi iel 79?< ai`dwonq fdw i``d|mnw wnhodeq%

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\ig`n 1%1 Sdvnw| wi|nq g hndhwismoa {denq-. sddw/

\ig`n 1%7 Sdvnw| g hndhwismoa {den 7337-E~bgnw iel . sddw snds`n/

Amis|nw 1

<6

q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|%93 Oe hnenwi` |mn swdfo`n fdw 7331 `ddjq igd~| |mn qibn iq |mn den

wnsdw|nl mnwn fdw 7337%99

I`|md~hm o| oq enanqqiw |d gn ai~|od~q oe oe|nwswn|oeh |mnqn foh~wnq |mnwn iwn qdbn

a`niw |nelneaonq |mi| aie gn qnne oe swnvod~q |ig`nq -iel oe Foh~wn 1%7/ xmoam iwn xdw|m

bne|odeoeh% Fowq| xn aie qnn |mi| sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Adq|i lnaòenl l~woeh |mn snwodl df fiq| hwdx|m |mi| n}snwonean |mn Snw~voie nadedb oe 9??9 iel o| q|iw|nl woqoeh ihioe iq |mn

nadedb q`dxnl ldxe% De |mn ade|wiw sdvnw| oe |mn w~wi` Qonwwi miq gnne hwdxoeh iawdqq

|mn snwodl df iei`qoq n}ans| fdw i biwhoei` wnl~a|ode xmoam |ddj sìan gn|xnne 9??9 iel

9??< -bdq| anw|ioe` ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|/% \mn foh~wnq dg|ioe fdw w~wi` Qonwwi i`|md~hm

wnf`na|oeh `dxnw sdvnw| wi|nq |mie |mn Qonwwi qmdx i qoboìw si||nwe%

Of ieden `ddjq i| |mn NEEOV qibs`n |mnwn oq q|wojoeh oqq~n loffnwneanq oe |mn nvd`~|ode

df sdvnw| wi|nq i`deh wnhodeq l~woeh |mn snwodl 9??<"9??8 i snwodl xo|m |mn hwni|nq| nadedboa

leiboqb l~woeh |mn iq| |ne niwq xo|m i q~gq|ie|oi` oeawniqn oe s~gòa iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|%Xmo`n sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Adq|i iel Qonwwi qmdx obsdw|ie| wnl~a|odeq -93%6 iel >%7 sdoe|q

wnqsna|ovn`/ oe mohmìel |mn oeawniqn oe 1%< sdoe|q% \moq ad~`l gn i qohe df |mn dx wnqsdeqovnenqq

|d sdqo|ovn amiehnq oe biawdnadedboa nevowdebne| |mi| w~wi` mohmìel mivn qmdxe%

93 Ihioe oe 7331 |mnwn xiq ied|mnw amiehn oe |mn bn|mdld`dh% Oeq|nil df ldoeh |mn q~wvn oe |mn fdw|m y~iw|nw |mnqibs`n miq gnne qsò| iel xo`` gn ais|~wnl bde|m g bde|m% Qoean niam bde|m |mn qibs`n bioe|ioeq q|i|oq|oai`

wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| |mn ~wgie$w~wi` iel wnhodei` `nvn`q OENO oq ioboeh |d mivn i bde|m` 'bdvoeh ivnwihn'sdvnw| wi|n |mi| xo`` i``dx |mnb |d ld qmdw| |nwb bdeo|dwoeh df sdvnw| iel |iwhn|oeh oeloai|dwq%99 \mn de` loffnwnean oq i qoheofoaie| wnl~a|ode df sdvnw| iel n}|wnbn sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Qn`vi iwni%

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<8

Den xi df `ddjoeh i| mdx wnqsdeqovn oq w~wi` Snw~ |d hwdx|m oq |d aià~ì|n sdvnw|"

hwdx|m nìq|oao| nq|obi|nq% \ig`n 1%< qmdxq sdvnw|"hwdx|m nìq|oao| nq|obi|nq giqnl de

L~a`dq n| i`% -733</ fdwb~ìn% \mnqn foh~wnq oeloai|n oe xmi| snwane|ihn sdvnw| xo`` lwds

snw illo|odei` snwane|ihn sdoe| oe hwdx|m% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnqn foh~wnq ld ed|

wnf`na| sdvnw| snwane|ihn sdoe|q% Fdw n}ibs`n i vi`~n df "3%?<9 fdw w~wi` Adq|i oq ny~ovi`ne||d i 3%>8 snwane|ihn sdoe| wnl~a|ode oe |moq iwni l~n |d hwdx|m -"3%?<9+3%63>23%>8/% \mn

wnq~`|q dg|ioenl mnwn iwn oe òen xo|m |mdqn dg|ioenl g Gd~wh~ohede -7331/ iel Gmi`ì -733</%

\mnqn nìq|oao| aià~ì|odeq ad~`l adefowb d~w msd|mnqoq; w~wi` Adq|i oq b~am bdwn

wnqsdeqovn |d hwdx|m |mie |mn Qonwwi iel Qonwwi wnhodeq%

1%1 Loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q

\mn loqsnwqode df qsneloeh dw oeadbn iq xn`` iq |mn swdgigoò|onq df oelovol~i`q iel fiboònq

gnoeh sddw dw ede"sddw lnsnelq de |mnow q|daj df iqqn|q iel o|q wn|~we dw biwjn| swoan% Iqq~boeh|mi| iqoln fwdb sdqqog`n oe|nwia|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| iqqn|q |mn wn|~we de sdqqnqqode df i

~eo| df ie iqqn| df smqoai` m~bie foeieaoi` s~gòa dw dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` ldnq ed| lnsnel

de o|q `nvn` |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn iqqn|q sìq ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe |mn ln|nwboei|ode df |mn

loq|wog~|ode df oeadbn iel qsneloeh%

\ig`n 1%> qmdxq |mn ivnwihn `nvn` df sdqqnqqode dw iaanqq |d loffnwne| jn iqqn|q oe

Snw~voie ~wgie iel w~wi` qna|dwq% Dgvod~q` iqqn|q iwn ed| |d|i`` n}dhned~q viwoig`nq% Iqqn|q

sdqqnqqode lnsnelq de |mn sdqqnqqode df d|mnw iqqn|q de amiehnq oe iay~oqo|ode swoanq iel de

|mn n}sna|nl wn|~we de |mn iqqn|q% Mdxnvnw adbsiwnl |d swnvod~q niwq -qnn Nqadgi` n| i`%-9??=/ si||nweq df sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q g y~oe|o`nq iwn wnì|ovn` qoboìw i`|md~hm

Amis|nw 1

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Amis|nw 1

|mn ivnwihn oe qdbn aiqnq mil amiehnl% Fdw n}ibs`n iaanqq |d xi|nw oeawniqnl xmo`n iaanqq

|d n`na|woao| mil oeawniqnl q~gq|ie|oi`` xo|m |mn n}ans|ode df |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n% Iaanqq |d

|n`nsmdenq ivnwihn nvn` df nl~ai|ode ivnwihn niwq df n}snwonean iel |mn ihn df |mn mnil df

md~qnmd`l i`qd wdqn i`|md~hm |mn loq|wog~|ode lol ed| viw q~gq|ie|oi``97%

Oe dwlnw |d ais|~wn |mn nvn` iel |mn amiehnq oe |mn loqsiwo|onq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode Hoeoadnffoaone|q xnwn aià~ì|nl fdw qdbn df |mn iqqn|q fwdb ~wgie iel w~wi` iwniq -qnn Foh~wn 1%1/%

Sdqqnqqode df l~wig`n hddlq iel mnil md~qnmd`l‟q ìgdw n}snwonean iwn |mn iqqn|q xo|m |mn

mohmnq| lnhwnn df loqsnwqode oe |mn ~wgie iwni% Nl~ai|ode viwoig`nq wnvni` wnì|ovn` `dx

loqsnwqode dgqnwvoeh |mi| |mn swdanqq df n}sieqode df |mn nl~ai|odei` qq|nb xmoam gnhie oe

|mn 9?83q oq q|o`` ade|oe~oeh% De |mn d|mnw miel xmne xn `ddj |d |mn w~wi` iwniq |mn mohmnq|

97 Iaanqq |d s~gòa qnwvoanq xiq n}sna|nl |d oeawniqn qoheofoaie|` g 9??8 ~elnw adbbo|bne|q biln g |mn adbsieonq|mi| iay~ownl |mn swovi|o{nl adbsieonq%

Foh~wn 1%1 Hoeo adnffoaone|q df iaanqq |d iqqn|q

>3

oeny~iò| oeln}nq iwn de vi`~n df iel -giqoai`` l~n |d loffnwneanq oe y~iò|/ de |mn vi`~n df

l~wig`n hddlq iel de |mn swdsdw|ode df bnbgnwq xo|m bohwi|ode n}snwonean% Bniexmo`n iq

oe |mn ~wgie iwniq loqsnwqode oe nl~ai|ode miq gnne i`qd wnl~anl q~gq|ie|oi`` iq i adeqny~nean

df |mn n}sieqode swdanqq df |mn nl~ai|odei` qq|nb% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| of |mnqn

aià~ì|odeq xnwn i| ei|odei` `nvn` |mn oeny~iò| df bie df |mnqn iqqn|q xd~`l gn b~amhwni|nw gnai~qn df |mn iwhn his oe iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode iel oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne ~wgie iel

w~wi` qna|dwq%

1%< Wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw|; i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj

Lnsneloeh de |mn adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mn wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne sdqqnqqode df dw iaanqq |d

anw|ioe iqqn|q iel sdvnw| adelo|ode aie gn vonxnl no|mnw iq i sdvnw| swdfo`n dw iq ie i||nbs|

|d ~elnwq|iel o|q ln|nwboeie|q% Giqnl de i q|i|oa ds|obo{i|ode bdln` df md~qnmd`l swdl~a|ode

iel adeq~bs|ode o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn i wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne md~qnmd`l qsneloeh iel iqqn|`nvn`q xmoam oq dsne |d nbsowoai` nvi`~i|ode%

Oe fia| iqq~boeh |mi| md~qnmd`lq iq swdl~anwq bi}obo{n gnenfo|q q~gkna| |d |mn ~q~i`

|named`dhoai` wnq|woa|odeq -o%n% swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode/ iel iq adeq~bnwq bi}obo{n |mnow xn`fiwn

g ds|obo{oeh adeq~bs|ode iel xdwj lnaoqodeq hovne |mn nvn` df ~|oò| dg|ioenl o| oq sdqqog`n

iq xn xo`` qmdx gn`dx |mi| xn aie nq|igòqm i lowna| adeena|ode gn|xnne sdqqnqqode iel

iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel md~qnmd`l qsneloeh `nvn`q%

Fd``dxoeh Qild~`n| iel Ln Kievw -9??>/ iel Qoehm n| i`% -9?=6/ xn iqq~bn |mi|

md~qnmd`l gnmivnq iq of swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode$xdwj lnaoqodeq xnwn biln qny~ne|oi`ìel |mnwnfdwn xn aie qd`vn |mn ds|obo{i|ode swdg`nb wna~wqovn` oe |xd q|nsq% Oe |mn fowq| q|ns

|mn swdl~a|ode swdg`nb oq qd`vnl iel oe |mn qnadel q|ns |mn adeq~bs|ode swdg`nb oq qd`vnl%

\mnwnfdwn |mn swdg`nb df ds|obo{i|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l iq i swdl~anw xo`` gn;

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swdl~a|ode swdanqq iel ` oq |mn ibd~e| df md~wq df xdwj ~qnl xo|m i swoan x% h-‧/ wnswnqne|q

|mn swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode iel |mn iqqn|q iffna|oeh |mn swdl~a|ode lnaoqode -n%h% fo}nl aiso|i`

iel qo{n df |mn s`d|/ iwn ais|~wnl oe Iy%

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>9

Oe |mn qnadel q|ihn |mn adeq~bs|ode$xdwj swdg`nb oq qd`vnl hovne |mn `nvn` df swdfo|

σ+ iamonvnl oe swdl~a|ode;

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xmnwn a wnswnqne|q |mn qn| df hddlq adeq~bnl g |mn md~qnmd`l i| swoanq sa%

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iel `q iwn |mn

|obn |mn md~qnmd`l iqqoheq |d xdwj oe |mn md~qn iel md~wq df xdwj d~| df |mn md~qnmd`l

wnqsna|ovn` xo|m i |d|i` |obn adeq|wioe| df N % Foei`` Im wnswnqne|q iqqn|q iffna|oeh |mn

adeq~bs|ode lnaoqode%

\mn wnl~anl fdwb df |mn qny~ne|oi` bdln` aie |mne gn n}swnqqnl oe |nwbq df |mn lnbiel

f~ea|ode fdw hddlq;

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} } " x` * xN% Fwdb |moq lnbiel f~ea|ode xn aie |mne dg|ioe ie n}snelo|~wn

f~ea|ode fdw |mn md~qnmd`l;

H 2 a % sa

2 H-s:I/ ->/

xmnwn s oq |mn swoan vna|dw iel I oq |mn vna|dw df iqqn|q dxenl g |mn md~qnmd`l |mi| oea`~lnq

i`qd i`` |mn iqqn|q |mn md~qnmd`l aie iaanqq% Nvne bdwn |mnqn iqqn|q aie gn q~glovolnliaadwloeh |d |mn lnhwnn df |wieqfnwigoò| oe|d swovi|n iqqn|q -I

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\d nvi`~i|n |mn wnì|ovn obsdw|iean df niam |sn df iqqn|q xn w~e i qn| df bdln`q

oea`~loeh qnsiwi|n` niam df |mn fd``dxoeh hwd~sq df n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq; enohmgdwoeh s~gòa

iqqn|q swovi|n iqqn|q iel oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \mne xn olne|of |mn lowna| n}|nweiò|

nffna|q fwdb |mn swnqnean df niam df |mnb%

Foei`` xn |w |d olne|of |mn awo|oai` ibd~e| iel adbgoei|ode df s~gòa iel swovi|n

iqqn|q ennlnl |d dvnwadbn sdqqog`n sdvnw| |wisq g adwwna|` |iwhn|oeh oevnq|bne| oe s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe sddwnw loq|woa|q% Xn bdln` i| niq| |mwnn |snq df s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq; i/

'|wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn' q~am iq |wieqsdw|i|ode qnxnw qq|nbq xi|nw n`na|woao| xmoam ldnq

ed| hnenwi|n sdqo|ovn en|xdwj n}|nweiò|onq: g/ 'm~bie"aiso|i`"hnenwi|oeh s~gòa qnwvoanq'

|mi| iwn aisig`n df awni|oeh bdgo`n swovi|n iqqn|q q~am iq qamddòeh iel mni`|m qnwvoanq iel a/

'oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode |named`dhonq' q~am iq |n`nsmden dw Oe|nwen| i`` df xmoam

hnenwi|n en|xdwj n}|nweiò|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n ie oefdwbi|ode mohmxi oq oe|woeqoai`` loffnwne|

fwdb i |wieqsdw|i|ode mohmxi%

Amis|nw 1

>7

\d |nq| |mn hwdx|m obsia| df |mn s~gòa iqqn|q |mi| hnenwi|nq en|xdwj n}|nweiò|onq xn

xo`` ~qn |mn fia| |mi| |mn obsia| df |mnqn |snq df iqqn|q de |mn oeadbn df |mn md~qnmd`lq xo``

ed| gn òeniw -n%h% |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq/ iq |mn oeadbn obsia| bohm| gn ìwhnw xmnenvnw i

qoheofoaie| en|xdwj qo{n oq iamonvnl% \moq xd~`l obs` |mi| sdqo|ovn hwdx|m nffna|q oe oeadbn

bohm| gn q~gkna| |d mivoeh iamonvnl i awo|oai` biqq oe i hovne oefwiq|w~a|~wn%Oe dwlnw |d |nq| xmn|mnw q~am ede"òeniwo|onq n}oq| iel of qd xmi| |mn awo|oai` biqq oq xn

xo`` oea`~ln oe ny~i|ode -6/ |mn y~ilwi|oa |nwbq df |mn q|daj df |mdqn iqqn|q oe |mn qsnaofoa

loq|woa|q df |mn md~qnmd`l% Of |mn adnffoaone| df |mn q|daj df |moq iqqn| oq enhi|ovn iel |mn adnffoaone|

df o|q qy~iwnl |nwb sdqo|ovn |mne xn xo`` mivn nvolnean oe q~ssdw| df i 'awo|oai` biqq' |mndw

oe xmoam |mn obsia| bohm| gn oeqoheofoaie| oe `dx oe|neqo|onq df q~am iqqn|%

Iqq~boeh fdw n}ibs`n i y~ilwi|oa f~ea|ode de |mn iqqn|q |mn nffna| df ie oeawniqn oe

den df |mnb de md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn aie gn n}swnqqnl iq;

-8/

xmoam obsònq |mi| |mn iqqn| nìq|oao| xo`` gn ny~i` |d;

-=/

iel |mn awdqq nìq|oao| xo`` gn;

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\mnwnfdwn xn aie nq|obi|n |mn dxe iel adbs`nbne|iw nìq|oao|onq ‑hovne |mi| ade|wd`q

fdw i`` d|mnw s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q xo`` gn oea`~lnl" nffna|q df |mn loffnwne| |snq df iqqn|q%

\mn iei`qoq df |mnqn nìq|oao|onq iq xn`` iq qdbn qob~ì|odeq |mi| iwn aiwwonl de qmd~`l qmnl

òhm| oe |mn adbs`nbne|iw ei|~wn df s~gòa oevnq|bne|q iel |mnow si||nwe iawdqq |mn oeadbn

-n}snelo|~wn/ loq|wog~|ode qmd~`l bijn nvolne| |mn swnqnean df obsdw|ie| ede"òeniwo|onq oe

s~gòa oevnq|bne|q%

1%> Wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw| oe w~wi` Snw~

1%>%9 Nbsowoai` wnq~`|q

Foh~wnq 1%< 1%> iel 1%6 qmdx |mn loq|wog~|ode si||nweq fdw |mn loffnwne| iqqn|q ~elnw q|~l

gn|xnne sddw iel ede sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Mnwn o| oq dgvod~q |mi| |mdqn md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn

nl~ai|ode i`qd mivn oe ivnwihn i mohmnw nvn` df n}snelo|~wn% De |mn d|mnw miel |moq wnì|odeqmos

oq ed| qd a`niw oe |mn aiqn df iaanqq |d i mni`|m ane|nw oe |mn vo`ìhn% Nvne bdwn xmne iei`{oeh

|mn e~bgnw df sddw iel ede sddw md~qnmd`lq xo|m iaanqq |d i mni`|m ane|nw oe gd|m aiqnqisswd}obi|n` 13 snwane| df |mn md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq% I sdqqog`n n}sìei|ode ad~`l gn |mn

>1

qoheofoaie| n}sieqode sìe df e~bgnw df mni`|m ane|nwq i`deh w~wi` Snw~ oe |mn ìq| niwq xiq

|iwhn|nl |d sddwnw md~qnmd`lq bijoeh |mn loq|wog~|ode df |moq iqqn| bdwn ny~o|i|ovn%

Xmne xn ddj |d xmi| xn ai``nl |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq iaanqq |d lwoejig`n xi|nw

qnxnwihn iel n`na|woao| xn aie foel i sdqo|ovn wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne |mnb iel |mn `nvn` df

n}snelo|~wn df |mn md~qnmd`lq iq i swd} df oeadbn% @ojnxoqn |mn |obn |d i sivnl wdil oqsdqo|ovn` adwwnì|nl |d |mn `nvn` df n}snelo|~wn df |mn md~qnmd`lq% \mnwn iwn qnvnwi` gnenfo|q

|mi| i fiq|nw iaanqq |d sivnl wdilq aie gwoeh |d |mn sddw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq fdw n}ibs`n |mn aie

wnl~an |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode iaanqq |d qdaoi` iel hdvnwebne| qnwvoanq q~am iq mni`|m nl~ai|ode

k~q|oan sdòaoeh iel s~gòa wnhoq|wonq: iw|oa~ì|n md~qnmd`lq xo|m biwjn|q: iel oeawniqn

dssdw|~eo|onq |d lnvn`ds oeadbn"niweoeh ia|ovo|onq%

Foei`` Foh~wn 1%6 ddjq |d |mn Jnwen` loq|wog~|ode df iaanqq |d den df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|

iqqn|q xo|moe o| oq ai``nl Oefdwbi|ode iel Adbb~eoai|ode \named`dhonq -OA\/% OA\‟q oea`~ln

Amis|nw 1

Foh~wn 1%< Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q

><


Foh~wn 1%> Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iqqn|q

i xoln wiehn df qnwvoanq g~| |n`nsmden oq |mn swnadelo|ode fdw bdq| df |mn d|mnw OA\q91 iel iq

qmdxe oe |mn foh~wn o| i`qd mil i sdqo|ovn adwwnì|ode xo|m |mn nvn` df oeadbn -n}snelo|~wn/ df

|mn md~qnmd`lq% \mn a~wwne| ò|nwi|~wn mil olne|ofonl qnvnwi` sd|ne|oi` obsia|q df iaanqqoeh

OA\q% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqq |d |n`nsmden bi snwbo| i wnl~a|ode oe loq|iean wnì|nl

adeq|wioe|q xmoam mivn òbo|nl |mn sd|ne|oi` fdw nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| oe w~wi` iel wnbd|nwnhodeq% Nvne bdwn iaanqqoeh OA\q oeawniqnq nffoaonea iel wnl~anq |wieqia|ode adq|q oea`~loeh

|wieqsdw| adq|q: swdvolnq obswdvnl iaanqq |d oefdwbi|ode: iel o| q|wneh|mneq md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq‟

nadedboai` aisigoò|onq iq |mn dg|ioe bdwn swdl~a| oefdwbi|ode iel obswdvnq |mn qsnnl df

|mn wnqsdeqnq |d biwjn| qohei`q%

\mn loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q lnsoa|nl oe |mn igdvn hwismoaq wnvni`q |mi| i`|md~hm sddw md~qnmd`lq

mivn oe hnenwi` fnxnw iqqn|q |mi| ede sddw |moq si||nwe oq ed| enanqqiwo` |w~n fdw i`` iqqn|q%

91 O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| l~n |d |mn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa adelo|odeq |mi| swnvio` oe w~wi` Snw~ bdq| df |mn |n`nsmdenqnwvoanq ad~`l de` gn swdvolnl g xown`nqq |named`dhonq%

>>

Amis|nw 1

Foh~wn 1%6 Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode |named`dhonq

\ig`nq 1%6 iel 1%8 qmdx |mn wnq~`|q df d~w nadedbn|woa bn|mdld`dh% Oe \ig`n 1%6 xn

k~q| w~e i xnohm|nl wnhwnqqode9< oe nvn`q iel i`qd |mn f~`` oe|nwia|ovn bdln`% Oe \ig`n 1%8 xn

oea`~ln oe illo|ode |mn qibsòeh fwibnxdwj df |mn @QBQ df 73339>% Iq bne|odenl g Lni|de

-9??8/ of |mn a`~q|nw lnqohe df |mn li|i oq ohedwnl q|ieliwl fdwb~ìq fdw viwoieanq df nq|obi|nl

bnieq iwn |dd qbi`` i wnq~`| xmoam issònq nqqne|oi`` |mn qibn xi |d |mn fdwb~ìq fdw |mn

viwoiean"adviwoiean bi|woanq df wnhwnqqode siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl g D@Q% \mnwnfdwn |d qd`vn

|moq swdg`nb xn ~qn |mn swdanl~wn lnvn`dsnl g Q\I\I fdw adwwna|oeh |mn nq|obi|nl q|ieliwl

nwwdwq df |mn `niq| qy~iwnq wnhwnqqode%

D~w wnq~`|q dean xn adwwna|nl fdw |mn qibsòeh fwibnxdwj qmdx |mi| iaanqq |d m~bie

aiso|i` iqqn|q iwn df hwni| obsdw|iean oe n}sìoeoeh |mn nvn` df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn% Nl~ai|ode

fdw n}ibs`n qmdxq i qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn nffna| gd|m df |mn md~qnmd`l mnil iel df |mn

d|mnw bnbgnwq gohhnw |mie fd~w|nne niwq96% Qoboìw` |mn viwoig`n bniq~woeh |mn bohwi|dw

n}snwonean df |mn md~qnmd`l oq qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn% Gd|m df |mnqn viwoig`nq iwn obsdw|ie|

9< Xo|m wnqsna| |d |mn ~qn df qibsòeh xnohm|q |mnwn oq ie obsdw|ie| ade|wdvnwq gd|m i| |mn |mndwn|oai` iel swia|oai``nvn`% \mn loqa~qqode giqoai`` adeqoq|q oe |xd oqq~nq; -o/ oea`~ln dw ed| |mn qibsòeh xnohm|q iel |mn qibs`n lnqoheoe |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn adnffoaone|q -oo/ |d adwwna| dw ed| |d adwwna| |mn q|ieliwl nwwdwq iqqdaoi|nl |d |mdqn adnffoaone|q-Lni|de 9??8: Sfnffnwbiee9??1/% I xnohm|nl wnhwnqqode swdvolnq i adeqoq|ne| nq|obi|n df |mn sds~ì|ode wnhwnqqodef~ea|ode swdvolnl df ad~wqn |mn iqq~bs|ode igd~| f~ea|odei` fdwb oq adwwna|% \moq oq nqsnaoi`` wn`nvie| oe d~w aiqnoe xmoam xn iwn `ddjoeh i| |mn bnie df den viwoig`n adelo|odei` de d|mnwq%

9> Oe q~wvnq df w~wi` iwniq q~am iq |mn @QBQ a`~q|nwq iwn df|ne vo`ìhnq qd |mn md~qnmd`lq oe i qoeh`n a`~q|nw ovn eniwden ied|mnw iel iwn oe|nwvonxnl i| b~am |mn qibn |obn l~woeh |mn snwodl |mi| |mn q~wvn |nib oq oe |mn vo`ìhn% Iqi wnq~`| |mn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb |mn qibn a`~q|nw iwn b~am bdwn ojn den ied|mnw |mie iwn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb loffnwne|a`~q|nwq% I| |mn qobs`nq| |mn bi gn enohmgdwmddl nffna|q qd |mi| dai` naane|woao|onq iwn adsonl g |mdqn xmd ovneniw den ied|mnw iel gnadbn bdwn dw `nqq ~eofdwb xo|moe i vo`ìhn -Lni|de 9??8/%

96 Nvne bdwn xmne oea`~loeh |mn qy~iwn |nwb |mn qohe oq i`qd sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| oe gd|m |mn md~qnmd`l mnil iel

|mn ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq: o| bnieq |mi| |mn wn|~weq |d nl~ai|ode oeawniqn iq |mne~bgnw df niwq df nl~ai|ode ldnq% Foei`` xn n}a`~ln |mn qy~iwn |nwbq fwdb |mn wnhwnqqode gnai~qn |mnwn xiqadòeniwo| xo|m |mn oe|nwia|odeq%



>6

oe w~wi` iwniq gnai~qn |mn gnadbn siw| df i bdgo`n iqqn| fdw |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq% \mn

iei`qoq i`qd adefowbq |mi| iaanqq |d awnlo| iel dxenwqmos df iqqn|q |mi| aie gn ~qnl iq ad`ì|nwi`

miq i sdqo|ovn nffna| de qsneloeh iel |mnwnfdwn de |mn swdgigoò| df ed| gnoeh sddw%

Oe illo|ode wnl~a|odeq oe fibo` qo{n mivn i qoheofoaie| sdqo|ovn obsia| de |mn wn|~we de

|mn igdvn"bne|odenl iqqn|q% \mn adeans| |mi| ie oeawniqn oe fibo` qo{n obsònq ie oeawniqn oe|mn swdl~a|ovn wnqd~wanq df |mn fibo` iel |mnwnfdwn ie oeawniqn oe fibo` xn``"gnoeh oq ed|

nbsowoai`` q~q|ioenl% \moq ad~`l k~q|of s~gòa oe|nwvne|ode oe |mn iwni df fibo` sìeeoeh g~|

qoean |mn viwoig`n oq neldhned~q |d d|mnw lnaoqodeq iel wnq|woa|odeq |mi| iffna| |mn md~qnmd`l o| oq

ed| sdqqog`n |d viòli|n q~am i sdòa wnadbbneli|ode xo|md~| fowq| ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn bnamieoqb

df |mn ln|nwboei|ode df fibo` qo{n% Iq qsnaofonl oe |mnqn aià~ì|odeq |mn viwoig`n ad~`l oe fia|

gn ais|~woeh |mn nffna| df m~bie aiso|i`"wnì|nl viwoig`nq |mi| iwn ed| niqo` dgqnwvig`n%

Xmne iei`qoeh |mn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq n}sna|nl xn foel i qoheofoaie|

iel sdqo|ovn obsia| dvnw n}snelo|~wn snw aiso|i df iaanqq |d n`na|woao| iel iaanqq |doefwiq|w~a|~wn fdw lwoejig`n xi|nw98% Oe |mn qsnaofoa aiqn df |obn |d sivnl wdilq iel iaanqq |d

swobiw dw qnadeliw qamdd`q gd|m df |mnqn viwoig`nq gnadbn qoheofoaie| iel xo|m |mn n}sna|nl

qoheq xmne |ijoeh oe |d iaad~e| |mnow adbs`nbne|iwo|onq xo|m d|mnw iqqn|q% Qsnaofoai`` oe |mn

aiqn df wdilq iel iq bne|odenl swnvod~q` ie obswdvnbne| oe |mn |wieqsdw| qq|nb ad~`l

adeqolnwig` wnl~an xmi| oq i qoheofoaie| adeq|wioe| de ihwoa~`|~wi` nffdw|q oe w~wi` iwniq% \mn

ìaj df i wnòig`n |wieqsdw|i|ode wnf`na|nl oe mohm |wieqsdw| iel |wieqia|ode adq|q mibsnwq |mn

aisiao| df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d iw|oa~ì|n xo|m biwjn|q iel fdwanq |mnb |d ade|oe~n oe q~gqoq|nean

ihwoa~`|~wn% Swd}obo| |d biwjn|q wnl~anq nffna|ovn swoanq df ihwoa~`|~wn oes~|q iel d~|s~|q%S~wamiqnq df bdlnwe oes~|q iel qi`nq df d~|s~|q lnaòen xo|m loq|iean fwdb biwjn|

iel |wieqsdw| adq|q oef`~nean fiwb swdfo|q |mwd~hm oes~| ~qn iel awds biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq%

Nvne bdwn xn foel |mi| |mnwn oq i q|wdeh adbs`nbne|iwo| gn|xnne i a`dqnw iaanqq |d wdilq

iel |n`nsmdenq qdbn|moeh adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn olni df i wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel ie

oeawniqn |d swd}obo| df biwjn|q%

Ibdeh |mn illo|odei` bdq| obsdw|ie| oe|nwia|odeq |mi| iwn qmdxe |d gn qoheofoaie| xn

qmd~`l bne|ode qdbn dgvod~q ojn |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|‟q gn|xnne iaanqq |d wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iel |mn fia| |mi| |mn md~qn miq gn||nw wddfq xmoam ad~`l gn i wnq~`| df i bikdw biwjn| vi`~n df

|mn md~qn dean |mnwn oq i a`dqn sivnl wdil% I| |mn qibn |obn qnvnwi` oe|nwia|odeq sdoe| |d

adbs`nbne|iwo|‟q ei|~wn de s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ojn |mn den nq|igòqmnl gn|xnne iaanqq

|d nl~ai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel iaanqq |d n`na|woao|% Foei`` q|i|oq|oai` nvolnean xiq fd~el

|mi| viwoig`nq df s~gòa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` q~am iq gnoeh lowna|dw df |mn `dai`

dwhieo{i|odeq mivn i qoboìw sdqo|ovn obsia|%


98 Oe |moq qsnaofoa aiqn |mn viwoig`n xmoam oq sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| i| > snwane| `nvn` df adefolnean oq |mn e~bgnw df

md~qnmd`lq xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn fdw lwoejig`n xi|nw% Illo|odei`` |mnqn viwoig`nq ad~`l gn bniq~woeh |mn ennl |dmivn i awo|oai` biqq df md~qnmd`lq adeena|nl |d |mn lwoejig`n xi|nw qq|nb |d gn ig`n |d advnw |mn qoheofoaie| fo}adq| ennlnl |d oea~w%



>8

Amis|nw 1

\ig`n 1%6 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn-~qoeh viwoig`nq xo|md~| oe|nwia|odeq/



>=

\ig`n 1%8 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe |mn md~qnmd`l-~qoeh viwoig`n oe|nwia|odeq/




>?

Amis|nw 1

Oe |mn en}| qna|ode ~qoeh |mn siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl fwdb |mn qsneloeh ny~i|odeq xn

aià~ì|nl |mn obsia| df amiehnq oe dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q de

n}snelo|~wn nvn`%

1%>%7 Iqqnqqoeh |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq

^qoeh |mn n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode nq|obi|nl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode xn mivn w~e qdbn qob~ì|odeq

|d qmdx ed| de` |mn obsdw|iean df jn iqqn|q oe n}sìoeoeh snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn g~| i`qd

|mn obsdw|iean df adbs`nbne|iwo| oe |mn i``dai|ode df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

\ig`n 1%= qmdxq mdx b~am xo`` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oeawniqn of xn swdvoln qdbn

illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d w~wi` lxn``nwq% Mnwn xn nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df s~gòa smdenq

nl~ai|ode qnxnwihn qq|nbq iel wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe niam df |mn > y~oe|o`nq df |mn w~wi`

n}snelo|~wn loq|wog~|ode% Fdw n}ibs`n iaanqqoeh s~gòa smdenq xo`` oeawniqn snw"aiso|i

n}snelo|~wn g `nqq |mie 7 snwane| oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n df |mn loq|wog~|ode iel xo`` oeawniqno| g 97 snwane| fdw |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n df |mn loq|wog~|ode% I qoboìw si||nwe aie gn dgqnwvnl

xo|m wnqsna| |d iaanqq |d d|mnw jn iqqn|q |mi| xn nvi`~i|n mnwn%

\ig`n 1%? qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mnqn qob~ì|odeq ade|wiq|oeh |mn nffna|q df swdvoqode df

s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne sddw iel ede"sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Iq n}sna|nl i`|md~hm i``

w~wi` oemigo|ie|q gnenfo| xo|m |mn swdvoqode df illo|odei` s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn ede"sddw w~wi`lxn``nw |nel |d gnenfo| bdwn% \moq oq dgvod~q` |mn nffna| df |mn illo|odei` swovi|n -iel s~gòa/

iqqn| neldxbne| |mi| ede"sddw mivn oe adbsiwoqde xo|m |mn w~wi` sddw% I gn||nw nl~ai|nl

w~wi` lxn``nw |soai`` sdqo|odenl oe |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n bi ~qn |mn qibn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oe bdwn swdfo|ig`n xi |mie i `nqq nl~ai|nl w~wi` lxn``nw sdqo|odenl oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n%

\ig`nq 1%93 iel 1%99 qmdx |mn adbgoenl nffna| df lnòvnwoeh s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d

w~wi` oemigo|ie|q df Snw~% \xd vnw oe|nwnq|oeh adea`~qodeq nbnwhn fwdb iei`{oeh |mnqn

qob~ì|odeq% Fowq| |mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df gnoeh ig`n |d iaanqq |d bdwn |mie den

iqqn| i| |mn qibn |obn% \mn adbgoei|ode df den dw bdwn iqqn|q qdbn|obnq oeawniqnq |mn obsia|dvnw |mn xn`fiwn df |mn md~qnmd`lq oe bdwn |mie |mn q~b df o|q oelovol~i` obsia|q iel oe qdbn

\ig`n 1%= Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-G y~oe|o`nq ‑ snwane|ihn/



63


\ig`n 1%? Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-Snwane|ihn/

\ig`n 1%93 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm qob~`|iend~q iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-G y~oe|o`nq " snwane|ihn/

69

Amis|nw 1

aiqn |mn nffna| oq b~`|osòai|ovn% Qnadel adbs`nbne|iwo| oevnq|bne|q |nel |d a`dqn |mn his

gn|xnne sddw iel ede"sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Fdw n}ibs`n xmo`n oevnq|oeh oe s~gòa smdenq

oeawniqnq snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe 97 snwane| iel nqq |mie

7 snwane| wnqsna|ovn` illoeh ie illo|odei` oevnq|bne| òjn obswdvnl wdilq oeawniqnq snw

aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe 9= snwane| iel igd~| 8 snwane|

wnqsna|ovn`% Illoeh i |mowl iqqn| òjn qnxnwihn oeawniqnq snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn

woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe >7 snwane| iel <7 snwane| wnqsna|ovn`% \moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m

|mn olni |mi| |mn qob~`|iend~q swdvoqode df s~gòa iqqn|q oq ie nffna|ovn xi df ny~iò{oeh

dssdw|~eo|onq gn|xnne |mn sddw iel ede sddw%

1%6 Iqqn|q, iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |wieqo|ode gn|xnne q|i|nq df sdvnw|

Sdqqnqqode dw iaanqq |d iqqn|q df m~bie smqoai` foeieaoi` s~gòa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i`

xd~`l ed| de` wioqn |mn wn|~we de swovi|n iqqn|q g~| mivn ie nffna| de |mn swdanqq df iqqn|

iaa~b~ì|ode% \m~q |mn dwohoei` sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q |mnow swdanqq df iaa~b~ì|ode iel |mn

n}oq|nean df n}|nwei` qmdajq xd~`l gn |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mn |wieqo|ode df md~qnmd`lq i`deh

\ig`n 1%99 Oeawniqn oe Md~qnmd`l N}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-Snwane|ihn/

67

\ig`n 1%97 Loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`l sien` gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??<-Snwane|ihnq/

\mn nq|obi|n df ny~i|ode -93/ wny~ownq |mn ~qn df i loqawn|n viwoig`n oeloai|oeh amiehnq

gn|xnne |mn loffnwne| q|i|nq iel |mn ~qn df i b~`|oedboi` `dho| |d nq|obi|n |mn nffna| df |mn

sdqqnqqode df loffnwne| |snq df iqqn| de |mn swdgigoò| |mi| fdw n}ibs`n i md~qnmd`l wnbioeqoe sdvnw| dw bijnq i q~aanqqf~` |wieqo|ode% Nq|obi|oeh |mn |wieqo|ode bi|wo} fwdb |mn


|mn qai`n df oeadbn dw qsneloeh% êlnw |moq awo|nwode o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn ie ny~i|ode |mi|

wnswnqne|q |mn |wieqo|ode df i md~qnmd`l;

fwdb den `nvn` df qsneloeh |d ied|mnw dw i`|nwei|ovn` fwdb q|i|nq df sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|xmnwn i`` |mn viwoig`nq mivn gnne lnfoenl n}ans| m xmoam wnswnqne|q i vna|dw df qmdw|"|nwb

qmdajq |mi| iffna| a~wwne| oeadbn$qsneloeh% Oe d~w aiqn xn oe|wdl~anl |xd viwoig`nq |d ais|~wn

qmdw|"|nwb qmdajq; |mn qsneloeh df |mn Adbsneqi|ode iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne| F~el

-FDEADLNQ/ gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??< iel |mn amiehn oe |mn ìgdw q|i|~q gn|xnne gd|m niwq

-|mn loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn md~qnmd`l daa~si|ode wi|n bniq~wnl iq |mn e~bgnw df md~qnmd`l

xdwjoeh bnbgnwq adbsiwnl xo|m |mn e~bgnw df bnbgnwq ihnl dvnw 9</% Gd|m viwoig`nq i||nbs|

|d ais|~wn qmdw|"|nwb bdlofoai|odeq oe |mn biawd"nevowdebne| xmoam mivn ed| n| wnq~`|nl oe

amiehnq oe |mn sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q%\d nvi`~i|n |mn |wieqo|ode gn|xnne q|i|nq df sdvnw| i sien` df 9196 md~qnmd`lq

q~wvnnl oe 9??9 iel 9??< xiq ~qnl% \d qnn mdx wnswnqne|i|ovn |mn sien` oq xo|m wnqsna| |d

|mn 9??9 qibs`n |mn sien` oefdwbi|ode fdw |mn swoeaosi` viwoig`nq ~elnw q|~l xiq adbsiwnl

xo|m li|i |mi| xiq ed| siw| df |mn sien` gnai~qn |mn md~qnmd`lq xnwn ed| swnqne| oe |mn 9??<

q~wvn% \mn advnwihn df |mn sien` wnswnqne|q 89%> snwane| df |mn 9??9 qibs`n% \mn wnq~`|q

giqnl de |mn swoeaosi` viwoig`nq ~elnw q|~l qmdx |mi| oefdwbi|ode i| sien` `nvn` ldnq ed|

ade|ioe qoheofoaie| loffnwneanq oe wnì|ode |d |mn h`dgi` qibs`n df 9??9% Mdxnvnw |mn sien`

iqqoheq hwni|nw xnohm| |d |mn ~wgie edw|m Adq|i iel `nqqnw xnohm| |d @obi ao|% Oe wnì|ode |dsdvnw| wi|n |mn sien` ais|~wnq |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn |d|i` qibs`n i`|md~hm xo|m i qòhm| goiq

qoean o| ais|~wnq 8< snwane| df |mn sddw iel de` 89 snwane| df |mn ede"sddw% \ig`n 1%97 qmdxq

|mn loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`lq oea`~lnl oe |mn sien`%

61

Amis|nw 1

b~`|oedboi` dho| oq iqbs|d|oai`` ny~ovi`ne| |d lowna|` nq|obi|n o| g bi}ob~b vnwoqoboò|~ln%

\mn ilvie|ihn df |mn ds|ode ~qnl mnwn oq |mi| o| n}sòao|` olne|ofonq |mn nffna|q df |mn sdqqnqqode

df loffnwne| iqqn|q de |mn |wieqo|ode swdanqq%

Qoean anw|ioe amiehnq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode aie gn adeqolnwnl neldhned~q |d |mn swdanqq

df md~qnmd`l lnaoqode"bijoeh |mnqn amiehnq mivn |d gn oeq|w~bne|iò{nl nqsnaoi`` fdwamiehnq oe jn iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode foeieaoi` qivoeh iel dw ovnq|daj% Amiehnq oe s~gòa

iqqn|q iwn adeqolnwnl n}dhned~q |d |mn swdanqq df md~qnmd`l lnaoqode"bijoeh iel |mn iwn

ed| |mnwnfdwn oeq|w~bne|iò{nl% Fdw |mn oeq|w~bne|iò{i|ode |mn neldxbne| df oeo|oi` iqqn|q

oq ~qnl gd|m |mdqn |mi| issniw oe |mn nq|obi|n iel d|mnwq ed| adeqolnwnl oe |mn nq|obi|nl

bdln` -n%h% nl~ai|ode df |mn wnq| df |mn md~qnmd`l/%

Qoean |mn qn| df n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq qmdxq ie obsdw|ie| lnhwnn df ad`òeniwo| anw|ioe

wnq|woa|odeq xnwn obsdqnl% Oe siw|oa~ìw |mn nq|obi|nl bdln` iqq~bnq |mi| amiehnq oe sdqqnqqode

df iqqn|q mn`s n}sìoe |mn |wieqo|odeq g~| ld ed| iffna| md~qnmd`lq wnbioenl oe |mn qibn q|i|ngn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??<% O| oq i`qd iqq~bnl |mi| |mn iqqn| `nvn`q mn`s n}sìoe xm anw|ioe

md~qnmd`lq wnbioe sddw dw ede"sddw g~| iwn `nqq obsdw|ie| oe n}sìoeoeh |mn |wieqo|ode%9=

Illo|odei`` gnai~qn df |mn qbi`` e~bgnw df sien` dgqnwvi|odeq fdw |mn w~wi` qna|dw |mn bdln`

xiq nq|obi|nl fdw |mn ne|own qibs`n%

\ig`n 1%91 Bdln`¼q swnloa|ode wi|n

\ig`n 1%9< qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl fwdb |mn swdsdqnl b~`|o"edboei` dho| bdln`% \mn

bdln` bioe|ioenl 9> n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq swnvod~q` iei`{nl xmoam iwn oeloai|dwq df |mn

iqqn|q df m~bie aiso|i` -nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l sd|ne|oi` ìgdw n}snwonean hnelnwloffnwneanq bohwi|dw igoò| o`ènqqnq oe |mn md~qnmd`l iel fibo` qo{n/ iqqn|q df smqoai` iel

foeieaoi` aiso|i` -foeieaoi` qivoeh l~wig`n hddlq ìel ovnq|daj/ iel df s~gòa iel dwhieo{i|odei`

aiso|i` -iaanqq |d xi|nw n`na|woao| qnxnwihn |n`nsmden iel bnbgnwqmos df qdaoi` dwhieo{i|odeq/%

\mn swnloa|ode wi|n df |mn bdln` -qnn \ig`n 1%91/ oq wniqdeig` mohm fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| wnbioe

oe |mnow oeo|oi` q|i|n -sddw dw ede"sddw/% Oe ade|wiq| |mn swnloa|ode wi|n fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| bijn

9= \mnqn iqq~bs|odeq issniw wniqdeig`n oe |mn òhm| df |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ~ewnq|woa|nl `dho| bdln` xo|m |mn qd`n

n}ans|ode df |mn nl~ai|odei` viwoig`n oe |mn ny~i|odeq |mi| n}sìoe |mn |wieqo|odeq -viwoig`n |mi| xiq oe|wdl~anl oe|mn bdln`/% O| qmd~`l gn ed|nl |mi| l~n |d |mn mohm ad`òeniwo| vnwofonl gn|xnne |mn amiehnq oe |mn iqqn|q iel |mnow`nvn`q |mnqn wnq|woa|odeq xnwn obsdqnl n} ie|n%

6<


\ig`n 1%9< B~`|oedboi` iei`qoq df amiehnq oe q|i|nq df sdvnw|-Biwhoei` nffna|q/

Sddw |d ede"sddw Ede sddw |d sddw

Adnffoaone|q { Adnffoaone|q {

O; Oe |wieqo|ode

Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l "3%337 "3%>9? "3%336 "7%>Hnelnw 3%39= 3%<11 3%336 3%7<9∆-Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l/ -9/ 3%338 9%<=? "3%397 "<%3?=∆-Sd|ne|oi` igdw n}snwonean/ "3%337 "9%671 "3%337 "7%978

∆-Bohwi|ode/ 3%9<6 7%<=6 "3%38= "7%3>1∆-@iel/ -9/ 3%379 9%>>7 "3%331 "9%1=<∆-Iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw/ 3%398 3%19 3%361 7%79=∆-Iaanqq |d qnxnwihn/ 3%379 3%7? 3 "3%338∆-Iaanqq |d n`na|woao|/ 3%37? 3%17< "3%361 "3%?1=∆-Iaanqq |d |n`nsmden/ 3%3>9 3%68 "3%9 "9%98<∆-Fibo` qo{n/ "3%31< ">%97< 3%37= 6%=<7∆-Foeieaoi` qivoehq/ 9$ "3%39< "3%36= 3%3<> 3%1<>∆-@ovnq|daj/9$ "3%339 "3%==7 "3%339 "9%8?6∆-Adbb~eo| aiso|i`/ "3%367 "3%8?? "3%331 "3%38>∆-@igdw q|i|~q/ 3%3>7 9%=36 "3%3>8 "1%9=<FDEADLNQ 3 3%13< 3 "3%=6<Adeq|ie| "3%3>= "3%?77 "3%361 "9%=8

OO; Adeq|ie|

Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l "3%317 "8%3<8 3%3<? =%891Sd|ne|oi` ìgdw n}snwonean "3%33> "<%9?1 3%33= >%<96Hnelnw 3%319 3%==1 "3%3=6 "9%66=Bohwi|ode "3%737 "1%>6? 3%918 9%??7O`ènqq "3%337 "3%9<8 "3%331 "3%717Fibo` qo{n 3%367 =%1>8 "3%3?7 "93%399Foeieaoi` qivoehq "3%<66 "7%=<7 3%19> 1%<>L~wig`n hddlq 3 9%9=6 3 "3%6=7@iel 3 3%33= 3%339 3%1<8

Iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw "3%39= "3%>7 "3%3>6 "3%?==Iaanqq |d qnxnwihn "3%331 "3%93< 3%388 9%638Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "3%3<? "3%?36 3%939 9%9<=Iaanqq |d |n`nsmden "3%<<6 "<%<98 3%<9= 6%396Adbb~eo| aiso|i` 3%<<= 9%=<> 3%361 3%98?@ovnq|daj 3%337 7%71< "3%33< "7%111@igdw q|i|~q 3%388 1%1?8 "3%937 "7%?9=FDEADLNQ 3 "3%331 3 "3%3=>Adeq|ie| 3%9=9 7%967 "3%9>6 "9%71?Sqn~ld W7 3%9?>

9$ \mnqn viwoig`nq xnwn oeq|w~bne|iò{nl |d adwwna| sdqqog`n goiq l~n |d neldhned~q nffna|q%

Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

|mn |wieqo|ode fwdb q|i|nq df sdvnw| oq `dx wnf`na|oeh oeigoò| |d ais|~wn ilny~i|n` i`` |mn qmdw|"

|nwb qmdajq |mi| iffna| |mn |wieqo|dw oeadbn dw qsneloeh df |mn md~qnmd`lq%

6>

Amis|nw 1

\mn b~`|oviwoi|n `dho|"|sn bdln`q mivn |mn oelnsnelnean df owwn`nvie| i`|nwei|ovnq

swdsnw| -OOI/ |mi| oq |d ill dw wnl~an i`|nwei|ovnq dw q|i|nq: o| ldnq ed| iffna| |mn wnì|ovn

swdgigoò|onq df |mn q|i|n bioe|ioenl oe |mn bdln`% \moq swdsnw| ad~`l gn ~elnqowig`n oe i

bdln` q~am iq |mi| swdsdqnl mnwn gnai~qn |mn q|i|nq iwn adelo|odei` de |mn oeo|oi` sdqo|ode df

niam md~qnmd`l% \d vnwof |mi| |moq swdsnw| ldnq ed| hnenwi|n obsdw|ie| goiqnq oe |mn wnq~`|qdg|ioenl |mn q|i|oq|oai` |nq| lnvn`dsnl g Mi~qbie iel Bafillne -9?=</ xiq ~qnl% Iq qmdxe

oe \ig`n 1%9> oe d~w aiqn |mn |nq|q qmdx |mi| |mn nq|obi|nq df |mn swdsdqnl bdln` xnwn ed|

iffna|nl g |moq iqq~bs|ode%

\ig`n 1%9> Mi~qbie |nq| fdw OOI

N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn sddw"sddw 91%8>61N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn sddw$ede"sddw 93%?1<?N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn ede"sddw$sddw 99%966?

N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn ede"sddw$ede"sddw 67%6?=>

Ed|n; \mn awo|oai` vi`~n oq 8>%1> i| |mn `nvn` df 9 snwane|%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\mn swdgigoò|onq df |wieqo|ode iwn swnqne|nl oe \ig`n 1%96 xmnwn |mn nffna|ovn swdgigoò|

oq ny~ovi`ne| |d |mn |wieqo|odeq nffna|ovn` dgqnwvnl iel wnsdw|nl oe 1%97

\ig`n 1%96 Swdgigoò| df |wieqo|ode

Q|i|nq Nfna|ovn Nq|obi|n

Sddw |d sddw 7?%1. 1>%8.Sddw |d ede"sddw 79%3. 93%>.Ede"sddw |d sddw 93%3. 1%3.Ede"sddw |d ede"sddw 1?%8. >3%=.

\d|i` 933%3. 933%3.


\mn wnq~`|q wnvni` |mi| |mn iqqn|q df m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q -niwq df nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l sd|ne|oi` n}snwonean df mnil bohwi|dw n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n/ foeieaoi` aiso|i`

-foeieaoi` qivoehq/ smqoai` aiso|i` -òvnq|daj/ iel s~gòa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` -iaanqq

|d |n`nsmden iel bnbgnwqmos df iqqdaoi|odeq/ iwn aw~aoi` oe n}sìoeoeh xm anw|ioe md~qnmd`lq

wnbioe oe i q|i|n df sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|% Amiehnq oe qdbn m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q -bohwi|dw

n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n/ iq xn`` iq |mn sdqo|ovn qmdajq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m amiehn oe |mn ìgdw

q|i|~q iwn |mn viwoig`nq |mi| gn||nw n}sìoe |mn |wieqo|ode fwdb sdvnw|% Adevnwqn` |mn viwoig`nq

|mi| gn||nw n}sìoe xm anw|ioe md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| sddw oe 9??9 mil gnadbn sddw g

9??< iwn |mn `nvn` iel amiehn oe nl~ai|odei` `nvn` df |mn mnil df md~qnmd`l amiehnq oe ìgdwiel bohwi|dw n}snwonean |dhn|mnw xo|m iaj df iaanqq |d s~gòa hddlq iel |mn ilvnwqn qmdaj



66


iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn amiehn oe ìgdw q|i|~q% Hnelnw loffnwneanq iwn ed| obsdw|ie| oe ie df |mn

fd~w q|i|nq iei`{nl% Illo|odei`` df |mn qmdw|"|nwb qmdajq olne|ofonl -FDEADLNQ qsneloeh

iel amiehn oe ìgdw q|i|~q/ de` |mn qnadel miq n}sìei|dw sdxnw fdw ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn

wniqdeq xm i md~qnmd`l bdvnq oe|d dw d~| df sdvnw|% @iq|` iq n}sna|nl fibo` qo{n wnl~anq

|mn swdgigoò| df obswdvoeh q|i|~q iel oq ln|nwboeie| oe n}sìoeoeh xm qdbn md~qnmd`lqwnbioe oe sdvnw|%

1%8 Adea`~qodeq

\moq q|~l miq nbsowoai`` vnwofonl |mn jn iqqn|q |mi| amiwia|nwo{n |mn sddw sds~ì|ode df

Snw~% O| miq i||nbs|nl |d gn||nw ~elnwq|iel |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw| iei`{oeh

amiehnq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q |mn òej gn|xnne iaanqq |d dw sdqqnqqode df |mnqn iqqn|q

iel sdvnw| iel |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne |mnow wn|~weq iel sdvnw|% Hovne |mi| bie df |mnqn

iqqn|q iwn wniqdeig` n}dhned~q i| `niq| oe |mn qmdw| |nwb ie ~elnwq|ieloeh df |mnqnwnì|odeqmosq newoamnq |mn lngi|n igd~| xmoam s~gòa sdòaonq ad~`l mivn |mn hwni|nq| nffna| de

sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%

Oe |mn Snw~voie aiqn |moq amis|nw qmdxq |mn obsdw|iean df viwoig`nq q~am iq nl~ai|ode

iel fibo` qo{n fdw |sofoeh |mn q|i|n df sdvnw| df oelovol~i`q |mwd~hm |mn iei`qoq df swdgo|

bdln`q iel qsneloeh wnhwnqqodeq% \mn iei`qoq i`qd adefowbq |mi| iaanqq |d awnlo| iel dxenwqmos

df iqqn|q |mi| aie gn ~qnl iq ad`ì|nwi` miq i sdqo|ovn nffna| de qsneloeh iel de |mn swdgigoò|

df ed| gnoeh sddw% Foei`` q|i|oq|oai` nvolnean xiq fd~el |mi| viwoig`nq df s~gòa iel

dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` q~am iq bnbgnwqmos df dwhieo{i|odeq iel iaanqq |d giqoa s~gòa qnwvoanqq~am iq xi|nw qnxnwihn n`na|woao| iel |n`nsmden mivn i qoboìw obsia|% Oe |moq wnqsna| |mn

nbsowoai` iei`qoq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn vonx |mi| |mn ìaj df iaanqq |d anw|ioe jn iqqn|q

xmoam hnenwi|n q~ffoaone| oeadbn fdw dieq fdw i siw| df |mn sds~ì|ode ~elnwònq |mn swdg`nb

df sdvnw|%

@nvn`q iel amiehnq oe |mn iqqn|q wn|~weq iwn iq obsdw|ie| iq |mn sdqqnqqode df |mnb oe

ln|nwboeoeh sdvnw| q|i|~q% \mnqn wn|~weq aie i`qd gn bdlofonl g iaanqqoeh adbs`nbne|iw

jn iqqn|q% ^|oò{oeh |mn siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl fwdb |mn qsneloeh ny~i|odeq |mn obsia| xiq

aià~ì|nl df amiehnq oe |mn dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q de |mn wn|~we denl~ai|ode iel iel% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df s~gòa iqqn|q de |mnqn wn|~weq xmoam

oq nvolnean |mi| swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q iwn adbs`nbne|iw% \moq qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~gòa

sdòa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn

wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel |m~q fiaoò|i|n wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|%

F~w|mnw wnl~a|odeq oe fibo` qo{n mivn i qoheofoaie| sdqo|ovn obsia| de |mn wn|~we df |mn

iqqn|q bne|odenl% \mn adeans| |mi| |mn iwhnw |mn fibo` obsònq ie oeawniqn oe |mn swdl~a|ovn

wnqd~wanq df |mn fibo` iel |mnwnfdwn ie oeawniqn oe xn``gnoeh oq ed| nbsowoai`` q~q|ioenl%

\mn foeloeh oq vnw qoheofoaie| nvne of |mn n}oq|nean df nadedbonq df qai`n oq iaans|nl oefibo` adeq~bs|ode% \moq ad~`l k~q|of s~gòa oe|nwvne|ode oe |mn iwni df fibo` sìeeoeh g~|

68

Amis|nw 1

qoean |mn viwoig`n oq neldhned~q |d d|mnw lnaoqodeq iel wnq|woa|odeq |mi| iffna| |mn md~qnmd`l

o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d viòli|n q~am i sdòa wnadbbneli|ode xo|md~| fowq| ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn

bnamieoqb df |mn ln|nwboei|ode df fibo` qo{n% \mn viwoig`n iq oea`~lnl oe |mnqn aià~ì|odeq

ad~`l oe fia| gn ais|~woeh |mn nffna| df viwoig`nq df m~bie aiso|i` |mi| iwn ed| niqo` dgqnwvig`n%

Xmne `ddjoeh |d |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq df |mn iqqn|q |mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna|df gnoeh ig`n |d iaanqq |d bdwn |mie den iqqn| i| |mn qibn |obn% Oe |moq qneqn |mn adbgoei|ode

df den dw bdwn iqqn|q qdbn|obnq oeawniqn |mn obsia| dvnw |mn xn`fiwn df |mn md~qnmd`lq oe

bdwn |mie |mn q~b df o|q oelovol~i` obsia|q iel oe qdbn aiqn |mn nffna| oq b~`|osòai|ovn% Fdw

n}ibs`n i sddw md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d |n`nsmden de` o|q n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe <

snwane| of o| miq de` iaanqq |d i wdil den md~w `nqq |mie swnvod~q` o|q n}snelo|~wn xo``

oeawniqn oe 9 snwane| bniexmo`n of gd|m iqqn|q iwn hovne |d |mn md~qnmd`l qob~`|iend~q` o|q

n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe 8 snwane|% Nvne bdwn of oe illo|ode |moq md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d

swobiw iel qnadeliw qamdd`q oe o|q vo`ìhn |mne o|q n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe bdwn |mie 99snwane| xmo`n |mn iwo|mbn|oa q~b df |mn oeawniqn oe n}snelo|~wn df mivoeh niam iqqn| i`den

xiq de` 8 snwane|% \moq wnq~`| a`niw` qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~gòa sdòa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df

qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel

|m~q fiaoò|i|nq wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|% \mn wnq~`|q i`qd qmdx |mi| |mn illo|odei` swdvoqode df

s~gòa hddlq qnwvnq iq ie ny~iò{oeh fdwan gn|xnne |mn w~wi` sddw iel |mn ede sddw%

I leiboa iei`qoq xiq i`qd lden df |mn dxenwqmos df iqqn|q de bdgoò| gn|xnne |mn

q|i|nq df sdvnw| iel ede"sdvnw|% O| xiq fd~el |mi| |mn oeo|oi` `nvn`q df |mn iqqn|q iwn ed| ned~hm

|d n}sìoe |wieqo|odeq oe|d iel d~| df sdvnw| i`|md~hm |mn iwn aw~aoi` oe n}sìoeoeh snwbieneanoe sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|% \moq oq |d gn n}sna|nl qoean |mn qibs`n df md~qnmd`l oe sien` fdwb

xiq fdw i wnì|ovn` qmdw| snwodl -9??9"9??</% Nl~ai|ode ìgdw n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n iq

xn`` iq foeieaoi` qivoeh iaanqq |d |n`nsmden iel dxenwqmos df òvnq|daj iwn |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|

viwoig`nq oe n}sìoeoeh xmn|mnw i md~qnmd`l xo`` wnbioe oe o|q dwohoei` q|i|n df sdvnw|%

Oe ade|wiq| |d n}sìoe |wieqo|odeq oe|d iel d~| df sdvnw| oe illo|ode |d oeo|oi` `nvn`q

iel amiehnq oe iqqn|q qmdajq òejnl |d qmdw| |nwb amiehnq mivn |d gn adeqolnwnl% \mnqn

qmdajq xnwn siw|oi`` isswd}obi|nl g qmdw|"|nwb amiehnq oe |mn qdaoi` qsneloeh df

FDEADLNQ oe niam md~qnmd`l‟q loq|woa| iel g qmdw|"|nwb amiehnq oe |mn ìgdw q|i|~q df md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq% \m~q |d `nivn sdvnw| |mn aw~aoi` fia|dwq iwn ie oeawniqn oe bohwi|dw

n}snwonean ie oeawniqn oe |mn e~bgnw df nbs`dnl snwqdeq oe wnì|ode |d |d|i` bnbgnwq df

xdwjoeh ihn iel i wnl~a|ode oe fibo` qo{n% De |mn d|mnw miel |mn `nvn` df nl~ai|ode iel o|q

oeawniqn igdw n}snwonean wnl~a|ode oe fibo` qo{n obswdvnbne|q oe iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw

iel oeawniqnq oe ovnq|daj wnl~an |mn swdgigoò| |mi| i md~qnmd`l bdvn oe|d i q|i|n df sdvnw|%

Oe |moq iei`qoq df |wieqo|ode |mn viwoig`n df FDEADLNQ loq|woa| qsneloeh xiq ed| qoheofoaie|%

\mn iei`qoq q~hhnq|q |mn sdqqog`n n}oq|nean df i wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne sdvnw| iel |mn

loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q iel oeadbn% \mn wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| iel qsneloeh loqsnwqode ad~`l gnwnì|nl |d `deh"|nwb q|w~a|~wi` amiehnq oe |mn ivnwihn dxenwqmos iel loqsnwqode df nl~ai|ode

6?

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S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q+

<%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode

Oe '\mn Xni`|m iel Sdvnw| df Ei|odeq' Livol Q% @ielnq iwh~nq |mi| N~wdsn‟q |nbsnwi|n

aòbi|n nead~wihnl miwl xdwj iel aiso|iòq| lnvn`dsbne| xmo`n |mn mni| df |mn |wdsoaq gwd~hm|

wnòiean de qìvnq ZNoamnehwnne -9??=/ Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??8/R |woeh |d n}sìoe

xm |mn êo|nl Q|i|nq iel Aieili mivn gnne qd b~am bdwn q~aanqqf~` dvnw |obn |mie d|mnw

Enx Xdw`l nadedbonq q~hhnq| |mi| |mn wdd|q df |mnqn loqsiwo|onq de |mn n}|ne| df oeny~iò|

ì de loffnwneanq oe |mn oeo|oi` fia|dw neldxbne|q df |mn wnqsna|ovn ad`deonq% Xm ld xn qnn

iwniq xo|m snwqoq|ne|` `dx òvoeh q|ieliwlq nvne oe hwdxoeh nadedbonq4 Xo`` |mn `nhia df

|mnqn loffnwneanq snwqoq|4Den vonx oq |mi| loffnwneanq iwoqn fwdb snwqoq|ne| qsi|oi` adeane|wi|odeq df oelovol~i`q

xo|m snwqdei` i||wog~|nq oemogo|oeh hwdx|m oe |mnow ovoeh q|ieliwlq% \moq vonx ldnq ed| iqawogn

i ai~qi` wd`n |d hndhwism snw qn: oe d|mnw xdwlq olne|oai` oelovol~i`q xo`` g |moq vonx mivn

|mn qibn hwdx|m swdqsna|q wnhiwl`nqq df xmnwn |mn òvn% I`|nwei|ovn` den bohm| iwh~n |mi|

hndhwism miq i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq dvnw |obn% G |moq

vonx hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq iwoqoeh fwdb ei|~wi` hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq `dai` s~gòa

iqqn|q dw `dai` neldxbne|q df swovi|n iqqn|q ne|io` |mi| òvoeh oe i xn`` neldxnl iwni bnieq

|mi| i sddw md~qnmd`l aie nvne|~i`` nqaisn sdvnw|% _n| ie d|mnwxoqn olne|oai` md~qnmd`lòvoeh oe i sddw iwni n}snwoneanq q|ihei|ode dw lnaòen% Of |moq oq qd |mne o| oq obsdw|ie| fdw

sdòa bijnwq |d ~elnwq|iel mdx hndhwismoa fia|dwq ld bi||nw |d hwdx|m swdqsna|q i| |mn

boawd `nvn` ZKiìe iel Wivi`òde -9??=/ Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??8/R

Snw~ miq ie iq|deoqmoeh viwon| df nad`dhoai` iwniq% De` i fnx ad~e|wonq dffnw qd bie

aòbi|n {denq iel ìelqaisnq xo|m wioefdwnq|q mohm bd~e|ioe wiehnq iel lw lnqnw|q% Snw~

ade|ioeq i |d|i` df =< df |mn xdw`l‟q 93< jedxe òvoeh nad`dhoai` wnhodeq iel 7= loffnwne|

aòbi|nq% \moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| o|q òej |d lnvn`dsbne| iel |mn obsdw|ie| loffnwneanq oe

|mn xn`fiwn df |mn loffnwne| wnhodeq bijnq Snw~ i hddl aiqn q|~l oe i||nbs|oeh |d iqanw|ioexmi| wd`n hndhwismoa viwoig`nq "gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln" sì oe n}sìoeoeh snw aiso|i

n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%

Iq qmdxe oe \ig`n <%9 xmne adbsiwoeh xo|moe ad~e|wonq viwoigoò| df oeadbn snw

aiso|i iawdqq @i|oe Ibnwoai o| oq a`niw |mi| Snw~ miq den df |mn mohmnq| lnhwnnq df oeny~iò|

gn|xnne wnhodeq oe @i|oe Ibnwoai% Iaadwloeh |d |mn Xdw`l Giej -9???/ iel d~w dxe nq|obi|nq

giqnl de |mn Snw~voie @QBQ df 9??8 Snw~ miq i ìwhnw loqsnwqode df snw aiso|i oeadbn g

+ Amis|nw giqnl de 'Ilvnwqn Hndhwism iel Loffnwneanq oe Xn`fiwn oe Snw~' g Kivonw Nqadgi` iel Bé}obd \dwnwd%Oe; Qsi|oi` Oeny~iò| iel Lnvn`dsbne|% Wivo Jieg~w iel \de Vneig`nq -Nlq%/ XOLNW iel D}fdwl êovnwqo|Swnqq 733< -fdw|madboeh/

83

wnhode |mie Ad`dbgoi Gwi{o` Amo`n dw Bn}oad% De` Iwhne|oei oq wnsdw|nl iq mivoeh ìwhnw

wnhodei` oeadbn loqsiwo|onq% F~w|mnwbdwn |moq loqsnwqode oq i`qd vnw iwhn xo|moe |mn loffnwne|

hndhwismoai` wnhodeq df Snw~%

\moq amis|nw i||nbs|q |d qmdx xmn|mnw hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq iwoqoeh fwdb ei|~wi`

hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq mivn i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq%\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d qo} bikdw qna|odeq% \mn qnadel qna|ode hovnq i ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df

Snw~‟q hndhwism iel qsnaofoai`` |mn bioe iwniq oe xmoam hndhwism bohm| sì i f~elibne|i`

wd`n oe nadedboa lnvn`dsbne|% O| i`qd bijnq i fowq| i||nbs| |d iei`{n xmn|mnw |mnwn oq i adwwnì|ode

gn|xnne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iel niweoeh nvn`q% Illo|odei`` o| iei`{nq xmn|mnw |mn loffnwneanq

dgqnwvnl iawdqq |mn loffnwne| wnhodeq oe Snw~ iwn i`qd adwwnì|nl |d |mn amiehnq oe hndhwism iel

|mnwnfdwn |d hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq% Oe |mn |mowl qna|ode xn |w |d fdwbi`` ieqxnw xmn|mnw

hndhwism oq i ln|nwboeie| df |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn iawdqq md~qnmd`lq dvnw |obn% Xn lnvn`dsnl

i bdln` df adeq~bs|ode iel adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i| md~qnmd`l iel swdvoean nvn` wnqsna|ovn`%\moq bdln` ed| de` |ijnq oe |mn `dai` nffna| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq g~| i`qd oea`~lnq qsi|oi`

nadedbn|woa |nameoy~nq |d iqanw|ioe |mn swnqnean df snwqoq|ne| qsi|oi` adeane|wi|odeq fdwanl g

hndhwism% Oe illo|ode xn i`qd iei`{n xmn|mnw |mn swnqnean df sdqo|ovn hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq

iwoqoeh fwdb `dai` s~gòa iqqn|q dw `dai` neldxbne|q df swovi|n iqqn|q obsònq |mi| |mn nffna| df

ei|~wi` hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq aie gn dvnwadbn iel |mnwnfdwn i sddw md~qnmd`l aie nvne|~i``

nqaisn sdvnw|% \d gn ig`n |d iei`{n |mn siw|oi` nffna|q df niam df |mnqn |snq df iqqn|q -hndhwismoa

swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q/ xn i`qd lnvn`ds i bn|mdld`dh |d gwnij ldxe |mn siw|oi` nffna|q df

niam df |mnqn viwoig`nq%Fd~w|m qna|ode ln|io`q |mn bioe li|igiqnq adeq|w~a|nl fdw |moq amis|nw iel |mn

bn|mdld`dhoai` oqq~nq wnhiwloeh |mn li|igiqnq% Xn ~qn |mn ei|odei` aneq~q fdw 9?87 9?=9 iel

9??1 |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q|~l -@QBQ/ q~wvnq fdw 9??9 9??< 9??6 iel

9??8 oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn loq|woa| oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q hndhwismoai` li|i"qn|q iel

oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie Aneq~q df 9??<% Oe Qna|ode <%> |mn wnq~`|q iwn

swnqne|nl iel ìq|` xn ln|io` |mn bikdw adea`~qodeq df |mn q|~l%

\ig`n <%9 Wnhodei` oeadbn snw"aiso|i loqsnwqode oe @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq

-Qn`na|nl niwq/

_niw Loqsnwqode

Ad`dbgoi 9?=? 3%1>=Gwi{o` 9??< 3%<7<Amo`n 9??< 3%<83Bn}oad 9??1 3%>37Snw~ 9??8 3%>69Iwhne|oei 9??> 3%816

-9/; exnohm|nl adnffoaone| df Viwoi|ode

Qd~wan; Fiàde S% -9??=/ iel dxe nq|obi|nq

S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q

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<% 7% Giqoa Amiwia|nwoq|oaq df Snw~voie Hndhwism

@niloeh moq|dwoieq iel nadedboq|q mivn deh wnadheo{nl hndhwism iq mivoeh i aw~aoi` wd`n oe

nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| nvne |md~hm hndhwism miq gnne enh`na|nl oe bdq| wnane| nbsowoai`

q|~lonq df adbsiwi|ovn hwdx|m iawdqq ad~e|wonq iel df adbsiwi|ovn hwdx|m xo|moe |mn qibn

ad~e|w%9

Qsnaofoai`` oe |mn aiqn df Snw~ |mn nedwbd~q lovnwqo| df o|q hndhwism bijnq o| ie

n}|wnbn` oe|nwnq|oeh aiqn q|~l |d iei`{n |mn obsdw|iean df |mnqn viwoig`nq |d nadedboa

hwdx|m xo|moe |mn ad~e|w%7 Snw~ oq `dai|nl oe |mn \wdsoai` [den df |mn h`dgn g~| gnai~qn df

viwoi|odeq oe wnònf iel q~am fia|dwq iq wioe qmildxq gdlonq df xi|nw -o%n% biwoen a~wwne|q q~am

iq 'N` Eoùd' iel M~bgd`l|/ iel xoel si||nweq o| adbswoqnq i b~`|o|~ln df boawdaòbi|nq%

I`|md~hm bie hndhwismoa fia|dwq oe|nwia| o| aie gn qiol |mi| |mwd~hmd~| bdq| df Snw~ |mn

dwdhwism iel |mn bdwsmd`dhoa q|w~a|~wn df |mn Ielnq miq adelo|odenl |mn `dai` aòbi|n |mn

|sn iel ~qn df |mn ìel iel |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq df |mn ad~e|w%\mn ne|own adiq|i` iwni df Snw~ -iwd~el 99 snwane| df o|q |nwwo|dw g~| xo|m <? snwane| df

|mn |d|i` sds~ì|ode/1 oq den df |mn lwonq| wnhodeq de |mn q~wfian df |mn Niw|m% Ad`l xi|nwq dff |mn

adiq| iel |mn swd}obo| df |mn mohm Ielnq iq xn`` iq xoel si||nweq d~| df |mn Qd~|m Siaofoa mohm

swnqq~wn qq|nb ade|wog~|n |d |mn vow|~i` iaj df wioefi`` oe |moq wnhode% Mdxnvnw |moq ad`l m~bol

lnqnw| wnq~`|q oe s`niqie| òvoeh adelo|odeq fdw |mdqn ed| gd|mnwnl g |mn ìaj df wioefi``%

Bie qnsiwi|n wiehnq q~wwd~eloeh qnvnwi` iwniq df mohm sì|ni~ bijn ~s |mn Ielnq oe

Snw~ xmoam iaad~e| fdw 19 snwane| df Snw~voie |nwwo|dw% Siqqnq |mwd~hm |mnqn bd~e|ioeq iwn

~q~i`` mohm iel loffoa~`| nqsnaoi`` oe |mn qd~|mnwe Ielnq xmoam aie gn adeqolnwnl i giwwonw

|d |wiln iel |wieqsdw|i|ode% Aòbi|oa adelo|odeq i`qd bijn viq| iwniq df |mn Snw~voie Ielnqwnì|ovn` oemdqso|ig`n%

I iwhn siw| df Snw~voie |nwwo|dw -igd~| >= snwane|/ onq oe |mn Ibi{de Giqoe% Bdq| df

|moq iwni oq advnwnl g lneqn fdwnq| |mi| miq q`dxnl |mn lnvn`dsbne| df |mn wnhode% Oe qdbn df

|mnqn iwniq iee~i` f`ddlq wioqn |mn xi|nw `nvn` bdwn |mie 9> bn|nwq ->3 fnn|/ iel oe~eli|n

|md~qielq df qy~iwn bo`nq df iel% \mnqn f`ddlq lnsdqo| i``~voi` qo`|q |mi| wnenx |mn qdo`q df |mn

f`ddlnl iwniq%

\mn loq|wog~|ode si||nweq df vnhn|i|ode iel qdo`q oe Snw~ iwn a`dqn` wnì|nl |d |mn

loq|wog~|ode si||nweq df ielfdwbq iel aòbi|n% \mi| oq |wdsoai`"fdwnq| |snq df vnhn|i|ode ielqdo`q iwn fd~el bioe` oe |mn Ibi{de Giqoe xmo`n lnqnw| |snq iwn fd~el bioe` i`deh |mn

adiq| df Snw~% Qdo`q oe bdq| |wdsoai` fdwnq|q iwn sddw` lnvn`dsnl iel dx oe fnw|oò| n}ans| oe

iwniq q~gkna| |d iee~i` f`ddloeh%

9 \mnwn iwn fnx q|~lonq nq|obi|oeh |mn nadedboa obsdw|iean df hndhwism xo|moe i wnhode dw i ad~e|w fdw n}ibs`nG`ddb iel Qiamq -9??=/ bijn i hwni| ade|wog~|ode fdw |mn aiqn df Ifwoai iel Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??=/ fdwAieili iel |mn ^%Q%

7 \mnwn n}oq| qnvnwi` sisnwq ZMi`` iel Kdenq -9??= 9??8/ Hi``~s n| i` -9??=/ Bdwned iel \wnmie -9??8/ Livoq

iel Xnoeq|noe -9??6/R |mi| mivn |wonl |d ieqxnw |mn y~nq|ode df |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism oe n}sìoeoeh |mn`nvn`q df nadedboa ia|ovo| iawdqq ad~e|wonq%1 Oe adbsiwoqde Qn`vi wnswnqne|q >= snwane| df |mn |nwwo|dw g~| md`lq de` 8 snwane| df |mn sds~ì|ode%

87


Snw~ oq i`qd xn`` jedxe fdw o|q boenwi` wnqnwvnq% O| miq |mn xdw`l‟q qnadel ìwhnq|

swdvne wnqnwvnq df qo`vnw |mowl ìwhnq| df |oe fd~w|m df `nil qnvne|m df adssnw iel nohm|m df

hd`l% I ìwhn swdsdw|ode df Snw~‟q boenwi` q~wfian adbsdqo|ode oq qnlobne|iw wdaj xmnwn

sn|wd`n~b lnsdqo|q iwn ~q~i`` fd~el: iel ohend~q iel bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj xmnwn hd`l qo`vnw

iel adssnw lnsdqo|q iwn |d gn fd~el%Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne bie nffdw|q |d oej Snw~voie hndhwismoa lovnwqo|

|d jn oqq~nq iq obsdw|ie| iq qn||`nbne| `dai|ode dw adeq|w~a|ode df ilboeoq|wi|ovn dw sdò|oai`

wnhodeq vnw ò||`n miq gnne lden |d iei`{n |mn òejq gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iel

lnvn`dsbne| nadedboa hwdx|m dw sdvnw|% \mn de` n}ans|ode oq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df 'sdvnw|

bisq' lden g |mn Hdvnwebne| |d mn`s |iwhn| qdaoi` swdhwibq% Den df |mn bdq| wnane| nffdw|q

oe |moq wnhiwl oq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df sdvnw| oeln}nq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` iel loq|woa| `nvn` g

FDEADLNQ -|mn s~gòa ihnea oe amiwhn df sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode swdhwibq/<% I`|md~hm |mnqn

bisq iwn 'hndhwismoa' oe ei|~wn ed nffdw| miq gnne biln |d oej |mnb |d hndhwismoa viwoig`nq

|woeh fdw n}ibs`n |d foel d~| xmn|mnw |mnwn oq ie joel df sdvnw| |wis l~n |d |mn enhi|ovnn}|nweiò|onq df anw|ioe 'hndhwismoa neldxbne|q'% Mdxnvnw |moq bis a`niw` qmdxq |mi| |mnwn

iwn m~hn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq iawdqq |mn ad~e|w iel |mnwn oq i mniv adeane|wi|ode df vnw sddw

snds`n oe |mn bdq| hndhwismoai`` ilvnwqn wnhodeq iq oe |mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi%

\ig`n <%7 i`qd qmdxq mdx |mnwn oq i enhi|ovn wnì|ode gn|xnne |mn bioe hndhwismoa

viwoig`nq -i`|o|~ln wioefi`` iel |nbsnwi|~wn/ iel md~qnmd`l nadedboa xn`fiwn% \mn mohmnw

|mn i`|o|~ln |mn ìwhnw oq |mn e~bgnw df sddw md~qnmd`lq oe |mn qsnaofoa wnhode -loq|woa|q/% Iq

n}sna|nl |nbsnwi|~wn qmdxq i ede òeniw wnì|odeqmos q~am |mi| sdvnw| oeawniqnq oe iwniq

xo|m vnw `dx `nvn`q df |nbsnwi|~wn iel xo|m n}|wnbn` mohm `nvn`q df |nbsnwi|~wn% \mnswnaoso|i|ode viwoig`n mdxnvnw ldnq ed| loqsì i a`niw wnì|odeqmos%

De |mn d|mnw miel |mnqn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq aie i`qd gn i||wog~|nl i| `niq| oe siw| |d i

qoheofoaie| loqsnwqode df iqqn| dxenwqmos dw iaanqq% Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%1 bdq| df |mn

iaanqq |d s~gòa iqqn|q iel qnwvoanq oq i| `niq| 7 dw 1 |obnq iq mohm oe ~wgie iwniq iq adbsiwnl

|d w~wi` iwniq% Oe |mn aiqn df iaanqq |d qieo|i|ode loffnwneanq iwn nvne hwni|nw -qnn \ig`n <%1/>%

Nvne |md~hm iaanqq |d s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq miq oeawniqnl lwibi|oai`` oe w~wi`

iwniq l~woeh |mn iq| fd~w niwq enx iaanqq ade|oe~nq |d gn goiqnl oe fivdw df ~wgie iwniq% \xd

|mowlq df |mn enx n`na|woao| qieo|i|ode iel mni`|m qnwvoanq iwn sìanl oe ~wgie iwniq% De` oe

nl~ai|ode ldnq |mn si||nwe df enx s~gòa qnwvoanq sìanl oe w~wi` iwniq q~wsiqq |mi| df ~wgieiwniq -qnn \ig`n <%</%

< \moq oeln} xiq adeq|w~a|nl i| |mn loq|woa| `nvn` g xnohm|oeh qdaodnadedboa oeloai|dwq wnf`na|oeh; n}|wnbn sdvnw|-oefie| bdw|iò| amo`lwne xo|m amwdeoa biè~|wo|ode/ oeloai|dwq df nl~ai|ode -o`ò|nwia wi|n qamdd` i||nelieanwi|n/ ìgdw biwjn| oeloai|dwq -swdsdw|ode df xdwjoeh amo`lwne snwane|ihn df o`ò|nwi|n il~`|q/ md~qoeh oeloai|dwq-snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq òvoeh oe dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh snwane|ihn df md~qnq xo|m swnaiwod~q wddfoeh/ ielgiqoa qnwvoanq oeloai|dwq -iaanqq swdvolnl g s~gòa en|xdwjq |d xi|nw qieo|i|ode iel n`na|woao|/%

> Sdvnw| bisq swdvoln i ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df |mn qsi|oi` loq|wog~|ode df sdvnw| xo|moe |mn ad~e|w iel iwn iaw~aoi` |dd` fdw wnqniwam oe |woeh |d n}sìoe |mn wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne sdvnw| dw oeny~iò| iel oeloai|dwq df

lnvn`dsbne|% De |mn d|mnw miel o| oq obsdw|ie| |d bne|ode |mi| |mn b~q| gn oe|nwswn|nl aiwnf~`` hovne |mi| |mnowy~iò| oq òbo|nl g |mn qsiwqnenqq df |mn lnqnhwnhi|nl li|i% Qdbn obswdvnbne|q de |mnqn bn|mdld`dhonq aie gnfd~el oe Mne|qamn` n| i`% -7333/%

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|mn ny~i|ode xn nq|obi|n oq;

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`dai|ode -~wgie dw w~wi` iwniq/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q;

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n}snelo|~wn f~ea|odeq ~qoeh |mn Snw~voie @QBQ q~wvnq df 9?=> iel 9??<% Xn ~qnl |mn 9?=>

n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode |d adeq|w~a| swdvoeaoi` `nvn` n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq ~qoeh li|i |ijne

fwdb |mn 9?87 iel 9?=9 Aneq~qnq iq n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq% Xn ~qnl |mn 9??< n}snelo|~wn

f~ea|ode |d adeq|w~a| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq giqnl de li|i |ijne fwdb |mn

9??1 Aneq~q% \mn n}ia| swdanl~wn iel li|i oevd`vnl oe |mnqn aià~ì|odeq aie gn fd~el oe

Ieen} I<%9%

\mn hndhwismoai` nvd`~|ode df Snw~‟q snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9??1

lnbdeq|wi|nq |mi| mohmnw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oq |d gn fd~el i`deh dx i`|o|~ln adiq|i` wnhodeq%

\moq si||nwe xmoam oq i`wnil a`niw ~qoeh 9?87 li|i oq nvne bdwn issiwne| iq |obn siqqnq% O|

oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn Hoeo adnffoaone|q iwn n}|wnbn` dx -3%99= oe 9?87 3%3== oe 9?=9

iel 3%9=8 oe 9??1/% O| b~q| gn ed|nl mdxnvnw |mi| oe|nw‑wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn viwoiean oq vnw

`dx i| niq| xmne adbsiwnl |d xo|moe"wnhode viwoiean bijoeh |mnqn Hoeo snwfna|` adeqoq|ne|

xo|m i ei|odei` Hoeo adnffoaone| df 3%<7 iel 3%1= oe 9?=> iel 9??< wnqsna|ovn`97%

97 Qnn amis|nw 1%

8?

Foh~wn <%9 qmdxq |mn si||nwe df loq|wog~|ode df oe|nw"iee~i` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

wi|nq gn|xnne Aneq~q niwq% Mnwn o| aie gn ed|nl |mi| |mn swdvoeanq xmdqn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

miq hwdxe fiq|nw |nel |d gn a`~q|nwnl iq ld |mdqn swdvoeanq qmdxoeh ò||`n dw nvne enhi|ovn

hwdx|m% Swdvoeanq qmdxoeh mohm hwdx|m |nel |d gn a`~q|nwnl oe |mn mohmnw Qn`vi% \ig`n <%>

adefowbq |mn hwismoai` iei`qoq qmdxoeh mohm iel q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| Bdwie Oeln} ielHniw Oeln} vi`~nq fdw i`` |mwnn Aneq~q niwq% Oe illo|ode mohm Bdwie iel Hniw oeln}nq

vi`~nq aie i`qd gn fd~el fdw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m%

Foh~wn <%9 Amiehnq oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq -snwane|ihn/

Viwoig`nq Bdwie Oeln} Swdg% i$ Hniw Oeln} Swdg% i$

Snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn9?87 3%<919 3%33 3%638= 3%339?=9 3%>83? 3%33 3%1??1 3%339??1 3%<=== 3%33 3%<>6> 3%33

Amiehn oe snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn9?87"=9 3%183= 3%33 3%69=6 3%339?=9"?1 3%<??3 3%33 3%<696 3%33

9?87"?1 3%7<78 3%33 3%813= 3%33

i$ Swdgigò| |d wnkna| e~`` msd|mnqoq -igqnean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode/


\ig`n <%> Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode df swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq

Amis|nw <

=3

\ig`n <%6 qmdxq qdbn df |mn bdq| qoheofoaie| qsi|oi`` i~|dadwwnì|nl viwoig`nq oe d~w

li|i qn|% qoeh |mn Bdwie iel Hniw Oeln}nq xn foel |mi| iqoln fwdb qdbn dgvod~q` qsi|oi``

adwwnì|nl viwoig`nq q~am iq iee~i` swnaoso|i|ode dw i`|o|~ln df |mn swdvoean dw loq|woa| aiso|i`

awo|oai` qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq q~am iq md~qnmd`l qo{n snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq mnilnl g

xdbne dw |d|i` iel fnbi`n o`ò|nwia wi|nq iwn mnivo` a`~q|nwnl qmdxoeh mohm vi`~nq oe mohmi`|o|~ln {denq iel dx vi`~nq oe adiq|i` iwniq% I qoboìw qo|~i|ode aie gn fd~el oe d|mnw viwoig`nq

q~am iq snwane|ihn df md~qnq xo|m oeilny~i|n f`ddwoeh dw dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh biè~|wo|ode

wi|nq iel qamdd` lwds"d~| wi|nq iel qamddòeh niwq% I q~bbiw xn`fiwn viwoig`n snw aiso|i

n}snelo|~wn fdw 9??1 loqsìq i mohm iel q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| Bdwie Oeln} vi`~n iel

Hniw Oeln}% O| oq i`qd oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn viwoig`n df qdo` lns|m adeq|w~a|nl |d qmdx

ihwoa~`|~wi` ìel sd|ne|oi` i`qd miq i mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|nl si||nwe%

Iqoln fwdb qdbn dgvod~q viwoig`nq q~am iq |mdqn wnì|nl |d ~wgie iwniq -~wgie lneqo|

dw e~bgnw df |dxeq snw swdvoean fdw n}ibs`n/ |mnwn iwn vnw fnx viwoig`nq |mi| ld ed| qmdxi a`niw hndhwismoai` si||nwe% De` |mwnn viwoig`nq lnqnwvn qdbn bne|ode; Amiehn oe md~qnmd`l

qo{n gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9?=9: |mn hwdx|m df |mn o`ò|nwia wi|n gn|xnne 9?=9 iel 9??1: iel |mn

hwdx|m oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9?=9% \mnqn ld ed| qmdx ie hndhwismoai`

si||nwe bniq~wnl g |mn Bdwie qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode oeln} dw |mn Hniw Oeln}%

Viwoig`nq Bdwie Oeln} ["Vi`~n Hniw Oeln} ["Vi`~n

Qd~|m ì|o|~ln 3%?137 73%79 + 3%3>8 "9=%86 +Edw|m `deho|~ln 3%==83 9?%78 + 3%3?1 "9=%3< +Swnaoso|i|ode 3%8>81 96%<8 + 3%7>? "9<%81 +Md~qnmd`l qo{n 9??1 3%8<?> 96%13 + 3%7<9 "9>%93 +\nbsnwi|~wn -ivnwihn/ 3%8<=6 96%7? + 3%7>6 "9<%8? +\nbsnwi|~wn -boe%/ 3%8<6? 96%7> + 3%7>> "9<%=1 +\nbsnwi|~wn -bi}%/ 3%8<77 96%9> + 3%76> "9<%67 +I`|o|~ln df |mn loq|woa| aiso|i`-bn|nwq dvnw qni `nvn`/ 3%66?1 9<%>8 + 3%177 "91%<8 +. md~qnmd`l mnil |mi| iwn fnbi`n 9??1 3%6>63 9<%7= + 3%17> "91%<1 +

Oeilny~i|n f`ddw 3%6>9= 9<%9? + 3%11? "91%96 +Qdo` lns|m 3%6<77 91%?? + 3%17= "91%18 +\d|i` o`ò|nwia wi|n 9?=9 3%61>7 91%=1 + 3%1>6 "97%=7 +Dvnwawdxlnl md~qnq 9??1 3%67=6 91%6? + 3%11? "91%9> +Md~qnmd`l qo{n 9?=9 3%6913 91%1> + 3%188 "97%1? +Snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe 9?=9 3%63=< 91%76 + 3%1?? "99%?> +Snwobn|nw df |mn swdvoean 3%6317 91%9< + 3%1?3 "97%97 +

Ed|n; s03%392+ s03%>2u xmnwn s oq |mn swdgigò| |d wnkna| e~`` msd|mnqoq -igqnean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode/Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n <%6 Mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|nl viwoig`nq

=9

<%>%7 \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwismy de |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn;

Swdvoeaoi` `nvn` li|i

Iq xn mivn qnne oe Qna|ode <%1 o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn i adeena|ode gn|xnne |mn iqqn|

neldxbne| df ie oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l iel o|q n}snelo|~wn nvn`% Fd``dxoeh |mn qibn wniqdeoeh

xn aie lnwovn i adeena|ode gn|xnne |mn nvn` df swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q |mi| aie gn fd~el i|qdbn `nvn` df qsi|oi` ihhwnhi|ode -mnwn |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn`/ iel |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

`nvn` |mi| aie gn fd~el oe |mi| iwni%

\ig`n <%8 qmdxq |mn nadedbn|woa wnq~`|q df xmi| ad~`l gn ai``nl |mn ln|nwboeie|q df

snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m i| |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn`% \d wnl~an ie sdqqog`n neldhneno| goiq

oe n}sìoeoeh 9?87"9??1 snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|nq xn mivn amdqne oeo|oi` iqqn|

neldxbne|q iq oelnsnelne| wohm| miel qoln viwoig`nq% \d |moq giqoa li|i qn| xn mivn illnl

qnvnwi` jn hndhwismoa viwoig`nq |d amnaj xmn|mnw |mn aie swdvoln qdbn n}sìei|ode df

ai~qnq df n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m% \ig`n <%= qmdxq |mn Bdwie qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode oeln} fdw |mnfd~w loffnwne| qsnaofoai|odeq |mi| xnwn nvi`~i|nl; -9/ de` swovi|n iqqn|q -7/ swovi|n iqqn|q s`~q

hndhwismoa viwoig`nq: -1/ |mn swnvod~q viwoig`nq s`~q s~gòa iqqn|q: iel -</ i`` |mn viwoig`nq

s`~q amiehnq oe iaanqq |d jn s~gòa iqqn|q%

Xn mivn ~qnl |mn `dh loffnwnean df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq i lnsnelne| viwoig`n% \mn

wniqde fdw |moq amdoan -iq dssdqnl |d ~qoeh snwane|ihn amiehnq/ oq wnì|nl |d f~ea|odei` fdwb

oqq~nq% Of |mnwn oq ie boqqsnaofoai|ode oe |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn ny~i|odeq -xmoam mivn

gnne nq|obi|nl iq qnbo"`dh f~ea|odeq/ |mn `dh loffnwnean df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn xo`` a`nie

|mn goiq swdvolnl |mi| |mnqn viwoig`nq mivn qoboìw nffna|q dvnw |mn niwq%

Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%8 xmne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn oea`~lnl iq |mn de`

n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq i`|o|~ln iel `deho|~ln swdvn |d gn mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}sìoeoeh

n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m% Oe siw|oa~ìw o| aie gn qmdxe |mi| |mn mohmnw i`|o|~ln swdvoeanq |nel |d

mivn q`dxnw n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|nq% Xmne xn ill |mn viwoig`n df giqoa ennlq xmoam

neadbsiqqnq |mn igqnean df awo|oai` s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -qieo|i|ode xi|nw |n`nsmden iel

n`na|woao|/ xn aie qnn |mi| i`|o|~ln wnbioeq qoheofoaie| g~| o|q enhi|ovn obsia| loboeoqmnq

adeqolnwig`% \moq nffna| aie gn vonxnl iq lnbdeq|wi|oeh |mn obsdw|iean df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

|d `dxnw enhi|ovn hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| xmne xn ill swovi|n

iqqn|q -qdbn df xmoam iwn dgvod~q` adwwnì|nl xo|m s~gòa iqqn|q/ |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism

i`bdq| vieoqmnq% \moq oeo|oi` foeloeh xo`` gn fd``dxnl ~s bdwn wohdwd~q` oe |mn en}| qna|ode%

O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |moq n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m f~ea|ode miq

oea`~lnl i`` wn`nvie| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq i| miel |mn wnqol~i`q ade|oe~n |d qmdx qsi|oi`

i~|dadwwnì|ode% Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%= i`|md~hm |mn Bdwie Oeln} loboeoqmnq iq xn

oea`~ln n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq o| wnbioeq qoheofoaie|% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mi| |mnwn bi gn ede"

hndhwismoa ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| bi gn iffna|oeh |mn n}snelo|~wn si||nwe% \moq oq adeqoq|ne|

xo|m Wivi`òde iel Xdlde -9??8/xmne |mn qmdx |mi| qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe òvoeh

q|ieliwlq aie snwqoq| nvne of xn |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df md~qnmd`lq xo|mwnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq adel~aovn |d sdvnw|%

Amis|nw <

=7

\ig`n <%8 Ln|nwboeie|q df snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9?87"9??1-D@Q nq|obi|odeq xo|m wdg~q| q|ieliwl nwwdwq, i| swdvoean `nvn`/

Viwoig`nq i| oeo|oi` snwodlBdln`q

-9/ -7/ -1/ -</ ->/

Oe|nwans| <%=76? + <%6=?7 + <%1?91 + "3%3788 "3%1783-9%619/ -9%>61/ -9%>=>/ -9%1=>/ -9%836/

I`|o|~ln "9%93=9 + "3%8=87 u "3%>3?6 3%7696 3%<>=3-3%1=>/ -3%188/ -3%<<8/ -3%1=>/ -3%1=?/

@i|o|~ln "3%3776 "3%313= "3%37== "3%3719 "3%3983-3%398/ -3%398/ -3%398/ -3%39?/ -3%39?/

@deho|~ln "3%3>69 + "3%3>83 + "3%3><1 + "3%39=7 "3%3989-3%39=/ -3%398/ -3%39=/ -3%39>/ -3%39>/

Qdo` q`dsn "3%3397 3%3396 3%3379 3%3311 3%331>-3%331/ -3%331/ -3%331/ -3%337/ -3%337/

Qdo` lns|m "3%3313 "3%3398 "3%339= 3%3373 3%3371-3%331/ -3%337/ -3%331/ -3%337/ -3%337/

Ohend~q wdaj "3%79<1 "3%7?<8 +-3%976/ -3%971/ -3%971/ -3%933/ -3%936/

Bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj 3%3817 3%3>16 3%3=61 "3%919= "3%9167-3%9<?/ -3%9<>/ -3%9<6/ -3%977/ -3%977/

\nbsnwi|~wn "3%39?9 "3%33<> "3%33<1 "3%399< "3%33=7-3%393/ -3%393/ -3%393/ -3%33?/ -3%33?/

Giqoa ennlq "3%3>69 + "3%31?1 u "3%3777 "3%377>-3%391/ -3%373/ -3%398/ -3%396/

Mohm+giqoa ennlq "3%9993 3%33<> "3%39<?-3%3?8/ -3%3?3/ -3%3=3/

Qamdd` i||neliean wi|n 3%39<1 + 3%39<< +-3%331/ -3%331/Md~qnmd`l mnilnl g xdbne -./ "3%393? u "3%391/ -3%33>/Xdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ 3%3>11 + 3%3<67 u

-3%373/ -3%39=/Md~qnmd`l qo{n 3%38=1 3%93>8

-3%911/ -3%97=/Md~qnmd`l qo{n hwdx|m i$ "3%767< "3%773=

-3%9<3/ -3%916/E~bgnw df bohwie|q 3%3989 3%3939

-3%37?/ -3%37?/Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode 3%713> u

-3%937/

E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq 9?3 9?3 9?3 9?3 9?3Ilk~q|nl W"qy~iwnl 3%977 3%9?> 3%9?8 3%<=6 3%>76

i$ Oe|w~bne|i` viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe oe |mn issnelo}Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2u

Bdln` 9; HndhwismBdln` 7; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi%Bdln` <; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|qBdln` >; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|q bdln`òeh fowq|"dwlnw qsi|oi` nwwdw i~|dadwwnì|ode%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

=1

\sn df iqqdaoi|odeWnhwnqqode Bdln` Wnqol~i`q

-9/ -7/ -1/ -</

Bdwie Oeln} 3%93?9 3%933> 3%3?81 3%3=96["vi`~n 1%9776 7%?6>= 7%?1>8 7%8=88Swdgigoò| 3%339= 3%3313 3%3311 3%33>1

Bdln` 9; Hndhwism

Bdln` 7; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%

Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi%

Bdln` <; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|q


\ig`n <%= Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode df hwdx|m wnhwnqqode wnqol~i`q g bdln`

\mn iq| ad`~be oe \ig`n <%8 qmdxq |mn nq|obi|nl siwibn|nw vi`~nq adwwna|nl fdw qsi|oi`

i~|dadwwnì|ode%91 \mn wnq~`|q adefowb |mi| xmne s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q iel md~qnmd`l

amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn oea`~lnl |mn obsia| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq oq libsnenl%

<%>%1 \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwismy oe |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn;

md~qnmd`l li|i

\d gn ig`n |d olne|of qsnaofoa nffna|q df hndhwism de md~qnmd`lq xn ~qn |mn @QBQ md~qnmd`l

q~wvnq iel nq|obi|n |mn nvn`q df adeq~bs|ode iel hwdx|m df adeq~bs|ode ~qoeh |xd md~qnmd`l

sien`q den fdw 9??9"9??< iel i qnadel den fdw 9??<"9??8% \mn qsnaofoai|ode ~qnl oq ln|io`nl

oe ny~i|odeq < iel >% Iq bne|odenl swnvod~q` xn oea`~ln iq wnhwnqqdwq i qn| df oelovol~iàmiwia|nwoq|oaq iq m~bie iqqn|q -}/ i qn| df swovi|n iqqn|q -{/ i qn| df s~gòa iqqn|q i| |mn

loq|woa| `nvn` -w/ iel i qn| df viwoig`nq |ijoeh oe qsnaofoa hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq

aòbi|n qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel i`|o|~ln -h/%

\ig`n <%? qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df a~wwne| adeq~bs|ode n}swnqqnl oe

`dhq iel iq oe Qna|ode <%7 xn ~qn fd~w loffnwne| qsnaofoai|odeq% \mn fowq| qsnaofoai|ode oea`~lnq

de` hndhwismoa viwoig`nq -Bdln` 9/ |mn qnadel oea`~lnq hndhwismoa s`~q `dai|ode viwoig`nq

-~wgieo{i|ode iel loq|iean |d aiso|i`/ |mn |mowl illq s~gòa iqqn|q |d |mn swnvod~q viwoig`nq

iel foei`` bdln` < oea`~lnq viwoig`nq |mi| bniq~wn |mn sdqqnqqode df swovi|n iqqn|q%Xmne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn oea`~lnl iq |mn de` n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq |mn enhi|ovn

iel ede"òeniw nffna| df |nbsnwi|~wn issniwq |d gn qoheofoaie| oe n}sìoeoeh |mn `nvn` df

adeq~bs|ode df |mn md~qnmd`lq% \mnwnfdwn iq swnvod~q` qmdxe oe \ig`n <%1 sdvnw| oeawniqnq

fdw md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe wnhodeq xo|m `dx |nbsnwi|~wnq iel oe wnhodeq xo|m n}|wnbn` mohm

|nbsnwi|~wnq% De |mn d|mnw miel iq xn ill viwoig`nq fdw swnqnean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ade|wd`

91

\mn òjnòmddl "Wi|od |nq| fdw qsi|oi` nwwdw lnsnelnean fdw |mn ny~i|ode oe |mn ìq| ad`~be oe \ig`n <%8 miq i vi`~ndf 1%68 xo|m 9 lnhwnn df fwnnldb xmoam adefowbq |mi| |mn nq|obi|ode miq gnne swdsnw` adwwna|nl fdw qsi|oiì~|dadwwnì|ode%

Amis|nw <

=<


Viwoig`nqBdln`q

-9/ -7/ -1/ -</

Oe|nwans| 6%7<86 + >%1=38 + 6%981> + 6%98<? +-3%9=8/ -3%798/ -3%79?/ -3%9=3/

I`|o|~ln "3%7<98 3%789= "3%773< "3%9776-3%917/ -3%7?7/ -3%7?7/ -3%77?/

\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3811 + 3%93>= + 3%3686 + 3%318= +-3%39=/ -3%39?/ -3%398/ -3%39</

\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%339= + "3%337< + "3%339< + "3%3336-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/ -3%333/

Ohend~q wdajq "3%9311 3%9366 3%3<9< 3%997? u-3%389/ -3%381/ -3%36?/ -3%3>7/

Qnlobne|q wdajq "3%9=?7 + "3%9177 + "3%3?18 u "3%39<7-3%3<9/ -3%3<7/ -3%31?/ -3%319/@iel lns|m 3%3339 3%339= u 3%3313 + 3%3397

-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/^wgieo{i|ode 3%1?73 + "3%3671 "3%973>

-3%3?3/ -3%937/ -3%3=3/Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` "3%3331 "3%333> "3%3336

-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 3%6?83 u 9%37?9 + 3%6387 u

-3%1>9/ -3%1<8/ -3%78>/Snwaiso|i qamdd`q oe |dxe 3%1>?= + 3%9691

-3%99</ -3%3?>/Snwaiso|i bnloai` ane|nwq oe |dxe 3%78>7 3%116=

-3%7?=/ -3%7<1/êqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq "3%79=1 + "3%383< +

-3%393/ -3%393/Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%99>= +

-3%33</Qamddòeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3<98 +

-3%331/Qamddòeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3<7? +

-3%331/Sd|ne|oi` ìgdw n}snwonean 3%33>8 +

-3%339/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "3%3917

-3%376/

E~bgnw df bohwie|nq 3%39>= u-3%338/

Qsn`` df o`ènqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%333>-3%33=/

Qivoehq 3%3193 +-3%338/

Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq 3%3311-3%337/

Dgqnwvi|odeq 1671 1671 1671 1671Sqn~ld Wqy~iwnl 3%318 3%389 3%986 3%<?7

\ig`n <%? Ln|nwboeie|q df snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| md~qnmd`l `nvn`; 9??<-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq oea`~loeh hndhwismoaq viwoig`nq/

Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * `daiò{i|ode * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%Bdln` <; Hndhwism * `daiò{i|ode * oefwinq|w~a|~wn * swovi|n iqqn|q%

Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2u

Bdln` 9; Hndhwism%Bdln` 7; Hndhwism * `daiò{i|ode%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

=>

Amis|nw <

fdw |mn swovi|n iqqn|q df |mn md~qnmd`lq |moq viwoig`n dqnq qoheofoaiean -qnn fd~w|m ad`~be/% I

qoboìw si||nwe oq fd~el xo|m |mn swnqnean df qnlobne|iw wdaj xmoam ad~`l obs` i wnì|ovn`

sddw qdo`% Oe |mn fowq| bdln` |mnqn viwoig`nq mivn i enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| nffna| iq n}sna|nl

g~| iq xn oea`~ln s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q o|q enhi|ovn nffna| oq wnl~anl iel |mn viwoig`n dqnq

qoheofoaiean%F~w|mnwbdwn xmne illoeh |mn viwoig`n df giqoa ennlq xmoam iq swnvod~q` bne|odenl

neadbsiqqnq |mn igqnean df awo|oai` s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -qieo|i|ode xi|nw |n`nsmden iel

n`na|woao|/ iq xn`` iq dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh xn aie qnn |mi| |mn enhi|ovn nffna| df |nbsnwi|~wn

-|nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl/ iel df qnlobne|iw wdaj loboeoqm adeqolnwig`%

I`|o|~ln de |mn d|mnw miel lnqso|n mivoeh i enhi|ovn qohe oq ed| qoheofoaie| iq xiq

qmdxe oe |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn` bdln` fdw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m% Envnw|mn`nqq xmne xn adwwnì|n

i`|o|~ln xo|m ~wgieo{i|ode |mn adnffoaone| oq qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn qmdxoeh |mn biwhoei`

sdqo|ovn nffna| |mi| ~wgieo{i|ode miq de mohm i`|o|~ln wnhodeq%\mn viwoig`n |mi| bniq~wnq |mn sd|ne|oi` swnqnean df boenwi` wnqd~wanq ~elnwòeh |mn

q~wfian -ohend~q wdaj/ bdvnq fwdb enhi|ovn iel oeqoheofoaie| |d sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| if|nw

xn ade|wd` fdw |mn swnqnean df s~gòa iel swovi|n hddlq% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|dw |mi| iq

bdwn swovi|n iel s~gòa wnqd~wanq iwn swnqne| o| gnadbnq niqonw fdw |mn md~qnmd`lq oe |mn

wnhode |d gn ig`n |d swdfo| fwdb |moq |sn df ei|~wi` wnqd~wan |mi| wny~ownq mohm `nvn`q df

oevnq|bne| iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d gn n}s`do|nl% Qoboìw` qdo` lns|m gnadbnq sdqo|ovn iel

qoheofoaie| xmne oea`~loeh |mn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq: |moq ihioe ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode

|mi| |mn swnqnean df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiaoò|i|nq |mn n}s`do|i|ode df |mn ìel oe wnhodeqneldxnl xo|m i qoheofoaie| lns|m df qdo`%

Foei`` iel iq n}sna|nl |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| viwoig`nq bniq~woeh swovi|n iqqn|q q~am

iq nl~ai|ode ìgdw n}snwonean bohwi|ode n}snwonean iel md~qnmd`l qo{n adbn |d mivn |mn

n}sna|nl qoheq iel |d gn qoheofoaie|%

Oe i||nbs|oeh |d iqqnqq xmn|mnw |mn obsia| df d~w n}sìei|dw viwoig`nq xiq loffnwne|

gn|xnne sddw iel woam md~qnmd`lq oe \ig`n <%93 xn swnqne| |mn wnq~`|q df ie nadedbn|woa

n}nwaoqn oe xmoam xn w~e y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq%9< G aià~ì|oeh wnhwnqqodeq fdw loffnwne|

y~ie|o`nq o| oq sdqqog`n |d n}s`dwn |mn qmisn df |mn adelo|odei` loq|wog~|ode% \moq oq df hwni|

oe|nwnq| fdw |mn swnqne| q|~l gnai~qn o| xo`` i``dx ~q |d ln|nwboen xmn|mnw woamnw md~qnmd`lq

iwn `nqq iffna|nl g ilvnwqn hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq%

\ig`n <%93 swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q df d~w f~`` adeq~bs|ode nvn` qsnaofoai|ode fdw |mn 93 |m

73|m 63|m =3|m iel ?3|m snwane|o`nq% I`|md~hm |mnwn iwn ed| hwni| loffnwneanq oe |mn biheo|~ln df

9< Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq iwn i`qd ~qnl |d iei`{n |mn swnqnean df mn|nwdqjnliq|oao|% Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq d|mnw |miebnloie aie gn lnfoenl g boeobo{oeh;

xmnwn y09 oq |mn y~ie|o`n df oe|nwnq| iel |mn vi`~n df |mn f~ea|ode 9-{/ qohei`q |mn |w~|m -9/ dw d|mnwxoqn -3/ df |mnq|i|nbne| {% Fdw f~w|mnw ln|io`q qnn Lni|de -9??8/

=6


|mn adnffoaone|q |mnwn iwn qdbn obsdw|ie| foeloehq% Fowq| fdw |mn sddwnq| snwane|o`nq xmne |mn

bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq -|nbsnwi|~wn qdo` lns|m iel i`|o|~ln/ iwn adbsiwnl |d ~wgieo{i|ode

|mn sì i ìwhnw wd`n oe n}sìoeoeh |mn `nvn`q df adeq~bs|ode df |mn `dxnq| snwane|o`nq -93|m/

adbsiwnl |d |mn nffna| |mn mivn de |mn =3|m iel ?3|m snwane|o`nq% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn qy~iwn df

|nbsnwi|~wn oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| fdw |mn 93|m snwane|o`n xmo`n o| oq ed| qoheofoaie| fdw |mn?3|m snwane|o`n% \moq wnq~`| xiq iei`{nl |mwd~hm hwismq xmoam qmdxnl mdx |mn adefolnean

oe|nwvi` oeawniqnl qoheofoaie|` fwdb |mn sddwnq| |d |mn woamnq| snwane|o`nq%

Oe illo|ode d~w viwoig`n |mi| ais|~wnq |mn obsia| df |mn iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

i`qd qnnbq |d mivn i q|wdehnw nffna| de |mn sddwnw md~qnmd`lq% \mn giqoa ennlq viwoig`n oq

enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| fdw |mn fowq| snwane|o`n iel dqnq o|q qoheofoaiean fdw |mn ?3|m snwane|o`n%

\mn viwoig`nq bniq~woeh |mn obsia| df swovi|n iqqn|q bioe` qamddòeh niwq iel sd|ne|oi`

ìgdw n}snwonean iwn qoheofoaie| iel qnnb |d gn qoboìw ibdeh sddw iel woam md~qnmd`lq% De

|mn d|mnw miel |mn |xd viwoig`nq |mi| xn ~qn iq i swd} fdw xni`|m qivoehq iel vi`~n df l~wig`n iqqn|q gnadbn gohhnw iel bdwn qoheofoaie| |mn woamnw |mn md~qnmd`l%

Foei`` iq bne|odenl oe Qna|ode <%1 fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode ->/ xn lnvn`ds i boawd bdln`

fdw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i``dxoeh fdw adeq|wioe|q de fia|dw bdgoò| iel n}|nweiò|onq xmnwng

hndhwismoa fia|dwq "oe |mn qsnaofoa dw enohmgdwoeh wnhodeq" aie oef`~nean |mn swdl~a|ovo| df

md~qnmd`l‟q dxe aiso|i`% Fdw |moq s~wsdqn xn lnvn`ds |xd md~qnmd`l sien`q den fdw 9??9"

9??< iel |mn d|mnw fdw 9??<"9??8 |d n}sìoe |mn amiehnq oe n}snelo|~wn ~qoeh hndhwismoa

viwoig`nq oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q% \mn wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n <%99%

Iq xo|m d~w swnvod~q foeloehq hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld qnnb |d gn qoheofoaie|% I`|o|~lnoq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| oe |mn iq| sien`% \nbsnwi|~wn i`qd wnvni`q o|q enhi|ovn nffna| xmne

o|q nvn` oq |dd mohm dw |dd dx -|mn adnffoaone| fdw |nbsnwi|~wn oq sdqo|ovn xmo`n |mn adnffoaone|

fdw o|q qy~iwn |nwb oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|/% \mn swnqnean df s~gòa iqqn|q bniq~wnl |mwd~hm

~eqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq i`qd qnnbq |d gn vnw obsdw|ie| oe n}sìoeoeh amiehnq oe n}snelo|~wn

loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq% F~w|mnwbdwn swovi|n iqqn|q bniq~wnl g qamddòeh niwq

ihioe qmdxnl |mnbqn`vnq |d gn qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn%

@iq|` |mn ihhnl n}snelo|~wn oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|% \moq aie gn n}sìoenl g |mn

wnl~a|ode oe oeny~iò| nqsnaoi`` oe |mn snwodl df 9??9"9??< fdw xmoam |mn Hoeo adnffoaone| oqwnl~anl fwdb 3%16? |d 3%16<% De |mn d|mnw miel xmne wnadvnwoeh |mn obsònl κ |mnwn oq i

a`niw oeloai|ode df adevnwhnean% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| oq obsdw|ie| |d bne|ode |mi| |mnwn oq b~am

lngi|n igd~| |mn sdqqog`n nvolnean df adevnwhnean iel |mnwn oq ed| n| i adeqneq~q de xmoam

oq |mn gnq| bn|mdl |d ~qn fdw bniq~woeh o|%9>

9>

F~w|mnwbdwn Y~im -9??1/ iel Fwonlbie -9??7/ y~nq|ode |mn bn|mdld`dh df nq|obi|oeh |mn adevnwhnean wi|n~qoeh |mn hwdx|m iel |mn ìhhnl n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq% \mn iwh~n |mi| |moq bn|mdld`dh q~ffnwq fwdb |mn Hi`|deFi`ìa%

=8

Viwoig`nqSnwane|o`n;

93 73 63 =3 ?3

Oe|nwans| <%=3?9 + >%1=7? + 6%6>76 + 8%3<76 + 6%?=3> +-3%78?3/ -3%7>6?/ -3%79<6/ -3%7<39/ -3%178?/

I`|o|~ln "3%37<= "3%3=9? "3%967= "3%173? 3%9737-3%1?77/ -3%1<>1/ -3%7637/ -3%7=?6/ -3%181=/

\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3?11 + 3%3>>8 + 3%39?> 3%33=< 3%39>9-3%379>/ -3%39?8/ -3%3966/ -3%39=8/ -3%37>6/

\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%337 + "3%333? "3%3339 3%3339 "3%3337-3%3336/ -3%333>/ -3%333</ -3%333>/ -3%3338/

Ohend~q wdajq 3%711= + 3%93<1 3%3887 3%3?3= 3%99?6-3%3=6>/ -3%38=?/ -3%369</ -3%3688/ -3%3?96/

Qnlobne|q wdajq 3%33>7 "3%396> "3%3766 3%39=< 3%3<>1-3%3>38/ -3%3<6>/ -3%3163/ -3%3<36/ -3%3><7/

@iel lns|m 3%3317 + 3%3371 u 3%3399 3%3338 3%339

-3%3399/ -3%333?/ -3%3338/ -3%333=/ -3%3397/^wgieo{i|ode "3%3=87 "3%93?? "3%7381 u "3%737 u "3%37>?

-3%9<9</ -3%97=3/ -3%3?17/ -3%3??=/ -3%97?>/Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` 3%333? 3%3339 "3%3336 "3%333> "3%3338

-3%333=/ -3%3338/ -3%333>/ -3%3336/ -3%333=/^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 9%3>=> u 3%?<61 u 3%6796 u 3%<<<> 3%9988

-3%<=79/ -3%<7=</ -3%1997/ -3%1<3?/ -3%<<<>/Snwaiso|i qamdd`q oe |dxe 3%79?8 3%7>>9 3%37>< 3%3769 3%771>

-3%96?9/ -3%9<8=/ -3%993=/ -3%97<3/ -3%96=7/Snwaiso|i bnloai` ane|nwq oe |dxe 3%6<3? 3%7=81 3%1>>7 "3%331< "3%1<=9

-3%<7=9/ -3%1?38/ -3%13<?/ -3%1<76/ -3%<<6=/Giqoa ennlq "3%3?98 + "3%3==9 + "3%3689 + "3%3<<7 + "3%396<

-3%396?/ -3%39<=/ -3%3999/ -3%397>/ -3%398</Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%3?>> + "3%3?6< + "3%99?? + "3%977< + "3%97<8 +

-3%3363/ -3%33></ -3%33<6/ -3%33>=/ -3%33=>/Qamddòeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3189 + 3%3<91 + 3%31>6 + 3%31>< + 3%31<8 +

-3%33<?/ -3%33<</ -3%3311/ -3%331=/ -3%33>7/Qamddòeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3> + 3%3<7= + 3%3189 + 3%31<6 + 3%31<6 +

-3%33>1/ -3%33<8/ -3%3316/ -3%33<9/ -3%33>6/Sd|ne|oi` ìgdw n}snwonean-md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%33>1 + 3%33>? + 3%33<8 + 3%33>8 + 3%33<? +

-3%3397/ -3%3399/ -3%333=/ -3%333?/ -3%3399/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "3%388> "3%391> "3%37< "3%39?= "3%3138

-3%3<19/ -3%318>/ -3%37=8/ -3%3173/ -3%3<1?/E~bgnw df bohwie|nq 3%37<> 3%3917 3%391> 3%33?8 3%39><

-3%3976/ -3%3997/ -3%33=8/ -3%3933/ -3%391</Qsn`` df o`ènqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ "3%3796 "3%33<6 3%391< 3%396< 3%37?? u

-3%3976/ -3%3999/ -3%33=</ -3%33?1/ -3%397>/Qivoehq 3%3719 + 3%371< + 3%3199 + 3%317> + 3%3196 +-3%3396/ -3%336</ -3%337?/ -3%3376/ -3%337>/

Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq 3%333< 3%331/ -3%339</ -3%333>/ -3%333</ -3%333</

Dgqnwvi|odeq 1671 1671 1671 1671 1671Sqn~ld Wqy~iwnl 3%7681 3%786< 3%13?> 3%17?< 3%1<><

Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Kdoe| |nq|; I`` adnffoaone|q ny~i` |d {nwd -Sw5Fq|i|/

Hndhwism 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%33> 3%<79@daiò{i|ode 3%31? 3%386 3%3?> 3%791 3%8?7Oefwinq|w~a|~wn 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%33> 3%<88

Swovi|n iqqn|q 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%333Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n <%93 Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq df -`dh/ snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wn; 9??<-I| md~qnmd`l `nvn`/

Amis|nw <

==

<%>%< Gwnijldxe df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

\d loqne|ieh`n |mn nffna| df hndhwism de wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn iel n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m xn

mivn issònl |mn gwnij ldxe |nameoy~n lnqawognl oe Qna|ode <%1 |d |mn md~qnmd`l nvn` nq|obi|odesnwfdwbnl fdw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn iel qmdxe oe \ig`n <%?% Fdw |moq gwnij ldxe xn mivn

iqq~bnl |mi| siwibn|nwq iwn q|ig`n iawdqq |mn |mwnn bioe hndhwismoa iwniq; Adq|i Qonwwi iel

Qn`vi% \moq oeo|oi` gwnij ldxe oq qmdxe oe \ig`n <%97% Oe |mn fowq| ad`~be xn qnn |mi| bdq| df

|mn loffnwnean oe dh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Adq|i aie gn iaad~e|nl

fdw g |mn loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw xdwlq dean

|mn bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw -i`|o|~ln |nbsnwi|~wn iel q~wfian

amiwia|nwoq|oaq/ de` swovi|n iqqn|q iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iwn ennlnl |d n}sìoe

wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq% Qoboìw` |mn qnadel ad`~be qmdxq |mn gwnij ldxe df |mnloffnwneanq oe dh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qn`vi iwni iel |mn Adq|i qmdxoeh ihioe


\ig`n <%99 Sien` li|i iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9??9"?< 9??<"?8-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq oea`~loeh hndhwismoaq viwoig`nq/

Viwoig`nq -foei` snwodl/Snwodlq

9??9"?< 9??<"?8

Oe|nwans| 7%8?7 + 7%=?1 +-3%766/ -3%136/

Qamddòeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3<> + 3%3<1 +-3%33</ -3%33</

Ihn -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%336 + 3%33? +-3%339/ -3%339/

Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw -bi`n29/ "3%99> + "3%968 +-3%318/ -3%3<=/

êqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq "3%3>1 + "3%967 +-3%39=/ -3%39?/

I`|o|~ln 3%>16 "3%?8< +-3%986/ -3%9=</

\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3<8 3%3>6 u-3%37>/ -3%37>/

\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%339 + "3%337 u-3%339/ -3%339/

N}snelo|~wn -oeo|oi` snwodl/ "3%><7 + "3%>8= +-3%37</ -3%37?/

E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq 9797 ?33W"qy~iwnl ilk~q|nl 3%1916 3%<3?8

Hoeo -oeo|oi` snwodl/ 3%16? 3%1>=Hoeo -foei` snwodl/ 3%16< 3%<33

Iee~i` hwdx|m wi|n -./ 93%= 7%1

Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uHoeo adnffoaone|q iel hwdx|m wi|nq aià~ì|odeq iwn giqnl de snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wnQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

=?

|mi| dean bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw bdq| df |mn wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn

loffnwneanq aie gn n}sìoenl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| iel swovi|n iqqn| adbsdqo|ode%

Dgvod~q` |mn fia| |mi| hndhwism miq ed illo|odei` obsia| de wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

loffnwneanq miq |d ld xo|m |mn fia| |mi| jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq q~am iq qamdd`q iel bnloai`

fiaoò|onq iaanqq |d n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode iq xn`` iq swovi|n iqqn|q mivn libsnenl|mn nffna| df hndhwism de wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q% \d qnn |moq \ig`n <%91 snwfdwbq

|mn qibn gwnij ldxe n}nwaoqn oe|wdl~aoeh niam qn| df viwoig`nq qny~ne|oi``% Fowq| hndhwism

viwoig`nq iwn ne|nwnl oe |mn bdln` i`den iel |mn gwnij ldxe n}nwaoqn oq adel~a|nl de` xo|m

|mnqn viwoig`nq% Oe |moq aiqn hndhwism oq mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}sìoeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn

Amis|nw <

\ig`n <%97 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-@dh loffnwneanq/

Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Mohmìel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|

Hndhwism "3%961 3%319I`|o|~ln "3%316 "3%33<\nbsnwi|~wn "3%71> + 3%981 +\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl 3%998 "3%979Ohend~q wdajq 3%39> u "3%33< uQnlobne|q wdajq "3%33< "3%33?@iel lns|m "3%377 "3%33>

@dai|ode 3%3>3 3%31?^wgieo{i|ode 3%3>> 3%31=

Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` "3%33> 3%339

Hndhwism+`dai|ode 3%3=9 u 3%338 u^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 3%3=9 u 3%338 u

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%37= + "3%3?> +

Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%9=> + "3%7>= +Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%319 + "3%36< +Qamddòeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ "3%369 + "3%36> +Qamddòeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ "3%36? + "3%937 +Sd|ne|oi` ìgdw n}snwonean "3%391 + "3%37< +Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw 3%333 "3%339E~bgnw df bohwie|nq "3%33? u "3%33> uQsn`` df o`ènqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%333 3%333Qivoehq 3%337 + 3%333 +Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq "3%331 3%33<

N}sìoenl "3%7<9 "3%7<<Wnqol~i` 3%37< 3%388\d|i` "3%798 "3%968

Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s0%9%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

?3

\ig`n <%91 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq g bdln`

Hwd~s df viwoig`nqMohmìel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|

9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7*1*< 9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7*1*<

-9/ Hndhwism "3%71? + "3%967 u "3%7=1 u "3%961 "3%9>7 + "3%3=7 u 3%319

-7/ @dai|ode "3%9=9 3%37< 3%3> "3%971 3%379 3%31?-1/ Hnd+`dai|ode 3%3?1 + 3%918 + 3%3=9 u 3%33= + 3%397 + 3%338 u-</ Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%99= + "3%37 + "3%7>= +

N}sìoenl "3%71? "3%7>3 "3%7<3 "3%7<9 "3%9>7 "3%9?? "3%7>6 "3%7<<Wnqol~i` 3%377 3%311 3%371 3%331 "3%39> 3%317 3%3=? 3%387\d|i` "3%798 "3%798 "3%798 "3%798 "3%968 "3%968 "3%968 "3%968



loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne Qonwwi iel Adq|i iq xn`` iq gn|xnne |mn Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq df

Snw~% Hndhwism wnbioeq mohm` qoheofoaie| nvne if|nw xn oe|wdl~an `dai|ode viwoig`nq iel

|mnow awdqq‑swdl~a|q oe|d |mn iei`qoq% Mdxnvnw dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq adbn oe|d sì

oe |mn iei`qoq |mn obsia| df hndhwism loqissniwq iq |mn adnffoaone|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn

|snq df viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe |d gn kdoe|` ede"qoheofoaie|% \moq ad~`l gn gnai~qn oe |mn bdln`qxo|md~| oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mn hndhwism viwoig`nq xnwn amddqoeh |mnow nffna| iel |mnwnfdwn xmne

obswdvoeh d~w qsnaofoai|ode |mn nffna| df |mnqn viwoig`nq loqissniwq%

\mn qibn |sn df gwnij ldxe aie i`qd gn lden xo|m |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

ny~i|odeq |mi| xn wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n <%8% Oe |moq aiqn snw aiso|i hwdx|m wi|n loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne

Qonwwi iel Adq|i wnhodeq iel gn|xnne Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq aie gn gwdjne ldxe oe|d |mnow

bioe ln|nwboeie|q; hndhwismoai` loffnwneanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn loffnwneanq iel iqqn| neldxbne|

loffnwneanq iq wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n <%9<% Mnwn iq xiq |mn aiqn xo|m |mn swnvod~q wnq~`| hndhwism

ldnq ed| issniw |d qoheofoaie|` ade|wog~|n |d hwdx|m loffnwne|oi`q dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn loffnwneanq

iel swovi|n iqqn| neldxbne| loffnwneanq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw% Oe |moq aiqn mdxnvnw de` swovi|n

iqqn| neldxbne| loffnwne|oi`q qnnb |d sì ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe n}sìoeoeh loffnwne|oi` hwdx|m

si||nweq gn|xnne Qonwwi Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq%

Iq xiq |mn aiqn oe |mn iei`qoq df loffnwne|oi` n}snelo|~wn `nvn`q iawdqq wnhodeq |mn

wd`n df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq qnnbq |d gn qmildxnl g |mn swnqnean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n

iqqn| neldxbne|q% \d qnn xmn|mnw |moq oq |mn aiqn \ig`n <%9> qmdxq |mn qibn gwnij ldxe

n}nwaoqn oe|wdl~aoeh niam qn| df viwoig`nq qny~ne|oi``% Fowq| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn ne|nwnl

oe |mn bdln` i`den iel |mn lnadbsdqo|ode n}nwaoqn oq adel~a|nl de` xo|m |mnqn viwoig`nq% Oe

|moq aiqn hndhwism oq mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}sìoeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

loffnwne|oi`q% Mdxnvnw dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq iwn oe|wdl~anl oe|d |mn iei`qoq |mn

qoheofoaiean df hndhwism loqissniwq iel ldnq ed| wnissniw iq |mn wnbioeoeh viwoig`nq iwn

oe|wdl~anl% O| b~q| gn ed|nl |mi| |mn iei`qoq wnbioeq viòl nvne of xn adwwna| fdw sdqqog`nqsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode l~n |d sdqqog`n dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwnì|nl viwoig`nq%

?9

\ig`n <%9< Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-Hwdx|m wi|nq loffnwneanq i| swdvoean `nvn`/

Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Mohmìel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|

Hndhwism 3%7976 3%97?6

I`|o|~ln `nvn` 3%99=7 3%33>>@i|o|~ln "3%37=3 3%3<89@deho|~ln 3%3<18 3%31?6Qdo` q`dsn 3%3>9= "3%39>?Qdo` lns|m "3%3373 3%318?Ohend~q wdaj "3%317? + 3%3777 +Bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj 3%3133 3%31??\nbsnwi|~wn 3%319? "3%3<68

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%3<19 "3%3?73Giqoa ennlq "3%3<19 "3%3?73

Hndhwism+Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%397> "3%33<9I`|o|~ln+Giqoa ennlq "3%397> "3%33<9

Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%1<13 + "3%3319 +Qamdd` i||neliean wi|n "3%911> + "3%3661 +Fnbi`n md~qnmd`l mnil -./ "3%381? u 3%39<8 uXdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ 3%378= u 3%33?3 uMd~qnmd`l qo{n "3%36=? 3%3>=3Md~qnmd`l qo{n hwdx|m i$ "3%3==9 * "3%3911 *E~bgnw df bohwie|q "3%3361 "3%33>9

\d|i` n}sìoenl "3%9=63 3%313<Wnqol~i` 3%93<= 3%3?=?

\d|i` "3%3=97 3%97?1i$ Oe|w~bne|q viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe oe |mn issnelo}Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s023%9Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

Amis|nw <

\ig`n <%9> Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i hwdx|m n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq g bdln`-I| swdvoean nvn`/

Hwd~s df viwoig`nq

Mohmìel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|

9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7 9*7 9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7 9*7

*1*< *1*< i$ *1*< *1*< i$

-9/ Hndhwism "3%961u "3%991 "3%3<8 3%9>= 3%791 3%371u 3%9>< 3%916 3%976 3%913-7/ Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%93=+ "3%38>u "3%3<1 "3%3<1 "3%77?+ "3%969u "3%3?9 "3%3?7-1/ Hnd+oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%3?1 3%33< "3%391 "3%319 3%339 "3%33<-</ Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%178+ "3%1<1+ "3%37>+ "3%331+

N}sìoenl "3%961 "3%779 "3%79> "3%73= "3%9=6 3%371 "3%38> "3%3>6 3%397 3%313Wnqol~i` 3%3=7 3%91? 3%91< 3%978 3%93> 3%936 3%73> 3%9=> 3%99= 3%3??\d|i` "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 3%97? 3%97? 3%97? 3%97? 3%97?

i$ Bdln`òeh fowq|"dwlnw qsi|oi` nwwdw i~|dadwwnì|ode%

Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s023%9%

?7


<%6% Adea`~qodeq

Snw~‟q nedwbd~q hndhwismoa lovnwqo| bijnq o| ie n}|wnbn` oe|nwnq|oeh aiqn q|~l |d iei`{n

xmn|mnw hndhwism miq i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq dvnw

|obn% Xn jedx |mi| |mnwn iwn m~hn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq iawdqq Snw~ iel |mnwn oq i mniv

adeane|wi|ode df vnw sddw snds`n |mwd~hmd~| |mn bdq| hndhwismoai`` ilvnwqn wnhodeq iq oe|mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi% I`|md~hm |mnqn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq aie gn i||wog~|nl |d hndhwism |mn

aie i`qd gn wnì|nl i| `niq| oe siw| |d i qoheofoaie| loqsnwqode oe iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel

d|mnw s~gòa iqqn|q% \mnwnfdwn |mnwn oq ed a`niw nvolnean |mi| wnhodei` oeadbn loffnwneanq aie

de` gn n}sìoenl g hndhwism dw |mi| |mn mil gnne mibsnwnl -dw fiaoò|i|nl/ g `dai` dw

enohmgdwoeh ei|~wi` dw biebiln hndhwismoai` neldxbne|q%

Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne bie nffdw|q |d oej Snw~‟q hndhwismoai` lovnwqo|

|d jn oqq~nq iq obsdw|ie| iq qn||`nbne| `dai|ode dw adeq|w~a|ode df ilboeoq|wi|ovn dw sdò|oai`

wnhodeq vnw ò||`n miq gnne lden |d iei`{n |mn òejq gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iellnvn`dsbne| nadedboa hwdx|m dw sdvnw|%

\d wnl~an |moq his d~w wnqniwam q|wi|nh adeqoq|nl df lnqawogoeh mdx hndhwism bohm|

sì i f~elibne|i` wd`n oe wnhodei` nadedboa hwdx|m iel xmi| wnì|odeqmos |mnwn oq gn|xnne

hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iel n}snelo|~wn nvn`q iel hwdx|m iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~% \d fdwbi``

ieqxnw xmn|mnw hndhwism oq i ln|nwboeie| df |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn dvnw |obn xn lnvn`dsnl

i boawd bdln` df adeq~bs|ode xmoam ed| de` |ddj oe |mn dai` nffna| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq

g~| i`qd oea`~lnl s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q iq viwoig`nq |mi| ad~`l wnl~an |mn sd|ne|oi`` ilvnwqn

nffna| df hndhwism% Fdw |moq s~wsdqn xn ~qnl ei|odei` aneq~q li|i fdw 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1

|mn @QBQ q~wvnq fdw 9??9 9??< 9??6 iel 9??8 oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn loq|woa|‑`nvn`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q hndhwismoai` li|iqn|q iel oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie

Aneq~q df 9??<% \moq awdqq"qna|odei` iei`qoq mn`snl ~q oe i||nbs|oeh |d ~elnwq|iel xmn|mnw

hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq iwoqoeh fwdb dai` dw enohmgdwoeh s~gòa iqqn|q dw dai` neldxbne|q

df swovi|n hddlq ne|io` |mi| ovoeh oe dw eniw i xn``"neldxnl iwni obsònq |mi| i sddw md~qnmd`l

aie nvne|~i`` nqaisn sdvnw|%

Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| xmi| qnnb |d gn qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe ovoeh q|ieliwlq

oe Snw~ aie gn i`bdq| f~`` n}sìoenl xmne den |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df

md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe siw|oa~ìw s~gòa iel

swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw xdwlq |mn qibn dgqnwvi|odei`` ny~ovi`ne| md~qnmd`l miq i qoboìw

n}snelo|~wn `nvn` oe den sìan iq oe ied|mnw xo|m loffnwne| hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq

i`|o|~ln dw |nbsnwi|~wn% \moq ldnq ed| bnie mdxnvnw |mi| hndhwism oq ed| obsdw|ie| g~| o|q

oef`~nean de n}snelo|~wn nvn` iel hwdx|m loffnwne|oi` adbnq igd~| |mwd~hm i qsi|oi`` ~envne

swdvoqode df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn% F~w|mnwbdwn xmne xn bniq~wn |mn n}sna|nl hioe -dw dqq/

oe adeq~bs|ode fwdb òvoeh oe i siw|oa~ìw hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% Adq|i/ iq dssdqnl |d òvoeh

oe ied|mnw hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% Qonwwi/ xn fd~el |mi| bdq| df |mn loffnwnean oe `dh snw

aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Adq|i aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwneanqoe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n iqqn|q% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode |mi| |mn ivioìgoò|

?1

df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ad~`l gn obo|nl g |mn hndhwism iel |mnwnfdwn |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa

wnhodeq iwn |mn denq xo|m `nqq iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

Ied|mnw oe|nwnq|oeh wnq~`| oq |mi| lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| oe d~w bdln`q df n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

xn oea`~lnl i`` wn`nvie| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iq xn`` iq oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q viwoig`nq

|mn wnqol~i`q ade|oe~n |d qmdx qsi|oi` i~|dadwwnì|ode% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mn olni |mi| |mnwn bign ede"hndhwismoa ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| bi gn iffna|oeh |mn swdvoeaoi` n}snelo|~wn si||nwe%

\moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Wivi`òde iel Xdlde -9??8/ xmne |mn qmdx |mi| qo{ig`n hndhwismoa

loffnwneanq oe òvoeh q|ieliwlq aie snwqoq| nvne of xn |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode

df md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq adel~aovn |d sdvnw|%

O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn issniw |d gn ede‑hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwnì|nl

dbo||nl viwoig`nq |mi| ennl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe d~w n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m bdln`% \mnwnfdwn

sdòa swdhwibq |mi| ~qn wnhodei` |iwhn|oeh ld mivn i wi|odei`n nvne of hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld

ed| n}sìoe |mn g~`j df |mn loffnwnean oe wnhodei` hwdx|m dean xn mivn |ijne oe|d iaad~e|loffnwne|oi`q oe iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q%

@iq|` ie oqq~n |mi| xn mil ed| |ijne oe|d iaad~e| iel xmoam ad~`l gn vnw obsdw|ie|

fdw f~|~wn wnqniwam oq |mn fia| |mi| ilvnwqn hndhwismoa n}|nweiò|onq aie swdvoln oeane|ovnq |d

bohwi|ode% \moq oq qdbn|moeh xmoam xn ld ed| ade|wd` fdw oe |moq wnqniwam% \mn bohwi|ode nffna|

ad~`l gn |xdfd`l% De |mn den miel o| ad~`l gn |mn wniqde xm md~qnmd`lq xo|m fnxnw swovi|n

iqqn|q iwn |mn denq xmoam amddqn |d `dai|n oe |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoai` wnhodeq% De |mn

d|mnw miel o| ad~`l gn vnw obsdw|ie| fdw sdòa"bijoeh oe lnvn`dsoeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mn

qneqn |mi| anw|ioe oevnq|bne|q oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn q~am iq nl~ai|ode iwn bdgo`n xo|m bohwi|ode

xmo`n d|mnwq iwn ed|% \mnwnfdwn o| ad~`l gn bdwn swdfo|ig`n |d oevnq| oe bdgo`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe

|mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa wnhodeq |d hovn |mn oelovol~i`q |mn enanqqiw |dd`q |d bohwi|n

fwdb |mnqn wnhodeq iel |mnwnfdwn oeawniqn |mnow swdgigoò| df nqaisoeh i sdvnw| |wis%

Amis|nw <

?<

Ieen} I<%9; Li|i lnqawos|ode

I<%9 Swdvoeaoi` `nvn` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq

\d nq|obi|n snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| swdvoeaoi` nvn`q fdw Aneq~q niwq 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1

xn nq|obi|nl i md~qnmd`l"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn ny~i|ode giqnl de oefdwbi|ode ivioìg`n oe |mn

@QBQ q~wvnq fdw 9?=>"=6 iel 9??<% Fd``dxoeh Nqadgi` K% n| i` -9??=/ xn wnhwnqq snw aiso|i

n}snelo|~wn de swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q i``dxoeh oe|nwia|odeq gn|xnne |mnb% I bdwn ln|io`nl

loqa~qqode df |mnqn nq|obi|odeq aie gn fd~el oe Nqadgi` K% n| i`% -9??=/%

\ig`n I<%9 qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |moq swdanl~wn% \mn neldhned~q viwoig`n oe niam ny~i|ode

xiq |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe adeq|ie| E~nvdq Qd`nq df 9??<% Fwdb |mn adnffoaone|q dg|ioenl

oe \ig`n I%9 xn qob~ì|nl |mn swdvoean"`nvn` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn ~qoeh |mn swdvoean"`nvn`

viwoig`nq dg|ioenl fwdb |mn Aneq~q li|i iel |mn bnieq df |mn md~qnmd`l q~wvnq xmnenvnw

|mnwn xiq ed| i ad~e|nwsiw| viwoig`n oe |mn aneq~q% Fdw 9?87 iel 9?=9 xn ~qnl |mn siwibn|nwq

df @QBQ 9?=>"=6 iel fdw 9??1 |mn aià~ì|odeq df @QBQ 9??< l~n |d |mn swd}obo| df |mn

qibs`n q~wvnq iel Aneq~q li|nq%

\mn swdvoean"`nvn` viwoig`nq ~qnl oe i`` Aneq~q niwq xnwn; md~qnmd`l qo{n snwane|ihn

df md~qnq xo|md~| iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw xo|md~| lwioeihn xo|md~| n`na|woao| |d|i` o`ò|nwia

wi|n qamddòeh i||neliean wi|n snwane|ihn df amo`l ìgdwnwq iel snwane|ihn df sds~ì|ode

òvoeh oe ~wgie iwniq% Illo|odei`` fdw 9??1 xn oea`~lnl |mn snwane|ihn df ede"swdfnqqodei`

nadedboai`` ia|ovn sds~ì|ode snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq mnilnl g xdbne iel ad``nhn

i||neliean wi|n% Xn adbs`n|n |mn qn| df viwoig`nq -|d nq|obi|n swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn/

~qoeh qibs`n ivnwihn vi`~nq df |mn @QBQ g wnhodeq% Iq xn bne|ode igdvn @QBQ iwn lovolnl

oe hndhwismoai` wnhodeq |d obswdvn |mn y~iò| df |mn qibsòeh% \mnqn wnhodeq xnwn oea`~lnl

oe |mn wnhwnqqode iq l~bb viwoig`nq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dai|ode; edw|mnwe Adq|i ane|wi` Qonwwi

iel hwni|nw @obi fdw n}ibs`n%

Snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` oe niam Aneq~q niw xiq ilk~q|nl |d

wnswdl~an |mn Ihhwnhi|n Adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m wi|n df Ei|odei` Iaad~e|q xo|moe |mdqn niwq%

^qoeh 9?=9 iq ie ieamdw xn amiehnl qòhm|` |mn oe|nwans| adnffoaone|q df |mn d|mnw wnhwnqqodeq

|d wn"nq|obi|n |mn swdkna|nl viwoig`nq% \m~q xn wnsìan |mn D@Q nq|obi|nl adnffoaone|q 6%6?3

xo|m 6%1>3 iel 8%6?> xo|m 8%>?> fdw 9??1 iel 9?87 wnqsna|ovn`% Oe |moq xi |mn hwdx|m wi|n

df |mn swdkna|nl snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn -xnohm|nl g sds~ì|ode oe niam niw/ oq ny~i` |d |mn

biawdnadedboa q|i|oq|oaq% \mn adnffoaone|q wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n I<%9 loqsì |mn enx vi`~nq fdw

|mn oe|nwans|q%

Foei`` |mn e~bgnw df swdvoeanq mil ed| wnbioenl adeq|ie| oe |mn ìq| 13 niwq% Oe

9?87 |mn e~bgnw df swdvoeanq xiq 9>3 oe 9?=9 xiq 9>1 iel 9== oe 9??1 |mnwnfdwn xn mil |d

mdbdhneo{n swdvoean iwniq iel qmisnq |mwd~hm |obn% Xo|m |moq s~wsdqn xn lnaolnl |d ~qn |mn

sdò|oai`"ilboeoq|wi|ovn lovoqode df Snw~ oe 9??1 gnai~qn |mn Hndhwismoai` Oefdwbi|ode Qq|nb

-HOQ/ xiq lnvn`dsnl fd``dxoeh |mn 9??1 Aneq~q% \d obs~|n |mn vi`~nq oe 9?87 fdw enx swdvoeanq

?>

xn wnsni|nl |mn 'dwohoei`' swdvoean oefdwbi|ode oe niam df o|q enx wnhodeq dw iwniq% Fdw 9?=9

xn mil loq|woa|"`nvn` li|i iel qoean |mn awni|ode df i enx swdvoean oq giqoai`` i enx a`~q|nwoeh

df loq|woa|q xn ihhwnhi|n |mdqn loq|woa| vi`~nq |d awni|n li|i fdw |mn enx swdvoeanq%

Viwoig`nq

Aneq~q niw

9?87 i$ 9?=9 i$ 9??1 g$

Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv%

Oe|nwans| 8%6?>? -3%9?></ 8%8888 -3%1789/ 6%1>37 -3%9188/Iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%91=< -3%31??/ 3%91>9 -3%316</ 3%3=76 -3%3166/Iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw "3%93>9 -3%3>=?/ "3%9196 -3%3>1>/Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| 3%3=<6 -3%3><9/ 3%38== -3%3<?8/ 3%3379 -3%333</Iaanqq |d oe"md~qn lwioeihn qnwvoanq 3%996> -3%9<>>/ 3%9317 -3%9313/ 3%3396 -3%333?/Ai||`n 3%97== -3%3=78/ 3%916= -3%3=33/ 3%3?91 -3%38==/L~wig`n hddlq 3%36=3 -3%33?7/ 3%36=9 -3%33=8/ 3%33>9 -3%33<6/Fnw|oò{nwq ~qihn 3%969? -3%3<16/ 3%9=1? -3%3<9</ 3%93>6 -3%3178/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw 3%378= -3%3678/ "3%331> -3%3>71/Md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq xo|m

qnadeliw nl~ai|ode -./ 3%3319 -3%3371/Md~qn xo|m oeilny~i|n f ddw "3%33<7 -3%333?/ "3%331= -3%333=/ "3%3379 -3%3331/Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%7863 -3%31<9/ "3%1169 -3%3136/ "3%17>1 -3%37=1/O`ò|nwia wi|n "3%3398 -3%333=/ "3%3397 -3%333=/ "3%3396 -3%3338/

Qamdd` i||ieliean -amo`lwne/ 3%3393 -3%3336/ 3%3336 -3%3336/@iel qo{n 3%3<17 -3%3>31/ 3%39=> -3%3<91/E~bgnw df bohwie|q -md~qmd`l bnbgnwq/ "3%3369 -3%3<93/ "3%331? -3%3<3?/ 3%91>? -3%3769/E~bgnw df wddbq oe |mn md~qn 3%33>3 -3%339>/ 3%33<9 -3%3391/ 3%3>67 -3%393=/Ede"swdfnqqodei` igdw fdwan 3%3337 -3%337=/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean "3%3339 -3%336>/ 3%3337 -3%33>8/ 3%39>1 -3%33>=/Qivoehq 3%3887 -3%31<1/ 3%3<89 -3%31<?/ 3%388> -3%31>?/Qamddòeh i||neliean wi|n 3%333< -3%333</Qamdd`òeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3968 -3%399?/ 3%396= -3%399</ 3%3193 -3%3381/Qamdd`òeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3187 -3%39==/ 3%31== -3%3963/ 3%3176 -3%3383/Qnnlq ~qihn 3%9<9? -3%3166/ 3%91?3 -3%311>/ 3%38?= -3%3177/Qdaoi` en|xdwjq 3%77=7 -3%3639/ 3%79?8 -3%3673/ 3%3=67 -3%9937/Qsn`` df o`ènqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%39>1 -3%37??/ 3%376= -3%37??/ "3%3>96 -3%3176/

^wgie {den 3%336< -3%3379/ 3%33?7 -3%331</ 3%3986 -3%9>?7/Xdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ "3%339< -3%333>/ "3%3391 -3%333>/Edw|mnwe adiq| "3%918< -3%311</ "3%9<3= -3%3179/ "3%3<63 -3%37>8/Ane|wi` adiq| "3%9??9 -3%318>/ "3%7311 -3%31?1/ "3%313< -3%3117/Qd~|mnwe adiq| "3%31>7 -3%3>?>/ "3%3>>7 -3%36<7/ "3%3?1? -3%3<?3/Edw|mnwe mohmìelq "3%>?=8 -3%3><9/ "3%>8=? -3%3>3=/ 3%99=> -3%31>=/Ane|wi` mohmìelq "3%1>?? -3%318?/ "3%1683 -3%318</ "3%3>6< -3%3768/Qd~|mnwe mohmìelq "3%891> -3%316>/ "3%3<91 -3%31>6/ "3%386? -3%37=8/Edw|mnwe mohm i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%<=9= -3%3>8?/ "3%<191 -3%3>=1/ "3%7?=8 -3%3<==/Ane|wi` mohm i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%<=8> -3%3><8/ "3%<17< -3%3>3?/ "3%78<> -3%3>39/@dx i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%7178 -3%3>69/L~wig`n hddlq -qy~iwnl/ "=%>?N"3< -3%3331/ "=%38N"3< -3%3337/ "8%87N"36 -3%3333/

Md~qnmd`l qo{n -qy~iwnl/ 3%3973 -3%337</ 3%39>6 -3%3379/ 3%39>1 -3%3373/

\ig`n I<%9 Ln|nwboeie|q df -@dh/ snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq/

ade|oe~nl%%%

Amis|nw <

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E~bgnw df bohwie|q-md~qmd`l bnbgnwq/ qy~iwnl 3%3337 -3%3387/ "3%339? -3%3381/

Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean -qy~iwnl/ 9%38N"3> -3%3339/ "1%33N"3> -3%3339/ "9%61N"3< -3%3339/Qivoehq -qy~iwnl/ 3%3337 -3%3331/ 3%333< -3%3331/ "3%339> -3%3338/Qamdd`òeh niwq

-d|mnw bnbgnwq qy~iwnl/ "3%3373 -3%3377/ "3%331< -3%3379/

Qsn`` df o`ènqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ qy~iwnl 3%3337 -3%3361/L~wig`n hddlq+qdaoi` en|xdwjq "3%3363 -3%3377/ "3%331> -3%3379/ 3%3338 -3%3318/Md~qnmd`l qo{n+sd|ne|oi` xdwj

n}snwonean 3%3339 -3%3331/ 3%333< -3%3331/ 3%3339 -3%3337/

Md~qnmd`l qo{n+qivoehq "3%336> -3%3311/ "3%33>1 -3%3316/ "3%3317 -3%3398/Md~qnmd`l qo{n+qsn`` df o`ènqq 3%3399 -3%338=/ 3%3373 -3%33=</ 3%3386 -3%391>/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3337 -3%333>/ "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%333> -3%333?/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+ìel qo{n 3%37?6 -3%319?/ 3%3778 -3%31></ 3%3>?6 -3%3>36/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+qivoehq 3%33<1 -3%3371/ 3%33<3 -3%3376/ "3%333< -3%3313/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+l~wig`nq hddlq "3%3339 -3%3339/ "3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3333 -3%3339/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+e~bgnw df

bohwie|q "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%3339 -3%3336/ "3%3398 -3%3336/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+qivoehq "3%333> -3%333</ "3%333< -3%333</ 3%3337 -3%333</Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+qsn``q df o`ènqq "3%3339 -3%3336/ "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%3338 -3%3336/Qivoehq+l~wig`n hddlq ">%36N"3> -3%3337/ "7%9?N"3> -3%3337/ "7%97N"3< -3%3339/Qamdd`òeh niwq

-md~qnmd`l mnil/+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3339 -3%3331/ "3%3331 -3%3331/ "3%3336 -3%3331/

Qamdd`òeh niwq-md~qnmd`l mnil/+ìel qo{n "3%3991 -3%3973/ "3%33>1 -3%3937/ 3%33?7 -3%33=?/

Qamdd`òeh niwq-md~qnmd`l mnil/+sd|ne|oi` xdwjn}snwonean "3%3339 -3%3337/ 3%3333 -3%3337/ "3%3337 -3%3337/

Qamdd`òeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean 3%3371 -3%339?/ 3%3378 -3%3373/ "3%3368 -3%3396/

Qamdd`òeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+qivoehq "3%33<< -3%3396/ "3%33<< -3%3398/ 3%3331 -3%3391/

Qamdd`òeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+qsn``q df o`ènqq "3%3376 -3%3371/ "3%3391 -3%3377/ 3%33>6 -3%3398/

Qsn`` df o`ènqq+l~wig`n hddlq 3%333> -3%3338/ 3%3337 -3%3338/ "3%3339 -3%3336/

Qsn`` df o`ènqq+e~bgnw df bohwie|q "3%337< -3%33<</ "3%337= -3%33<>/ "3%339< -3%33>8/Qsn`` df o`ènqq+qivoehq 3%33<7 -3%337</ 3%337< -3%3376/ "3%3336 -3%3311/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "8%=>N"3> -3%3338/ 9%?>N"3< -3%3336/^wgie {den+ìel qo{n 3%3338 -3%3391/ 3%3339 -3%3397/^wgie {den+qivoehq -qy~iwnl/ "6%=7N"36 -3%3333/ "=%38N"36 -3%3333/ 9%7?N"31 -3%3336/^wgie {den+qamdd`òeh niwq

-md~qnmd`l mnil qy~iwnl/ 8%9=N"3> -3%3339/ <%8?N"3> -3%3339/ 6%>8N"31 -3%3366/^wgie {den+qamdd`òeh niwq

-d|mnw bnbgnw/ "3%3339 -3%3337/ "3%3337 -3%3337/ "3%339> -3%338?/^wgie {den+qamdd`òeh niwq

-d|mnw bnbgnw qy~iwnl/ 7%73N"3> -3%3333/ 1%38N"3> -3%3333/^wgie {den+iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%333< -3%333>/ 3%333< -3%333</ 3%3>63 -3%3><3/^wgie {den+iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw 3%333? -3%3338/ 3%3393 -3%3336/

^wgie {den+iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "9%19N"3< -3%3338/ "<%9=N"3> -3%3336/ "8%=6N"3< -3%3336/

Viwoig`nq

Aneq~q niw

9?87 i$ 9?=9 i$ 9??1 g$


ade|oe~nl%%%

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^wgie {den+iaanqq |d oe"md~qn lwioeihn qnwvoanq "3%3331 -3%339>/ "3%3339 -3%3399/ "3%3336 -3%333?/

^wgie {den+ai||`n "3%333? -3%3391/ "3%333< -3%3397/ "3%3771 -3%939=/^wgie {den+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3331 -3%3339/ "3%3331 -3%3339/ 3%3>9? -3%33>6/^wgie {den+l~wig`n hddlq -qy~iwnl/ 6%97N"36 -3%3333/ >%1=N"36 -3%3333/ "1%36N"3< -3%3333/^wgie {den+fnw|oò{nwq ~qihn "3%3399 -3%333=/ "3%3399 -3%333=/ "3%9>?7 -3%3=96/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l qo{n 3%333? -3%333</ 3%3391 -3%3331/ 3%363? -3%3176/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l qo{n -qy~iwnl/ "3%3339 -3%3333/ "3%3339 -3%3333/ "3%33>< -3%337</^wgie {den+o`ò|nwia wi|n 8%7=N"36 -3%3333/ 6%1=N"36 -3%3333/ 8%1=N"3< -3%3393/^wgie {den+e~bgnw df bohwie|q 3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3339 -3%3339/

^wgie {den+e~bgnw df bohwie|q-qy~iwnl/ "3%3339 -3%333</ "3%3331 -3%333</^wgie {den+e~bgnw df wddb oe

|mn md~qn "7%19N"3> -3%3333/ "1%78N"3> -3%3333/ "3%333< -3%3977/^wgie {den+snq|oaolnq ~qihn 3%7837 -3%386</ 3%138< -3%36>?/ 3%9787 -3%3176/^wgie {den+sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean 3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3339 -3%3339/ "3%3317 -3%33>?/^wgie {den+sd|ne|oi` xdwj

n}snwonean -qy~iwnl/ "8%=<N"38 -3%3333/ "9%97N"36 -3%3333/ 3%3339 -3%3339/^wgie {den+qivoehq 3%3336 -3%3331/ 3%333= -3%3331/ "3%3>1> -3%37>>/^wgie {den+qamdd`òeh i||neliean wi|n 3%3336 -3%333>/^wgie {den+qnnlq ~qihn "3%337< -3%333=/ "3%3398 -3%3338/ 3%393? -3%3=13/^wgie {den+qdaoi` en|xdwjq "3%333? -3%333>/ "3%3399 -3%333>/ 3%3>>< -3%3883/^wgie {den+qsn``q df o`ènqq 3%3331 -3%3337/ 3%3339 -3%3337/

^wgie {den+^wgie {den+oeilny~i|nf`ddw <%37N"3> -3%3333/ 1%>9N"3> -3%3333/ 3%333< -3%333>/

^wgie {den+xdwjoeh amo`lwne 7%3<N"3> -3%3333/ 9%67N"3> -3%3333/ "3%3?=? -3%3=61/

E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|ode <?<? <?<? 1671W"qy~iwnl 3%8><6 3%8697 3%=>?6

i$ Giqnl de 9?=>"=6 @QBQ%g$ Giqnl de 9??< @QBQ%Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

Viwoig`nq

Aneq~q niw

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I| swdvoeaoi` "`nvn`

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iel mni`|m viwoig`nq

‧ Qdaoi` Oevnq|bne| Bis 9??< FDEADLNQ; sdvnw| oeln} iel o|q adbsdene|qòvoeh q|ieliwl%

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oefdwbi|ode xiq if|nwxiwlq dvnwìol de i bis df Snw~ i| swdvoeaoi` iel loq|woa|

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df o|q ane|wdol de |mn |mnbi|oa bis; niw|my~ijn {denq swnaoso|i|ode qdo`q iel

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\mn Wd`n df S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh

\wieqia|ode Adq|q

>%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode

Xmne i||nbs|oeh |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df qsnaofoa sdòaonq de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |mn qsnaoiò{nl

ò|nwi|~wn adbbde` iqq~bnq i adbs`n|n oe|nhwi|ode df swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iel fia|dwq

de |mn siw| df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Mdxnvnw nbsowoai` nvolnean q~hhnq|q |mi| w~wi` biwjn|q |nel

|d gn |moe ~elnwlnvn`dsnl dw nvne eden}oq|ne|% \mn lniw|m df biwjn|q oq l~n |d |mn òbo|nl

nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| dw |d dgq|ia`nq |d |mnow lnvn`dsbne|%

Oe |moq ade|n}| |mn wnqsdeqn df fiwbnwq fdw n}ibs`n |d ie oeawniqn oe swoanq de |mnoe|nwei|odei` ei|odei` wnhodei` dw `dai` biwjn|q miq adbbde` gnne dvnwnq|obi|nl% \moq ìaj

df jedx`nlhn df |mn boawdnadedboa ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbnw oe|nhwi|ode xo|m swdl~a| fia|dwq

biwjn|q miq b~`|os`n obsòai|odeq% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie| oea`~ln |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn

obs`nbne|i|ode df swoaoeh sdòaonq xmoam i||nbs| |d mivn i mdbdhnend~q iel i`bdq|

oeq|ie|iend~q obsia| de ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss` iel$dw swdl~a|ode qdbn|moeh xmoam ldnq ed| daa~w

-|d |mn q~wswoqn df |mdqn xmd swdbd|n q~am sdòaonq/% Ln Kievw n| i`% -9?=8/ qmdxnl mdx oe

loffnwne| ade|n}|q |mn nwwdend~q bdlnòeh df mdx w~wi` md~qnmd`lq bijn lnaoqodeq ad~`l `nil

|d |mn dvnwnq|obi|ode df swoan nìq|oao|onq df ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss`% \soai`` |moq dvnwnq|obi|odedwohoei|nq fwdb boq|ijne` iqq~boeh |mi| lnaoqodeq de adeq~bs|ode iel swdl~a|ode iwn qnsiwig`n%

^lw -9??>/ ao|nq |mn xdwj df Fifamibsq Wdqne{xnoh Fdq|nw iel Wdqne{xnoh iel |mi| df

Kiadg -|mn aiqn df |mn Snw~voie mohmìelq/ |d lnbdeq|wi|n mdx obsnwfna|odeq oe |mn igdw biwjn|

adelo|ode |mn ede"qnsiwigoò| df swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq%

Oe |mn aiqn df Snw~ |mn |dsoa df |mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode df fiwbnwq miq wnanovnl ò||`n

i||ne|ode% Wnane| q|~lonq aiwwonl d~| g HWILN oe |mn fwibnxdwj df |mn Nadedboa Wnqniwam

Adeqdw|o~b mivn n}iboenl |mn oqq~n df ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Nqadgi` iel

Ihwnli -9??=/ ~qoeh |obn qnwonq li|i df 97 ihwoa~`|~wi` hddlq oe 97 Snw~voie ao|onq qmdxnl|mi| biwjn|q fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|q oe Snw~ iwn wniqdeig` oe|nhwi|nl -fwdb i qsi|oi` sdoe| df

vonx/% O| i`qd lnbdeq|wi|nl |mi| iaanqq |d s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oq i ln|nwboeie| fia|dw oe

n}sìoeoeh |mn qsnnl i| xmoam adeq~bnw swoan oefdwbi|ode oq loqqnboei|nl |d loffnwne| ao|onq

iwd~el |mn ad~e|w% Wnq~`|q i`qd qmdxnl |mi| oe |mn deh |nwb |mnwn oq i adbs`n|n |wieqboqqode

gn|xnne xmd`nqi`n iel fiwbhi|n swoanq fdw qdbn q|is`n awdsq -o%n% sd|i|d dw deode/%

I`|md~hm |mnqn wnq~`|q lnbdeq|wi|n |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q oe Snw~ iwn wniqdeig`

qsi|oi`` iel vnw|oai`` oe|nhwi|nl oe |mn deh |nwb |mn i`qd qmdx obsdw|ie| lnvoi|odeq oe |mn

qmdw| |nwb% Illo|odei`` |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl |d li|n wnvni` ò||`n igd~| |mn `nvn` df nffoaoneaoe xmoam |mnqn biwjn|q ia|~i`` dsnwi|n% Foei`` |mnqn wnq~`|q ld ed| wnqsdel |d |mn y~nq|ode

933

df xm anw|ioe swdl~anwq amddqn |d oe|nhwi|n oe|d |mn biwjn| iq en|"qn``nwq xmo`n d|mnwq amddqn

|d wnbioe q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq% Oefdwbi|ode de mdx iaanqq |d iqqn|q oe hnenwi` iel |d s~gòa

hddl iel qnwvoanq oe siw|oa~ìw oef`~neanq |mn xi oe xmoam fiwbnwq oe|nhwi|n oe|d biwjn|q aie

gn ~qnl |d lnqohe i`|nwei|ovn sdòaonq |d swdbd|n fiwbnwq‟ bdwn q~aanqqf~` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%

\moq q|~l sdqo|q |mi| |mnwn iwn mohm md~qnmd`l"qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode adq|q xmoam òbo||mn aisiao| df sddw fiwbnwq |d oe|nhwi|n oe|d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% \mn fia| |mi| bie w~wi`

md~qnmd`lq ld ed| siw|oaosi|n oe anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode

adq|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl oe |mn nadedboaq ò|nwi|~wn% Ed|xo|mq|ieloeh |mn wnì|odeqmos

gn|xnne |mnqn adq|q iel biwjn|oeh q|wi|nhonq miq wnanovnl ò||`n i||ne|ode% Bdwndvnw |mn

wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q miq ed| gnne

lda~bne|nl i| i``% @dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q bi gn den df |mn bdq| nffna|ovn xiq df

oe|nhwi|oeh |mn sddw oe|d i biwjn| nadedb i``dxoeh |mnb |d hwiqs |mn gnenfo|q |mi| adbn

xo|m |mn lovoqode df ìgd~w iel qsnaoiò{i|ode |mi| biwjn| wnì|odeq swdbd|n%Illo|odei`` ie obsdw|ie| awo|oaoqb df |mn o|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq |mi| |mndwn|oai`

lnvn`dsbne| miq ed| gnne iaadbsieonl g q~aanqqf~` bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q% \moq

amis|nw xo`` i||nbs| |d siw|oi`` fo`` |moq his swdsdqoeh i bn|mdld`dh |d nq|obi|n |mnqn adq|q

iel issòeh o| |d |mn aiqn df sd|i|d fiwbnwq df |mn \iiaiki Swdvoean oe |mn M~ieaivnòai

Lnsiw|bne| oe |mn Ielnq df Snw~%

\moq amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d fd~w qna|odeq gnqolnq |moq oe|wdl~a|ode% Qna|ode >%7 lnfoenq

|wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ia|ovo|onq wnì|nl |d |mdqn adq|q% O| i`qd swdsdqnq i boawdnadedboa

bdln` |mi| iqqdaoi|nq |wieqia|ode adq|q xo|m |mn biwjn|oeh ds|ode niam w~wi` md~qnmd`l amddqnq%Illo|odei`` o| q~hhnq|q ie i`|nwei|ovn |d lowna|` nq|obi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q% Qna|ode >%1

lnqawognq |mn q|~l {den swnqne|q |mn qibs`n fwibn ~qnl |d nvi`~i|n |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn

Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| iel swnqne|q |mn bioe wnq~`|q df |mn q|~l% Foei`` Qna|ode >%%7% \mn wd`n df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe i adq|` n}amiehn nevowdebne|;

adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj

\wieqia|ode Adq| \mndw lnvn`dsq fwdb |mn xdwj df Wdei`l Adiqn oe o|q 9?18 iw|oa`n '\mn

ei|~wn df |mn fowb'9% Mn iwh~nq oe |mi| iw|oa`n |mi| biwjn| n}amiehn xiq ed| adq|`nqq iel

~elnwòenl |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn dwhieo{i|ode df fowbq iel d|mnw ade|wia|~i`

iwwiehnbne|q% \wieqia|ode iwwiehnbne|q nvd`vn qd iq |d boeobo{n |mnow obsòao| adq|q hovne

|mn qdaoi` sdò|oai` iel nadedboa nevowdebne| |mi| swnvio`q%

Edw|m -9??3/ lnfoenl |wieqia|ode adq|q iq |mn adq|q df bniq~woeh xmi| oq |wilnl iq xn``

iq |mn adq|q df bdeo|dwoeh adbsòiean xo|m ihwnnbne|q% Oe hnenwi` |mnwn iwn ed swnaoqn

9 Adiqn W% M% -9?18/ ; '\mn ei|~wn df |mn fowb' Nadedboai < 9"18%

\mn Wd`n df S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q



939

lnfoeo|odeq df |mnqn adq|q g~| |mn iwn wnadheo{nl iq gnoeh |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m nq|igòqmoeh

ade|wia|q bdeo|dwoeh |mnb iel neq~woeh |mnow adbsòiean% \wieqia|ode adq| nadedboaq ~eòjn

|wilo|odei` endaìqqoai` nadedboa |mndw wnadheo{nq |mi| |wiln ia|ovo| ldnq ed| daa~w oe i

fwoa|ode`nqq nadedboa nevowdebne|% Iaadwloeh |d Nhhnw|qqde -9??3/ |wieqia|ode adq|q dwohoei|n

fwdb den dw bdwn df |mn fd``dxoeh ia|ovo|onq;‧ \mn qniwam fdw swoan iel y~iò| oefdwbi|ode fdw |mn hddlq dw oes~|q |d gn |wilnl iq xn`` iq

|mn qniwam fdw g~nwq iel$dw sd|ne|oi` qn``nwq -oea`~loeh wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mnow

adel~a|/%

‧ \mn enhd|oi|ode enanqqiw |d olne|of |mn wnì|ovn enhd|oi|oeh sdxnw df g~nwq iel qn``nwq%

‧ \mn nq|igòqmbne| df ade|wia|~i` ihwnnbne|q%

‧ \mn bdeo|dwoeh df siw|onq |d |mn ade|wia| |d vnwof |mnow adbsòiean%

‧ \mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m f~`fo``bne| df |mn ihwnnbne| iq xn`` iq snei`|onq dwohoei|oeh

fwdb ede"adbsòiean df |mn ade|wia|~i` wnì|odeqmos%‧ \mn swd|na|ode df swdsnw| wohm|q gnfdwn |mowl siw|onq%

\wieqia|ode adq|q aie gn aìqqofonl oe |mwnn hwd~sq; oefdwbi|ode enhd|oi|ode iel

bdeo|dwoeh adq|q% Oefdwbi|ode adq|q daa~w gnfdwn |mn |wieqia|ode oq biln iel oea`~ln |mn adq|q

df dg|ioeoeh oefdwbi|ode de swoanq iel swdl~a|q iq xn`` iq |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m olne|ofoeh

adbbnwaoi` ad~e|nwsiw|q% Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iwn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lnvn`dsbne| df |mn

|wieqia|ode iel ~q~i`` oea`~ln adbboqqodeq |mn ia| df enhd|oi|oeh qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode

adelo|odeq iel |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lwixoeh ~s df ade|wia|q -xmn|mnw fdwbi` dw

oefdwbi`/% Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q daa~w if|nw |mn |wieqia|ode oq biln iel iwn ~q~i`` iqqdaoi|nlxo|m |mn adq|q df iqq~woeh |mi| swdl~a| y~iò| iel sibne|q iwn iq ihwnnl ~sde%

Iaadwloeh |d Mdggq -9??8/ i awo|oai` n`nbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q nadedboaq oq |mi|

an|nwoq siwog~q, vnw|oai` addwloei|ode ibdeh |mn loffnwne| swdl~a|ode swdanqq iel loq|wog~|ode

q|ihnq xo`` gn aiwwonl d~| oe |mn bdq| |wieqia|ode"adq|"nffoaone| bieenw%7

\mn nbsowoai` ò|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq giqnl bioe` de |mn q|wi|nh swdsdqnl

g Xo`òibqde -9?8?/% Oe |moq q|wi|nh |mn ennl |d lowna|` nvi`~i|n |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl

xo|m loffnwne| |wiln wnì|odeqmosq oq 'nvilnl' g wnfdwb~ì|oeh iwh~bne|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn

|wieqia|ode adq| nadedboaq ò|nwi|~wn oe |nwbq df |mn nffna|q |mi| anw|ioe dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nqxd~`l mivn de |mn loffnwne|oi` adq|q df obs`nbne|oeh dw ed| obs`nbne|oeh i biwjn| |wieqia|ode%

Fdwbi`` of xn nq|igòqm |mi| gn|xnne |xd sdqqog`n |wieqia|odeq -\9 iel \7/ |mn den

xo|m `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q -\A/ xo`` daa~w xn xd~`l mivn;

-9/

7 Ed|n |mi| xmne xn wnfnw |d i md~qnmd`l |mi| bijnq swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq xn iwn ia|~i`` adeqolnwoehie nadedboa ihne| oe|nhwi|nl vnw|oai`` |mi| swdl~anq fdw qn`f"adeq~bs|ode |d boeobo{n |wieqia|ode adq|q%

Amis|nw >



937

I`|md~hm \A9 iel \A7 iwn ed| lowna|` dgqnwvig`n o| oq ned~hm |d dgqnwvn vna|dw ] xmoam

wnswnqne|q dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nq |mi| iffna| |wieqia|ode adq|q;

-7/

Nbsowoai`` |mn swdgigoò| df dgqnwvoeh \9 xd~`l gn ny~ovi`ne| |d;

-1/

I`|md~hm xn xo`` oeo|oi`` fd``dx Xo`òibqde‟q q|wi|nh fdw nvi`~i|oeh |mn ln|nwboeie|q

df xmn|mnw dw ed| i fiwbnw xo`` siw|oaosi|n oe i siw|oa~ìw swdl~a| biwjn| xn xo`` i`qd i||nbs|

|d ln|nwboen i xi |d lowna|` nq|obi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q%

Iq bne|odenl ie obsdw|ie| awo|oaoqb df |mn ò|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq |mi| o|q|mndwn|oai` lnvn`dsbne| miq ed| gnne iaadbsieonl g q~aanqqf~` bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode

adq|q% Xn b~q| wnbnbgnw |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q òjn ie d|mnw adq| oe nadedboa |mndw iwn

dssdw|~eo| adq|q% Iq q~am |mn aie gn nq|obi|nl% Den sdqqogoò| xd~`l gn |d nvi`~i|n |mn

|obn qsne| oe |mnow 'swdl~a|ode' |d ì|nw sìan i vi`~n de |moq |obn iaadwloeh |d ie md~w`

xihn% Mdxnvnw |moq i`|nwei|ovn xd~`l wny~own i ln|io`nl wnad~e|oeh df i`` ia|ovo|onq ~elnw|ijne

iq xn`` iq |mnow l~wi|ode% Ied|mnw i`|nwei|ovn xd~`l gn |d nq|obi|n -nadedbn|woai``/ mdx

b~am niam ia|ovo| iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn |wieqia|ode adq|q ade|wog~|nq |d ln|nwboeoeh |mn swoan

|mn fiwbnw wnanovnq%1

>%1 Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel |wieqia|ode adq|q

>%1%9 Wnvonx df ò|nwi|~wn

\mn fia| |mi| |mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode adq|q jnnsq bie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq fwdb siw|oaosi|oeh

oe anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl oe |mn nadedboaq o|nwi|~wn g Ln Kievw

n| i`% -9??9/% \wieqia|ode adq|q lwovn xnlhnq gn|xnne s~wamiqoeh iel qn`òeh swoanq df i

md~qnmd`l giqnl de |mn adeans| df ede"|wilig`n hddlq |ijne fwdb oe|nwei|odei` |wiln |mndw%

Mdxnvnw |mn ò|nwi|~wn miq ed| ~qnl |mn qibn adeans| |d ln|nwboen xm den md~qnmd`l ds|q

fdw i siw|oa~ìw qi`nq biwjn| fdw o|q swdl~a| xmo`n ied|mnw ldnq ed|% I`|md~hm woqj adeqolnwi|odeq

dgvod~q` ad~`l ln|nwboen |mi| i md~qnmd`l xo`` lovnwqof |mn biwjn|q fdw o|q swdl~a| |mn

|wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m niam md~qnmd`l iel |mn loffnwne|oi` |wieqia|ode adq|q gn|xnne

biwjn|q xd~`l i`qd mn`s n}sìoe |mn 'bo}' df lnq|oei|odeq i fiwbnw amddqnq%

Xn mivn qòhm|` bdlofonl |mn bn|mdld`dh swdsdqnl g Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ oe

|xd iqsna|q |d iaad~e| fdw |mn lowna| bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|% Fowq| xn iwn bdlnòeh

|mn lnaoqode df qn`òeh i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw qn`òeh i| biwjn|% Xn gnònvn |mi| |mn lnaoqode df i

1 \moq aie gn lden ~qoeh |mn ªmnldeoa swoanº |nameoy~n% Qnn Qna|ode >%7%1%


931

md~qnmd`l |d siw|oaosi|n oe i anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| lnsnelq de |mi| md~qnmd`l‟q sdqo|ode

df q~ss` iel lnbiel wnì|ovn |d |mn wiehn df swoanq awni|nl iq i wnq~`| df |mn loffnwnean

n}oq|oeh gn|xnne nffna|ovn g~oeh iel qn`òeh swoanq de |mi| biwjn|% \moq wiehn dwohoei|nq

fwdb i hwd~s df |wieqia|ode adq|q qdbn df xmoam iwn qsnaofoa |d |mn md~qnmd`l xmo`n d|mnwq

iwn wnì|nl |d |mn nevowdebne| dw wnhode oe xmoam |mn md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl iel q|o`` d|mnwq iwniqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn qsnaofoa biwjn| df lnq|oei|ode%

Oe |moq ade|n}| i siw|oa~ìw biwjn| 'fio`q' xmne i md~qnmd`l oq fianl xo|m i ìwhn

loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn swoan i| xmoam i swdl~a| dw oes~| ad~`l gn gd~hm| iel |mn swoan i|

xmoam o| ad~`l gn qd`l% Hovne |mn xoln biwhoe gn|xnne |mnqn |xd swoanq o| bi gn gn||nw fdw

|mn md~qnmd`l ed| |wiloeh |mn swdl~a| dw oes~| de |mi| biwjn|% Xmo`n |moq lnaoqode daa~wq oe i``

biwjn|q |d xmoam |mn md~qnmd`l oq iqqdaoi|nl |mn md~qnmd`l xo`` swnfnw |d wnbioe qn`f"q~gqoq|ne|

fdw |mi| awds%< Hnenwi`` md~qnmd`lq aie gn aìqqofonl oe loffnwne| ai|nhdwonq iaadwloeh |d |mn

'bo}' df biwjn|q oe xmoam |mn mivn lnaolnl |d siw|oaosi|n%\mn qnadel bdlofoai|ode xmoam xo`` gn lnqawognl oe bdwn ln|io` oe |mn en}| qna|ode oq

|mn oe|wdl~a|ode df i mnldeoa swoan f~ea|ode |d iaad~e| fdw |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q loffnwneanq%

Of s oq |mn nffna|ovn swoan |mi| ln|nwboenq swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq niam

md~qnmd`l fianq |mn fd``dxoeh;

Q~ss` df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| -</

Lnbiel df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| oe biwjn| k ->/

Olodqeawi|oa |wieqboqqode df swoanq oe biwjn| k -6/

\wieqia|ode adq|q oe biwjn| k -8/

xmnwn {y {lk {sk iel {ok iwn n}dhned~q viwoig`nq |mi| iffna| q~ss` lnbiel qi`nq swoan iel

|wieqia|ode adq|q wnqsna|ovn`% \m~q fdw |mn wn|io`nwq df i swdl~a| oe biwjn| k |mn nffna|ovn

swoan i| `nvn` df niam md~qnmd`l xd~`l gn;

-=/

Oe |moq fwibnxdwj |mn adelo|ode df gnoeh i wn|io`nw df sd|i|d oe biwjn| k xd~`l gn;

-?/

\moq bdln` aie gn nq|obi|nl ~qoeh |mn fd``dxoeh swdgo| ny~i|ode;

-93/

<

Oe |moq aiqn |mn qmildx dw q~gkna|ovn swoan df |mn md~qnmd`l -|mi| xmoam ny~i`q o|q q~ss` iel lnbiel/ fi``q xo|moe |mnbiwhoe; o| oq mohmnw |mie |mn swoan |mn fiwbnw xd~`l wnanovn of mn mil qd`l |mn swdl~a| fdw xmoam wniqde mn lnaolnq ed||d qn``: iel oq `dxnw |mie xmi| o| xd~`l adq| mob |d g~ |mn swdl~a| fdw xmoam wniqde mn lnaolnq ed| |d g~ o|%

Amis|nw >

93<

\mn n}sielnl bdln` aie bijn nq|obi|nq giqnl de no|mnw i swdgo| dw `dho| qsnaofoai|ode

dw i b~`|oviwoi|n swdgo| dw `dho| lnsneloeh de xmn|mnw xn iwn lniòeh xo|m |xd dw bdwn

lnq|oei|odeq% Of xn ~qn |mn siw|oaosi|ode df qi`nq oe niam biwjn| iq |mn giqn iel |ijn oe|d

iaad~e| |mi| |mn neldhned~q viwoig`n oq gn|xnne vi`~nq 3 iel 9 |mn viòl nq|obi|ode bn|mdl

xd~`l gn i \xd"@obo| \dgo| Bdln`% Oe d~w aiqn xn iwn i||nbs|oeh |d qob~ì|n i q|wi|nh

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lnaoqode |d qn`` i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw n`qnxmnwn qd xn xo`` |w |d ais|~wn |moq

lnaoqode ~qoeh i swdgo| bdln`%

>%1%7 Q|wi|nhonq ~qnl |d bniq~wn |wieqia|ode adq|q

If|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn ny~i|ode -93/ |mn wnl~anl fdwb df |mn ny~i|ode df q~ss` adelo|odenl de

|mn qn`na|nl q|wi|nh aie gn lnwovnl;

-99/

\mn nq|obi|ode df ny~i|ode 99 ny~i`q ie nq|obi|ode oe |xd q|ihnq xmnwn |mn Bo``q wi|od

oq oe|wdl~anl Zdg|ioenl fwdb nq|obi|oeh ny~i|ode -93/R |d |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn neldhned~q

ei|~wn df |mn lnaoqode -qn`` de` i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw i`qd qn`` i| d|mnw `dai|odeq/%

\d iqqdaoi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q |d |mn nffna|ovn swoan niam fiwbnw wnanovnq xn amdqn |d

nq|obi|n i mnldeoa swoan ny~i|ode% \mn xdwl 'mnldeoa' oq edwbi`` ~qnl oe |mn nadedboaq

ò|nwi|~wn |d wnfnw |d |mn ~elnwòeh swdfo| |mi| oq dg|ioenl xmne adeq~boeh i hddl dw qnwvoan%

I hddl |mi| miq qnvnwi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq hnenwi|nq i e~bgnw df mnldeoa qnwvoanq% Niam den df |mnqn qnwvoanq ad~`l hnenwi|n o|q dxe lnbiel iel xd~`l gn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m i mnldeoa swoan%

Wdqne -9?8</ lnvn`dsnl |mn |mndwn|oai` fwibnxdwj de xmoam mnldeoa bdln`q iwn giqnl% Xn

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-o%n% sd|i|d/ iel |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn |wieqia|ode iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |moq swdl~a|% \moq oq;

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/ wnswnqne|q |mn vna|dw df amiwia|nwoq|oaq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl g

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i 'wnl~anl fdwb' df |mn f~ea|odeq df q~ss` iel lnbiel |mi| ad~`l gn lnwovnl fwdb |mn

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swdl~a|ode dw ~|oò| f~ea|odeq df |mn nadedboa ihne|q oevd`vnl oe |mn |wieqia|ode%> Wi|mnw m-%/

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\mn nq|obi|ode df ie ny~i|ode q~am iq |mn den swdsdqnl mnwn snwbo|q ~q |d loqihhwnhi|n

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|mn |wieqia|odeq% I adbs`nbne|iw xi df oe|nwswn|oeh |moq ny~i|ode oq xmnwn |mn adeq|ie|

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xi |d iaanqq biwjn|q% \d fiaoò|i|n |mn iei`qoq iel |d neig`n sdòa lnaoqodeq |d gn biln xn

lnaolnl |d q|~l fiwbnwq ovoeh oe |mn qibn nad`dhoai` {den xmd lnvd|nl bdq| df |mnow swdl~a|ode

|d i qoeh`n awds% I| |mn qibn |obn xn xnwn oe|nwnq|nl oe nvi`~i|oeh |mn loffnwneanq |mi| adbn

igd~| xmne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq swdvolnl qd xn fda~qnl de fiwbnwq xo|m loffnwne| iaanqq |d

`dai` biwjn|q% Xo|m |mnqn wnq|woa|odeq oe boel xn amdqn iq d~w q|~l iwni |mn loq|woa|q df Si{dq

iel M~iwogibgi df \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivnòai Lnsiw|bne| gn|xnne 7>33 iel 1>33

bn|nwq igdvn qni nvn`% \moq iwni miq 9<33 fiwbnwq xmd hwdx sd|i|d fdw qi`n oe |mn dai` biwjn|q

df Soam~q M~iwogibgi iel Si{dq |mn wnhodei` biwjn| df M~ieaid iel nvne|~i`` @obi% Fdw

bdq| df |mnqn fiwbnwq |mn |dxe df Si{dq adeq|o|~|nq |mnow bioe biwjn|oeh edln% Mdxnvnw |mnwn

iwn |xd |sn df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mi| adeena|q w~wi` lxn``nwq |d `dai` biwjn|q% Siw| df w~wi`

sds~ì|ode oe |moq iwni oq adeena|nl |d Si{dq |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq xmo`n |mn d|mnw siw| oq

adeena|nl |d |mn qibn biwjn|q voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq%

Si{dq oq i Qsieoqm |dxe `dai|nl oe |mn Bie|iwd vi``n oe Snw~‟q ane|wi` mohmìelq 83

jo`dbn|nwq qd~|m df |mn Ao| df M~ieaid oe K~eâe Lnsiw|bne|% De` |mwnn lnailnq niwònw o| xiq

i qbi`` vo`ìhn md~qoeh qbi``"qai`n q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq% @ojn i`` Ielnie |dxeq wnqolne|q xdwj

bdq|` oe ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |mn swdl~a|ode df i viwon| df sd|i|d qnnlq l~n |d

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loffnwne| amiwia|nwoq|oaq df aòbi|n qdo` iel nqsnaoi`` xi|nw ivioìgoò| xmoam snwbo| fiwbnwq|d dg|ioe niw` sd|i|d miwvnq|q% Fiwbnwq i`qd swdl~an d|mnw |~gnwq hwioeq iel anwni`q%

Amis|nw >

936

\mn iwni‟q oemigo|ie|q wnsdw| |mi| qoean |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn Si{dq"S~aiwé mohmxi oe |mn

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bikdw swdl~a|ode vi``n df |mn Qonwwi wnhode/ xo|m @obi -|mn ad~e|w‟q iwhnq| ao|/% Qoean |mi|

|obn obsdw|ie| amiehnq mivn daa~wwnl oe Si{dq% Xo|m |mn mohmxi aibn n`na|woa sdxnw iel

ì|nw sd|ig`n xi|nw qnwvoan% \mne aibn snds`n fwdb d|mnw wnhodeq oe|nwnq|nl oe biwjn|oehsd|i|d iel d|mnw swdl~a|q% Enx qamdd`q iel mni`|m ane|nwq xnwn i`qd g~o`|% Lw hddlq iel

ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss` q|dwnq dsnenl ~s iel bnwamie|q iel lwovnwq snwbiene|` qn||`nl oe |mn

iwni% I`` |moq wnq~`|nl oe ie oeawniqn oe |mn iwni‟q w~wi`"~wgie sds~ì|ode%

G |mn bol 9?83q Si{dq mil gnadbn i loq|woa| neadbsiqqoeh 9= vo`ìhnq iel qbi``

adbb~eo|onq% L~n |d |mn loq|woa|‟q q|wi|nhoa dai|ode o| gnaibn i ane|nw oe xmoam |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`

swdl~a|ode df o|q vo`ìhnq iel nvne |mdqn dai|nl oe |mn enohmgdwoeh loq|woa| df M~iwogibgi 77

jo`dbn|nwq fwdb Si{dq adevnwhnl% O|q hwni|nw hwdx|m iel leiboqb mil adeqolnwig`n nffna|q

de eniwg adbb~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` |mdqn adeena|nl |d Si{dq voi sivnl wdilq% N}ibs`nq df |moq oea`~ln |mn vo`ìhnq df Am~y~o|ibgd Voq|i I`nhwn B~`ìai Eim~oe n|a% oe xmoam |mn

adeq|w~a|ode df |mn mohmxi adeena|oeh |mnb |d Si{dq wnq~`|nl oe lnns amiehnq oe |mn oe|neqo|

iel ~qn df |mn ìel% \mwnn bikdw amiehnq |ddj sìan; i/ Qnnlq df ei|ovn sd|i|d viwon|onq xnwn

wnsìanl g obswdvnl qnnl xmdqn swdl~a|ode xiq lnq|oenl fdw |mn @obi biwjn|: g/ |mn sd|i|d

sìe|nl iwni oeawniqnl iel a/ adbb~eo| siq|~wnìel hivn xi |d swovi|n` dxenl ìel%

Mdxnvnw Si{dq loq|woa| i`qd miq vo`ìhnq iel adbb~eo|onq |mi| iwn a~wwne|` adeena|nl

|d |mn loq|woa| aiso|i` voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -adbb~eo| wdilq/% \mn fd``dxoeh vo`ìhnq iwn

n}ibs`nq; Siwoia Sd|iaai Amoaamoaieami _ieibi Ù~ù~ehi n|a% \mnqn sds~ì|ode ane|nwqiwn adeena|nl |d Si{dq voi Soam~q i adbb~eo| adeena|nl |d |mn loq|woa| g i wnane|` g~o`|

mohmxi xmnwn i`` bioe ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq adevnwhn%

\mn fiwbnwq df Si{dq loq|woa| iel o|q adbb~eo|onq nekd qoboìw ei|~wi` adelo|odeq% \mn

adelo|odeq df i`|o|~ln aòbi|n qdo` swnqnean df fwdq|q iel lwd~hm|q ivioìgoò| df owwohi|ode

xi|nw n|a% iwn i`` qoboìw% \mn bioe loffnwnean oq |mn bdln df iaanqq |d |mn loq|woa| aiso|i`

-sivnl wdil$ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj/%

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df Si{dq iel M~iwogibgi \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivnòai Lnsiw|bne| i| gn|xnne 7>33

iel 1>33 bn|nwq igdvn qni `nvn`% ^qoeh |mn 9??< Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q iq i wnfnwnean 91?6

fiwbnwq xnwn olne|ofonl oe |mn q|~l iwni%6

Qoean xn xnwn oe|nwnq|nl oe nvi`~i|oeh |mn lnaoqodeq fdw biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel

|wieqia|ode adq|q |mnqn fiwbnwq fian xn lnaolnl |d ~qn |mn aneq~q y~nq|ode |mi| olne|ofonl |mn

6 Iaadwloeh |d |mn Snw~voie Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q |mnwn iwn i |d|i` df 7=<< sd|i|d swdl~anwq oe |mn {den: mdxnvnw df |mnqn 9<<= iwn d~|qoln |mn q|~l iwni qoean |mn iwn oe loffnwne| ihwd"nad`dhoai` {denq%

938

lnq|oei|ode df |mn ìwhnq| snwane|ihn df niam fiwb‟q swdl~a|ode iq i jn viwoig`n |d dg|ioe i

q|wi|ofonl wieldb qibs`n% Oe \iiaiki Swdvoean 6? snwane| df |mn sd|i|d sìe|nl mna|iwnq oq

qd`l i| biwjn|% \moq oeloai|dw xiq qòhm|` `dxnw oe |mn q|~l iwni xmnwn dxenwq df |mn <?%1

snwane| df sd|i|d sìe|nl fon`lq wnsdw|nl |mi| |mnow miwvnq| oq bioe` lnq|oenl fdw biwjn|%

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wd~|n |d |mn biwjn| xn amdqn |d q|wi|of |mn sds~ì|ode g qo{n iel |sn df iaanqq wd~|n iq

qmdxe oe \ig`n >%9% 'Qbi``' wnfnwq |d fiwbnwq xo|m sd|i|d fon`lq nqq |mie den mna|iwn 'bnlo~b'

wnfnwq |d |mdqn xo|m s`d|q gn|xnne den iel |mwnn mna|iwnq iel 'ìwhn' wnfnwq |d fiwbnwq xo|m

bdwn |mie |mwnn mna|iwnq%

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g mohmxi/ iel |mn |mwnn qo{nq bne|odenl iq xn`` iq i swnaoqode wi|n ny~ovi`ne| |d 79 snwane|

df |mn bnie sds~ì|ode g q|wi|~b |mn ds|ob~b qibs`n qo{n oq 9== dgqnwvi|odeq fdw iadefolnean oe|nwvi` df ?> snwane|% Foei`` |mn qibs`n xiq 'wd~elnl dff' |d 9?3 fiwbnwq

loq|wog~|nl ibdeh |mn q|wi|i iaadwloeh |d |mnow `nvn` df mn|nwdhneno|%

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Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj Qbi`` 88 3%6 >9%9. <8%33. ?7%3. 93%8. 1=Bnlo~b =< 9%? <=%?. <9%33. =1%?. 93%7. 18@iwhn 9> <%6 >=%7. 1>%?3. 69%8. 97%7. 6Q~g|d|i` 986 9%> >3%8. 971%?3. 7<<%6. =9

\d|i` 91?6 7 <?%1. 9?3

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|moq |ig`n iwn |mn fd``dxoeh;

‧ Fiwbnwq òvoeh oe iwniq xo|m biwjn| iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq wnsdw|nl bdwn |mie

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^qnq amnboai` fnw|oò{nw _nq29 8=%?. <9%3. 61%3. <=%6. 87%9. <>%3.^qnq snq|oaolnq dw d|mnw

amnboai` oes~|q _nq29 6?%8. <6%7. >?%1. <?%<. 6>%1. <8%8.^qnq obswdvnl qnnl _nq29 =1%>. 18%1. 6?%9. <6%>. 88%<. <7%3.^qnq i |wia|dw _nq29 >6%?. <?%=. 3%3. 3%3. 17%6. <8%3.^qnq ie d} s`dx _nq29 >?%6. <?%1. >=%3. <?%8. >=%?. <?%1.

OV% Bioe f`dxq

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V% \wieqia|ode adq|q;

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mivn iaanqq |d i |n`nsmden _nq29 67%3. <?%3. 8%3. 76%3. 1=%3. <?%3.Jedxq |mn swoan oe Soam~q _nq29 98%<. 1=%9. 933%3. 3%3. >7%6. >3%9.Jedxq |mn swoan oe

M~iwogibgi _nq29 99%?. 17%6. 9%7. 99%9. 8%<. 76%7.Jedxq |mn swoan oe Si{dq _nq29 ??%9. ?%6. 933%3. 3%3. ??%>. 8%1.Jedxq |mn swoan oe

M~ieaid _nq29 933%3. 3%3. 69%8. <=%?. =1%8. 18%3.Jedxq |mn swoan oe @obi _nq29 =8%7. 11%6. 9?%=. <3%9. >=%<. <?%<.Jedxq enohmgdw‟q swoan _nq29 ?=%7. 91%>. 933%3. 3%3. ?=%?. 93%7.Ai``q |d niwe swoan _nq29 ?1%3. 76%3. 8%3. 76%3. >6%3. >3%3.Swoan oq gn`dx qsna|nl _nq29 78%3. <<%3. 1>%3. <=%3. 13%3. <6%3.Ed% df bnwamie|q xmd

voqo|nl |mn fiwb E~bgnw <%69 9%>6 3%97 3%>6 7%8 7%>>Ed% df liq‟ lnì oejedxoeh swoan Liq 3%66 9%97 1%1= 9%=1 9%=7 9%??

Ed% df bnwamie|q fiwbnw qd`l |d E~bgnw 7%=8 9%1= 1%?6 3%?= 1%1< 9%1<\wivn`q |d niwe swoan _nq29 83%33. <6%33. 933%33. 3%33. =1%33. 1=%33.Ed% df bnwamie|q fiwbnw

voqo|nl E~bgnw 1%=8 9%=1 6%<6 7%3? <%?8 7%17VO% \wieqia|ode adq|q;

Bdeo|dwoeh

Ed% df |obnq bnwamie|xne| |d si fiwbnw E~bgnw 9%8< 3%=9 9%>9 3%>> 9%6< 3%87

Bnwamie| bijnqsibne|q I`xiq29

Envnw23 3%= 3%< 3%=> 3%16 3%=7 3%1=Fiwbnw oq loqad~e|nl

n}|wi adq|q _nq29 =1%3. 18%3. 87%3. <>%3. 8=%3. <9%3.

\ig`n >%7 Ivnwihn iel q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode df |mn bioe viwoig`nq iaadwloeh |d iaanqq wd~|n

Viwoig`n êo|Bd|dwo{nl |wiajq Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq \d|i`

Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv%

Ade|oe~nl%%%

93?

Fiwbnw aie lnbiel |mi|awds y~i`o| gn wnadheo{nl I`xiq29

Envnw23 =8%3. 96%3. 61%3. 97%3. 88%3. 9?%3.\mn swoan oq iq ihwnnl ~sde _nq29 66%3. <=%3. >=%3. >3%3. 61%3. <?%3.Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw xiq

ed| siol E~bgnw 7%76 9%=9 <%8< 7%61 1%17 7%>9Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw xne|

|d enhd|oi|n swoan E~bgnw 9%<8 3%=> 9%38 3%1> 9%1 3%8

VOOO% \wieqia|ode adq|q;

\wieqsdw|

Loq|iean |d Si{dq Jb 7<%>1 9?%7? =7%37 99%<> <?%3< 17%==\obn |d Si{dq Boe 8=%68 =7%<< 1==%9> 89%7? 793%69 987Bnwamie| swdvolnq

|wieqsdw|i|ode _nq29 17%3. <8%3. 1>%3. <=%3. 11%3. <8%3.Ivnwihn adelo|ode

df |mn wdil Gil23 Hddl29 3%>> 3%7= 3%19 3%76 3%<> 3%1Ivnwihn loq|iean |d |mnqi`nq sdoe| Jb 1%96 9%>9 7%18 9%78 7%=7 9%<6

Ivnwihn |obn |d |mnqi`nq sdoe| Boe <3 77%66 >9%68 71%17 <<%?8 71%6

O]% \wieqia|ode adq|q;

F~|~wn qi`nq

Fiwbnw bijnq f~|~wn qi`nq _nq29 9=%3. 1?%3. 96%3. 18%3. 98%3. 1=%3.Snwane|ihn df f~|~wn qi`nq . <%<. 93%9. 1%=. ?%1. <%9. ?%=.Ed% df niwq df f~|~wn qi`nq _niwq 3%89 9%=9 3%>1 9%<< 3%61 9%66

]% D|mnw |wieqia|ode adq|q

Ed% df niwq fiwbnw miqhwdxe sd|i|d _niwq 9=%7= <%?? 73%7 <%<9 9?%3? <%=<

Bnwamie| siq fiwbnwde adeqohebne| _nq29 >7%3. >3%3. <6%3. >3%3. <?%3. >3%3.

]O% D|mnw obsdw|ie|

viwoig`nq

Qn``q i| |mn fiwbhi|n _nq29 933%3. 3%3. 6%3. 7<%3. 63%3. <?%3.Qn``q oe M~ieaid _nq29 =1%3. 1=%3. 96%3. 18%3. ><%3. >3%3.Qn``q oe @obi _nq29 18%3. <=%3. 3%3. 3%3. 79%3. <9%3.Qn``q oe Si{dq _nq29 1?%3. <?%3. 933%3. 3%3. 6>%3. <=%3.Qn``q oe Soam~q _nq29 1%3. 96%3. ?>%3. 77%3. <7%3. >3%3.Ed% df qi`nq lnq|oei|odeq E~bgnw 7%69 3%67 7%98 3%1= 7%<1 3%>8Fiwbhi|n swoan Qd`nq 3%<? 3%36 3%> 3 3%<? 3%36Swoan oe M~ieaid Qd`nq 3%8< 3%3< 3%86 3%3< 3%8< 3%3<Swoan oe @obi Qd`nq 9%39 3%97 % % 9%39 3%97

Swoan oe Si{dq Qd`nq 3%>= 3%3= 3%>8 3%3< 3%>= 3%36Swoan oe Soam~q Qd`nq 3%> 3%9 3%<> 3%36 3%<6 3%36Qi`nq swoan Qd`nq 3%<6 3%3= 3%16 3%3> 3%<7 3%3?Ibd~e| qd`l i| fiwbhi|n Jh =31>%=8 ?3=9%<? ?=%9> <=>%=1 <6>9%=? 8?9?%>1Ibd~e| qd`l oe M~ieaid Jh >397%8> 6<3<%77 638%? 7<18%=7 191<%=? >><7%=Ibd~e| qd`l oe @obi Jh 1191%86 6==?%79 3 3 9?39%3> ><63%=7Ibd~e| qd`l oe Si{dq Jh 9>1<%77 7<?>%36 7=67%>? <<37%>8 7933%>1 1<?7%7Ibd~e| qd`l oe Soam~q Jh 7?%=7 716%7 1939%6 178>%>7 911?%18 767>%>\d|i` qi`nq Jh 77?3=%76 79=>8%>9 97?=9%<= 991?<%7 9=686%17 9=866%>9\d|i` qi`nq vi`~n Qd`nq 979<3%6= 9<6>3%88 1619%< <8??%<6 =>91%3< 977>>%?Swdsdw|ode df

qn`f"adeq~bs|ode df swdl~a|ode -./ ?%3. 6%3. 9>%3. 6%3. 97%3. 8%3.

9$ 92Oeadbs`n|n swobiw 72Adbs`n|n swobiw 12Oeadbs`n|n Qnadeliw <2Adbs`n|n QnadeliwQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

Viwoig`n ^eo|Bd|dwo{nl |wiajq Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq \d|i`

Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv%

Amis|nw >

993

‧ \mn lnì oe foeloeh d~| |mn swoan |mi| |mn |wieqia|ode wnq~`|nl oe oq q~gq|ie|oi`` mohmnw

ibdeh |mdqn xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -1%< liq vnwq~q

3%8 liq/%

‧ \mn e~bgnw df bnwamie|q voqo|nl g fiwbnwq gnfdwn aiwwoeh d~| i adbbnwaoi` dsnwi|ode oq

b~am mohmnw ibdeh |mdqn xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -6%>vnwq~q 1%?/%

‧ \mn nvn` df oefdwbiò| df |mn |wieqia|ode oq y~o|n mohmnw ibdeh fiwbnwq xmd mivn biwjn|

iaanqq |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -8? snwane| vnwq~q >> snwane| ld ed| n}amiehn ie

|sn df lda~bne|i|ode/%

‧ Xmo`n 933 df fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq b~q| |wivn` |d `niwe |mn

swdl~a| swoan 13 snwane| df |mdqn òvoeh oe iwniq xo|m mohmxi iaanqq ld ed| mivn |d ld qd%

‧ Xmo`n ie ivnwihn df <%6 bnwamie|q voqo|q niam swdl~anw `dai|nl oe iwniq xo|m mohmxi

iaanqq de` 3%97 voqo|q fiwbnwq `dai|nl oe |mn ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iwniq%‧ Eden df |mn fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq wnsdw| dxeoeh i |wia|dw

xmo`n >6%? snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe bd|dwo{nl iaanqq {denq dxeq dw wnsdw|q ~qoeh den%

‧ Xmo`n de` 8 snwane| df fiwbnwq xmd iaanqq |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq ai`` |d

foel d~| igd~| swoanq ?1 snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe mohmxi iaanqq {denq ld qd%

‧ =8 snwane| df fiwbnwq adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi i bd|dwo{nl wdil wnsdw|q gnoeh oefdwbnl

de sd|i|d swoanq oe @obi adbsiwnl |d `nqq |mie 73 snwane| df |mdqn xo|m iaanqq voi ede"

bd|dwo{nl |wiajq%

Foei`` xmo`n == snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe mohmxi iaanqq iwniq wnsdw|q fnnòehadefolne| igd~| gnoeh ig`n |d amiehn bnwamie|q of enanqqiw de` 17 snwane| df |mdqn xmd

iaanqq |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq gnònvn |mn mivn ie dssdw|~eo| |d ld qd%

Iq \ig`n >%1 lnbdeq|wi|nq |mn |sn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode nq|igòqmnl iel |mn sdqqogoò|

df dg|ioeoeh i gn||nw qn`òeh swoan qnnbq |d lnsnel de |mn qn| df iqqn|q dxenl g |mn fiwbnw

nqsnaoi`` m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel fibo` qo{n: dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q q~am

iq bnbgnwqmos oe iqqdaoi|odeq iel: smqoai` iel |named`dhoai` iqqn|q q~am iq s`d| qo{n iel

|mn ~qn df obswdvnl qnnl dw amnboai` fnw|oò{nwq%

\wieqia|ode Adq|q

\wieqsdw| adq|q iwn dgvod~q` qdbn df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| |wieqia|ode adq|q% Xmo`n |mn

md~qnmd`lq q~wvnnl oe iwniq df mohmxi iaanqq wny~own ie ivnwihn df 8= boe~|nq |d wniam

Si{dq |mdqn `dai|nl oe iwniq df ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iaanqq ennl 1== boe~|nq% Illo|odei``

ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq |nel |d gn oe xdwqn adelo|ode |mie mohmxiq%

Iq \ig`n >%< qmdxq fiwbnwq xmd òvn a`dqnw |d Si{dq |nel |d swdl~an iel qn`` bdwn

sd|i|dnq i| mohmnw swoanq% Bdwndvnw qdbn oeloai|dwq df oefdwbi|ode adq|q oea~wwnl iq ln|io`nl

oe \ig`n >%> qmdx |mi| fiwbnwq xmd mivn bdwn |obn` iaanqq |d swoan oefdwbi|ode ivnwihn imohmnw qn`òeh swoan%

999

\ig`n >%1 Md~qnmd`l iqqn|q iel biwjn| iaanqq

Swdl~a|ode Qi`n Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Qi`n$Swdl-Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -Wi|od/

Nl~ai|odei` `nvn`

Oeadbs`n|n swobiw 76=6> 9=86? 3%18 =36= 3%8Adbs`n|n swobiw 766=8 9?78< 3%<1 =??8 3%87Oeadbs`n|n qnadeliw 7<1<9 98<>> 3%<9 8>76 3%87Adbs`n|n qnadeliw 7>191 9=333 3%<8 ?<13 3%89

Hnelnw df mnil df md~qnmd`l

Fnbi`n 9=?19 97333 3%< <83? 3%61Bi`n 76838 9?7?3 3%<7 =?73 3%87

Fibo` qo{n

Fnxnw |mie 6 733>? 9<381 3%<7 6788 3%8Gn|xnne 6 iel = 7==68 736=< 3%<7 ?6<8 3%87Bdwn |mie = 7><69 9=>73 3%<7 =178 3%81

Bnbgnwqmos oe ie dwhieo{i|ode

Oq ed| i bnbgnw 7?=81 796>= 3%<7 939>= 3%81Oq i bnbgnw 77717 9>6?> 3%<7 6?8< 3%89

Qo{n df fiwb s`d| -mna|iwnq/

@nqq |mie 9 ??7? >6<1 3%1= 7968 3%>8Gn|xnne 9 iel 1 79118 9<8>1 3%<9 6711 3%6?Bdwn |mie 1 =8191 6?191 3%>1 18<?6 3%8?

^qn df obswdvnl qnnl

Ldnq ed| ~qn 98>3? 99<88 3%<9 <898 3%66^qnq 7=>>9 738=7 3%<7 ?6?7 3%81

^qn df amnboai` fnw|o`o{nw

Ldnq ed| ~qn 98787 99<<1 3%< <>?= 3%66^qnq 7?<<? 79<8< 3%<1 93939 3%81


\ig`n >%< \wieqsdw| adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq

Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl

-Jh/ -Jhq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/

Adelo|ode df wdil

Gil 9?6>< 91333 3%16 <893 3%> 3%66Ivnwihn 73?>= 9<<6= 3%<9 6937 3%> 3%6?Hddl 1?981 7?833 3%<8 9>789 3%> 3%86

Loq|iean |d Si{dq -jb/

Fnxnw |mie 9> 7?7=? 79=6= 3%<? 99799 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 9> iel ><%? 198=3 7<79= 3%<> 99>>7 3%> 3%86Gn|xnne >> iel 8<%? 7>69> 98<=8 3%< 887? 3%> 3%6=8> dw bdwn 9=8?1 9797? 3%16 <>61 3%> 3%6>

\obn |d Si{dq -boe/

Fnxnw |mie 13 198>3 71?11 3%<? 971>6 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 13 iel 9=3 136?3 717=1 3%<6 999>6 3%> 3%869=3 dw bdwn 79>63 9<11> 3%1= >=8> 3%> 3%66


Amis|nw >

997

Illo|odei`` fiwbnwq xmd mil voqo|nl fnxnw |wilnwq gnfdwn lnaoloeh de aiwwoeh d~|

|mn |wieqia|ode |nelnl |d i||ioe mohmnw swoanq% \moq oq gnai~qn |mn qibs`n ade|ioeq fiwbnwq xmd

mil swnvod~q` oea~wwnl adq|q |d nq|igòqm |mnow |wiln wnì|odeq iel iq i wnq~`| |dli |mn nekd

bdwn q|ig`n wnì|odeqmosq xo|m bnwamie|q oe |mn {den%\ig`n >%6 òq|q qdbn oeloai|dwq df enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq% Ihioe xn qnn

mdx fiwbnwq xmd oea~w mohmnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn swnaoqn` |mdqn xmd mivn ed| gnne ig`n |d

nq|igòqm |w~q|oeh q|ig`n wnì|odeqmosq xo|m sd|i|d g~nwq% \mnqn fiwbnwq wnanovn i dxnw swoan

fdw |mnow awds de ivnwihn iel |nel |d qn`` `nqq |mie |mdqn xmd mivn bieihnl |d nq|igòqm bdwn

q|ig`n xdwjoeh wnì|odeqmosq iel xmd ld ed| wny~own e~bnwd~q voqo|q |d enhd|oi|n |mnow

|wieqia|odeq%

Oe|nwnq|oeh` fiwbnwq xmd hd |d enhd|oi|n i |wieqia|ode bdwn df|ne gnònvn o| oq ªwoqjº

|d isswdiam d|mnw bnwamie|q% Iq i adeqny~nean |mnqn fiwbnwq gnònvn |mn iwn adbbnwaoi``ª|onlº |d |mn bnwamie| xo|m xmdb |mn enhd|oi|n% Oe nffna| iq \ig`n >%6 qmdxq fiwbnwq xmd

\ig`n >%> Oefdwbi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq

Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdqQd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/

Bnbgnwqmos oe ie

iqqdaoi|ode

Oq ed| i bnbgnw 7?=81 796>= 3%<7 939>= 3%> 3%81Oq i bnbgnw 77717 9>6?> 3%<7 6?8< 3%> 3%89

Qnelq dw wnanovnq aiqm

nq 7<?9? 98616 3%<9 887> 3%>ed 7837? 9?>8< 3%<1 ?7?9 3%>

Swoan oq `dxnw |mie

xmi| fiwbnw jenx

Oq ed| `dxnw 76696 9?78= 3%<7 ==11 3%> 3%87Oq `dxnw 7<818 98787 3%<9 8?<9 3%> 3%8

\wivn`q |d oey~own

fdw swoanq

nq <73<7 17781 3%<= 968=8 3%>ed 776?9 9>=9= 3%<9 6=1= 3%>

E~bgnw df liq‟ lnì

oe `niweoeh swoan

[nwd 11<99 7>>=9 3%<= 97?7? 3%> 3%88Den dw bdwn liq 791>= 9<787 3%1? >8=7 3%> 3%68

E~bgnw df |wilnwq xmd

voqo|nl gnfdwn qn`òeh

Fnxnw |mie 7 11?61 7>>33 3%<< 97711 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 1 iel > 76=91 9?><= 3%<1 ?7<< 3%> 3%81Bdwn |mie > 779<? 9>38= 3%< 6<3> 3%> 3%6=

991

gnònvn |mn aieed| isswdiam d|mnw g~nwq wnanovn i b~am dxnw swoan iel |nel |d swdl~an iel

qn`` b~am qbi``nw y~ie|o|onq |mie |mdqn xmd fnn` fwnn |d isswdiam d|mnw g~nwq%

\ig`n >%8 oq|q qdbn oeloai|dwq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn bdeo|dwoeh df ade|wia|q% Oe hnenwi`

iq \ig`n >%7 qmdxq i qbi`` snwane|ihn -79 snwane|/ df fiwbnwq `dai|nl oe iwniq xo|m ede"

bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iaanqq ldnq ed| nq|igòqm fdwbi` ade|ia| xo|m |mn bnwamie| xmo`n <> snwane|

df swdl~anwq `dai|nl oe sivnl wdil iaanqq iwniq nq|igòqm fdwbi` ade|wia|~i` wnì|odeq% Oe |moq

ade|n}| \ig`n >%8 qmdxq |mi| fiwbnwq xmd mivn ade|wia|~i` giajoeh hnenwi`` dg|ioe mohmnw

swoanq% Illo|odei`` fiwbnwq xmd aie lnbiel |mn bnwamie|q |d wnadheo{n |mn y~iò| df |mnow

awds |nel |d swdl~an bdwn |d qn`` bdwn iel |d wnanovn mohmnw swoanq%

I`qd ed|nxdw|m oq |mi| |mn dehnw fiwbnwq mivn jedxe |mnow bnwamie|q |mn bdwn df|ne

ade|wia|q iwn mdedwnl -xmn|mnw fdwbi` dw oefdwbi`/ iel |mn bdwn fiwbnwq swdl~an iel qn`` i|

i mohmnw ivnwihn swoan%

Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/

E³ df |obnq fiwbnw

xne| |d enhd|oi|n swoan3 >7<67 <9388 3%>9 79891 3%> 3%8=9 7><98 9=916 3%<9 =98= 3%> 3%897 79<== 9<6?3 3%<7 67<> 3%> 3%6=1 7389< 9<>33 3%<8 6687 3%> 3%8

Sdqqogoò| df

isswdiamoe

hd |mnw g~nwq

Aie ed| 79?1< 9<8=8 3%18 >=>8 3%> 3%68Aie 7=1<= 73=<< 3%<> 9338> 3%> 3%8< Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n >%6 Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq

Nadedbn|woa Nq|obi|ode

\ig`n >%= qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mn \xd"@obo| \dgo| Bdln` lnwovnl fwdb ny~i|ode -93/% Iq

bne|odenl niwònw |moq nq|obi|ode xo`` qnwvn iq giqoq fdw nq|obi|oeh gd|m |mn q~ss` iel

swoan ny~i|odeq% Mnwn xn ed|n |mi| |mn hwni|nw |mn adbbnwaoi` n}snwonean -e~bo8%gnw df

niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d/ |mn hwni|nw |mn dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` df |mn adbb~eo| xmnwn |mn

fiwbnw ovnq |mn hwni|nw |mn qdaoi` aiso|i` -adbb~eo| |onq xo|m |mn d~|qoln/ iel |mn hwni|nw

|mn swdgigoò| |mi| |mn fiwbnw xo`` nq|igòqm bdwn q|ig`n |wiln wnì|odeq iel |mi| |mn bnwamie|

xo`` hd |mn fiwb wi|mnw |mie |mn fiwbnw gnoeh dgòhi|nl |d hd |d |mn `dai` dw wnhodei` fiow |d

qn`` moq awds%

Amis|nw >

99<

Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -Qd`nq$Jh/ -Qd`nq/ -Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/

Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw

isswdiamnl bnwamie|

fdw sibne|

9 7=7?? 73616 3%<1 93373 3%> 3%817 7<61> 9896? 3%< 87=3 3%> 3%81 79==? 96968 3%<< 8799 3%> 3%8<

< 9=>33 97111 3%<9 >999 3%> 3%68Fiwbnw mil swdg`nbq

wnanovoeh sibne|q

fwdb bnwamie|

I`xiq 7378? 91667 3%<< 67>1 3%> 3%68Envnw 78193 9?86? 3%<7 ?383 3%> 3%87Fiwbnw aie lnbiel

|mi| bnwamie| wnadheo{n

swdl~a| y~iò|

Wiwn` 983>3 93>33 3%1< 1>?7 3%67I`bdq| i`xiq 79677 9<676 3%1? >?<3 3%> 3%6=I`xiq 1<<=< 76188 3%<= 91>93 3%> 3%86Foei` swoan oq ny~i` |d

ihwnnl swoanEd 7<1>? 96?>= 3%<9 87=1 3%>_nq 78367 9?837 3%<1 ?119 3%>Bnwamie| lnòvnw

qq~ssdw|oeh lda~bne|

_nq 78<86 9??17 3%<< ?113 3%> 3%81Ed 7>7?< 9=33= 3%<9 =9>? 3%> 3%89Liq df lnì df

sibne|

9 13??= 717=6 3%<6 99896 3%>7 7<637 987>3 3%< 8638 3%>1 7<=11 98=11 3%<1 8?78 3%>

Ed% df niwq fiwbnwmiqjedxe bnwamie|

Fnxnw |mie 1 9?1>9 97=>1 3%< >7?8 3%> 3%66Gn|xnne < iel 6 7<69> 9869> 3%<7 8?63 3%> 3%87Bdwn |mie 6 <<879 1<<89 3%<6 98<>6 3%> 3%88 Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n >%8 Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq

99>

\ig`n >%= Ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbhi|n qi`nq-Swdgo| nq|obi|n df fiwbhi|n qi`nq/

N}sìei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Q|% Nwwdw9$

Adeq|ie| "66%988 "1<%1 *Ed% df niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d 3%<36 3%7> *Ihn df md~qnmd`l mnil "3%916 "3%3= *Fibo` qo{n 3%1<1 3%1. df md~qnmd`lq oe |mn adbb~eo| |mi| gn`deh |d iqqdaoi|odeq 1<%?31 9?%3? *^qn df amnboai` fnw|oò{nwq -92nq/ "9%687 "9%<1^qn df snq|oaolnq -92nq/ "1%<8 "7%37 *. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq xo|m |onq d~|qoln |mn fiwb 78%6=6 96%39 *^qn df obswdvnl qnnl -92nq/ 9%=19 9%17E~bgnw df swdl~a|ovn iqqn|q "3%=>< 3%>8@iel qo{n -miq%/ 3%>?8 "3%>8Ivnwihn loq|iean |d qi`nq sdoe| -jb/ 9<%7<? 8%9> u

Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq 9?3Sqn~ld W qy~iwnl 3%?37

9$ s03%93 2 * s03%3>2 uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`nq >%? iel >%93 qmdx |mn nq|obi|odeq df |mn ny~i|odeq -99/ iel -97/% \mn

q~ss` ny~i|ode -\ig`n >%93/ aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq i wnl~anl fdwb df |mn bdln` qmdxe oe

|mn swnvod~q qna|ode%

\mn wnq~`|q df |mn swoan ny~i|ode qmdx |mi| |mn Bo``q wi|od oq qoheofoaie| xmoam bnieq

|mi| loffnwneanq n}oq| oe |mn swoanq wnanovnl lnsneloeh de |mn biwjn|oeh q|wi|nh ilds|nl% \mnswoan ny~i|ode qmdxq |mi| |mn nffna|q df |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn jn:

|mnwnfdwn |mn lowna| oe|nwswn|i|ode df |mn siwibn|nwq oq ed| qobs`n% Oe |mn aiqn df |mn qi`nq

ny~i|ode dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` qdaoi` aiso|i` |named`dh ~qnl iq xn`` iq iaanqq |d s~gòa

hddlq iel qnwvoanq -mohmxi iel sivnl wdilq sdòan sdq| iel ad~w| df k~q|oan/ iwn obsdw|ie|

ln|nwboeie|q df |mn ibd~e| qd`l i| biwjn|% Xn qmd~`l i`qd adeqolnw d|mnw |wieqia|ode adq|q

q~am iq |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m oefdwbi|ode -lnì oe `niweoeh swoan `nvn` df |w~q| nq|igòqmnl

xo|m |mn bnwamie|/ iel xo|m ade|wia| bdeo|dwoeh -fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbsòiean wnqsna|

fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde/%Iq lnqawognl niwònw o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n iel loqihhwnhi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q ~qoeh

iq i giqn |mn nq|obi|odeq swnqne|nl oe \ig`nq >%? iel >%93% Xmo`n ny~i|ode ? neig`nq ~q |d

nvi`~i|n |d |mn swoan oeawniqnq fdw sd|i|dnq |mi| niam md~qnmd`l xd~`l mivn wnanovnl of o| mil

ed| oea~wwnl |wieqia|ode adq|q oe o|q wnì|odeq xo|m bnwamie|q ny~i|ode 93 snwbo|q ~q |d iqqnqq

|mn nffna| |mi| wnl~aoeh |mnqn adq|q xd~`l mivn de qi`nq%

Amis|nw >

996

\ig`n >%99 qmdxq |mn loqad~e|q oe swoan snwanovnl g md~qnmd`lq q~wvnnl l~n |d |mn

|wieqia|ode adq|q oea~wwnl% \mn mohm vi`~n dg|ioenl oq ed|nxdw|m% \mnqn nq|obi|nq q~hhnq| |mi|

swoanq iwn 16%> snwane| dxnw df xmi| |mn xd~`l mivn gnne xo|md~| |wieqia|ode adq|q% Q|ieliwl

lnvoi|odeq adefowb |mi| |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q nq|obi|nl mnwn iwn q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \mn

|ig`n i`qd qmdxq |mi| |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m bdeo|dwoeh

iel oefdwbi|ode adq|q% Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iwn k~q| |mn dssdqo|n df n}sna|nl “ iq bne|odenl

niwònw |mn fiwbnwq xmd oea~w bdwn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn |mn qibn denq xmd mivn ed| gnne ig`n

|d nq|igòqm |w~q|oeh q|ig`n wnì|odeqmosq xo|m sd|i|d g~nwq% \m~q fiwbnwq xmd oea~w hwni|nw

bdeo|dwoeh adq|q dg|ioe `dxnw swoanq% Of |moq oq |w~n |mn nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q qmd~`l

adeqolnw bdeo|dwoeh adq|q xo|m i enhi|ovn wi|mnw |mie i sdqo|ovn qohe oe xmoam aiqn |mn |d|i`

|wieqia|ode adq|q xd~`l gn nvne mohmnw -ny~ovi`ne| |d =7%8 snwane| df |mn ivnwihn swoan/%

\ig`n >%97 i||nbs|q |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| de qi`nq |mi| i wnl~a|ode df nq|obi|nl

|wieqia|ode adq|q xd~`l mivn% \mn wnq~`|q iwn |mn d~|adbn df i siw|oi` ny~oògwo~b n}nwaoqn fdw

xmoam wniqde ed i||nbs| xiq biln |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| df ie oeawniqnl adbbnwaoi` q~ws`~q

de |mn `dai` swoan% Qoean |mn swdl~a|ode oe |mn q|~l iwni de` iaad~e|q fdw i qbi`` siw| df |mnbiwjn| |wiloeh oe Si{dq M~iwogibgi dw M~ieaid |mn swdsdqnl n}nwaoqn oq wniqdeig`n%

N}sìei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone| Q|% Nwwdw9$

Adeq|ie| 3%><> "3%313 +Oevnwqn Bo``q wi|od "3%399 3%333 +Oevnwqn Bo``q wi|od qy~iwnl 3 3%333 +Fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbsòiean "3%167 "3%383 +Bnwamie| adbsòiean+ |w~q| oe oes~| q~ssònw "3%91= "3%383 uSdqqogoò| df lnbieloeh |mi| +bnwamie| wnadheo{n y~iò| 3%967 "3%3>3 +Sdqqogoò| df lnbieloeh y~iò|+|w~q| oe oes~| q~ssònw "3%7=7 "3%933 +Sdqqogoò| df lnbieloeh y~iò|+wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq 3%788 "3%993 +Bo``q wi|od+lnì oe `niweoeh swoan 3%337 3%333 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde+ |w~q| oe oes~| q~ssònw 3%119 "3%383 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode -9/ 3%3>> "3%373 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +|sn df swoanq jedxe "3%93? "3%313 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq -7/ 3%386 "3%313 u

Siq |d dg|ioe oefdwbi|ode+bnwamie| adbsònq 3%77? "3%363 +Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode+|w~q| oe qn``nwq df oes~|q 3%7 "3%363 +Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode+swoanq jedxe "3%916 "3%313 +Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq+bnwamie| adbsònq 3%999 "3%3<3 +Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq +siq fdw oefdwbi|ode "3%9?< "3%3=3 uWi|od df nffna|ovnenqq +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode 3%3?< "3%313 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~iò|+|w~q| oe oes~| q~ssònw 3%9?1 "3%383 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~iò| +wnqsna|q swoan ihwnnl ~sde "3%91? "3%3>3 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~iò| +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode 3%97 "3%363 uLnì oe niweoeh swoan+wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq "3%318 "3%393 +

Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq; 9?3 W qy~iwnl; 3%691

9$

s03%93 2 * s03%3>2 u s03%392+-9/; Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode; of |mn nffna|ovn swoan oq gn`dx |mi| jedxe%-7/; Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq; -e~bgnw df bnwamie|q xmd voqo|$e~bgnw df bnwamie|q fiwbnw qn``q |d/Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n >%? Ln|nwboeie|q df qi`nq swoan-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df Qi`nq Swoan/

998

\ig`n >%93 Ln|nwboeie|q df ibd~e| qd`l dff |mn fiwb-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df Qi`nq Y~ie|o|/

N}sìei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Q|% Nwwdw 9$

Adeq|ie| "3%18< "3%91 +Ed% df niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d 3%33< 3 +Hnelnw df mnil df md~qnmd`l -O 2bi`n/ 3%36 3%37 +. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq gn`dehoeh |d iqqdaoi|odeq 3%136 3%3= +. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq xo|m d~|qoln |onq 3%7=9 3%3? +^qn df obswdvnl qnnl -92nq/ 3%3<7 3%39 +^qn df d} s`dx -O 2nq/ 3%37> 3%39 uQo{n df fiwb s`d|q -miq%/ 3%967 3%39 +N}oq|nean df i ad~w| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ "3%3=7 "3%3< uIvnwihn loq|iean fwdb qi`nq sdoe| -jb/ "3%387 "3%31 uOevnwqn Bo``q wi|od 3%336 3 +N}oq|nean df i mni`|m sdq| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ "3%371 "3%39 uEd% df liq‟ lnì oe `niweoeh swoan "3%336 3@nvn` df |w~q| oe oes~| q~ssònw "3%79= "3%36 +Fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbsòiean 3%378 3%39

Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde -92nq/ 3%311 3%39 uN}oq|nean df i sdòan sdq| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ 3%3>7 3%31 u@ovnq oe Am~y~o|ibgd -O 2nq/ 3%7<1 3%38 +@ovnq oe Ad``si -O 2nq/ 3%3?8 3%31 +@ovnq oe B~`ìai -O 2nq/ 3%9>1 3%3< +@ovnq oe Siwoia -O 2nq/ 3%36< 3%37 +@ovnq oe Soam~q -O 2nq/ 3%38= 3%3< u@ovnq oe S~|iaai -92nq/ 3%3<= 3%37 u@ovnq oe Qie Awoq|dgi` ln Eim~oe -92nq/ 3%9> 3%31 +@ovnq oe Qie|i Aw~{ ln Oì -92nq/ 3%977 3%3< +@ovnq oe \dehdq -92nq/ 3%998 3%31 +

Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq; 9?3 W qy~iwnl; 3%=>6

9$ s03%3> 2 " s03%392+Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

Amiwia|nwoq|oaq\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|

Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh\d|i` . Swoan 9$

\d|i` "3%96< 3%9?> "3%9=> "3%9>< "16%>-3%3<6/ -3%3<1/ -3%3<=/ -3%3>3/

\sn df IaanqqEde"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "3%988 3%797 "3%981 "3%91? "1=%<-3%367/ -3%3<6/ -3%3<8/ -3%3>8/

Bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "3%9>< 3%9=7 "3%9?1 "3%96> "1>%<-3%3<3/ -3%3<9/ -3%3<?/ -3%3>3/

\sn df Swdl~anw

Qbi`` "3%96> 3%9?> "3%9? "3%969 "1?%>-3%3<8/ -3%3<1/ -3%3<8/ -3%3>3/

Bnlo~b "3%969 3%9=< "3%98< "3%9> "16%>-3%3<6/ -3%3<9/ -3%3<6/ -3%3>9/

@iwhn "3%966 3%719 "3%737 "3%91= "78%6-3%3<</ -3%3>1/ -3%3>>/ -3%3<?/

9 $ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn swoan |mn fiwbnw wnanovnq xmo`n i sdqo|ovn vi`~n q~hhnq|q i swoan oeawniqn%Q|ieliwl lnvoi|odeq issniw oe siwne|mnqnq% Giqnl de li|i oe \ig`n >%?Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n >%99 Loqad~e| oe qi`nq swoan g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-E~nvdq Qd`nq snw jh/

Amis|nw >

99=

\ig`n >%97 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-Jh/

\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|Amiwia|nwoq|oaq

Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh Loq|iean \d|i`

. Y~ie|o| 9$

\d|i` "938 "?78 <7> "9=86 "7<=> "91%1-69/ -71>/ -9<7/ -=1=/ -?<=/

\sn df Iaanqq

Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "733 "?3? <9= "9>71 "779< "98%9-99</ -719/ -9<7/ -6=3/ -=98/

Bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "1? "?<3 <13 "791= "76=6 "99%8-77/ -71?/ -9<7/ -?>>/ -93<?/

\sn df Swdl~anw

Qbi`` "998 "?19 <96 "9=11 "7<66 "73%6-68/ -716/ -91?/ -=9?/ -?11/

Bnlo~b "938 "?>6 <9> "9=8< "7>77 "98%>-69/ -7<1/ -91=/ -=18/ -?>7/

@iwhn "8< "=3> <?> "7318 "7<79 "<%9-<7/ -73</ -96=/ -?93/ -?=?/

9$ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn y~ie|o| qd`l xmo`n i sdqo|ovn vi`~n n}swnqqnq ie oeawniqn oe |mn y~ie|o| qd`l%Q|ieliwl lnvoi|odeq issniw oe siwne|mnqnq% Giqnl de li|i oe \ig`n >%93Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\mn wnq~`|q df |mn qob~ì|ode giqnl de |mn f~ea|ode df q~ss` qmdx |mi| |mn y~ie|o|qd`l xd~`l mivn gnne 91 snwane| mohmnw of |wieqia|ode adq|q mil ed| gnne oea~wwnl% Oe |moq aiqn

|wieqsdw| adq|q -xmdqn swd} oq |mn loq|iean |d biwjn|/ iwn |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| fd``dxnl g

enhd|oi|ode adq|q%

Of xn adbgoen |mn nffna|q df swoan iel y~ie|o| qd`l xn aie dg|ioe i h`dgi` nq|obi|n df

xmi| |wieqia|ode adq|q wnswnqne| oe |mn q|~l iwni% \ig`n >%91 qmdxq mdx b~am |mn |wieqia|ode

adq|q oea~wwnl g |mn q|~l sds~ì|ode xd~`l mivn wnl~anl |mn hwdqq qi`nq vi`~n% \mn nq|obi|nq

q~hhnq| |mi| qi`nq xnwn <=%> snwane| `dxnw l~n |d |wieqia|ode adq|q xo|m |wieqsdw| adq|q gnoeh

|mn bdq| obsdw|ie| fd``dxnl g bdeo|dwoeh iel oefdwbi|ode adq|q%Iq n}sna|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn mohmnw fdw fiwbnwq xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn|

voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq iel ibdeh fiwbnwq xo|m `dxnw swdl~a|ode `nvn`q%

>%> Adea`~qodeq

S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn adeena|q |d xn`fiwn |mwd~hm lovnwqn amieen`q% Oe |moq amis|nw xn mivn

nvi`~i|nl den df |mdqn amieen`q; s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mn`sq |d `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q |mi| oq

|mn adq|q |d wniam biwjn|q iel nq|igòqm |wieqia|ode oe |mdqn biwjn|q% @dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|

oq i| |mn mniw| df oeawniqoeh qsnaoiò{i|ode iel lovoqode df igd~w iel mnean oq i lwovoeh fdwan fdwobswdvoeh nffoaonea iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mn w~wi` sddw%

99?

\ig`n >% 91 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-E~nvdq Qd`nq/

\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|Amiwia|nwoq|oaq

Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh Loq|iean

\d|i` . HVS 9$

\d|i` "13=1 136> "11<8 "8=? "<9>1 "<=%>

\sn df Iaanqq

Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "711< 7776 "7983 "><? "7=78 ">=%1Sivnl wdil "1>19 1>61 "<13> "??< ">768 "<6%>

\sn df Swdl~anw

Qbi`` "733? 9888 "79?> "8<> "1981 "61%7Bnlo~b "71>1 73?7 "7<3= "881 "1<<7 ">6%6@iwhn "?8<< 97=8> "996>< "9373 "?><1 "19%1 9$ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn HVS iel i sdqo|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq ie oeawniqn% Giqnl de li|i oe |ig`nq >%99 iel >%97Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\mn q|~l ~qnl i wnswnqne|i|ovn qibs`n df 9?3 sd|i|d fiwbnwq òvoeh oe |mn loq|woa|q df

Si{dq iel M~iwogibgi oe \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivnòai Lnsiw|bne| i| gn|xnne 7>33

iel 1>33 bn|nwq igdvn qni nvn` |d i||nbs| |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q de

biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode lnaoqodeq% O| i`qd biln i fowq| nq|obi|ode df |mnqn adq|q%

Iq |mn wnq~`|q qmdx |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn q|~l iwni ny~i` i`bdq| >3 snwane| df qi`nqvi`~n gnoeh isswnaoig` mohmnw -63 snwane|/ fdw fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq |d |mn biwjn| voi

ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq% @ojnxoqn |mn wnq~`|q adefowb |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn adeqolnwig`

mohmnw fdw qbi``"qai`n fiwbnwq |mie fdw iwhn"qai`n denq -68 snwane| vnwq~q 17 snwane| df qi`nq

vi`~n/% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| gnqolnq loq|iean iel |obn |d |mn biwjn| jn viwoig`nq fdw

n}sìoeoeh |mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode q|wi|nh -o%n% xmne |d qn`` iel |d xmi| biwjn|/ oea`~ln qnvnwi`

oeloai|dwq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m mdx b~am n}snwonean |mn fiwbnw miq xo|m |mn biwjn| oe xmoam mn

dsnwi|nq: mdx q|ig`n moq wnì|odeq iwn xo|m loffnwne| ihne|q mn |wilnq xo|m iel: mdx b~am df

ie oevnq|bne| mn bijnq |d dg|ioe wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode iel bdeo|dw adbsòiean xo|m obsòao|ade|wia|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl%

I`|md~hm |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn oe igqd`~|n vi`~n hwni|nw |mn iwhnw |mn qai`n df |mn fiwb

|mn wnswnqne| i iwhnw swdsdw|ode df |mn vi`~n df d~|s~| fdw qbi`` fiwbnwq |m~q sdòaonq iobnl

|d obswdvn adeena|odeq gn|xnne `dai` iel wnhodei` biwjn|q xo`` mivn i`qd qo{ig`n sdqo|ovn

obsia| fdw qbi`` fiwbnwq% \mn gnenfo|q |mi| i qbi`` fiwbnw aie hn| fwdb `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q

iwn b~`|os`n% Fowq| |mn aie n}sna| |d qnn bdwn bnwamie|q adboeh |d |mnow fiwbhi|n iqjoeh fdw

|mnow swdl~a|q oeawniqoeh |mnow giwhioeoeh sdxnw% O| oq vnw ojn` |mi| |mn xo`` `niwe igd~| |mn

swoan |mn qibn li xmoam oe |~we xo`` mn`s |mnb bdeo|dwoeh |mn adbsòiean df |mn n}amiehnq|mn mivn lden% \mn wnì|odeqmos xo|m |mdqn bnwamie|q xo`` nvd`vn iel xo`` ed| gn iq woqj iq

Amis|nw >



973

|mn iwn xmne |mn oefdwbi|ode iqbbn|wonq iwn ìwhn% \mn bohm| nvne lnaoln |d wnl~an |mn

e~bgnw df bnwamie|q |mn qn`` |d gnoeh ig`n |d ais|~wn i mohmnw n}sna|nl nffna|ovn swoan iel i|

|mn qibn |obn wnl~aoeh |mn ~eanw|ioe|onq df |wiln%

Oe |mn `deh |nwb fiwbnwq xo|m `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q xo`` gn oe|nwnq|nl oe qn`òeh |mnow

swdl~a|q ed| de` |d dai` dw wnhodei` biwjn|q g~| i`qd |d ei|odei` iel nvne|~i`` oe|nwei|odei`biwjn|q% Oe |~we oeawniqoeh |mnow biwjn|ig`n q~ws`~q xo`` i``dx |mnb |d n}s`do| |mn gnenfo|q df

qsnaoiò{i|ode%

\mn wnq~`|q qmdxnl mnwn iwn adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn olni |mi| ìwhnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dxnw biwjn| wnqsdeqovnenqq df fiwbnwq nqsnaoi`` df qbi`` fiwbnwq% Of s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn wnl~anq |wieqia|ode adq|q iq miq gnne qmdxe mnwn o| oq n}sna|nl |mi| |mn fiwbnwq

xo`` gn bdwn ig`n |d wnqsdel bdwn y~oaj` iel nffna|ovn` |d biwjn| oeane|ovnq%

Foei`` |mn o|nwi|~wn wnvonx aiwwonl d~| q~hhnq|q |mi| iq fiw iq xn jedx |moq oq |mn fowq|

q|~l |mi| i||nbs|q |d nq|obi|n lowna|` |wieqia|ode adq|q oe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Mdxnvnw xngnònvn qdbn sneloeh bdlofoai|odeq xo`` snwbo| i gn||nw nq|obi|ode df |mnqn adq|q iel |mn

q~gqny~ne| nvi`~i|ode df |mn wd`n |mi| s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn miq oe `dxnwoeh |mdqn adq|q% Oe |mn

fowq| sìan xn gnònvn |mi| |wieqia|ode adq| qmd~`l i`qd gn iei`{nl oe i leiboa ade|n}|% Of

xn wnadheo{n |mi| ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne| nvd`vn oe |obn xn ad~`l mivn i gn||nw ~elnwq|ieloeh

df |mn obsia| df jn n`nbne|q q~am iq |w~q| oe lnvn`dsoeh ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne|q% Oe illo|ode

|mn wnì|ode gn|xnne woqj gniwoeh gnmivodw iel |wieqia|ode adq| boeobo{oeh gnmivodw qmd~`l

i`qd gn nvi`~i|nl% Ny~i|ode -93/ xmoam qmdxq |mn biwjn|oeh ds|odeq aie gn n}sielnl |d

adeqolnw bdwn |mie |xd biwjn|oeh ds|odeq iel oe |moq xi ad~`l olne|of loffnwne| biwjn|oehq|wi|nhonq |mi| aie adwwnqsdel |d i woqj lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nh dw |d |mn n}oq|nean df loffnwne|oi`

|wieqia|ode adq|q fdw niam biwjn|%




979

Amis|nw 6

Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe

Snw~; |mn wd`n df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

6%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode

\mn Nejn"Qib~n`qde bdln` Wdnmbnw -9??>/ xmoam oq i hnenwiò{i|ode df ie iwgo|wihn bdln`

miq gnne xoln` ~qnl |d n}sìoe swoan loffnwneanq gn|xnne qsi|oi`` qnsiwi|nl biwjn|q% \moq

bdln` swnloa|q |mi| of |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q lnawniqn swoan loffnwneanq iel loqsnwqode gn|xnne

ao|onq wnl~anq xmo`n |wilnl vd`~bnq oeawniqn% Qoboìw` of |wieqia|ode adq|q gn|xnne |xd dw

bdwn ao|onq oeawniqn |mne swoan loffnwneanq oeawniqn iel adwwnì|ode lnawniqnq wisol`%

Envnw|mn`nqq |mn issòai|ode df |moq bdln` |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq gnne adeq|wioenl g |mn

ìaj df oefdwbi|ode igd~| |moq |sn df adq|q% Oe vonx df |mn loffoa~`| df nq|obi|oeh |wieqia|ode

adq|q bie qsnaoiò{nl q|~lonq mivn ~qnl i bdlofonl lnfoeo|ode df oe|nhwi|ode -iei`{oeh |mn

viwoi|odeq de swoan loffnwne|oi`q/% Fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam |xd biwjn|q iwn qiol |d gn oe|nhwi|nl

of swoan viwoi|odeq dgqnwvnl oe den biwjn| iwn hnenwi|nl g viwoi|odeq oe |mn d|mnw den% Of |mnqn

biwjn|q iwn hndhwismoai`` qnsiwi|nl |mnqn biwjn|q aie gn lnfoenl iq qsi|oi`` oe|nhwi|nl%

Bie q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi| ldbnq|oa ihwoa~`|~wn biwjn|q mivn qdbn lnhwnn df qsi|oi`

oe|nhwi|ode% \mn lnhwnn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne bniq~wnl |mwd~hm viwod~q bn|mdld`dhonq

fwdb |mn ~qihn df adwwnì|ode iei`qoq |d |mn ~qn df i~|dwnhwnqqovn bdln`q ai~qiò| |nq|q dwadoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq9% If|nw wnvonxoeh |mn bdwn wnane| o|nwi|~wn de |moq |dsoa |moq amis|nw

qnnjq |d bniq~wn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wn ~qoeh iq i aiqn q|~l |mn Snw~voie

sd|i|d biwjn|% F~w|mnw if|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| df oe|nwwnì|nl biwjn|q fiaoeh

ie n}|nwei` qmdaj |mn amis|nw swdannlq iel qmdxq |mn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de

ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% ^qoeh lio` swoan qnwonq df den df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| awdsq oe

Snw~ ‑ sd|i|d" ad``na|nl fwdb 93 ao|onq l~woeh |mn snwodl Kie~iw 9??> |mwd~hm Bi 7339 |moq

amis|nw swnqne|q qdbn nvolnean q~ssdw|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq df `deh"w~e qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df

Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnwn n}oq| |wieqo|dw loqny~oògwoi |mi| iffna| |mnnffoaonea oe |mn |wieqboqqode df oefdwbi|ode iawdqq |mdqn biwjn|q% Ie nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln`

oq ~qnl |d nq|obi|n ai~qiò| wnì|odeq gn|xnne qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl biwjn|q iq xn`` iq |mnow

qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn ny~oògwo~b% Loq|iean gn|xnne biwjn|q iq xn`` iq hndhwismoai`

loffnwneanq wnq|woa| iel loq|dw| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode iel nffoaonea gn|xnne biwjn|q% Mdxnvnw

d|mnw n`nbne|q q~qans|og`n df hdvnwebne| oe|nwvne|ode q~am iq |n`nadbb~eoai|ode fiaoò|onq

wdil lneqo| dw iaanqq |d xmd`nqi`n biwjn|q iwn i`qd obsdw|ie| |d obswdvn nffoaonea iel

oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q%

9 Qnn Hd`n||o n| i`% -9??1/%



977

\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d fovn bikdw qna|odeq% \mn qnadel qna|ode swnqne|q i gwonf

ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx de ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode qmdxoeh mdx |moq o|nwi|~wn miq lni`| xo|m

|mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel sd|ne|oi`` iqbbn|woa swoan gnmivodw% \mn |mowl qna|ode

swnqne|q i qobs`n \mwnqmd`l Adoe|nhwi|ode Bdln` |mi| xo`` gn ~qnl |d iqqnqq |mn qsnnl df

ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn ny~oògwo~b |mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn swdgigoò|onq df q~aanqqf~` iel fio`nl iwgo|wihn gn|xnne qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl biwjn|q% Qna|ode fd~w lnqawognl

|mn giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn sd|i|d biwjn| oe Snw~ xmoam oq ~qnl mnwn iq i aiqn q|~l |d

nvi`~i|n qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe Snw~voie Ihwoa~`|~wn% If|nw aià~ì|oeh |mn qsnnl df

ilk~q|bne| df qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl sd|i|d biwjn|q xn iqqnqq |mn obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn obswdvnbne| df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne sd|i|d

biwjn|q oe Snw~% Foei`` qna|ode fovn q~bbiwo{nq |mn wnq~`|q iel loqa~qqnq qdbn enx òenq df

wnqniwam |mi| aie gn s~wq~nl%

6%7 Ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq; i gwonf

ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx

\mn qsnaoiò{nl o|nwi|~wn miq ~qnl i`|nwei|ovn xiq |d lnfoen iel bniq~wn |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode

df biwjn|q% De |mn den miel o| miq gnne nq|igòqmnl |mi| i qn| df biwjn|q oq oe|nhwi|nl of |mnwn iwn

ned~hm ihne|q xmd |mwd~hm iwgo|wihn ia| oe q~am i xi |mi| swoanq wnf`na| i`` |mn ivioìg`n

oefdwbi|ode xo|md~| |mn swnqnean df qq|nbi|oai` n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q oe ie df |mdqn biwjn|q%

I`|nwei|ovn` |mn lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne olne|ofonl iq |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne biwjn|

swoanq% Fwdb |moq vonx i qoheofoaie| loffnwnean df swoanq gn|xnne |xd biwjn|q xd~`l wnvni` i`dx lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode -swdgig` l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df qoheofoaie| iwgo|wihn adq|q/ xmo`n i

qbi`` loffnwnean xd~`l gn i qohe df i mohmnw lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode%

Fd``dxoeh Giwwn|| iel @o -7333/ fwdb i bdwn fdwbi` isswdiam oe|nhwi|ode bi gn

lnfoenl iq |wiligoò| dw ade|nq|igoò| gn|xnne biwjn|q% \moq xd~`l obs` |mn |wieqfnw df

Xi`wiqoie lnbiel n}anqq fdw hddlq fwdb den biwjn| |d |mn d|mnw |mn |wieqboqqode df qmdajq

oe swoanq gn|xnne biwjn|q dw gd|m% Fwdb |moq isswdiam ie ia|~i` smqoai` |wieqfnw df hddlq

ldnq ed| ennl |d gn dgqnwvnl |d iqq~wn |mi| biwjn|q iwn qsi|oi`` oe|nhwi|nl%

Iaadwloeh |d Qn}|de n| i`% -9??9/ iel @~|{ n| i`% -9??>/ |xd fia|dwq bi n}sìoe |mnìaj df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q% Fowq| smqoai` giwwonwq fdw |wiloeh oeadbs`n|n

oefdwbi|ode woqj ilvnwqn ihne|q ibdeh d|mnwq bi gn dgq|ia`nq fdw ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn%

Qnadel obsnwfna| adbsn|o|ode q|w~a|~wnq oe |mn biwjn|q ~elnw iei`qoq bi adeq|o|~|n giwwonwq

|d ne|w |mi| xd~`l swnvne| swoan iwgo|wihn% Bdwndvnw of |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q xnwn mohmnw

|mie swoan loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne `daiò|onq |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq gn|xnne wnhodeq xd~`l gn

g`dajnl ai~qoeh biwjn|q qnhbne|i|ode%

Oe igqnean df qob~`|iend~q oefdwbi|ode igd~| swoanq iel |wiln f`dxq |mn adwwnì|ode

iei`qoq df swoanq gn|xnne loffnwne| siowq df wnhodeq miq gnne |wilo|odei`` ~qnl iq |mn isswdswoi|nfwibnxdwj |d iei`{n qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q ZFifamibsq iel Hivoie -9??6/: I`n}ielnw

Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~

971

iel Xn|m -9??</R% Xo|moe |moq fwibnxdwj i mohmnw -`dxnw/ adwwnì|ode oq ~elnwq|ddl iq i

mohmnw -`dxnw/ lnhwnn df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode xmnwniq |mn qohe df |mn adwwnì|ode oq |ijne iq

oeloai|dw df lowna|ode df |mn nffna|q% I awo|oaoqb |moq isswdiam miq wnanovnl oq |mi| xo|moe |moq

fwibnxdwj o| oq obsdqqog`n |d nq|igòqm xmoam wnhode ibdeh |mdqn gnoeh iei`{nl oq |mn bioe

ane|wi` biwjn| -of |mnwn n}oq|q den/% De |mn d|mnw miel of |mn obsia| df amiehnq oe swoanq dvnw|mn loffnwne| wnhodeq xnwn ed| ade|nbsdwiend~q g~| ìhhnl |mn adwwnì|ode iei`qoq xd~`l

oeloai|n i `dx lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode nvne of |mnwn oq ia|~i`` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode i`|md~hm o| oq

ed| oeq|ie|iend~q7%

Adeqolnwoeh |mnqn òbo|i|odeq qnvnwi` nffdw|q mivn gnne biln |d oe|wdl~an i leiboa

fwibnxdwj xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df vnwofoeh |mn n}oq|nean df oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn qmdw| w~e iel deh

w~e% Wivi`òde -9?=6/ lnvn`dsnl |mn loq|wog~|nl ìhq bdln` |mi| oeadwsdwi|nq i leiboa

adbsdene|1% Moq swdsdqi` adeqoq|q de nvi`~i|oeh qnsiwi|n` qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode i``dxoeh

fdw `deh w~e oe|nhwi|ode iq xn`` iq qmdw| w~e oe|nhwi|ode -|mi| oq i``dxoeh fdw i ìhq q|w~a|~wn|mi| iaad~e|q fdw oe|nhwi|ode lnì/% Oe bi|mnbi|oai` |nwbq |moq bdln` aie gn swnqne|nl iq

fd``dxq;

-9/

xmnwn So-o 2 9%%%E/ wnswnqne|q |mn swoan oe niam dai` biwjn| W oq |mn ane|wi` biwjn| swoan ]

o

wnswnqne|q d|mnw n}dhned~q viwoig`nq |mi| oef`~nean |mnqn biwjn|q‟ leiboaq iel -ξ| β|/ iwnwieldb nwwdw |nwbq% Nq|obi|oeh iel ade|wiq|oeh |mn siwibn|nwq i``dx |nq|oeh |mwnn obsdw|ie|

msd|mnqnq; -9/ qsi|oi` biwjn| qnhbne|i|ode; |mnwn oq ed oef`~nean df den siw|oa~ìw biwjn|

dvnw |mn d|mnwq Zgo3

2 go9

2 3R -7/ `deh w~e oe|nhwi|ode; lnqso|n lnìq oe |mn obsia| dvnw d|mnw

biwjn|q f~`` |wieqboqqode oq foei`` iamonvnl Zio* g

o3* g

o92 9R iel -1/ qmdw| w~e oe|nhwi|ode;

|mn ilk~q|bne| df swoanq |d qmdajq oq oeq|ie|iend~q Zgo2 3 g

o92 i

o32 3R% Illo|odei`` xn b~q|

adeqolnw |mi| |moq bdln` iqq~bnq i qsnaofoa q|w~a|~wn df oe|nhwi|ode wnì|odeqmos% O| obsdqnq i

swodwo i wnq|woa|ode iaadwloeh |d xmoam |mnwn n}oq|q i ane|wi` biwjn|: |mi| oq i biwjn| |mi|

gnmivnq iq ie iw|oa~ì|oeh i}oq iwd~el xmoam |mnwn iwn snwosmnwi` dw qi|n`ò|n biwjn|q%

Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ mivn oeloai|nl |mn bioe obo|i|odeq df |mn wiloi` bdln`%

Fowq| |mn iqq~bs|ode df i ane|wi` ldboeie| biwjn| -o%n% |mn iqq~bs|ode |mi| ie òej gn|xnne

ao|onq oq enanqqiwo` nq|igòqmnl |mwd~hm i ane|wi` biwjn|/ bohm| ed| gn ie iaa~wi|n xi |d bdln`

|mn leiboaq df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q% Nvne oe |mn aiqn i ane|wi` biwjn| ia|~i``

n}oq|q o| oq swnfnwig`n |nq|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq df n}oq|nean wi|mnw |mie obsdqoeh o| i swodwo%

7 _n| ied|mnw awo|oaoqb oq q~ssdw|nl de |obn qnwonq |mndw% Of |mn qnwonq iwn ede"q|i|odeiw |mn |wnel |mi| `nilq |mnb

-no|mnw ln|nwboeoq|oa dw q|damiq|oa/ ad~`l gn |mn ai~qn df i mohm lnhwnn df adwwnì|ode% Oe |moq aiqn |mn dgqnwvnlòejihnq xd~`l gn giqnl ed| de nadedboa wnì|odeq g~| de qs~wod~q adwwnì|odeq%1 \moq bdln` oq i`qd jedxe iq Wiloi` Bdln`% Qnn @~|{ n| i`% -9??>/%

Amis|nw 6

97<

Q~gqny~ne|` |mn wiloi` bdln` miq gnne n}|nelnl g ~qoeh |mn vna|dw i~|dwnhwnqqovn

-VIW/ |nameoy~n i``dxoeh fdw |nq|oeh |mn n}oq|nean df i ane|wi` biwjn|% Lnqso|n |moq

obswdvnbne| |xd swdg`nbq gnadbn issiwne|% Fowq| swoan qnwonq iwn |soai`` ede"q|i|odeiw

qd o| oq sdqqog`n |mi| qs~wod~q adwwnì|odeq iwoqn% Qnadel qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi`

biwjn|q miq gnne q|~lonl fwdb i den"xi lowna|odei` snwqsna|ovn |mi| oq |mn vnwofoai|ode df |mn wiloi` bdln` msd|mnqoq miq gnne lden g iei`{oeh biwjn| siowq iqq~boeh xo|moe niam

siow aiqn |mn n}oq|nean df i ane|wi` biwjn|%

Oe |mn fowq| aiqn |mn adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq nemieanq |mn q|~l df `deh w~e gnmivodw df

|mn qnwonq nvne xmne |mnqn iwn ede"q|i|odeiw% Mdxnvnw ò||`n ò|nwi|~wn de |mn qnadel swdg`nb

miq gnne lnvn`dsnl ~e|o` edx% Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ iq xn`` iq Ho` iel Qiek~ie

-7339/ ~qn |mn b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode bn|mdld`dh |d qd`vn |mn qnadel swdg`nb% Oe |moq

qneqn |nq|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq nq|igòqmnl g Wivi`òde‟q bdln` oq q|o`` |mn iob g~| edx xo|moe

i fwibnxdwj xmnwn ed i swodwo wnq|woa|ode oq obsdqnl% Oe |mn fd``dxoeh qna|ode xn swnqne|gwonf` |mn oejq gn|xnne b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq iel qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q%

\mn fowq| q|~lonq |mi| oe|wdl~anl |mn adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq oe|d |mn q|~l df biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode q~am iq Siìqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/ iel Giloien iel Qmovn` -9??6/

iqq~bnl |mn n}oq|nean df ane|wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q iq xn`` iq qbbn|woa iel 'qbdd|m'

swoan wnqsdeqnq% êlnw |mnqn iqq~bs|odeq i qmdaj oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| bi ai~qn |mn qibn

ieqxnw oe i`` snwosmnwi` biwjn|q oelnsnelne|` df xmn|mnw |mnwn oq ie oeawniqn dw i lnawniqn

oe swoanq iel oelnsnelne|` df |mn biheo|~ln df |mn qmdaj%

B~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode q|~lonq iq fdw n}ibs`n |mdqn aiwwonl d~| g I`n}ielnw iel

I`n}ielnw iel Xn|m -9??</ Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ iel Ho` iel Qiek~ie -7339/

n}sielnl |moq |sn df iei`qoq |d i b~`|obiwjn| ade|n}| iqq~boeh |mn n}oq|nean df i adbbde

|wnel |mi| bdvnq swoanq df wnhodei` biwjn|q |dxiwlq |mnow `deh w~e ny~oògwo~b `nvn`q if|nw

fiaoeh ie n}dhned~q qmdaj% Envnw|mn`nqq |moq bnamieoqb bi ed| xdwj oe i`` snwodlq of |mnwn

iwn fia|dwq -iq |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q dw oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq fdw n}ibs`n/ |mi| moelnw |mn ilk~q|bne|

bnamieoqb% Oe q~am aiqnq de` xmne lnvoi|odeq fwdb ny~oògwo~b q~wsiqq i awo|oai` |mwnqmd`l

|mn swdfo|q l~n |d ilk~q|bne| n}annl |mn adq|q qd |mn nadedboa ihne|q wnia| |d |mn qmdaj iel

adeqny~ne|` |mn qq|nb wn|~weq |d |mn ny~oògwo~b `nvn`% De |mn d|mnw miel i`` |mnqn q|~lonq

i`qd iqq~bn |mi| swoanq wnqsdel |d n}dhned~q qmdajq oe i qbbn|woa xi iel |mi| |wieqia|ode

adq|q ld ed| hnenwi|n no|mnw iqbbn|wonq dw loqade|oe~o|onq oe q~am wnqsdeqn% Mdxnvnw anw|ioe

amiwia|nwoq|oaq siw|oa~ìw |d ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| biwjn|q bi oe fia| hnenwi|n loqade|oe~o|onq

dw iqbbn|wonq oe |mn wnqsdeqnq df swoanq |d qmdajq wnl~aoeh |mn wdg~q|enqq df |mnqn wnq~`|q%

6%7%9 Loqade|oe~o|y iel iqybbn|wy oe |mn swoan bnamieoqbq df ilk~q|bne| oe

wnhodei` ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q

Oe |mn igqnean df n}o| iel ne|w giwwonwq fdw |wilnwq |mn lnhwnn df iwgo|wihn iel oe|nhwi|ode

xo`` lnsnel de gd|m swoanq loffnwne|oi` iel |wieqia|ode adq|q Igl~ìo -7333/% Mdxnvnwqdbn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode adbbnwaoiò{i|ode iel adeq~bs|ode

97>

q~am iq oeisswdswoi|n |wieqsdw|i|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn ne|w giwwonwq iel oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq

bi |~we |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq oe|d i `nqq qbdd|m swdanqq |mie iqq~bnl g |wilo|odei` bdln`q

df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%

I qd~wan df iqbbn|w oe |mn swoanq wnqsdeqn |d qmdajq |mi| oq adbbde` bne|odenl oq

|mn biwjn| sdxnw Qamnwnw iel Wdqq -9??3/% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn dòhdsdòq|oa oe|nwbnloiwonq oeie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| bi wnia| ad``~qovn` oe i fiq|nw xi |d qmdajq wnl~aoeh |mnow swdfo|

biwhoeq |mie |mn xd~`l wnia| |d qmdajq |mi| oeawniqn |mnb hnenwi|oeh iq i wnq~`| iqbbn|wonq

oe |mn |wieqboqqode df |mdqn qmdajq |d d|mnw qnhbne|q df |mn biwjn|% Gnai~qn df |moq ie

oeawniqn oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| swoanq xd~`l gn qswnil |d |mn wnhodei` biwjn|q oe i fiq|nw xi

|mie xd~`l i lnawniqn oe q~am swoanq%

De |mn d|mnw miel |mn wd`n df oevne|dw iaa~b~ì|ode iq i qd~wan df loqade|oe~o|onq oe

|mn ilk~q|bne| df swoanq gn|xnne biwjn|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl Gòelnw -9?=7/% Iaadwloeh |d

|moq iwh~bne| viwoi|odeq oe swoanq qnel qohei`q |d oevne|dw md`lnwq |mi| nil |mnb |d iaa~b~ì|ndw wnl~an q|dajq% \mn n}sna|nl oeawniqn oe |mn ldboeie| biwjn|‟q swoan oe |mn en}| snwodlq

adeq|o|~|nq ie oeane|ovn fdw |wilnwq |d oeawniqn oevne|dw md`loehq |m~q g~oeh goh y~ie|o|onq

df i anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| oe |mn swnqne|% G~| |mn oeawniqn oe `dai` biwjn| q|dajq s~qmnq

swoanq ldxe qd |mn ia|~i` oeawniqn oq ed| iq mohm iq dwohoei`` n}sna|nl% Of de |mn d|mnw miel

o| xiq n}sna|nl |mi| |mn ldboeie| biwjn| swoanq lnawniqn |mnwn xd~`l gn ie oeane|ovn fdw

|wilnwq |d wnl~an |mnow oevne|dw q|dajq wnqsdeqn |mi| xd~`l bdlnwi|n |mn biheo|~ln df |mn

swoanq fi`` oe |mn en}| snwodlq% êlnw |mn iwh~bne| df oevne|dw md`loehq wnhodei` biwjn|

swoanq xd~`l ed| f~`` ilk~q| |d amiehnq oe |mn ldboeie| biwjn| swoanq%D|mnw iwh~bne| |mi| n}sìoeq |mn swnqnean df loqade|oe~d~q dw iqbbn|woa swoan

wnqsdeqnq oq |mn n}oq|nean df bne~ adq|q ~elnwq|ddl iq |mdqn adq|q |mi| wnq~`| fwdb |mn wnswoaoeh

iel oefdwbi|ode swdanqq |mi| adeq~bnwq fian oe |mn swnqnean df n}dhned~q viwoi|odeq Biejox

iel Gi`` -9??</% Of viwoi|odeq oe |mn adq|q df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| xnwn snwanovnl g |mn

ihne|q iq |nbsdwiw |mn bne~ adq|q bohm| adeq|o|~|n ie oeane|ovn ed| |d ilk~q| swoanq nvne

xmne i lnawniqn oe |mn swdl~a| adq|q miq ia|~i`` daa~wwnl%

Foei`` xn qmd~`l bne|ode |mi| |mn swnqnean df qniwam adq|q de obsnwfna| wnhodei`

ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq i`qd gnne y~d|nl g bie wnqniwamnwq iq i qd~wan df iqbbn|w dwloqade|oe~o|onq oe |mn swoanq ilk~q|bne| swdanqq |mi| daa~wq iq wnqsdeqn |d n}dhned~q qmdajq

Gòelnw n| i`% -9??=/% Oe bie wnhodeq qdbn fowbq aie n}nwaoqn `dai` biwjn| sdxnw l~n |d

|mn igqnean df d|mnw fowbq `dai|nl oe qsi|oi` swd}obo| |mi| ad~`l adbsn|n xo|m |mnb% \mn

adeq~bnwq |mi| fian |mnqn ldboeie| fowbq fian mohm qniwam adq|q |d hn| i`` |mn oefdwbi|ode

igd~| swoanq dffnwnl g d|mnw fowbq% êlnw |mnqn adelo|odeq ldboeie| fowbq bi wioqn |mnow

swoanq y~oaj` xmne |mn ldboeie| biwjn|‟q swoanq oeawniqn xmnwniq |mn ad~`l wnl~an |mnb

ò||`n dw ed|moeh xmne swoanq oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| lnawniqn%

Fdw Gi~àm -9??8/ |mnwn iwn |mwnn fia|dwq |mi| iffna| |mn lnhwnn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|odeiel hnenwi|n loqade|oe~o|onq oe |mn swoan wnqsdeqnq |d n}dhned~q qmdajq% \mn fowq| den oq |mn

Amis|nw 6

976

swnqnean df mohm |wieqia|ode adq|q wnì|ovn |d |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq |mi|

ln|nwboenq |mn n}oq|nean df i~|iwjoa biwjn|q% \mn qnadel fia|dw oq |mn swnqnean df giwwonwq |d

ne|w woqj ivnwqode iel oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq% Foei`` |mn n}oq|nean df obsnwfna| adbsn|o|ode

oe wn`nvie| qnhbne|q df |mn biwjn|q bi ai~qn mohm swoan loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne biwjn|q |mi|

aieed| gn i||wog~|nl |d |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q%

6%7%7 I`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwjq fdw |mn iei`yqoq df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn

swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q

\ijoeh oe|d adeqolnwi|ode |mn sdqqog`n qd~wanq df loqade|oe~o| iel iqbbn|w oe |mn wnqsdeqnq

df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| swoanq wnqniwamnwq mivn ~qnl i`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwjq |d aiww d~| q|~lonq

igd~| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q |mi| oe|wdl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iq n`nbne|q

|mi| iffna| iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| wnhodeq% Iq xn xo`` loqa~qq i|nw |mn loffnwne|

|nameoy~nq wnì|n |d adeans|q obsòao| oe |mn leiboa bdln` swdsdqnl g Wivi`òde -9?=6/wnadeqolnwnl oe |nwbq df |mn adoe|nhwi|ode bn|mdl iel nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln` ZQo`vis~``n iel

Kiiq~woi -9??</: Siìqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/R iq xn`` iq xo|m ed|odeq fwdb |mn siwo|"

gd~elq bdln` fdwb~ì|nl g Qn}|de n| i`% -9??1/ iel Gi~àm -9??8/% I qoboìwo| gn|xnne

i`` df |mnqn bdln`q oq |mi| |mn q|~l iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq g ~qoeh bioe`

edboei` swoan qnwonq df i siw|oa~ìw swdl~a|%

\mn iei`qoq fwibnxdwj |mi| i`bdq| i`` df |mnqn wnqniwam xdwjq mivn ~qnl oq |mn ìx

df den swoan ilk~q|nl g |wieqia|ode adq|q lnqawognl iq fd``dxq% Aok|

oq |mn |wieqia|ode adq|

df |wiloeh ie ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| fwdb |mn biwjn| o |d k iel So| oq |mn swoan df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`swdl~a| oe |mn biwjn| o% \mn nffoaone| qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn wny~ownq |mi| ed n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q

ad~`l gn hnenwi|nl g |wiloeh gn|xnne wnhodeq o iel k% Oe d|mnw xdwlq o| oq enanqqiw |mi|

|mn ìx df den swoan ilk~q|nl g |wieqia|ode adq|q oq f~`fo``nl% \mn ìx oq lnqawognl oe |mn

fd``dxoeh n}swnqqode;

-7/

êlnw nffoaone| iwgo|wihn e~`` |wiln f`dxq obs` ny~i|ode -7/ md`lq xo|m ny~iò| -goelq/%

I`qd |mn wnì|ode bohm| ln|nwboen goì|nwi` |wiln f`dxq fwdb o |d k dw fwdb k |d o lnsneloeh de

|mn biwjn| adelo|odeq oe niam ao|% Xmne -7/ md`lq xo|m ny~iò| -goelq/ |mn swoanq iwn qiol |d

gn oe |mn siwo| |mwnqmd`l xmnwniq xmne |mn biwhoe oq gohhnw |mie |mn |mwnqmd`l n}|widwloeiw

swdfo|q fwdb |wiln bohm| gn hnenwi|nl% I q|woa| oeny~iò| oe -7/ xd~`l wny~own ede"e~`` |wiln

f`dxq% Qsnaoiò{nl ò|nwi|~wn oevd`vnq loffnwne| isswdiamnq |d bdlnòeh iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq

gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq g ~qoeh -7/ f~w|mnwbdwn q~am isswdiamnq i``dx fdw nq|obi|odeq df

|wieqia|ode adq|q% Oe fowq| sìan òeniw bdln`q q|iel d~|<% \moq fdwb~ì|ode qnnjq |d n}sìoe

< Qnn Giloien iel Qmovn` -9??6/%

978

òeniw` |mn swoan fdwbi|ode oe |xd ao|onq lnfoeoeh -de`/ den biwjn| ny~oògwo~b% \mn giqoa

ny~i|ode df |mn bdln` oq;

-1/

xmnwn '|obn' oq i òeniw |wnel iel ¾|

oq i wieldb nwwdw |nwb% Xo|m swoanq bniq~wnl oe `nvn`q

|mn oe|nwans| A97

oe |mn ny~i|ode -1/ qmdxq |mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq| iel |mn gn|i adnffoaone|

bniq~wnq |mn swdsdw|odei` biwj"~s dw |mn adq| df |wiloeh gn|xnne biwjn|q 9 iel 7% I`|md~hm

ny~i|ode -7/ oq oefdwbi|ovn o| oq q|o`` oeadbs`n|n qoean o| ldnq ed| oe|wdl~an leiboa iqsna|q

de o|q qsnaofoai|ode% Ied|mnw swdg`nb df bn|mdld`dhoai` ei|~wn oq |mn swnqnean df ~eo| wdd|q

oe |mn swoan qnwonq xmoam ai~qnq qs~wod~q nq|obi|odeq df |mn ny~i|ode -1/ of |mn nwwdw |nwb ¾|oq

ede"q|i|odeiw%

Iq Siìqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/ q~q|ioe of -7/ xiq viòl iel ¾| xiq q|i|odeiw|mne xn xd~`l qi |mi| gd|m qsi|oi`` qnsiwi|nl biwjn|q iwn oe|nhwi|nl iel |mn n}swnqqode -1/

xd~`l gn i adoe|nhwi|oeh ny~i|ode xmoam nq|igòqmnq |mn n}oq|nean df i `deh w~e wnì|ode

gn|xnne swoan qnwonq% \mnwnfdwn |mn xnij fdwb df |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode adelo|ode oq lnfoenl%

\moq adelo|ode nq|igòqmnq |mi| of -7/ xiq viòl |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode bohm| daa~w oe |mn `deh

w~e xo|m |nbsdwiw qmdw| w~e lnvoi|odeq>% O| oq xdw|m |d ed|n |mi| oe dwlnw |d iqq~wn |mi| |mn

bdln` oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode |moq fwibnxdwj oq obsòao|` iqq~boeh

|mi| |wiln gn|xnne |mn |xd ao|onq oq ade|oe~d~q iel |mi| |mnwn oq ed wnvnwqode oe |mn lowna|ode

|mi| |wiln f`dxq |ijn% Oe |moq ade|n}| |mn fo}nl iwgo|wihn adq| oq nq|obi|nl oelnsnelne|` df |mnsi||nweq iel ade|oe~o| df |wiln% Envnw|mn`nqq nbsowoai`` de` oe fnx aiqnq adelo|ode -7/ oq

qi|oqfonl qd |mn bdln` n}a`~lnq qo|~i|odeq oe xmoam ed swdfo|ig`n |wiln aiwwonq de iq xn`` iq

|mdqn oe xmoam biwjn| adelo|odeq oe loffnwne| wnhodeq viw ned~hm qd iq |d hnenwi|n wnvnwqodeq

oe |mn |wiln f`dxq% Oe |moq qneqn |mn n}oq|nean df adoe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne swoan qnwonq oq ed|

ned~hm |d ln|nwboen |mn n}oq|nean df nffoaone| iwgo|wihn iel o| xo`` gn enanqqiw oe dwlnw |d

nvi`~i|n xmn|mnw biwjn| wnì|odeq iwn ia|~i`` nffoaone| |d adbsiwn |wieqia|ode adq|q oe -1/

xo|m dgqnwvnl adq|q dw ie d|mnw oefdwbi|ode igd~| biwjn|q%

Oe qnadel sìan ie i`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwj |d q|~l |mn oe|nhwi|ode wnì|odeq gn|xnnebiwjn|q oq |mn Siwo| Gd~elq Bdln`6 |mi| iqq~bnq |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q mivn i adeq|ie| bnie

A 97|

iel i wieldb adbsdene| Va|

xmoam oq edwbi`` loq|wog~|nl xo|m {nwd bnie iel adeq|ie|

viwoiean% \mnqn adq|q adeq|o|~|n |mwnqmd`lq fdw i giel df sdqqog`n ny~oògwo~b xo|m wnqsna| |d

xmoam |mn swoanq fwdb gd|m biwjn|q aie gn qo|~i|nl% \mn swoan loffnwne|oi` S9| "S

7| oe |moq

ade|n}| bi lnfoen |xd sdqqog`n wnhobnq% Of |moq loffnwne|oi` oq oeqoln |mn giel o| bnieq

S9| "S

7| 2A

97| " β¼

a| ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn |ijnq sìan xmnwn |mnwn oq |wiln xo|md~| |mn swnqnean

> Qnn Wivi`òde -9?=6/ iel I`n}ielnw iel Xn|m -9??</%6 Qnn Gi~àm -9??8/ iel Siwj n| i`% -7337/%

Amis|nw 6



97=

df n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q% De |mn d|mnw miel of |mn loffnwne|oi` oq d~|qoln |mn giel o| bnieq

S9| "S

7| 2A

97| " β3

a| ò||`n |wiln |ijnq sìan iel n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q adbn d~| |d gn n}s`do|nl

|mwd~hm iwgo|wihn% Oe |moq qn||oeh iwgo|wihn fio`~wnq dw wnvnwqodeq df |wiln f`dxq bi daa~w%

Of β¼a|

iel β3a|

xnwn iqq~bnl |d gn oelnsnelne|` loq|wog~|nl o| oq niq |d fdwb~ì|n |mn

òjnòmddl f~ea|ode fdw |mn |xd wnhobnq iel g bi}obo{oeh |moq f~ea|ode xn ad~`l nq|obi|n|mn swdgigoò| df q~aanqqf~` dw fio`nl iwgo|wihn iq xn`` iq |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q% Mdxnvnw |moq

bdln` miq qdbn obo|i|odeq% Fowq| |mn bdln` olne|ofoai|ode lnsnelq de |mn iqq~bs|odeq igd~|

|mn loq|wog~|ode df β¼a|

iel β3a| -edwbiò| oq ~q~i`` iqq~bnl/% De |mn d|mnw miel |mn iqq~bs|ode

df oelnsnelnean df |mn nwwdw |nwbq ldnq ed| qnnb |d gn wniqdeig`n qoean o| xd~`l obs` |mi| i``

|mn oefdwbi|ode ade|ioenl oe |mn nwwdwq oe den snwodl xd~`l gn adbs`n|n` `dq| oe |mn f~|~wn

iel mnean o| xd~`l ed| i``dx fdw |mn n}oq|nean df i bnamieoqb df ilk~q|bne| |mi| adwwna|q |mn

loq|dw|odeq oe |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq% D|mnw obo|i|ode df |mn Siwo| Gd~elq Bdln` oq |mi| o| ldnq

ed| oea`~ln |mn leiboa adbsdene| oe |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iei`qoq iel iq i adeqny~nean o|ldnq ed| i``dx ~q |d oefnw ie|moeh igd~| |mn qsnnl df |mn swoan ilk~q|bne| xmne |mnwn n}oq|q

swdfo|ig`n |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq -oe d|mnw xdwlq xmne |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` oq igdvn |mn

ny~oògwo~b giel/% Foei`` |d hn| adea`~qovn wnq~`|q o| oq enanqqiw |d mivn illo|odei`

oefdwbi|ode igd~| |wiln f`dxq iel iwgo|wihn adq|q gn|xnne ao|onq oe dwlnw |d aiww d~|

adbsiwoqdeq xo|m |mn swdgigoò|onq df daa~wwnean df |mn sdqqog`n wnhobnq iel xo|m |mn nq|obi|nl

|wieqia|ode adq|q%

Oe |mn swnqnean df |mn òbo|i|odeq df |mn lnqawognl iei`qoq fwibnxdwjq |mn ami``nehn

mnean oq |d lnvn`ds i leiboa bdln` |mi| adeqolnwq |mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|qloqade|oe~o| iel wnvnwqode oe |mn |wiln si||nweq -dw lowna|ode/ iel i`qd |mi| i``dxq |d bijn

oefnwnean igd~| |mn qsnnl df swoan ilk~q|bne| |d ny~oògwo~b nvn q% Oe |mi| qneqn |mn goviwoi|n

adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq xo|m |mwnqmd`l iq xn`` iq |mn Giel"\IW bdln`q adeq|o|~|n ie iei`qoq

fwibnxdwj |d dvnwadbn qdbn df |mn òbo|i|odeq bne|odenl niwònw% Oe |moq lda~bne| xn ~qn

|moq |sn df isswdiam xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df iei`{oeh biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe swnqnean df |wieqia|ode

adq|q fdw |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| aiqn% \mn fdwbi` swnqne|i|ode df |mn |nameoai` ln|io`q df

|mn bdln` xo`` gn lnqawognl oe |mn |mowl qna|ode%

6%7%1 Q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df |mn oe|nhwi|ode wnì|odeq iel |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q

\mn ìq| |dsoa |d loqa~qq oe |moq qna|ode oq |mn q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode

df biwjn|q% Nvne |md~hm ò|nwi|~wn qmdxq i qsnaoi` nbsmiqoq de |mn q|~l df |mn n}oq|nean df

qdbn |sn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode |mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mn q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df q~am

oe|nhwi|ode miq ed| wnanovnl b~am i||ne|ode% \mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mnqn fia|dwq oq ennlnl fdw

|mn obs`nbne|i|ode df oevnq|bne| sdòaonq dwone|nl |d lnvn`ds ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh

|moq adeanwe |mn fowq| q|ns oe |mn iei`qoq adeqoq|q de olne|ofoeh ie oeloai|dw df biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode% @o|nwi|~wn miq sdoe|nl d~| qdbn oeloai|dwq; i/ |mn qobs`n adwwnì|ode adnffoaone|qgn|xnne ao| siowq g/ |mn adoe|nhwi|ode adnffoaone|q -xmoam ais|~wn |mn n}oq|nean df i deh w~e


913

oe `dhiwo|mbq oq s9|% \mn fowq| siw| df |mn bdln` adeqoq|q de qsnaofoeh |mn lnbiel f~ea|ode

|mi| fdw qobsòao| oq iqq~bnl |d gn òeniw iel qbbn|woa fdw gd|m ao|onq;

-</

Oe |moq ny~i|ode i9

iel e953 -swoan nìq|oao| df lnbiel/ iwn siwibn|nwq iel ~

9|oq i

wieldb viwoig`n |mi| wnswnqne|q |mn lnbiel qmdajq% \mn ny~i|ode nq|igòqmnq |mi| ie oeawniqn

oe ]9|

oe |mn fowq| ao| `nilq |d i lnawniqn oe o|q biwjn| swoan% ~9|

oq swdgig` ede"q|i|odeiw oe

|mn deh w~e iel |moq bi gn i qohe df |mn n}oq|nean df snwbiene| lnbiel qmdajq% Bdwndvnw

of |mn swoan qnwonq oq lio` o| xd~`l gn qneqog`n |d |moej |mi| ~9|

xo`` qmdx qnwoi` i~|dadwwnì|ode%

Fd``dxoeh Nkweinq iel Snwqqde -7333/ |mn qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn adelo|ode oq hovne g;

->/

Fwdb ny~i|ode ->/ xn bi oefnw |mi| ao| 9 xo`` obsdw| fwdb ao| 7 of |mn i~|iwjoa swoan

oe ao| 7 s`~q |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q iwn `nqq |mie dw ny~i` |d |mn swoan oe ao| 9% Of |mn swoan s9|

loffnwq fwdb |mn i~|iwjoa swoan -s9I|

/ swdfo|q fwdb |wiln xd~`l gn ivioìg`n iq `deh iq q~am

swdfo|q n}annl |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q% Oe gd|m lowna|odeq |mn swdl~a| obsdw|i|ode -n}sdw|i|ode/

xo`` obs` |mi|; ∆ ] | 2 ∆F

| xmnwn ∆F

| oq |mn swdl~a| oef`dx fwdb ao| 7 |d ao| 9 -dw voan vnwqi

xmne |mn iei`{nl aiqn oq ao| 7/% \d adbs`n|n |mn bdln` o| oq enanqqiw |d lnfoen i qsnaofoai|ode

fdw |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q% Mnwn |d qobsòf fd``dxoeh Swijiqm iel \i`dw -9??8/ xn lnqawogn i

`dhiwo|mboa qbbn|woa adq|q f~ea|ode g ~qoeh i y~ilwi|oa qsnaofoai|ode;

-6/

\m~q |mnwn oq nffoaone| iwgo|wihn xmne |mn biwhoei` oeadbn -BhO/ oq ny~i` |d |mn

biwhoei` adq| -BhA/% Of BhO 2 -S`|"9

"S7|"9

/ iel BhA2 a97

* g∆F | bijoeh ny~i` gd|m

n}swnqqodeq xn mivn |mi|;

-8/

Qd`voeh fdw ∆F | fwdb -8/ iel |ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mi| ∆ ]

| 2 ∆F

| xn foel;

-=/

Fwdb -</S9|"9"S9|"72i9"e9 ] 9| *~| "i9*e9 ] 9| "9"~|"9 2 "e9∆ ] | 9 * n9| xmnwn n| 92 ~| "~| "9 u E -3 ρ97 / oq

xmo|n edoqn% Wnsìaoeh |mn swnvod~q wnq~`| oe -=/ xn hn| |mn fd``dxoeh qq|nb;



919

-?/

Qoean i qoboìw n}swnqqode oq dg|ioenl fdw ∆S7|

xn bi foel i qobs`n nwwdw adwwna|ode

bdln` xo|m qbbn|woa |mwnqmd`lq -\VNAB/% \moq bdln` |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` swoan

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Amis|nw 6

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df S~ed/% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie| biwjn|q -q~am iq |mn ao| df @obi \w~ko``d n|a%/ iwn q~ssònl g

|mn swdl~a|ode qmiwnq lnq|oenl |d |wiln iel g |mn viwoig`n q~ws`~q y~ie|o|onq `nf| g ied|mnw

swdl~anwq q|wdeh` iffna|nl g wnì|ovn swoanq% De` i qbi`` qmiwn df |mn |d|i` swdl~a|ode oq

oe|nelnl fdw oe|nwei|odei` biwjn|%

6%<%7 \mn li|i

\mn swnvod~q q|ns wny~ownl |d snwfdwb |mn q|i|oq|oai` n}nwaoqn lnqawognl oe Qna|ode 6%1 adeqoq|nl

de g~o`loeh ie isswdswoi|n li|i giqn% Oe dwlnw |d ld |moq xn hi|mnwnl lio` oefdwbi|ode igd~|

xmd`nqi`n edboei` swoanq fwdb i li|i giqn df lio` swoanq adbso`nl g OENO -Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei`

ln Nq|ilâq|oai n Oefdwbé|oai/ |d g~o`l |mn ASO -adeq~bs|ode swoan oeln}/% \mn snwodl df iei`qoq

|mi| xiq amdqne oq Kie~iw 9??> |mwd~hm Bi 7339% Q~am li|i giqn xiq vnwofonl xo|moefdwbi|ode dg|ioenl fwdb lda~bne|q s~gòqmnl g |mn Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn -BOEIH/%

\mn ao|onq qn`na|nl fdw |mn iei`qoq iwn; @obi Iwny~osi M~ieaid Oai Iia~amd

So~wi S~ed M~ieaivnòai \w~ko``d iel A~qad% \mn xnwn amdqne gnai~qn |mnow swoan qnwonq

mil |mn niq| e~bgnw df boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq98 iel i`qd gnai~qn |mn mivn i qoheofoaie| qmiwn

98 Xn ~qnl |mn wieldb obs~|i|ode bn|mdl |d qd`vn |mn boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq swdg`nb% Oe siw|oa~ìw xn issònl |mnswdanl~wn swdsdqnl g Joeh n| i`% -7339/% \moq swdanl~wn iqq~bnq |mi| |mn li|i giqn fd``dxq i b~`|oviwoi|n edwbi`

loq|wog~|ode iel hnenwi|nq i qn| df wieldb qob~ì|odeq fwdb |mn dwohoei` li|i giqn g ~qoeh i loq|wog~|nl ìhqisswdiam oe dwlnw |d adbs`n|n |mn boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq% \mn sdq|"obs~|i|odeq wnq~`|q xnwn adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mnqnwonq li|i n}swnqqnl oe dhiwo|mbq iel qmdxnl |d gn q~snwodw |d |mdqn dg|ioenl g |mn oe|nwsdì|ode oeniw bn|mdl%

Amis|nw 6

916

oe |mn wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df swdl~a|ode -qnn \ig`n 6%9/% Xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df mdbdhneo{oeh

|mn li|i xn adeqolnwnl fovn"li xnnjq qoean oe |mn dwohoei` li|i giqn |mnwn xnwn |dd bie

boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq fdw |mn xnnjnelq% Xn vnwofonl |mi| n}a`~loeh |mnqn xnnjnel dgqnwvi|odeq

lol ed| hnenwi|n ie goiq% \mn foei` li|i giqn ade|ioeq 9><3 dgqnwvi|odeq fdw niam ao|%

\ig`n 6%9 Wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df sd|i|d swdl~a|odeoe Snw~ 7339

Wnhodeq \deq Snwane|ihn

@obi 99?716 1%88.Oai 1<136 9%3=.Iwny~osi 99?7>8 1%88.Iia~amd 9<387> <%<>.K~eâe <793>7 91%13.

M~ieaivnòai 9=668> >%?3.A~qad 98=9?6 >%61.S~ed 1?8367 97%><.So~wi 93<39 3%11.@i @ognw|il 19==7> 93%38.

\d|i` ei|odei` 9?7>81> 63%=<.


6%<%1 Bdln` nq|obi|ode iel |nq| df mysd|mnqoq

^qoeh |mn li|i giqn lnqawognl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode xn swdannlnl |d nq|obi|n |mn \NAB

swnqne|nl oe Qna|ode 6%1%9 oe dwlnw |d foel |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn qsnnlq df ilk~q|bne|

fdw i |d|i` df <> ao| siowq% Swnvod~q` xn vnwofonl |mi| i`` |mn swoan qnwonq xnwn ede"q|i|odeiw

oe `nvn`q g~| q|i|odeiw oe fowq| loffnwneanq% Bdwndvnw xn vnwofonl |mi| i`` |mn siowq df swoan

qnwonq oe dhiwo|mbq fdw |mn iei`{nl ao|onq adoe|nhwi|nl xo|m |mn swoan df f~n` i| niq| i| i 93.

qoheofoaiean nvn`9=% Hnenwi`` |mn nq|obi|odeq df |mn adoe|nhwi|ode adnffoaone|q df swoanq xnwn

a`dqn |d den xmoam oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn swnqnean df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode xo|m adeq|ie|

wni` |wieqia|ode adq|q% Q~gqny~ne|` xn nq|obi|nl |mn \NAB lnqawognl oe -99/ fwdb xmoam

xn xnwn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn siwibn|nwq df ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn

ny~oògwo~b giel% Oe dwlnw |d aiww d~| adbsiwoqdeq xn adeqna~|ovn` nq|obi|nl ie -i~|d

wnhwnqqovn/ IW -9/ bdln` oe xmoam xn iqq~bnl |mnwn iwn ed loqade|oe~o|onq dw wnvnwqodeq oe

|mn |wiln f`dxq% \mn nq|obi|ode df |moq ìq| bdln` oq ~qnf~` |d adbsiwn |mn hddlenqq df fo| df

|mn \NAB bdln` ~qoeh ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq: |moq adnffoaone| oq ~q~i`` bne|odenl oe q|~lonq

df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% \ig`n 6%7 qmdxq oe illo|ode |d |mn lnqawognl nq|obi|dwq |mn ivnwihn

|obn |mi| swoanq |ijn |d ilk~q| |dxiwlq |mn ny~oògwo~b giel |mn Loajn"F~``nw |nq| |d nvi`~i|n

9= \mn wnq~`|q df |mn q|i|oq|oai` |nq|q iwn ivioìg`n ~sde wny~nq|%

918

|mn swnqnean df ede"q|i|odeiwo| xo|moe |mn ny~oògwo~b giel -iaadwloeh |d |mn lnqawos|ode oe

|mn n}swnqqode 8/ |mn kdoe| qoheofoaiean q|i|oq|oai` |nq|q df |mn swoan biwhoe ihq iel |mn qniqdei`

l~bbonq iel |mn xnohm| fdw |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|%

\mn |mwnqmd`lq dw |wieqia|ode adq|q dg|ioenl mnwn iwn nq|obi|dwq df |mn loq|dw|odeq oe

sd|i|d adbbnwaoiò{i|ode% Adbsiwoeh |mnb xo|m dgqnwvnl |wieqsdw|i|ode adq| oefdwbi|odebi gnadbn i giqoq fdw f~|~wn wnqniwam igd~| |mn nffoaonea df Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q%

êfdw|~ei|n` hovne |mn a~wwne|` ivioìg`n nadedbn|woa |nameoy~nq o| oq ed| a`niw mdx |d

bijn q|i|oq|oai` oefnwnean de |mnqn nq|obi|dwq qoean |mn siwibn|nwq mivn i ede q|ieliwl òbo|

loq|wog~|ode xmoam lnsnelq de |mn qibs`n bdbne|q -qnn Mieqne 9??8/% Envnw|mn`nqq Amie

-9??1/ iel Amie iel \qi -9??=/ mivn swdvnl |mi| |mn |mwnqmd`l siwibn|nwq iwn

q~snwadeqoq|ne|9? iel |mi| |mn d|mnw siwibn|nwq df |mn \NAB bdln`q iwn iqbs|d|oai``

loq|wog~|nl iq i q|ieliwl edwbi` loq|wog~|ode xo|m |mn |soai` fdwb~ìq fdw |mn viwoiean"

adviwoiean bi|woanq gnoeh oelnsnelne| df |mn |mwnqmd`l siwibn|nwq% Mnean o| oq sdqqog`n |dnvi`~i|n |mn qoheofoaiean df |mn wnbioeoeh siwibn|nwq df |mn bdln` ~qoeh |mn |wilo|odei` Xi`l

|nq| gnai~qn |mn q|i|oq|oaq iwn iqbs|d|oai`` loq|wog~|nl fd``dxoeh i Amo"qy~iwnl f~ea|ode

ZAmone @d iel [ovd| -9???/: Mieqne 7339R%

Lnqso|n o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d bijn q|i|oq|oai` oefnwnean igd~| |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q |mn

q~snwadeqoq|nea df |mn |mwnqmd`lq h~iwie|nnq |mi| fdw |moq wnqniwam |mnqn nq|obi|dwq aie gn

|wni|nl iq |mn wni` |wieqia|ode adq|q% Bdwndvnw |mn n}oq|nean df i adeqolnwig`n loqsnwqode oe

|mn nq|obi|nl adq|q73 q|wneh|mne |mn swnvod~q iwh~bne| gnai~qn lnqso|n o| oq sdqqog`n |mi|

qdbn |mwnqmd`lq qmdx |d gn ede"qoheofoaie| o| oq ~eòjn` |mi| i`` |mn adq|q wnq~`| ede"qoheofoaie|hovne |mn obsdw|ie| e~bgnw df ao| siowq ~elnw q|~l% Foei`` o| qmd~`l gn ed|oanl |mi| |mnwn

n}oq| d|mnw oelowna| xiq |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq%

I fowq| i`|nwei|ovn xi adeqoq|q de nvi`~i|oeh |mn qoheofoaiean df |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nw%

\moq oq i ~qnf~` oeloai|dw qoean i adnffoaone| q|i|oq|oai`` ny~i` |d {nwd xd~`l `nil |d wnkna| |mn

n}oq|nean df i |mwnqmd`l nwwdw adwwna|ode bnamieoqb iel adeqny~ne|` |mn n}oq|nean df

|wieqia|ode adq|q% I qnadel i`|nwei|ovn adeqoq|q de snwfdwboeh i òjnòmddl wi|od |nq| |d vnwof

xmn|mnw |mn swdsdqnl bdln` xo|m |mwnqmd`lq swdvolnq i gn||nw fo| |mie i`|nwei|ovn qsnaofoai|odeq

xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% Oe |moq ade|n}| viòli|oeh |mn \NAB bdln` oelowna|` obsònq vnwofoeh|mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq% Fd``dxoeh Swijiqm iel \i`dw

-9??8/ xn snwfdwb |moq |nq| mivoeh iq e~`` msd|mnqoq |mi| |mn bdln` qsnaofoai|ode oq IW-9/

xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% Hovne |mi| iq Amone @d iel [ovd| -9???/ sdoe| d~| |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn

q|i|oq|oa oq ed| q|ieliwl xn ~qnl |mn Bde|naiw`d Qob~ì|odeq bn|mdl |d foel |mn awo|oai` vi`~nq

iel isswd}obi|n s"vi`~nq%

9? Iaadwloeh |d Amie -9??1/ |mnqn siwibn|nwq adevnwhn |d \ xmoam oq |mn e~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq%73 \mn viwoi|ode adnffoaone| df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q swnqne|nl de \ig`n 6%1 oq 3%<97%

Amis|nw 6

9 1 = \ig`n 6%7 \wieqia|ode adq|q iel qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~o`gwo~b df |mn Snw~voie sd|

@obi " M~ieaid 3%73> "3%7>6 +++ 8%=37 "8%>7< 3%386 + 9<6%=16 +++ 9<7%<98 +@obi " So~wi 3%><> "3%9?9 +++ 93%=1? "7%>=6 "3%78= + 9=%989 + 79%697 +@obi " Iwny~osi 3%71? "3%98? +++ 99%6=< "7%?>6 "3%9>< +++ 9=%788 + 78%717 +@obi " \w~ko``d 3%7?6 "3%618 +++ 7%78> "6%3=6 3%3>8 79%>19 +++ 6>%8?1 +Oai " @obi 3%999 "3%>97 +++ 1%797 "9%?97 "3%937 +++ <8%91= +++ 79=%91= +

@obi " Iia~amd 3%73< "3%77> +++ ?%311 ">%>6? "3%939 +++ <>%1=> +++ 79%?89 +@obi " M~ieaivnòai 3%>76 "3%1>< +++ >%781 "6%><? "3%971 18%331 +++ =%?3= +@obi " A~qad 3%19< "3%3=< +++ 76%9=? "9%761 "3%977 =%>86 91%168 +M~ieaid " M~ieaivnòai 3%7<> "3%7<8 +++ =%996 "9%??= "3%3?= 9?%6=3 +++ 17%38> +Iia~amd " M~ieaid 3%19< "3%77? +++ =%=7 "6%77 "3%3?= 16%9>? +++ 83%>9= +M~ieaid " A~qad 3%<9< "3%96> +++ 97%=3< 3%>97 "3%979 7=%7<8 +++ 97%8?9 +M~ieaid " Oai 3%7=7 "3%788 +++ 8%3?7 "8%?17 3%37= 6<%<3> +++ 6>%199 +M~ieaid " \w~ko``d 3%<3< "3%1>8 +++ >%73= "6%3?= 3%33> 7>%99? +++ 918%3<6 +So~wi " \w~ko``d 3%17> "3%71? +++ =%<3= "1%<18 3%33? 13%?7> +++ 77%<18 +So~wi " Oai 3%<91 "3%9=8 +++ 99%3?? "9%?<1 "3%791 ++ 98%<18 + 8?%6>? +Iwny~osi " So~wi 3%>68 "3%9?6 +++ 93%>1< "7%73< "3%<=6 +++ =>%<36 +++ <7%?7< +So~wi " M~ieaid 3%<>1 "3%368 +++ 17%?69 "9%<68 "3%<31 98%>73 +++ >7%==< +

So~wi " M~ieaivnòai 3%6>8 "3%7>6 +++ 8%8?9 ">%867 "3%919 1?%6<7 +++ 79%78? +So~wi " Iia~amd 3%>86 "3%937 +++ 79%16< "1%1>= 3%7<1 7>%<9= +++ 777%73< +Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 3%>67 "3%971 +++ 98%899 "<%<?= "3%3>6 <>%>77 +++ 118%86 +Iwny~osi " S~ed 3%1?6 "3%389 +++ 19%>99 "3%?37 "3%66? +++ 77%=66 +++ 96%>7? +Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 3%<<7 "3%81? +++ 9%896 "6%13? "3%3?6 + 7>%?>< +++ 918%888 +

\wieqia|ode Qsnnl df Ivnwihn ILF \nq| |d Xnohm| df |mn E~`ò| |nq| |d E~`ò| |nadq|q ilk~q|bne| snwodl df nvi`~i|n |mn dgqnwvig`n |mn qniqdei` fdw |mn i

Biwjn| Siowq ilk~q|bne| wnhobn oeqoln |wieqia|ode l~bbonq -?3. df |mn giel adq|

ny~oògwo~bvi`~n/

\mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Bdln` IW -9/ Bdln

9 1 ?

Iwny~osi " Oai 3%717 "3%73> +++ 93%3<8 "9%33? "3%1>? +++ 63%8? +++ >68%136 +M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 3%>>1 "3%936 + 73%>98 "8%767 3%3<6 63%737 +++ 19%66? +M~ieaivnòai " Iwny~osi 3%=9? "3%181 ++ <%?1 ">%8?< "3%7>8 +++ 19%8=? +++ <?%>3< +S~ed " \w~ko``d 3%>96 "3%769 +++ 8%69= "7%7<6 "3%3> 9=%3<> + 81%1<1 +Iia~amd " S~ed 3%8?= "3%<>6 +++ 1%8=7 "<%6<< 3%>66 1>%=61 +++ 1=%?39S~ed " Oai 3%8<< "3%9?? +++ 93%16? "3%=>6 "3%11 ++ 19%>8? +++ 737%1<7 +M~ieaid " S~ed 3%?<7 "3%768 +++ 8%<7< ">%?>= "3%366 >9%?78 +++ 9>%8=6 +M~ieaivnòai " S~ed 3%86? "3%71> +++ =%69< "<%=<1 "3%979 <7%17= +++ 79%9<8 +

M~ieaivnòai " \w~ko``d 3%16= "3%<69 +++ 1%87 "6%?=8 3%978 + 17%=?3 +++ 99>%9<3 +M~ieaivnòai " A~qad 3%89< "3%<=3 +++ 1%>9? "<%==6 "3%777 ++ 7%376 7>%>79 +\w~ko``d " Oai 3%9?? "3%9?8 +++ 93%<6> ">%>< "3%318 <9%96? +++ 17%>7> +\w~ko``d " A~qad 3%6= "3%881 +++ 9%>>< "<%13> "3%311 99%3< 93<%=97 +Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 3%>>8 "3%1<< ++ >%<6= ">%<<? 3%91> 7>%>71 +++ 96>%<>8 +Iia~amd " M~ieaivnòai 3%7?= "3%976 +++ 98%3<8 "3%111 "3%716 +++ 63%=99 +++ <8%311 +M~ieaivnòai " Oai 3%188 "3%79? +++ ?%131 ">%98? "3%3>1 <3%17? +++ 61%11 +@obi " S~ed 3%1<1 "3%3>< +++ <9%<>= "3%7=8 "3%3?? 98%?8? + ?%631 +So~wi " S~ed 3%<11 "3%91> +++ 9>%=77 "7%<=< "3%7>? +++ 9=%986 + 91%=81 +S~ed " A~qad 3%189 "3%99= +++ 9=%18? "7%>96 3%39? 96%?>? + 8%<?1 +Iia~amd " Oai 3%<79 "3%99< +++ 9?%338 ">%>=? "3%378 <=%336 +++ <7%6>9 +A~qad " Iia~amd 3%<=1 "3%938 +++ 73%7?8 "<%63> "3%37? 97%1<6 =<%??? +Oai " A~qad 3%<18 "3%9>7 ++ 9<%336 "9%<19 "3%3>8 ?%38= 6?%31? +So~wi " A~qad 3%<88 "3%973 +++ 98%?6? "1%88? "3%967 + <8%3=? +++ 6?%1?? +A~qad " Iwny~osi 3%<9> "3%91= +++ 9>%>6 "9%91= "3%36< 76%36= +++ 7=%?6? +

\wieqia|ode Qsnnl df Ivnwihn ILF \nq| |d Xnohm| df |mn E~`ò| |nq| |d E~`ò| |nadq|q ilk~q|bne| snwodl df nvi`~i|n |mn dgqnwvig`n |mn qniqdei` fdw |mn i

Biwjn| Siowq ilk~q|bne| wnhobn oeqoln |wieqia|ode l~bbonq

-?3. df |mn giel adq|ny~oògwo~b

vi`~n/

\mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Bdln` IW -9/ Bdln

+++ qoheofoai|ovn i| 9. ++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.

Qd~wan; dxe nq|obi|nq%

9<3

6%<%1%9Bioe Wnq~`|q

Oe Foh~wn 6%9 xn aie dgqnwvn |mn ny~oògwo~b giel lnfoenl fdw swoanq loffnwne|oi` oe |mn ao|

siow @obi"M~ieaid% \mn nq|obi|ode wnq~`|q q~hhnq| |mi| |mn ny~oògwo~b giel oq lnfoenl g

|mn |mwnqmd`lq 3%73> "3%73>% Iq q~hhnq|nl g |mn foh~wn qoean swoanq loffnwne|oi` oq no|mnw

igdvn dw xo|moe |mn giel bdq| df |mn |wiln f`dxq xd~`l gn |ijoeh sìan oe den lowna|ode-M~ieaid"@obi/ xo|m i |wieqia|ode adq| df 73%>.%

Foh~wn 6%9 Nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q; @obi vq% M~ieaid

Iaadwloeh |d \ig`n 6%7 o| oq sdqqog`n |d vnwof |mn swnqnean df ie ilk~q|bne| bnamieoqb

|dxiwlq |mn ny~oògwo~b giel ln|nwboenl g |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw i`` |mn ao| siowq ~elnw

q|~l% \moq oq qd qoean |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iwn qoheofoaie|` loffnwne| fwdb {nwd% \moq

wnq~`| aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq nvolnean df oe|nwbnloiwonq‟ swnloa|ode fio`~wnq igd~| swoanq

loffnwneanq gn|xnne ao|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n of ie dvnwq~ss` -~elnwq~ss`/ df sd|i|d |ijnq sìan

enhi|ovn -sdqo|ovn/ swdfo|q xo`` gn dg|ioenl iq i wnq~`| df iwgo|wihn g~| |mn xo`` |nel |d loqissniw

iq biwjn| ilk~q|q |d adwwna| |mn loqny~oògwo~b%Oe hnenwi` |mn nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn fiow` wniqdeig`n fdw |mn ao| siowq ~elnw

iei`qoq% Fdw n}ibs`n oe |mn aiqn df |mn siow Iia~amd"S~ed |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn vnw mohm

-8?./ qd amieanq df |wiln gn|xnne gd|m ao|onq xd~`l gn qbi``% \moq wnq~`| aie gn n}sìoenl g

|xd wniqdeq: fowq| S~ed oq i wnhode |mi| adeq~bnq g o|qn`f o|q sd|i|d swdl~a|ode iel qnadel

|mnwn n}oq|q i adeqolnwig`n loq|iean iel hndhwismoai` lovnwqo| gn|xnne gd|m ao|onq% I qoboìw

n}sìei|ode oq viòl fdw |mn siowq M~ieaivnòai"S~ed M~ieaid"S~ed iel M~ieaivnòai"A~qad%

De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn n}oq| oe|nwbnloi|n aiqnq q~am iq So~wi"M~ieaivnòai Iwny~osi"

Iia~amd M~ieaid"\w~ko``d Iia~amd"\w~ko``d ibdeh d|mnwq xmnwn |mn |wieqia|ode adq|qiwn ed| qd mohm iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq oeloai|n i mohmnw ilk~q|bne| qsnnl |dxiwlq |mn

9<9

ny~oògwo~b% Oe |mnqn aiqnq |mn oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q |ijnq sìan iq Nwkeinq iel Snwqqde

-7333/ q~q|ioe |mwd~hm bnlo~b ao|onq |mi| iwn ~qnl iq òejihn fdw |mn adbbnwaoiò{i|ode iel

|wieqsdw|i|ode df swdl~a|q% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn siow M~ieaid"\w~ko``d oq òejnl |mwd~hm @obi

ao| xmnwniq |mn siow S~ed"M~ieaivnòai oq oe|nhwi|nl |mwd~hm |mn adwwoldw M~ieaid"@obi"

\w~ko``d% \mn nq|obi|nl |mwnqmd`lq oe |mnqn aiqnq aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq |mn loffnwne|oi`|wieqia|ode adq|q fwdb den siow df biwjn|q |d i |mowl biwjn| xo|m xmoam |mn iwn òejnl iq

q~ssònwq dw adeq~bnwq% \moq oe|nwswn|i|ode oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Nkweinq iel Snwqqde -7333/

iwh~bne|q: |mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn ny~oògwo~b swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne oe|nhwi|nl biwjn|q

|mi| ld ed| |wiln xo|m niam d|mnw oq `dxnw |mie |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode adq| gn|xnne |mnb%

Bdwndvnw o| oq xdw|m |d nbsmiqo{n |mn n}oq|nean df ao| siowq xmnwn |mn ilk~q|bne|

|dxiwlq |mn ny~oògwo~b oq fiq| gnai~qn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn `dx iel adeqny~ne|` iwgo|wihn

dssdw|~eo|onq ld ed| snwqoq| fdw |dd `deh -`nqq |mie = liq fdw |mn ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn

ny~oògwo~b/% Xn bi y~d|n |mn aiqnq df @obi"M~ieaid Oai"@obi Iwny~osi"Oai M~ieaid"M~ieaivnòai So~wi"\w~ko``d ibdeh d|mnwq% \mn a`dqnenqq df |mn ao|onq |mn qoboìwo| df

hndhwismoai` adelo|odeq iel |mn iaanqqogoò| |d sivnl wdilq xd~`l fiaoò|i|n |mn sd|i|d |wiln

iq |mn ld oe |mn aiqn df |mn siow @obi"M~ieaid% Ie illo|odei` ln|io` |mi| qmd~`l gn bne|odenl

oq |mi| oe hnenwi` |mn ao| siowq dai|nl oe |mn Adiq| swnqne| dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iel mohmnw

qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~oògwo~b |moq oq i qneqog`n wnq~`| qoean |moq wnhode miq gn||nw

|wieqsdw|i|ode fiaoò|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |nwbq df |mn hddl adelo|ode df |mn wdilq%

D|mnw obsdw|ie| wnq~`| oq |mi| oe bdq| df |mn aiqnq |mn \NAB bdln` swdvnq |d gn i

q~o|ig`n qsnaofoai|ode adbsiwnl |d i qobs`n IW -9/ bdln` xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% \moq oq qd

gnai~qn qoean iaadwloeh |d \ig`n 6%1 oe bie df |mn biwjn| siowq ~elnw iei`qoq |mn |wieqia|ode

adq|q iwn i qoheofoaie| qd~wan df |wiln loq|dw|ode nq|obi|oeh iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq xo|md~| |ijoeh

oe|d iaad~e| q~am adq|q xd~`l obs` i qsnaofoai|ode boq|ijn%

6%<%1%7 Olne|ofoai|ode df |mn loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq iel |mnow adeqoq|neay

xo|m |mn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~

Oe dwlnw |d olne|of loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq xn qmdx oe \ig`n 6%< |mn snwane|ihn df aiqnq

oe xmoam |mn swoanq loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne biwjn|q fi``q no|mnw xo|moe dw d~|qoln |mn ny~oògwo~b

giel% Iq dgqnwvnl oe |moq |ig`n bdq| df |mn biwjn| siowq swnqne| sd|ne|oi` wnvnwqode oe |wiln

si||nweq i`|md~hm |mn snwane|ihn df obsòai|nl dgqnwvi|odeq oq ò||`n%

\mn biwjn| siowq iwn bdq| fwny~ne|` qo|~i|nl oe |mn Wnhobn OO xmnwn ed iwgo|wihn

dssdw|~eo|onq snwqoq|; |mn nffoaone| iwgo|wihn adelo|ode oq qi|oqfonl oe bdwn |mie 83. df |mn

aiqnq% De` oe fnx aiqnq xn dgqnwvn `nqq |mie 63. df |mn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb i siw|oa~ìw siow

df ao|onq xo|moe |mn Wnhobn OO -fdw n}ibs`n |mn aiqn df S~ed"A~qad @obi"M~ieaid/% Oe

d|mnw xdwlq nvne of oe qdbn daaiqodeq |mn |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq iwn ed| adbs`n|n` n}s`do|nl

bdq| df |mn biwjn|q iwn df|ne oe ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode%

O| oq sdqqog`n |d adea`~ln |mi| nvne |md~hm |mn oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q n}oq|q oe |mn dehw~e qoean iwgo|wihn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn swnqne| l~n |d woholo|onq oe |mn swdanqq df ilk~q|bne| |d

Amis|nw 6

9<7

\ig`n 6%1 @ojnòmddl wi|od |nq|%-Md; IW-9/ vq M9; \NAB/

Biwjn| Siowq Wi|od Swdgigoò|

@obi " M~ieaid =7%8?7 ++ 3%339@obi " So~wi =6%113 ++ 3%339@obi " Iwny~osi 16%?1< ++ 3%39?@obi \w~ko``d ?3%7=< ++ 3%333Oai " @obi <6=%<79 ++ 3%333@obi Iia~amd 97%=6< 3%916@obi " M~ieaivnòai >7%?1= ++ 3%338@obi " A~qad 96%=9? + 3%3?6M~ieaid " M~ieaivnòai 7<%168 ++ 3%3<8Iia~amd " M~ieaid 76%971 ++ 3%3<9M~ieaid “ A~qad 97%<76 3%9<3M~ieaid " Oai =%9?? 3%73=M~ieaid "\w~ko``d 9<%676 3%97<So~wi " \w~ko``d <?%<=< ++ 3%393So~wi " Oai 7<%<1= ++ 3%3<6Iwny~osi " So~wi 9<=%73< ++ 3%333M~ieaid " So~wi 16%796 ++ 3%379So~wi " M~ieaivnòai 16%<98 ++ 3%373So~wi " Iia~amd 1%667 3%7?>Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 978%<=> ++ 3%333Iwny~osi " S~ed 9<>3%77> ++ 3%333Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 7=%=<9 ++ 3%311M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 91%9<? 3%91>M~ieaivnòai " Iwny~osi 7?%8>9 ++ 3%319

S~ed " \w~ko``d 79%>8? + 3%36<Iia~amd " S~ed 93%797 3%989S~ed " Oai 89%3?? ++ 3%337M~ieaid " S~ed ?%>9< 3%98?S~ed " M~ieaivnòai <%<17 3%7=9M~ieaivnòai " \w~ko``d 9=%678 + 3%3=3M~ieaivnòai " A~qad 99%?99 3%9>3\w~ko``d " Oai >>%9?6 ++ 3%33=\w~ko``d " A~qad 6%771 3%7<?Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 9=%377 + 3%3=6Iia~amd " M~ieaivnòai 937%=>8 ++ 3%333M~ieaivnòai " Oai <7%<99 ++ 3%391@obi " S~ed 79%<=< + 3%368So~wi " S~ed 996%9?7 ++ 3%333S~ed " A~qad 77%9?? + 3%3>?Iia~amd " Oai 7<%8<6 ++ 3%3<3A~qad " Iia~amd 11%396 ++ 3%37>So~wi " A~qad >1%769 ++ 3%338Iwny~osi " A~qad >7%86< ++ 3%338

Awo|oa Vi`~nq; 6%9?> 96%>19 71%6?> iel <?%163 i| 7>. 93. >. iel 9. df q oheofoaiean\mn isswd}obi|nl s"vi`~n iel |mn awo|oa vi`~nq mivn gnne fd~el |mwd~hm9333 Bde|nAiw`d qob~ì|odeq%+ qoheofoai|ovn i| 93. ++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

9<1

|mn ny~oògwo~b |mn biwjn|q ld ed| swdvn |d gn oe|nhwi|nl oe |mn qmdw| w~e% Mdxnvnw fdw bdq|

biwjn| siowq |mn nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode oq qi|oqfonl oe bdwn |mie 83. df |mn dgqnwvi|odeq%

Xn qmd~`l bne|ode |mi| xo|md~| f~w|mnw oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn dgqnwvnl |wieqia|ode

adq|q dw igd~| |wiln f`dxq o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d hn| wdg~q| adea`~qodeq no|mnw igd~| nffoaonea oe

iwgo|wihn wnì|odeq dw igd~| wnvnwqodeq oe |mn |wiln si||nweq% Envnw|mn`nqq qdbn oefdwbi|odesonanq iwn ivioìg`n fdw |moq iob% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn q~wvn NEIMD ‑ OV y~iw|nw

7339 snwfdwbnl g OENO o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n |mn adeq~bs|ode df sd|i|d g lnsiw|bne|

fdw |mn iq| |mwnn bde|mq df |mn niw 7339 oe dwlnw |d ade|wiq| |moq nq|obi|ode xo|m oefdwbi|ode

de sd|i|d swdl~a|ode qd iq |d nvi`~i|n |mn daa~wwnean df wnvnwqodeq oe |wiln si||nweq% \mn

wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%>%

Hovne |mn iwhn viwon| df aòbi|nq iel awdssoeh {denq oe Snw~ o| oq ed| q~wswoqoeh |mi|

|mn qibn awds oq swdl~anl oe loffnwne| snwodlq l~woeh |mn niw% \moq lovnwqo| i``dxq fdw |mn

n}oq|nean df |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq gn|xnne wnhodeq% Iq qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%1 sd|i|d swdl~aoehlnsiw|bne|q iwn ªen| n}sdw|nwqº oe den snwodl df |mn niw g~| ªen| obsdw|nwqº oe d|mnw snwodl

df |mn niw% \m~q fdw n}ibs`n |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe K~eâe n}annlq g fiw o|q lnsiw|bne|i`

adeq~bs|ode l~woeh |mn fowq| qo} bde|mq df |mn niw xmnwniq l~woeh |mn qnadel qnbnq|nw K~eâe

ennlq |d g~ sd|i|d fwdb d|mnw lnsiw|bne|q |d swdvoln fdw o|q dxe adeq~bs|ode% Qdbn|moeh

qoboìw oq dgqnwvnl oe Iia~amd A~{ad M~ieaivnòai dw Oai xmnwn o| oq wny~ownl |d obsdw|

sd|i|d i| `niq| l~woeh qdbn bde|mq df |mn niw% De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn iwn lnsiw|bne|q |mi|

i`xiq swdl~an bdwn |mie |mn d~|s~| |mn ia|~i`` adeq~bn q~am iq Iwny~osi iel @i @ognw|il

qd |mn |nel |d gn en| n}sdw|nwq bdq| df |mn niw xmo`n d|mnwq q~am iq @obi iel So~wi |nel |dgn en| obsdw|nwq l~woeh |mn xmd`n niw% Xo|m |moq nvolnean o| oq sdqqog`n |d q~ssdw| |mn

msd|mnqoq df |mn n}oq|nean df wnvnwqodeq oe |mn |wiln si||nweq df |mn sd|i|d biwjn| iq o| xiq

sdoe|nl d~| fwdb |mn wnq~`|q swnqne|nl oe \ig`n 6%<%

Ied|mnw xi |d |nq| |mn n}oq|nean df loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq iq xn`` iq |mn wnvnwqode

oe |mn |wiln si||nweq oq adbsiwoeh |mn gnmivodw df |mn swoanq loffnwne|oi` xo|m wnqsna| |d |mn

dgqnwvnl |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q% De |mn giqoq df oefdwbi|ode dg|ioenl fwdb |mn B\A -Boeoq|w

ln \wieqsdw|q/ igd~| |mn ivnwihn fwnohm| snw |de o| oq sdqqog`n |d olne|of |mn swnqnean df

loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq% Fdw n}ibs`n iq qmdxe oe Foh~wn 6%7 fdw |mn aiqn df |mn siow @obi"

M~ieaid79 o| oq sdqqog`n |d olne|of |mi| |mn |wiln lowna|ode hdnq fwdb M~ieaid |d @obi

gn|xnne Bi iel Qns|nbgnw gnai~qn |mn swoanq oe @obi iwn mohmnw |mie |mn ivnwihn fwnohm|

adq|% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn nvd`~|ode df |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe |mn ad~e|w xmoam

oq qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%>% L~woeh |mnqn bde|mq |mn ane|wi` siw| df |mn Qonwwi ne|nwq |mn miwvnq|

snwodl fdw |moq |~gnw jedxe iq |mn bioe awdssoeh qniqde mivoeh @obi ao| iq o|q bioe

lnq|oei|ode biwjn|% \mn dssdw|~eo|onq |d |wiln fwdb M~ieaid |dxiwlq @obi ao| oeawniqn oe

|moq snwodl% Mdxnvnw l~woeh Qns|nbgnw iel Lnanbgnw xmne |mn adbs`nbne|iw awdssoeh

79 \mn li|i iel hwismoaq fdw |mn d|mnw ao| siowq iwn ivioìg`n ~sde wny~nq|%

Amis|nw 6

9<<

Ao| Siowq

Wnhobn O Wnhobn OO Wnhobn OOO

\wiln dssdw|~eo|onq Nffoaone| iwgo|wihn -ed \wiln dssdw|~eo|onq

swdfo| fdw |mn swdfo|ig`n swdfo| fdw |mnfowq| ao| |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq/ qnadel ao|

\ig`n 6%< Swdgigoò|onq df daa~wwnean fdw |mn loffnwne| joelq df iwgo|wihn

@obi " M~ieaid 3%8. >8%6. <9%8.@obi " So~wi 6%>. ?1%1. 3%9.@obi " Iwny~osi 97%8. =>%>. 9%?.@obi " \w~ko``d 9%=. =8%3. 99%7.Oai " @obi 93%8. =>%8. 1%>.@obi " Iia~amd 7%?. 8=%7. 9=%?.@obi " M~ieaivnòai 3%3. ?6%<. 1%>.@obi " A~qad =%<. 6>%8. 7>%=.M~ieaid " M~ieaivnòai 97%>. 8=%6. ?%3.Iia~amd " M~ieaid 99%>. =>%=. 7%8.M~ieaid " A~qad 99%=. =7%1. >%?.M~ieaid " Oai 73. 8?. 9.M~ieaid " \w~ko``d ?%=. =?%7. 9%3.So~wi " \w~ko``d 7%9. 67%6. 1>%1.So~wi " Oai 9%9. 88%8. 79%7.Iwny~osi " So~wi 7%?. ?>%?. 9%9.M~ieaid " So~wi 3%?. 6<%7. 1<%=.So~wi " M~ieaivnòai 3%3. ==%=. 99%7.So~wi " Iia~amd 3%3. 81%<. 76%6.Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 3%3. =3%6. 9?%3.Iwny~osi " S~ed 9<%>. =7%>. 7%?.Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 3%1. ?3%?. =%=.

Iwny~osi " Oai 9%?. 88%>. 73%6.M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 93%1. =?%8. 3%3.M~ieaivnòai " Iwny~osi 3%6. ??%<. 3%3.S~ed " \w~ko``d 9. =9. 9=.S~ed " Iia~amd 73%6. 8?%<. 3%3.S~ed " Oai 9. ?<. >.M~ieaid " S~ed <%>. ?>%>. 3%3.S~ed " M~ieaivnòai <%3. ?6%3. 3%3.M~ieaivnòai " \w~ko``d ?%?. ==%?. 9%7.M~ieaivnòai " A~qad 3%91. ??%8<. 3%91.\w~ko``d " Oai 9=%=. 83%9. 99%7.\w~ko``d " A~qad 3%8. ?8%?. 9%<.Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 93%1. =?%3. 3%6.

Iia~amd " M~ieaivnòai 7%6. =7%1. 9>%9.M~ieaivnòai "Oai ?%7. =?%8. 9%3.@obi " S~ed 19%6. 6>%1. 1%9.So~wi " S~ed 6%>. =6%7. 8%1.S~ed " A~qad 3%>. <8%?. >9%6.Iia~amd " S~ed 9=%9. =3%>. 9%>.A~qad " Iia~amd 3%>. =8%1. 97%9.Oai " A~qad >%<. =9%=. 97%=.Iwny~osi " A~qad 9%7. 89%3. 78%8.

9 < >

\ig`n 6%> Nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~ g lnsiw|bne|q fdw |mn OV y~i

Lnsiw|bne|q Nq|obi|nl Adeq~bs|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Nq|obi|nladeq~bs|ode adefolnean -Fngw~iw/ -K~en/ -I~h~q|/ -Da|dgnw/ his -Fng/

-\deq/ oe|nwvi` ?>.

Iwny~osi <<6<%<6 1<?3%<6 ><1=%<6 98>6? 7>19 91987 9><98%33 9193>Iia~amd 1361%=9 98=6%13 <1<9%11 >>?3 79997 3 97%33 7>76A~qad <786%>3 7=6<%8? >6==%79 <>16 <6131 71> 7>7%33 763M~ieaivn`oai 1<87%11 79=9%8= <867%=8 7<=3 98871 3 =>=%33 "??7

Oai 7>11%?8 9681%36 11?<%=8 3 1<< 133=< 8<>?%33 "7>1<K~eoe ?39<%7< 6><9%== 99<=6%>? 1919> <=81= 6<38 1889%33 77139@i @ognw|il 6936%=? <6<6%6= 8>68%3? >8>= >1661 9=88? 9<9?9%33 "1<?@obi <<=8>%>7 <9=<8%>1 <8?31%>9 1377 9997 7>33 7><3<%33 "<9=><So~wi 1139%17 7<8?%9= <971%<6 9183 933< ><6 <18%33 "9?19S~ed >?73%=8 <<<8%>9 81?<%71 77>? 1=>1< 3 3 "1667

\d|i` Iei`o{ild =837?%=? =7<1?%68 ?9673%93 81=??%33 71936<%33 89871 68=39 "91919Wnq|d ln` siâq 1<?=6%?7 19777%1? 1=8>9%<> =111<%33 97>381%33 1=>96 >>?>< <=1<8\d|i` Snwû 977396%=3 996=9=%63 97879>%33 9>8711%33 1>6918%33 99371? 9718>> 1>796

9<6

6%<%< Ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe sd|i|d biwjn|

If|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iq oeloai|dwq df |wiln

loq|dw|ode iel biwjn|q qsnnl df adevnwhnean |d ny~oògwo~b wnqsna|ovn` xn swdannl |d olne|of

xmi| iwn |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mnqn viwoig`nq g nvi`~i|oeh |mn ivioìgoò| df s~gòa iqqn|q oe |mn

ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq q~am iq |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq iel dai` bnloi oefwiq|w~a|~wn n`na|woai` nenwh

oefwiq|w~a|~wn wdilq ibdeh d|mnwq% \mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mn |wieqia|ode

adq|q n}oq|oeh gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q `dai|nl oe loffnwne| ao|onq xo`` mn`s |d |mn

obs`nbne|i|ode df sdòaonq dwone|nl |d obswdvn nffoaonea iel adbsn|o|ovnenqq oe q~am biwjn|q%\mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl oe |mnqn qna|odeq xiq dg|ioenl fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn

Q~wvn snwfdwbnl g OENO |moq q~wvn ad``na|nl loq|woa| li|i igd~| loffnwne| |snq df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn; wdilq n`na|woao| |n`nsmdenq qamdd`q mni`|m ane|nwq dai` biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn

wilod iel |n`nvoqode q|i|odeq ibdeh d|mnwq l~woeh |mn snwodl 9??8 |d 9???%

\ijoeh |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iq lnsnelne| viwoig`nq

|xd |snq df wnhwnqqodeq iwn nq|obi|nl oe |moq qna|ode% Oe |mn fowq| sìan xn ~qnl |mn q|nsxoqn

bn|mdl fdw oeniw wnhwnqqodeq |d nvi`~i|n |mn wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iel s~gòa

iqqn|q% Iq i q|iw|oeh sdoe| xn nq|obi|nl i fowq| ny~i|ode |d iei`{n |mn wnì|odeqmos gn|xnne|mn nq|obi|nl adq|q iel |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| oe 9??? fdw |mn loq|woa|q |mi| adeq|o|~|n

qniqde |ijnq sìan |mn swdl~a|ode df |mn ane|wi` siw| df |mn Bd~e|ioeq -Qonwwi Ane|wi`/ lnawniqnq

qd |mn lnbiel fwdb @obi oq qi|oqfonl g |mn lnsiw|bne| df M~ie~ad% Oe |moq snwodl df |mn

niw |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq fdw M~ieaid lnawniqn gnai~qn o|q swoanq iwn ed| adbsn|o|ovn iebdwn

xmne fiaoeh @obi ao|‟q biwjn|% \m~q |mn swnqnean df wnvnwqode oe |mn sd|i|d |wiln si||nweq

gn|xnne |mnqn ao|onq gnadbnq issiwne| iel iq |moq q|~l vnwofonq |mn lowna|ode df |wiln oq ed|~eolowna|odei` dvnw |mn niw%

Foh~wn 6%7 Swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne @obi iel M~ieaid snw |de df sd|i|d 7333 " 7339

9<8

|mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq iwn `dai|nl% \mn oelnsnelne| viwoig`nq oe |moq

wnhwnqqode iwn; 9/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q df |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| df |mn

siow ~elnw iei`qoq oq `dai|nl |mi| mivn iaanqq |d bdwn |mie 91 md~wq df n`na|woai` nenwh "

Nenwh 9 iel Nenwh 7 " 7/ |mn snwane|ihn df sivnl wdilq oe |mn lnsiw|bne| xmnwn |mn fowq|

-qnadel/ ao| oq dai|nl " Wdil 9 iel Wdil 7 " 1/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q fwdb |mn swdvoeanxmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq `dai|nl |mi| miq `dai` wilod q|i|odeq " Wilod 9 iel Wilod 7 " </

|mn snwane|ihn df |n`nsmden oeq|i`ì|odeq adeane|wi|nl oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/

ao| oq dai|nl " \n`nadb 9 iel \n`nadb 7 " >/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn

|mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq `dai|nl |mi| miq snwbiene| biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn " Biwjn| 9 iel

Biwjn| 7 " iel 6/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq

`dai|nl |mi| miq `dai` fiowq -Fiow 9 iel Fiow 7/%

\mn wnq~`|q fdw |mn Bdln` 9 iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%6% O| oq sdqqog`n |d dgqnwvn |mi| |mnwn

n}oq|q i enhi|ovn wnì|ode -|mi| oq nq|obi|nl adnffoaone|q iwn enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|/ gn|xnne|wieqia|ode adq|q -|mn lnsnelne| viwoig`n/ iel iaanqq |d wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn n`na|woa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |n`nadbb~eoai|ode bnieq% De |mn d|mnw miel hovne |mnow wnqsna|ovn

adnffoaone|q iwn ed| qoheofoaie| xn xd~`l n}sna| |mi| iaanqqoeh |d `dai` fiowq iel snwbiene|

biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn ldnq ed| mivn ed|oanig`n nffna|q de |wieqia|ode adq|q%

\mn en}| q|ns adeqoq|nl de nq|obi|oeh i |w~eai|nl wnhwnqqode |d nvi`~i|n |mn wnì|odeqmos

gn|xnne |mn biwjn|q‟ nffoaonea xmoam oq isswd}obi|nl g |mn siwibn|nw df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn

ny~oògwo~b% \mn qn`na|ode df i |w~eai|nl bdln` xiq adeqolnwnl q~o|ig`n qoean oe |mndw |mn

qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| aie gn qnne iq loq|wog~|nl oe |mn oe|nwvi` Z3"9R xmnwn 3 xd~`l oeloai|n|mi| biwjn|q ld ed| adevnwhn |d |mn ny~oògwo~b iel "9 xd~`l oeloai|n i snwfna| ilk~q|bne| |d

|mn ny~oògwo~b oe swnqnean df n}dhned~q qmdajq% \mn wnq~`|q fdw Bdln` 7 iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n

6%6% Iq xn aie ed|oan |mn wnq~`|q iwn qoboìw |d |mdqn fd~el xo|m Bdln` 9; s~gòa iqqn|q sì

i wn`nvie| wd`n oe |mn oeawniqn df biwjn|q nffoaonea g oeawniqoeh |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d

|wieqo|dw loqny~oògwoi%

Foei`` xn swdannlnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn wnì|odeqmosq gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iel

ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq -iq lnsnelne| viwoig`nq/ iel amiehnq oe loq|woa| oefwiq|w~a|~wn

neldxbne| -wdilq n`na|woa nenwh wilod q|i|odeq/ oe |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq gn|xnne 9??8iel 9??? -iq oelnsnelne| viwoig`nq/% \mi| oq |ijoeh |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| oe 9??8 iq

oeo|oi` q|daj |mn nq|obi|nl wnhwnqqodeq oea`~lnl iq wnhwnqqdwq |mn amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn

neldxbne| dgqnwvnl gn|xnne 9??8 iel 9???% Iq \ig`n 6%8 qmdxq |mn oeawniqn dw viwoi|ode oe

|mn swdsdw|ode df wdilq iel n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne 9??8 iel 9??? iwn qoheofoaie|

viwoig`nq |mi| ade|wog~|n |d |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q% Xn foel qoboìw wnq~`|q fdw |mn

nq|obi|ode df |mn Bdln` 7 i`|md~hm oe |moq aiqn |mn oeawniqn oe |mn swnqnean df `dai` bnloi oq

i`qd wn`nvie| fdw |mn obswdvnbne| df biwjn|q nffoaonea% Mdxnvnw |moq bdln` oq ed| adea`~qovn

igd~| |mn nffna|q df ie oeawniqn df n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

Amis|nw 6

9<=


Oelnsnelne| Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 9 Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 7

Oe|nwans| <%399 ++ "3%?39-7%>9/ -7%9?/

Nenwh9 "7%819 ++ "3%<>= ++

-7%97/ -7%81/Nenwh7 "3%>9< "9%1<1 ++

-3%<9/ -1%7>/Wdilq9 "9%?89 ++ 3%7=9

-7%18/ -9%>?/Wdilq7 "9%=6> ++ "3%6=> ++

-7%=</ -7%66/\n`nadb9 "3%1<1 + "3%9=7 ++

-9%61/ -7%83/\n`nadb7 "3%3<> "3%9<= ++

-3%79/ -7%98/Biwjn|9 3%7<? + 3%999 ++

-9%=8/ -9%?9/Biwjn|7 "3%916 3%798 ++

-3%>?/ -1%96/Wilod9 "3%3?8-3%>=/

Wilod7 "3%3<< "3%7<7 ++

-3%96/ -7%98/Fiow9 3%31? "3%386

-3%7/ -3%=3/Fiow7 3%1>7 3%7?? ++

-9%9=/ 1%<=

Ed% Df dgqnwvi|odeq <> <>@dh " @ojnòmddl 79%87> 66%8<?Bi}ob~b òjnòmddl W7 3%1<= 3%=<6

GOA "96>%76< "9=8%?98

Lnsnelne| Viwoig`n Bdln` 9; Nq|obi|nl \wieqia|ode Adq|% Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i òe niw wnhwnqqod e% Oebdln` 7; Qsnnl df Ilk~q|bne|%Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i aneqdwnl wnhwnqqode%Oe |mn fowq| bdln` | " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%Oe |mn qnadel bdln` { " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. + qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n 6%6 Ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel|mn oeawniqn df |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q

9<?

Amis|nw 6

Oelnsnelne| Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 9 Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 7

Oe|nwans| 3%==< "3%8?=-3%?>/ -3%8?/

Nenwh9 -9??8/ "3%67< 3%779-3%=9/ -3%17/

Nenwh7 -9??8/ 3%8<> "9%>>8 +-9%<>/ -9%==/

Wdilq9 -9??8/ "3%1>8-9%6</Wdilq7 -9??8/ "9%7=> ++ "9%9?8 ++

-1%86/ -7%></Wilod9 -9??8/ 3%667 + "9%38? ++

-9%68/ -7%?9/Wilod7 -9??8/ "9%9=< ++ "9%77? ++

-7%3>/ -7%3?/∆ Nenwh9 -9??? " 9??8/ "9%96> + 3%<8?

-9%67/ -3%8>/∆ Nenwh7 -9??? " 9??8/ 3%?67 + 9%<1? +

-9%=9/ -9%=</∆ Wdilq9 -9??? "9??8/ 3%7?< "3%>=7 ++

-9%78/ -7%67/∆ Wdilq7 -9??? "9??8/ "9%93= ++ "3%?89 ++

-7%8?/ -9%?=/∆ Wilod9 -9??? "9??8/ 3%776 "3%971

-9%7?/ -3%<3/∆ Wilod7 -9??? "9??8/ 3%77? "3%96? +

-9%33/ -9%69/

Ed% Df dgqnwvi|odeq <> >@dh " @ojnòmddl 7?%3<9 63%=37Bi}ob~b òjnòmddl W7 3%>7? 3%188GOA "9=1%8 "9?7%919

Lnsnelne| Viwoig`n Bdln` 9; Nq|obi|nl \wieqia|ode Adq|% Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i òeniw wnhwnqqode% Oebdln` 7; Qsnnl df Ilk~q|bne|%Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i aneqdwnl wnhwnqqode%Oe |mn fowq| bdln` | " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%Oe |mn qnadel bdln` { " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. + qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`6 6%8 Amiehnq oe |mn swdvoqode iq fia|dwq |mi| lnawniqn |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel oeawniqn |mnqsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q

9>9

Amis|nw 8

\mn Wd`n df S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh

W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q

9

8% 9 Oe|wdl~a|ode

Oe w~wi` Snw~ i`bdq| 1> snwane| df ìgdw oq i``dai|nl |d iel >9snwane| df oeadbn adbnq fwdb

nadedboa ia|ovo|onq d~|qoln df dxe"fiwboeh% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mi| |mnqn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq

dean wnfnwwnl |d iq 'adbs`nbne|iw ia|ovo|onq' aie ed `dehnw gn |m~q ai``nl% \mnqn ia|ovo|onq

oea`~ln ia|ovo|onq oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oea`~loeh bie~fia|~woeh iel qnwvoanq gd|m oe qn`f"

nbs`dbne| -n%h% dsnwi|oeh i qbi`` mieloawif| ne|nwswoqn/ iel oe xihn"nbs`dbne| iel oe

|mn ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dw oe xihn nbs`dbne|%

Lnqso|n |mn hwdxoeh obsdw|iean df |mnqn ia|ovo|onq vnw o||`n oq jedxe igd~| |mnb iel

de |mn wd`n |mi| |mn sì oe |mn oeadbn hnenwi|ode q|wi|nhonq df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oe Snw~% \moq

amis|nw |m~q miq |xd dgkna|ovnq% \mn fowq| oq |d iei`{n |mn ln|nwboeie|q df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq‟

lnaoqodeq |d ~elnw|ijn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% Xn sdq|~ì|n |mi| |mn amdqne sdw|fdòd df ia|ovo|onq

xo`` lnsnel de |mn md~qnmd`lq‟ iaanqq |d s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q smqoai` foeieaoi` m~bie

iel dwhieo{i|odei`% \mn qnadel oq |d n}s`dwn |mn obsòai|odeq df |mnqn oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode

q|wi|nhonq fdw |mn si||nwe df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe w~wi` Snw~% Xn foel |mi| swdbd|ode df ede"

fiwb ia|ovo| oq ed| enanqqiwo` adeqdeie| xo|m obswdvnbne| oe |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel

fdw o| |d ld qd qsnaofoa sdòa oe|nwvne|odeq iwn ennlnl%

\mn amis|nw swdannlq iq fd``dxq% Qna|ode 8%7 swdvolnq i gwonf dvnwvonx df hnenwi`

oqq~nq iel giajhwd~el fwdb |mn ò|nwi|~wn% Qna|ode 8%1 ~qnq li|i fwdb |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl

Bniq~wnbne| Q|~lonq -@QBQ/ q~wvnq fdw Snw~ gn|xnne 9?=> iel 9??8 |d qmdx |mn hwdxoeh

obsdw|iean df qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel |mn lnaòen oe xihn"nbs`dbne| oe

|mn ede"fiwb iel fiwb qna|dwq% Bdwndvnw 9??8 @QBQ li|i iwn ~qnl |d lnqawogn w~wi` md~qnmd`l

oeadbn qd~wanq loffnwne|oi|oeh fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"

nbs`dbne|% Foei`` |mn qna|ode iqqnqqnq |mn obsia| df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode de oeadbn

loq|wog~|ode% Qna|ode 8%< ddjq i| |mn nffna| df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn de lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq

qn||oeh |mn q|ihn fdw Qna|ode 8%> xmoam nvi`~i|nq |mn adbs`nbne|iw nffna| df iaanqqoeh

qob~`|iend~q` |d bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Qna|ode 8%6 |mne adea`~lnq xo|m sdòa

wnadbbneli|odeq iel qdbn msd|mnqnq igd~| |mn nffna|q df q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne| sdòaonq de

|mn ad~wqn df w~wi` oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode%

9 Siw| df |moq Amis|nw oq giqnl de '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df @igdw Ede"fiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~' gKivonw Nqadgi`; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Vd`~bn 7? E~bgnw 1 Biwam 7339% ss% <??">3=%

9>7

8%7 Oqq~nq iel wnvonx df o|nwi|~wn

\mn adbbde vonx df |mn w~wi` qna|dw ibdeh Snw~voie sdòabijnwq oq |mi| df i qna|dw lwovne

i`bdq| ne|own` g ihwoa~`|~wn% W~wi` oeadbn oq ny~i|nl xo|m fiwb oeadbn iel nvne bdwn

xo|m ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn% \m~q sdòabijnwq vonx sdòaonq |d adbgi| w~wi` sdvnw| iq sdòaonq

|d nemiean fiwb swdl~a|ovo|% Bdq| dffoaoi` wnsdw|q swdl~anl g |mn Snw~voie hdvnwebne| dwg b~`|oì|nwi` oeq|o|~|odeq q~am iq |mn Xdw`l Giej iq xn`` iq d|mnwq xmd mivn qmisnl |mn

Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` sdòa ihneli l~woeh |mn siq| 9> niwq mivn fda~qnl i`bdq| n}a`~qovn`

de ihwoa~`|~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iq |mn xi |d wnl~an w~wi` sdvnw| iel iamonvn q~q|ioeig`n

nadedboa hwdx|m oe w~wi` iwniq% O``~q|wi|odeq df |moq xi df vonxoeh w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode

oea`~ln Xdw`l Giej -9??=/ Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn df Snw~ -9?=6/Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn df

Snw~ -9??1/ iel Véqy~n{ -7333/%

Lnqso|n |moq eiwwdx vonx |mnwn oq hwdxoeh nvolnean oe lnvn`dsoeh wnhodeq |mi| |mn

w~wi` qna|dw oq b~am bdwn |mie k~q| fiwboeh% Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ q~bbiwo{n |mn nvolneanwnhiwloeh |mn ei|~wn obsdw|iean ln|nwboeie|q iel nffna|q de fiwb md~qnmd`lq df w~wi` ede"

fiwb ia|ovo| oe lnvn`dsoeh wnhodeq% \mn qmdx |mn hwdxoeh obsdw|iean df w~wi` ede"fiwb

ia|ovo| |mi| iaad~e|q fdw wd~hm` 7> snwane| df nbs`dbne| iel iq b~am iq <3 snwane| df |mn

oeadbnq hnenwi|nl oe w~wi` @i|oe Ibnwoai% Li|i fwdb d|mnw wnhodeq df |mn xdw`l qmdxq i`qd

qo{ig`n oeadbn qmiwnq fdw |mn ede"fiwb w~wi` qna|dw -17 snwane| oe Iqoi iel <7 snwane| oe

Ifwoai/% Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ i`qd qmdx |mi| i`|md~hm |mn si||nwe df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode

gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq viwonq qmiws` iawdqq wnhodeq o| oq a`niw` òejnl |d |mn

iqqn|q dw neldxbne|q df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Xmnwn biwjn|q df|ne ld ed| dsnwi|n oe i adbsn|o|ovndw nffoaone| xi snwqdei` iel oeq|o|~|odei` adeq|wioe|q aie sì ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh

siw|oaosi|ode oe ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% Md~qnmd`l xni`|m swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn| neldxbne|q

iel wnhodei` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq ihwdaòbi|n aie sì i awo|oai` wd`n iq |mn bi nemiean dw

moelnw |mn swdfo|igoò| df |mn md~qnmd`l neldxbne| giqn%

\mn o|nwi|~wn miq i`qd nq|igòqmnl |mi| |mn adbsdqo|ode df w~wi` oeadbnq amiehnq viwonq

xo|m xni`|m ‑ xmn|mnw iei`{nl i| |mn oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l dw wnhodei` nvn` "fdw wnhodeq iel

ad~e|wonq% \moq wnì|odeqmos oq adelo|odenl g aiqm dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|q iq xn`` iq iaanqq |d

oefwiq|w~a|~wn% \mi| n}sìoeq fdw n}ibs`n xm ny~i`` sddw iwniq q~am iq Xnq| Ifwoai ielQd~|m Iqoi loffnw oe |mn adbsdqo|ode df |mnow w~wi` ede"fiwb oeadbnq%

Bie q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq niwe bdwn

fwdb dxe"fiwboeh |mie ie d|mnw oeadbn qd~wan% \moq oq |mn aiqn df bdq| q|~lonq wnsdw|nl oe

Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/ Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=g/ iel Wniwlde

-9??8/% De` oe i fnx ad~e|wonq xnwn ìel`nqq sniqie|q adeq|o|~|n i qo{ig`n sds~ì|ode oq |mn

obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb oeadbnq hwni|nw |mie dxe"fiwb oeadbn%

Bdwndvnw oe |mndw |mn f~ea|odei` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode df dff"fiwb oeadbn loffnwq dvnw

md~qnmd`lq iel wnhodeq% Mdxnvnw |mnwn oq i lniw|m df li|i |d n}s`dwn |moq nbsowoai`` iel iqWniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ ed|n fnx q|~lonq loq|oeh~oqm ede"fiwb xihn"oeadbn iel qn`f"

\mn Wd`n df S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q

9>1

nbs`dbne| oeadbn xo|moe ede"fiwb oeadbn% Mdxnvnw |mn nvolnean |mn b~q|nw qmdxq |mi|

ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oq b~am bdwn obsdw|ie| |mie fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn

siw|oa~ìw` oe Ifwoai -iel `nqq qmiws` oe Iqoi iel @i|oe Ibnwoai/ i`|md~hm |mn sddwnw

md~qnmd`lq |nel |d gn |mn bioe denq |d ~elnw|ijn fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel |mn fiwb xihn

|nelq |d gn gn`dx |mn ede"fiwb xihn% \mnwn oq i`qd qdbn nvolnean |mi| |mnwn bi gn i qnhbne|nlw~wi` igdw biwjn| iel |mi| |mnwn iwn qdbn aiqnq -wnì|nl |d mohm` qjo``nl ia|ovo|onq/ fdw xmoam

|mn ihwoa~`|~wn xihn bi gn mohmnw |mie |mn ivnwihn ede"fiwb xihn%

Bdq| iei`qnq de oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn i g"swdl~a| df |mn o|nwi|~wn

de w~wi` sdvnw|% Q|~lonq de sdvnw| q~am iq |mi| df Bdeaili -9??6/ dw Xdw`l Giej -9???/

mivn qmdxe |mi| i o||`n bdwn |mie mi`f df |mn Snw~voie sds~ì|ode " wd~hm` 9< bo`òde " aie gn

adeqolnwnl iq sddw% Wnhodei` loqsiwo|onq iwn ìwhn iel oeawniqoeh% Bdq| wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw|

daa~wwoeh oe |mn siq| lnailn daa~wwnl oe de` |xd {denq |mi| iwn gd|m ~wgie; oe |mn aiso|i`

@obi iel oe |mn ~wgie Qonwwi -bd~e|ioe {den/% W~wi` Snw~ bioe|ioeq i mohm sdvnw| wi|n; |xddf nvnw |mwnn w~wi` oemigo|ie|q iwn sddw% Hde{é`nq Ln Dìw|n -9??6/ iel Nqadgi` n| i`% -9??=/

ibdeh d|mnwq mivn qmdxe |mi| |moq sdvnw| swdfo`n aie gn n}sìoenl g |mn loq|oea| wnhodei`

i``dai|ode df m~bie smqoai` foeieaoi` iel dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q iq xn`` iq |mn neldxbne| df

s~gòa hddlq% O| oq òjn` |mi| anw|ioe adbgoei|odeq df s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q bi nemiean

|mn dssdw|~eo|onq df |mn w~wi` sddw |d lovnwqof oeadbnq iel i| |mn qibn |obn ivio` |mnbqn`vnq

df mohmnw"qjo``nl iel gn||nw"siol w~wi` kdgq%

Qnvnwi` q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mn obsdw|iean df dff"fiwb dw bdwn swnaoqn` ede"fiwb

ia|ovo|onq oe w~wi` Snw~% Foh~nwdi -9?=?/ q|~l df nohm| w~wi` adbb~eo|onq oe |mn ane|wi` ielqd~|mnwe Qonwwi adea`~lnl |mi| ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq -iq ed|nl igdvn |mdqn ia|ovo|onq d~|qoln df

dxe"fiwboeh iel fiwb xihn nbs`dbne|/ iaad~e| fdw iq b~am iq 18 snwane| df |d|i` oeadbn%

Hde{é`nq Ln Dìw|n -9??6/ qmdxnl fdw qnvnwi` adbb~eo|onq df |mn edw|mnwe Qonwwi |mi| bdwn

|mie <3 snwane| df en| oeadbn adbnq fwdb ede"fiwb qd~wanq%

Mdxnvnw |mn Snw~voie ò|nwi|~wn ìajq i ln|io`nl iei`qoq df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mnqn

ede"fiwb oeadbn si||nweq iel |mn wd`nq |mi| jn s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q sì oe ln|nwboeoeh

|mnb% Qdbn wnqniwam mdxnvnw miq fda~qnl de |mn nffna| df qsnaofoa iqqn|q q~am iq m~bie

aiso|i` swdl~a|ovn aiso|i` dw foeieaoi` aiso|i` de oeadbnq iel nbs`dbne| lovnwqofoai|ode oew~wi` Snw~% Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/ iel Vi`lovoi -9??=/ sdoe| d~| |mn obsdw|iean df fibo`

qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode iq xn`` iq fiwb qo{n de xihn nbs`dbne| iel niweoehq oe w~wi` Snw~%

Vi`lovoi -9??8/ iel \wovn`ò -9??8/ n}iboen mdx awnlo| adeq|wioe|q qmisn |mn oeadbn q|wi|nhonq

df w~wi` lxn``nwq% qoeh i q|ieliwl md~qnmd`l bdln` |mn qmdx |mi| awnlo| ivioìgoò| aie gn

ie i`|nwei|ovn |d nbs`dbne| lovnwqofoai|ode |d qbdd|m enhi|ovn olodqeawi|oa qmdajq% Kiadg

-9??1/ Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/ iel @iq{`d -7333/ mivn lnvn`dsnl fdwbi` bdln`q |d

iei`{n swdl~anw"adeq~bnw md~qnmd`l igdw q~ss` gnmivodw% Xmo`n Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/

mivn giqnl |mnow nq|obi|odeq oe i q|ieliwl ihwoa~`|~wi` md~qnmd`l bdln` xmnwn |mn qnsiwigoò|df adeq~bs|ode iel swdl~a|ode lnaoqodeq md`l Kiadg -9??1/ lnvn`dsnl i bdwn q|w~a|~wi`

Amis|nw 8

9><

isswdiam |d nq|obi|n |mn dssdw|~eo| adq| df |obn dw qmildx xihnq df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`l

xdwjnwq% @iq{`d -7333/ n}iboenl igdw q~ss` gnmivodw oe ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| oe w~wi`

Snw~ iel qmdxnl |mi| |mn ìgdw biwjn| eno|mnw ~eoy~n` edw swobiwo` ln|nwboenq md~qnmd`l

niweoehq% Fd``dxoeh ie isswdiam oeqsownl g Fwoqam lnbiel iei`qoq |mn i~|mdw adea`~lnq

|mi| bdwn nl~ai|ode oq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m i mohmnw swdgigoò| df nehihoeh oe |mnqn ia|ovo|onq g~|ldnq ò||`n |d ade|wog~|n |d hwni|nw ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| swdfo|igoò|%

\mn ln|nwboeie|q df siw|oaosi|ode oe iel wn|~weq |d w~wi` ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq oea`~ln |mn

md~qnmd`l‟q iqqn| neldxbne| -y~ie|o| iel y~iò|/ iel o|q iaanqq |d s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq

iq qmdxe oe viwod~q q|~lonq q~am iq Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -9??6/

iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/% Fdw siw|oa~ìw ia|ovo|onq q~am iq qjo``nl kdgq siw|oa~ìw iqqn|q

iwn obsdw|ie| q~am iq nl~ai|ode% Qdbn md~qnmd`lq iwn 's~qmnl' |d lovnwqof |mnow ia|ovo|onq

dff"fiwb of k~q| |d adsn xo|m n}|nwei` qmdajq |d |mnow dxe fiwboeh -q~am iq fwdb lwd~hm| dw i

q|nns lnaòen oe fiwbhi|n swoanq/% Dw md~qnmd`lq bi gn 's~``nl' oe|d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|gnai~qn o| df|ne siq bdwn |mie fiwboeh iel hnenwi|nq aiqm%

I q|ieliwl w~wi` md~qnmd`l bdln` df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode -fdw

no|mnw s~qm dw s~`` wniqdeq/ miq |mn fd``dxoeh fni|~wnq if|nw Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -9??6/%

\mn md~qnmd`l swdg`nb oq |d bi}obo{n o|q ~|oò| q~gkna| |d qnvnwi` adeq|wioe|q: ibdeh |mnb;

9/ i aiqm adeq|wioe| 7/ swdl~a|ode |named`dhonq fdw dxe"fiwboeh iel ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne|

ia|ovo|onq: 1/ n}dhned~q nffna|ovn swoanq fdw |wilig`nq: </ ie ny~oògwo~b adelo|ode fdw qn`f"

q~ffoaonea df fiwb swdl~a|ode: iel >/ ie ny~oògwo~b adelo|ode fdw fibo` ìgdw% Fowq|"dwlnw

adelo|odeq df |moq |sn df bdln` hovn i qq|nb df fia|dw q~ss` iel lnbiel f~ea|odeq xmoamoe |~we snwbo| |mn ln|nwboei|ode df |mn ìgdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dwq

iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne|%

Wnl~anl fdwb ny~i|odeq fdw |mn bdln` mivn |mn fd``dxoeh fdwb;

xmnwn Qok

wnswnqne|q |mn en| oeadbn qmiwnq adboeh fwdb fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq iq

xn`` iq qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne|: s oq |mn vna|dw df n}dhned~q oes~| iel d~|s~|

swoanq: iel |mn { vna|dwq iwn |mn loffnwne| fo}nl iqqn|q |mi| iwn ivioìg`n |d |mn md~qnmd`l% [ih

wnswnqne|q |mn fo}nl fiwb iqqn|q -q~am iq ìel dw ai||`n/: {eih

wnswnqne|q fo}nl ede"fiwb iqqn|q

q~am iq n}snwonean oe awif|q dw |wiln: {j

wnswnqne|q d|mnw jn foeieaoi` iqqn|q |mi| fiaoò|i|n

iaanqq |d awnlo|: {m

oq |mn vna|dw df m~bie aiso|i` oea`~loeh fibo` qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode -g

ihn iel hnelnw/ iq xn`` iq nl~ai|ode: {s~

oq |mn vna|dw df jn s~gòa iqqn|q q~am n`na|woao|

wdilq qnxihn dw lwoejoeh xi|nw: foei`` {hoea`~lnq d|mnw jn iqqn|q wnì|nl |d amiwia|nwoq|oaq

df |mn iwni -ihwdaòbi|n ìel y~iò| n|a%/%

@dsn{ -9?=6/ qmdxnl |mi| of |obn i``dai|odeq gn|xnne de"fiwb iel dff"fiwb mivn

loffnwne| ~|oò| adeed|i|odeq dw of |mnwn oq adbb~|oeh |obn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dff"fiwb xdwj |mnqmildx swoan df de"fiwb xdwj oq neldhned~q` ln|nwboenl xo|moe |mn md~qnmd`l% Of |moq oq qd

9>>

swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq iwn ede"qnsiwig`n iel xn aie |mnwnfdwn n}sna| |d foel

md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq iffna|oeh ìgdw i``dai|ode lnaoqodeq% \moq oq |mn wniqde xm oeadbn

lovnwqofoai|ode ny~i|odeq mivn |mn qsnaofoa fdwb lnsoa|nl igdvn%

Lovnwqofoai|ode df oeadbn qd~wanq bi gn wnì|nl |d 's~``' dw 's~qm' fia|dwq loqa~qqnl

igdvn% O| bi gn òbo|nl g aiqm dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|q dw g hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe ieaiqn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq xo`` |nel |d gn loffnwne| fdw |mn sddwnq| iq adbsiwnl |d |mn

woamnq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Wniwlde -9??8/ qmdxq |mi| |mn ede"fiwb oeadbn qmiwn oq b~am ìwhnw

fdw woam |mie fdw sddw w~wi` Ifwoaie md~qnmd`lq% Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ qmdx |mi| |moq oq |mn aiqn

oe qnvnwi` @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq iq Iwhne|oei iel Bn}oad iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/

qmdx |moq fdw Na~ildw% Fdw Iqoie ad~e|wonq mdxnvnw Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ qmdx |mi| |mn

nvolnean oq qdbnxmi| bo}nl xo|m qdbn iwniq oe Oeloi iel Sijoq|ie mivoeh i qbi``nw qmiwn df

ede"fiwb oeadbn fdw |mn xni`|monq| md~qnmd`lq%

Hovne |mn obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb oeadbn oe w~wi` iwniq df bdq| lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq|mn y~nq|ode df xmn|mnw iel ~elnw xmi| adelo|odeq ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| oeawniqnq dw lnawniqnq

dvnwi`` w~wi` oeny~iò| oq i`qd ie obsdw|ie| oqq~n% Iq Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ sdoe| d~| |mn

iqqnw|ode |mi| ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| wnl~anq oeadbn oeny~iò| oq giqnl de |mwnn nbsowoai`

iqq~bs|odeq; '…-9/ |mi| |mn oeadbn awni|nl g q~am ia|ovo|onq oq ìwhn ned~hm |d oef`~nean |mn

w~wi` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode -xmoam oq iq ed|nl igdvn i wniqdeig`n iqq~bs|ode oe bdq| lnvn`dsoeh

iwniq/: -7/ |mi| ede"fiwb oeadbn oq ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl -ie oeadbn qd~wan |mi| oq snwfna|`

ny~i`` loq|wog~|nl g lnfoeo|ode aieed| i`|nw |mn loq|wog~|ode df |d|i` oeadbn/: iel -1/ |mi|

|moq ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl oeadbn qd~wan fivd~wq |mn sddw'% \mn swnqne| nvolnean |mi| edendf |mn dff"fiwb nbs`dbne| qd~wanq enanqqiwo` wnl~anq w~wi` oeny~iò|% Qoean oelovol~i`

iqqn| md`loehq iq xn`` iq s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oef`~nean ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| |mn

loq|wog~|ode df |mnqn iqqn|q sìq ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe w~wi` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq xn`` iq |mn

oeaolnean df q~am nbs`dbne|% Mnean fdw n}ibs`n |mn loq|wog~|ode df nl~ai|ode aie oef`~nean

oeadbn loq|wog~|ode |mwd~hm o|q nffna| de md~qnmd`lq‟ iaanqq |d xn`` sioeh ede"fiwb

nbs`dbne|%

8%1 Si||nweq df oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ds|odeq fdw w~wi` Snw~

8%1%9 \mn li|i

\mn li|i de ìgdw i``dai|ode adbn fwdb |mwnn ei|odei` q~wvnq adel~a|nl gn|xnne 9?=> iel

9??8% \mnqn q~wvnq iwn md~qnmd`l q~wvnq qoboìw |d |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq

-@QBQ/ adel~a|nl g |mn Xdw`l Giej oe viwod~q lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq% \mnqn q~wvnq swdvoln

i qibsòeh fwibnxdwj |mi| iqq~wnq |mi| |mn iwn q|i|oq|oai`` wnswnqne|i|ovn df ~wgie iel w~wi`

Snw~ i| |mn wnhodei` nvn` -o%n% fdw |mn Adq|i Qonwwi iel Qn`vi wnhodeq/% \moq amis|nw ~qnq de`

|mn w~wi` qibs`n adbswoqoeh 77=< md~qnmd`lq oe |mn 9?=>"9?=6 q~wvn 911= md~qnmd`lq oe

|mn 9??< q~wvn iel 99?9 oe |mn 9??8 q~wvn% \mn |mwnn q~wvnq bioe|ioenl |mn qibn fdwbi|%\m~q adeq~bs|ode iel ìgdw |obn i``dai|ode li|i aie gn adbsiwnl dvnw |mn q~wvnq% Ed|n

Amis|nw 8

9>6

|mi| |mn 9??6 @QBQ q~wvn xiq ed| oea`~lnl oe d~w iei`qoq l~n |d |mn qbi`` w~wi` qibs`n

qo{n% \mn li|i de en| oeadbn adbn fwdb |mn 9??8 @QBQ q~wvn xmoam xiq |mn de` den df |mn

q~wvnq |mi| oea`~lnl i`` qd~wanq df oeadbn% I`|md~hm |mn @QBQ y~nq|odeeiown oq deh q~wvn

y~iò| oq iqq~wnl |mwd~hm |xd voqo|q |d |mn md~qnmd`lq iel lowna|oeh loffnwne| siw|q df |mn

y~nq|odeeiown |d |mn isswdswoi|n md~qnmd`l bnbgnw% \mn q~wvnq hnenwi|nl ln|io`nl li|i deswobiw iel qnadeliw xihn"nbs`dbne| iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq% I`|md~hm o| oq

qdbn|obnq loffoa~`| |d ~qn li|i fwdb ei|odexoln b~`|o|dsoa q~wvnq |d bniq~wn oeadbn iel

n}snelo|~wnq -l~n |d swdg`nbq wnì|nl |d obs~|i|ode wnai`` iel qniqdeiò| df ia|ovo|onq ibdeh

d|mnw ami``nehnq/ |mn nvd`~|ode df n}snelo|~wnq gn|xnne 9?=> iel 9??8 iq bniq~wnl g |mn

Snw~ @QBQ q~wvnq |wiajq xn`` |mn li|i fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Iaad~e|q% Bdwndvnw Lni|de -9??8/

ed|nq |mi| @QBQ q~wvn oeadbn iel n}snelo|~wn li|i iwn df hnenwi`` hddl y~iò|% \mn oeadbn

bdl~`n df |mn q~wvn ~qnq ie oeadbn wnai`` fdw |mn |xn`vn bde|mq swodw |d |mn q~wvn% Oeadbn

li|i oea`~ln gd|m swobiw iel qnadeliw qd~wanq%Xn lovoln oeadbn oe|d nohm| ai|nhdwonq lnsneloeh de xmn|mnw |mn oeadbn oq hnenwi|nl

g; -9/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| dw xihn"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq: g/ fiwb dw ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq:

iel a/ qjo``nl dw ~eqjo``nl ìgdw ia|ovo|onq% Qn`f"nbs`dbne| oq lnfoenl iq ia|ovo| |mi| ldnq

ed| hnenwi|n xihn dw qiìw niweoehq% Qn`f"nbs`dbne| |soai`` oea`~lnq sn|| adbbnwan

mieloawif| bie~fia|~wn iel biamoenw wnsiow iel wne|i`% Qjo``nl ìgdw nbs`dbne| oea`~lnq

|mn 'swdfnqqodei`q' q~am iq |niamoeh fdwbi` adbbnwan iel nbs`dbne| iq boò|iw dffoanwq%

êqjo``nl igdw oea`~lnq fdw n}ibs`n ~eqjo``nl dsnwi|dwq df qobs`n biamoenq ~eqjo``nl qd`lonw%

\mn li|i si||nweq iel wnhwnqqodeq xnohm| |mn md~qnmd`l dgqnwvi|odeq g |mn swdgigoò|df |mn md~qnmd`l fi`òeh oe |mn qibs`n fwibn gnai~qn |mn dgqnwvi|odeq adbn fwdb i q|wi|ofonl

wieldb qibs`n% \mn w~wi` iwni xiq fowq| lovolnl oe qnhbne|q -Adq|i Qonwwi iel k~eh`n/ iel niam

qnhbne| xiq f~w|mnw lovolnl oe|d a`~q|nwq -i g~el`n df hndhwismoai`` ade|oe~d~q md~qnmd`lq/%

8%1%7 \obn i``dai|ode iel oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb

qna|dw ia|ovo|onq oe w~wi` iwniq

W~wi` md~qnmd`l ìgdw |obn i``dai|ode dvnw ia|ovo|onq amiehnl dvnw |mn siq| lnailn xo|m ie

issiwne| wnì|ode |d |mn nadedboa aa`n% \ig`n 8%9 qmdxq |mi| gn|xnne 9?=>"9?=6 iel 9??<|mnwn xiq i iwhn oeawniqn oe ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| xo|m i ed|ig`n qmof| fwdb dxe"fiwboeh%

\mn biawdnadedboa q|igoò{i|ode swdhwib oe sìan qoean 9??3 oeo|oi`` m~w| |mn fiwb qna|dw%

Wni` fiwbhi|n swoanq fdw bdq| awdsq lnaòenl q~gq|ie|oi`` l~woeh |mn 9??3q wnl~aoeh |mn

swdfo|igoò| df fiwb qna|dw igdw% Md~qnmd`lq oeawniqnl |mn qmiwn df |d|i` igdw |obn i``dai|nl

|d ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| 9> snwane| |d 7> snwane| iel |mn qmiwn df ìgdw |d ede"fiwb

xihn"nbs`dbne| xne| fwdb 93 snwane| |d i`bdq| 91 snwane|% \mn obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb

qn`f"nbs`dbne| xiq bioe|ioenl if|nw |mn ilk~q|bne| awoqoq issiwne|` gnai~qn |mn wnì|ovn

wn|~we |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo| mil obswdvnl xo|m |mn ilk~q|bne| iel gnai~qn df q~gq|ie|oiòevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq iel n`na|wofoai|ode/ oe |mn bol 9??3q%

9>8

\ig`n 8%9 @igdw i``dai|ode df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq

9?=>"9?=6 9??< 9??8

Qn`f"nbs`dybne| ?3%<. =8%<. ?3%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 8>%=. 67%1. 6<%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9<%6. 7>%9. 7>%=.

Xihn"nbs`dybne| ?%6. 97%6. ?%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq <%1. 6%7. <%=.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq >%1. 6%>. <%8.


\ig`n 8%7 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe ìgdw i``dai|ode% Snw~ " 9??8

Adq|i Qonwwi Qn`vi W~wi` Snw~

Qn`f"nbs`dybne| =<%8. ?9%>. =?%3. ?3%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 69%1. 66%8. >=%3. 6<%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 71%<. 7<%=. 19%3. 7>%=.

Xihn"nbs`dybne| 9>%1. =%>. 99%3. ?%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ?%8. <%3. >%>. <%=.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq >%6. <%>. >%>. <%8.

\d|i` 933. 933. 933. 933.


Md~qnmd`l ìgdw i``dai|ode si||nweq ld ed| viw b~am dvnw wnhodeq% Xn mil n}sna|nl

|mi| xihn nbs`dbne| xd~`l mivn i hwni|nw qmiwn oe |d|i` fibo` igdw i``dai|ode oe |mn Adq|i

wnhode gnai~qn df i lneqnw wdil en|xdwj iel gn||nw iaanqq |d biwjn|q iel |dxeq% Mdxnvnw

\ig`n 8%7 qmdxq ~qoeh 9??8 @QBQ li|i |mi| |mnwn oq ò||`n loffnwnean dvnw wnhodeq oe |nwbq df

w~wi` md~qnmd`l igdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne| iel gn|xnne

fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn qmiwn df qn`f"nbs`dbne| ìgdw oe |d|i`

ìgdw oe |mn Qonwwiq oq de` 9 snwane| igdvn |mn ei|odei` ivnwihn iel |mi| df |mn Adq|i de` 6snwane| gn`dx%

Bdwndvnw |moq ìaj df qmiws loffnwneanq oe i``dai|ode q|ielq ihioeq| |mn q~gq|ie|oi`

oe|nw"wnhodei` viwoi|ode oe snw"aiso|i md~qnmd`l oeadbnq iq qmdxe oe \ig`n 8%1 xmoam adoeaolnq

xo|m xihn viwoi|ode dvnw wnhodeq -xo|m mohmnw xihnq oe |mn Adq|i wnhode/% \mnqn wnq~`|q ld ed|

q~ssdw| |mn msd|mnqoq df J`noe -9??7/ df adevnwhnean oe xihn wi|nq dvnw `dai|odeq oe @i|oe

Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq iel wi|mnw q~hhnq|q biwjn| qnhbne|i|ode% \ig`n 8%1 i`qd qmdxq |mi| gn|xnne

|mn Adq|i iel Qonwwi wnhodeq igdw swdl~a|ovo| loffnwq qmiws` oe |mn fiwb qna|dw g~| ldnq ed|

loffnw b~am oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw% Loffnwneanq oe |mn ihwd"aòbi|nq iel qo{nq df fiwbq oe |mn|xd wnhodeq n}sìoe |mn fiwb swdl~a|ovo| loffnwnean% Xihnq i`qd loffnw dvnw ìgdw ai|nhdwonq

Amis|nw 8

9>=

l~n iq xn n}s`dwn f~w|mnw gn`dx |d hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel |d md~qnmd`l iel oelovol~i`

iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel n}snwonean% \mn li|i qmdx i swnbo~b df i| `niq| 13 snwane| fdw

qjo``nl ìgdw oe |mn fiwb qna|dw iel >3 snwane| oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw%

\ig`n 8%< qmdxq oeadbnq g qd~wan% \mn li|i q~hhnq| |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq niwe b~am

bdwn fwdb ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| |mie fwdb fiwb xihn dw ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne|%\moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m foeloehq n`qnxmnwn oe @i|oe Ibnwoai q~am iq oe Na~ildw iq wnsdw|nl g

@iekd~x -9???/ iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/% Dxe"fiwb oeadbn oq q|o`` |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|

qd~wan mdxnvnw iel |mi| oq qd fdw bdq| w~wi` Snw~voie md~qnmd`lq gnai~qn bdq| df |mnb dxe

i s`d| iel ìel oq wnì|ovn` nvne` loq|wog~|nl% Xn n}sna| |mi| dff"fiwb oeadbn xd~`l gn

mohmnw oe iwniq |mi| iwn woamnw iel mivn gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn q~am iq |mn Adq|i wnhode%

\ig`n 8%1 Ivnwihn wn|~weq g oeadbn qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ "9??8-^Q, snw xdwjliy/


Qn`f"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%> 3%1 3%6 3%<Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%= 3%8 3%> 3%8

Xihn"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%6 3%8 3%8 3%=Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%6 7 9%9 9%=

\d|i` 9%< 3%> 3%6 3%6


\ig`n 8%< En| oeadbn g qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-^Q, snw aiso|i/


Qn`f"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ia|ovo|onq <>>%> 913%1 96?%8 968

"68%6. "<9%6. ">6%>. "<?%3.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ?8%= 93?%7 8? 939%9

"9<%>. "1<%=. "76%1. "7?%8.

Xihn"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ia|ovo|onq 86%6 96%8 73%6 77%8

"99%<. ">%1. "6%?. "6%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq <<%1 >8%7 19 <?%?

"6%6. "9=%1. "93%1. "9<%6.

\d|i` 68<%7 191%1 133%1 1<3%6"933. "933. "933. "933.

9>?

Q~wswoqoeh` |mn li|i qmdx |mi| |mn qmiwn df xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"fiwb qn`f"

nbs`dbne| oeadbn oq ia|~i`` mohmnw oe |mn sddwnw wnhodeq |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Qn`vi wnhodeq%

\moq q~hhnq|q |mi| lovnwqofoai|ode ªs~qmº fia|dwq iwn obsdw|ie| oe sddwnw wnhodeq iq Wniwlde

n| i`% -9??=i/ foel fdw Ifwoaie ad~e|wonq% Mdxnvnw |mdqn xo|m qjo``nl igdw mivn mohmnw oeadbnq

|mie |mn ~eqjo``nl oe |mn Adq|i ‑ g~| ed| oe |mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi wnhodeq% \mi| q~hhnq|q wnì|ovn~elnwlnvn`dsbne| df |mn ìgdw biwjn|q oe |mnqn |xd wnhodeq%

8%1%1 Oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode viwoi|ode dvnw oeadbn q|wi|i

Oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode viwonq oe n}|ne| iel ei|~wn xo|m md~qnmd`l xni`|m% Sddwnw md~qnmd`lq

|nel |d adeane|wi|n de |mn `dxnw"si niq"ne|w ihwoa~`|~wi` igdw biwjn| iel nqq de qjo``nl

ìgdw"oe|neqovn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne|% \moq oq

l~n |d |mnow qaie| nl~ai|ode iel awnlo| iel aiqm adeq|wioe|q% G ade|wiq| mohmnw oeadbn w~wi`

md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn nl~ai|ode iel fnxnw aiqm adeq|wioe|q |nel |d s~wq~n ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq q~am iq mieloawif|q adbbnwan |dd`q iel biamoenw wnsiow iel

ihwd"swdanqqoeh% \ig`n 8%> qmdxq |mi| nvne |md~hm b~am df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn ìgdw oq

q~ssònl g |mn sddwnq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |moq oq ed| |w~n df |mn ede"fiwb xihn ìgdw biwjn|

l~n |d |mn qjo``q wny~ownl fdw |mn ì||nw%

Lnqso|n |mnqn md~qnmd`l"xni`|m loffnwne|oi|nl si||nweq |mn obsia| df ede"fiwb

nbs`dbne| de |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oq ibgoh~d~q% \ig`n 8%6 qmdxq Hoeo iel sqn~ld"Hoeo

adnffoaone|q fdw |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn iel fdw |mn bioe w~wi` oeadbn qd~wanq% Hoeo adnffoaone|q

mivn gnne aià~ì|nl ~qoeh i`` md~qnmd`lq fdw xmoam i siw|oa~ìw oeadbn qd~wan xiq ivioìg`n%Oe ade|wiq| sqn~ld"Hoeo adnffoaone|q xnwn aià~ì|nl fdw |mn f~`` qibs`n%

\mn sqn~ld"Hoeoq qmdx |mi| i`` oeadbn qd~wanq iwn bdwn ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl |mie

|d|i` w~wi` oeadbn% Fd``dxoeh Qmdwwdajq -9?=1/ xn lnadbsdqnl |mn Hoeo df |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn

oe|d o|q fia|dw adbsdene|q -Qj/% D~w lnadbsdqo|ode w~`n adeqolnwq |mn wnì|ovn obsdw|iean df

niam oeadbn qd~wan |mn si||nwe df oeny~iò| df niam oeadbn qd~wan -bniq~wnl g |mn sqn~ld

Hoeo adnffoaone|/ iel |mn adwwnì|ode gn|xnne loffnwne| oeadbn qd~wanq%

Xmnwn O -_j/ |mn 'sqn~ld"Hoeo' vi`~n fdw oeadbn adbsdene| j aie gn adbs~|nl iq fd``dxq;

¾ gnoeh |mn bnie vi`~n df _%

^qoeh |moq oeadbn lnadbsdqo|ode bn|mdl xn aie qmdx |mi| oeadbnq adboeh fwdb

xihn"nbs`dbne| iwn obsdw|ie| ned~hm |d iaad~e| fdw ~s |d <> snwane| df oeadbn oeny~iò|%

Xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn oq wnì|ovn` ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl -qmdxoeh sqn~ld"Hoeoq df 3%?7

iel 3%88 fdw fiwb iel ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbnq wnqsna|ovn`/ g~| ldnq ed| issniw|d fivdw |mn sddw gnai~qn |mn iwn siw|oaosi|oeh bioe` oe |mn `dx"xihn fiwb ìgdw%

Amis|nw 8

963

\moq bi q~hhnq| |mi| |mn ede"fiwb xihn ìgdw biwjn| ia|~i`` oeawniqnq oeadbn

oeny~iò|% Mdxnvnw Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ ed|n |mi| of ie oelovol~i` qd~wan df oeadbn oq bdwn

~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl |mie dvnwi`` oeadbn |mi| ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` obs` |mi| |moq qd~wan oq

ade|wog~|oeh |d dvnwi`` oeadbn oeny~iò|% \m~q xn b~q| ed|n |mi| |moq lnadbsdqo|ode n}nwaoqn

ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` obs` ie ai~qi` òej% Fdw n}ibs`n o| oq sdqqog`n |mi| of |mdqn xmd iwna~wwne|` nbs`dnl oe |mn ede"ihwoa~`|~wn xihn"nbs`dbne| qna|dw xnwn nehihnl oe qdbn

i`|nwei|n nbs`dbne| ia|ovo| q~am iq ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| |mne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn

wi|nq bohm| gn `dxnw iel dvnwi`` oeadbn oeny~iò| ad~`l ia|~i`` woqn% Qd |mne wi|mnw |mie

wioqoeh oeny~iò| |mn ede"ihwoa~`|~wn xihn"nbs`dbne| qna|dw ad~`l ia|~i`` gn jnnsoeh

oeny~iò| fwdb woqoeh nvne f~w|mnw% Mdxnvnw |mn qnhbne|nl ei|~wn df w~wi` biwjn|q bi xn``

swnvne| |moq nffna|% \moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mi| wnsdw|nl g Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/

iel J`noe -9??7/% Of |mi| oq qd giqnl de |mn oe|nw"q|wi|i loffnwneanq loqa~qqnl igdvn xn aie

bioe|ioe d~w aìob |mi| w~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq iwn ade|wog~|oeh vnw o||`n dwed|moeh |d wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn oeny~iò|%

\ig`n 8%> En| oeadbn loq|wog~|ode g y~oe|o`n% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-Wdx Snwane|ihnq/

Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Oeadbn; Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Oeadbn;

Y~oe|o`n Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` -7/*-1/*-</

"9 "7 "1 "<

O 83%>. 73%3. <%>. <%?. 7?%>.OO 67%=. 9?%8. 97%=. <%8. 18%7.OOO >=%9. 77%7. 97%6. 8%7. <9%?.OV <6%?. 7?%9. 93%3. 9<%3. >1%9.V <>%>. 17%=. <%9. 98%6. ><%>.W~wi` Snw~ <?%3. 7?%8. 6%8. 9<%6. >9%3.

Ed|n; Y~oe|o`nq iwn dwlnwnl oe oeawniqoeh snw aiso|i oeadbn |nwbqQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n 8%6 Oeadbn oeny~iò| lnadbsdqo|ode g oeadbn qd~wan- O oeo Oeln}/

Qd~wanq Hoeo Sqn~ld Hoeo Ade|wog~|ode Hoeo-./ lnadbsdqo|ode

Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%><98 3%?76< 8%31 3%391>Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%6838 3%8977 <8%=7 3%7?88Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%>7?? 3%?7<? 99%>1 3%3987Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%69> 3%8811 11%67 3%7<=6\d|i` 3%>88 3%>88 933 3%>88

Ed|n; Hoeo adnffoaone| oq aià~ì|nl adeqolnwoeh de` |mdqn xmd siw|oaosi|n oe ie ia|ovo| xmo`n sqn~ld"Hoeo%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

969

8%< Bdlnòeh oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq; |mn wd`n df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

Fd``dxoeh |mn adeans|~i` bdln` swnqne|nl oe Qna|ode 8%7 xn lovoln w~wi` oeadbn qd~wanq oe|d

|mn fd``dxoeh qo} ai|nhdwonq; -9/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| ~eqjo``nl ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: -7/ qn`f"

nbs`dbne| qjo``nl ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: -1/ xihn"nbs`dbne| ~eqjo``nl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`

ia|ovo|onq: -</ xihn"nbs`dbne| qjo``nl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: ->/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq -qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl/: -6/ xihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq

-qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl/% Mdxnvnw xn kdoenl qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"

ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq iq xn`` iq qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl xihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq

gnai~qn xn lol ed| foel a`niw loffnwneanq oe |mnow si||nweq%

\mn ny~i|odeq nq|obi|nl xnwn |mdqn wnswnqne|oeh |mn qmiwn df |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn oe niam

df |mn igdvn fd~w oeadbn qd~wanq% \mn nq|obi|ode bn|mdl oq \dgo| ld~g`n"aneqdwnl nq|obi|ode%

\mn ny~i|odeq xnwn nq|obi|nl iq i qq|nb lwdssoeh |mn ìq| ny~i|ode iq oeadbn qmiwnq b~q|

q~b |d den%\mn ln|nwboeie|q oea`~ln; -9/ `dai|ode viwoig`nq -wnhodei` l~bb viwoig`nq wnhodei`

ìel swdl~a|ovo| iel dai` biwjn| qo{n/: -7/ m~bie aiso|i` viwoig`nq -fibo` qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode

ihn hnelnw iel niwq df qamddòeh/: -1/ s~gòa iqqn|q -iaanqq |d n`na|woao| iel wdilq isswd}obi|nl

g |mn loq|iean |d biwjn|/: -</ ihwoa~`|~wn"qsnaofoa iqqn|q -ìel iel ai||`n/: ->/ ede"ihwoa~`|~wn"

qsnaofoa iqqn|q -xihn ìgdw n}snwonean/: -6/ foeieaoi` iqqn|q -iaanqq |d awnlo|/% Foei`` wnhodei`

l~bbonq xnwn sìanl oe |mn nq|obi|ode oe dwlnw |d ade|wd` fdw wnhodei` swoan viwoi|odeq%

\ig`n 8%8 qmdxq wnq~`|q% \mn |ig`n qmdxq |mn e~bgnw df `nf|" iel wohm|"aneqdwnl

dgqnwvi|odeq oe niam ny~i|ode iq xn`` iq i òjnòmddl"wi|od |nq| iq i hddlenqq"df"fo| oeloai|dw%

Ed|n |mi| i`` ny~i|odeq fo| |mn li|i wniqdeig` xn``% F~w|mnwbdwn ie obsdw|ie| e~bgnw df

dgqnwvi|odeq -dvnw |xd"|mowlq/ iwn no|mnw nf|" dw wohm|"aneqdwnl k~q|ofoeh |mn nq|obi|ode bn|mdl%

\ig`n 8%8 qmdxq |mi| dai|ode iel dxenwqmos df swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q oq i jn ln|nwboeie|

df md~qnmd`l oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~% Fdw n}ibs`n oe sddw ihwoa~`|~wi` {denq

|nel |d gn dxnw qmiwnq df ede"fiwb oeadbnq iel qjo``nl dxe"fiwboeh oeadbnq oe |d|i` oeadbnq%

Oe nffna| |mn mohmnw |mn ìel swdl~a|ovo| df |mn loq|woa| mnean |mn q|wdehnw |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`

qna|dw |mn hwni|nw iwn ede"fiwb oeadbn qmiwnq oe dvnwi`` oeadbnq%

Iq n}sna|nl |mn dxenwqmos df fo}nl ihwoa~`|~wi` iqqn|q oeawniqnq |mn qmiwn df dxe"

fiwb oeadbn oe |d|i` md~qnmd`l oeadbn iel wnl~anq |mn ennl fdw ~elnw|ijoeh xihn"nbs`dbne|oe |mn fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dwq% Awnlo| iaanqq oq i`qd i jn ln|nwboeie| df qn`f"nbs`dbne|

-xmn|mnw oe fiwb dw |mn ede"fiwb qna|dwq/% Mdxnvnw o| qmd~`l gn ed|nl |mi| ede"fiwb oeadbn

qd~wanq wnì} |mn aiqm adeq|wioe| iq q~gq|o|~|nq fdw awnlo| dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|%

Ied|mnw jn iqqn| iffna|oeh oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode qd~wanq oq m~bie aiso|i`% \mn nffna|

df nl~ai|ode oq vnw a`niw; |mn mohmnw |mn nl~ai|ode `nvn` |mn `dxnw |mn oeane|ovn |d dg|ioe

oeadbn fwdb dxe"fiwboeh iel |mn hwni|nw |mn oeane|ovn |d adbbo| |obn |d ede"fiwb qn`f"

nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq iq xn`` iq ede"fiwb -g~| ed| ihwoa~`|~wi`/ xihn"nbs`dbne|%

O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| xn mivn ed| fd~el ie hnelnw goiq oe |mn oeadbnlovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq df w~wi` lxn``nwq oe Snw~% \moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn nvolnean qmdxe

Amis|nw 8

967

g Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/|mi| nvne |md~hm |mnwn n}oq| hnelnw wd`nq oe fiwboeh |mnwn oq ed

nvolnean df hnelnw loqawoboei|ode oe Snw~voie w~wi` ìgdw biwjn|q%

Foei`` |mn wd`n df qdbn jn s~gòa iqqn|q q~am iq w~wi` n`na|wofoai|ode iel wdilq oq

a`niw` qmdxe oe d~w wnq~`|q% Iaanqq |d |mnqn s~gòa iqqn|q wioqnq |mn swdfo|igoò| df gd|m fiwb

iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq g~| nqsnaoi`` df ede"fiwb g~qoenqqnq%

Fibo` qo{n 3%319 + "3%33< 3%3<1 "3%768 +++ "3%377 3%316-9%8/ -3%7/ -9%6/ -1%=/ -3%?/ -3%?/

Ihn df md~qnmd`l mnil 3%337 3%331 "3%337 3%33> "3%339 3%337-3%?/ -9%7/ -3%6/ -3%8/ -3%1/ -3%1/

Hnelnw df md~qnmd`l mnil 3%39 3%769 "3%9?7 3%=91 "3%3<> 3%7>9-3%9/ -9%</ -"3%?/ -9%9/ -3%7/ -3%=/

_niwq df nl~ai|ode -ivnwihn/ "3%?> +++ "3%>17 9%>8> +++ <%181 +++ 7%78< +++ "3%787-1%3/ -9%</ -1%</ -<%1/ ->%7/ -3%</

@igdw N}snwonean -niwq/ 3%397 3%99 +++ 3%3<9 3%73? +++ "3%338 "3%9<9-9%9/ -7%?/ -3%1/ -1%7/ -3%=/ -9%9/

Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "3%73> ++ 3%977 3%338 3%=?8 3%97< ++ "3%381-7%3/ -3%?/ - 3/ -9%</ -7%1/ -3%1/

Iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%9?? ++ 3%78= +++ 3%<8> 3%<?< 3%>17 +++ 3%78<-7%1/ -7%6/ -9%7/ -9%1/ -<%?/ -9%6/@ovnq|daj -oe qmnns ny~ovi`ne|q/ 3%?87 +++ "3%7>8 "9%3=7 +++ 3%396 "3%=66 +++ "9%3>> ++

-6/ -9%1/ -1%</ -3/ -1%9/ -7%>/@iel qo{n -miq%/ 3%1>6 ++ 9%1<9 ++ "3%98> 3%99> "3%336 "9%9=1

-7%9/ -7%>/ -3%7/ -3%9/ -3%3/ -9%9/Loq|iean |d |mn Biwjn| -Jb/ "3%337 3 "3%331 "3%336 + "3%31 +++ 3

-9%9/ -3%7/ -3%?/ -9%=/ -7%=/ -3%9/@dai` Biwjn| Qo{n -sds~ì|ode/ 3%338 ++ 3%33> 3 3%39< + 3%33> "3%336

-7%6 / -9%>/ -3/ -9%8/ -9%1/ -9%3/

@dai` @iel Swdl~a|ovo|-Qd`nq snw mi%/ "3%399 ++ 3%39< +++ 3%39= +++ 3%33= 3%39= +++ "3%337

-7%6/ -7%?/ -1%>/ -3%8/ -1%>/ -3%1/

Adiq| L~bb 3%6<9 ++ "3%=<< ++ "9%<?= +++ "<%738 +++ "9%6=? +++ "3%81-7%</ -7%>/ -1%>/ -1%7/ -<%3/ -9%7/

Mohmìel L~bb 3%?37 +++ "9%9<= +++ "9%3>8 ++ "<%?19 +++ "9%699 +++ "3%?>?-7%=/ -7%?/ -7%9/ -1%1/ -1%1/ -9%1/

Ibi{de L~bb 3%666 +++ "3%871 ++ "9%1=8 +++ "1%=78 +++ "9%>6> +++ "9%<7< +++-7%=/ -7%>/ -1%8/ -1%7/ -<%7/ -7%6/

@nf|"Aneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 7?> <67 66= 8<< 6<7 668Wohm|"Aneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 11< 83 < 9 > 77êaneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 9<? 7<6 936 11 919 =?@dh ojnòmmdl vi`~n "887%>> "683%37 "131%? "97<%98 "1>?%6= "1>?%9<Swdg% - @%W% Q|i|oq|oa/ 5 amo7-1>/ 3%333 +++ 3%333 +++ 3%319 ++ 3%3<8 ++ 3%379 ++ 3%37< ++

Ed|n; \moq oq i |dgo| ld~g`n aneqdwnl nq|obi|ode% \"vi`~nq oe siwne|mnqoq%\mn qbgd`q +++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n 8%8 Ln|nwboeie| df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-Lnsnelne| viwoig`nq; oeadbn qmiwnq/

Qn`f" Qn`f" Xihn" Xihn" Qn`f" Xihn"

nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| ede nbs`dybne|

Viwoig`nq ~eqjo``nl qjo``nl ~eqjo``nl ede qjo``nl ede ihwoa~`|~wi`q ihwoa~`|~wi`

ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ia|ovo|onq

ia|ovo| onq ia|ovo| onq ia|ovo|onq ia|ovo|onq

Oeadbn Qd~wan;

961

8%> Obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq dvnw w~wi` ìgdw oeadbn

\mn wnì|ode gn|xnne iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh q|wi|nhonq aie i`qd gn

nvi`~i|nl ~qoeh |mn fd``dxoeh lnfoeo|odei` ny~i|ode;

-9/

xmnwn @ wnswnqne|q |mn |d|i` md~wq snw xnnj |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq ~qn fdw ìgdw oeadbn

ia|ovo|onq: Qò q|ielq fdw |mn qmiwn df igdw |obn ~qnl fdw ia|ovo| o iel y

o $`

ownswnqne|q |mn ivnwihn

xihn fdw niam |sn df ia|ovo|%

Of xn lnfoen ∆_ iq |mn illo|odei` oeadbn dg|ioenl g i w~wi` md~qnmd`l adboeh fwdb

|mn iaanqq |d enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq xn bi lnadbsdqn q~am obsia| iq fd``dxq;

-7/

Mnwn |mn fowq| |nwb wnswnqne|q |mn obsia| -oe oeadbn |nwbq/ |mi| iwoqnq l~n |d amiehnq

oe ìgdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne ia|ovo|onq -i``dai|ode nffna|/% \mn qnadel |nwb wnswnqne|q |mn obsia|

hnenwi|nl gnai~qn df ie oeawniqn oe |d|i` ìgdw |obn -nbs`dbne| nffna|/% \mn ìq| |nwb oq

qobs` |mn oe|nwia|ode nffna| qoean |mn swnvod~q |xd nffna|q bi ed| gn qnsiwig`n7%

^qoeh ny~i|ode -7/ xn aie |wiaj |mn amieen`q |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsia|q w~wi`

ìgdw oeadbnq% D~w bioe msd|mnqoq mnwn oq |mi| |mnwn iwn anw|ioe oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|odeq|mi| bi oel~an w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d nehihn oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq%

Xn xo`` fd``dx mnwn i swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~n |d adbsiwn |mdqn md~qnmd`lq |mi|

mivn ed iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq -o%n% obswdvnl wdil qnwvoanq n`na|woao| xi|nw

iel qnxnwihn dw |n`nsmden qnwvoanq/ xo|m |mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d den dw bdwn df |mnqn

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%1 G ~qoeh bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq xn |w |d giìean |mn qibs`n gn|xnne

|mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |mdqn |mi| mivn ed|% \mn s~wsdqn df |moq giìeaoeh

n}nwaoqn oq |d iqq~wn |mi| |mdqn q|w~a|~wi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| iwn ed| iffna|nl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn

-i| niq| oe |mn qmdw| w~e/ iwn qoboìw oe gd|m qibs`nq qd iq |d aìob |mi| |mn loffnwnean oe igdwoeadbn dw |obn i``dai|ode iwn l~n |d |mn iaanqq |d |mnqn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%

\mn Swdgo| ny~i|ode ~qnl |d bijn |mn bi|amoeh sdqqog`n -iel giìean |mn qibs`nq/ ~qnl

iq ade|wd` viwoig`nq |mn ihn df mnil df md~qnmd`l niwq df nl~ai|ode bi|nwei` ieh~ihn hnelnw

e~bgnw df amo`lwne ~elnw 9< e~bgnw df il~`|q dvnw 6> vi`~n l~wig`n hddlq iel wnhodei`

7 Gnai~qn df li|i ivioìgoò| xn iwn md`loeh adeq|ie| |mn xihnq l~n |d amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Dgvod~q`

|moq bi ed| gn |mn aiqn of |mnwn iwn ìgdw biwjn| nffna|q%1 I ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq iel |mnow ~qnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn gnenfo|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oqlden oe Amis|nw =%

Amis|nw 8

96<

l~bbonq% Oe illo|ode i e~bgnw df loq|woa| `nvn` viwoig`nq xmnwn oea`~lnl; sds~ì|ode df |mn

loq|woa| xnwn |moq md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl aòbi|n iel hndhwism wnì|nl viwoig`nq ivnwihn ìel

md`loeh snwane|ihn df |mn iel i``dai|nl |d biwjn| awdsq iwni ~elnw owwohi|ode iel sdvnw| wi|n%

8%>%9 Amiehnq oe |d|i` ìgdw md~wq

Xmne xn iss` swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq |d |mn |d|i` |obn i``dai|nl |d ìgdw ia|ovo|onq

gn|xnne |mdqn |mi| mivn ed iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel |mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d

den dwn bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn xn aie qnn |mi| |mnwn oq oelnnl i sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| loffnwnean%

\ig`n 8%= qmdxq |mi| if|nw ade|wd`òeh fdw igdvn bne|odenl dgqnwvig`nq mivoeh iaanqq |d |xd

dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq ldnq bijn i loffnwnean% Oe siw|oa~ìw |mnwn oq ie oeawniqn df

bdwn |mie 1 md~wq snw xnnj df |d|i` ìgdw |obn xo|m wnqsna| |d |mdqn md~qnmd`lq mivoeh ed

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq dw mivoeh k~q| den df |mnqn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq -o%n% obswdvnl wdil

qnwvoanq n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qnxnwihn dw |n`nsmden qnwvoanq/%

\ig`n 8%= Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de |d|i` ìgdw |obn snw xnnjoe w~wi` Snw~; swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode

-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq /

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 3%17 "9%1? 7%3=

7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 1%6? 3%<1 6%891 dw bdwn 1%=? 7%>9 ?%19

9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|+++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`


8%>%7 Amiehnq oe igdw i``dai|ode

Iq o| xiq swnvod~q` bne|odenl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi i`qd amiehn |mn wnì|ovn

swdfo|igoò| df |mn loffnwne| ìgdw oeadbn qd~wanq ivioìg`n |d md~qnmd`l% Fdw n}ibs`n |mniaanqq |d n`na|woao| bi i``dx i md~qnmd`l |d i``dai|n bdwn |obn oe siw|oa~ìw qn`f"nbs`dbne|

ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ojn |mn swdl~a|ode df mieloawif| dw qbi`` qai`n oel~q|w% \mn iaanqq

|d |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi i`qd nemiean |mn igdw biwjn| oe eniwg |dxeq |m~q nemieaoeh

xihn"wnì|nl dssdw|~eo|onq oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw%

Iq |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oeawniqn |mnow iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mnow lnloai|ode |d ede"

ihwoa~`|~wn ia|ovo|onq oeawniqnq q~gq|ie|oi``% \m~q fdw n}ibs`n i md~qnmd`l mivoeh iaanqq |d

|mwnn dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq i``dai|nl isswd}obi|n` 13 snwane|ihn sdoe|q bdwn df

moq |obn |d ede"ihwoa~`|~wn ia|ovo|onq -73 snwane|ihn sdoe|q bdwn |d xihn ia|ovo|onq b iel 93snwane|ihn sdoe|q |d qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq/% Xmne iei`{oeh |mn obsia|

96>

df niam den df |mn iqqn|q ~elnw q|~l xn qnn |mi| |mn hwni|nw oelovol~i` obsia| daa~wq xmne

iaanqq |d smden oq adbgoenl xo|m iaanqq |d n`na|woao|% Illo|odei` adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iwn i`qd

wnì|nl |d |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao| xo|m iaanqq |d d|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%

\ig`n 8%? Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de ìgdw i``dai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~%Swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq/

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqXihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~ |~wn Xihn"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~ |~wn

I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi` I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 3%<9 "9%99 9%?7 7%9> 3%61 1%=67 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 7%73 "3%3> <%7< 9%?8 "3%1< <%=91 dw bdwn 9%67 "3%?< <%<> 99%79 >%1< 9>%>1

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqQn`f"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wn Qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wn

I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi` I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ">%1< "8%=? "1%3= 7%8? 9%77 <%<=7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "99%8? "9<%?1 "=%69 8%67 >%19 ?%=91 dw bdwn "79%91 "78%38 "96%>9 =%13 <%79 91%6=

9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

8%>%1 Ihhwnhi|n obsia|q

Xmne xn adbgoen |mn nffna|q df |mn oeawniqn oe |d|i` @igdw |obn iel |mn amiehnq oe |obn

i``dai|ode gn|xnne qna|dwq gwd~hm| igd~| g iaanqq |d loffnwne| adbgoei|odeq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

qnwvoanq o| oq sdqqog`n nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df oeawnbne|i` iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oe

w~wi` ìgdw oeadbn% Iq \ig`n 8%93 qmdxq mivoeh iaanqq |d den dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan

miq i sdqo|ovn qoheofoaie| nffna| de |d|i` ìgdw oeadbn% Oe illo|ode |moq obsia| woqnq iq |mn

md~qnmd`l mivn iaanqq |d illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq wniamoeh ie illo|odei` 9=3 qd`nqsnw bde|m -igd~| ^Q, >3/ xmne |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d |mwnn dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn

qnwvoanq%<

O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| xmne xn qsò| |mn qibs`n iaadwloeh |d iaanqq |d loffnwne|

|snq df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn -iaanqq |d bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq xn aie qnn

|mi| |mn adbs`nbne|iwo| nffna|q oq ìwhnw oe |mdqn iwniq adeena|nl |d bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Q~am

nffna| xo`` gn nvi`~i|nl oe hwni|nw ln|io` oe |mn en}| amis|nw df |moq q|~l%

< Fdw adbsiwoqde s~wsdqnq xn b~q| ed|n |mi| ^Q, >3 snw xnnj wnswnqne|q 7> snwane| df ie ivnwihn md~qnmd`loeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~%

Amis|nw 8

966

8%6% Adea`~qodeq

Oe i xdw`l df adbs`n|n anw|ioe| xmnwn biwjn|q fdw i`` hddlq n}oq| iel iwn snwfna| ìgdwi``dai|ode lnaoqodeq |nel |d gn lwovne g wnì|ovn xihnq% Mdxnvnw oe w~wi` Snw~ igdw biwjn|q

iwn ed| snwfna|% Qmildx xihnq aie loffnw fwdb biwjn| xihnq iel iwn ln|nwboenl g |mn

biwhoei` swdl~a|ovo| df ìgdw |mn swoan df adeq~bs|ode hddlq |obn neldxbne| ede"ìgdw

oeadbn iel swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn| neldxbne|q% @igdw i``dai|ode lnaoqodeq gn|xnne qn`f"

nbs`dbne| iel xihn nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq xd~`l |mne wnq~`| fwdb oe|nw iòi goeloeh

adeq|wioe|q oe |mn w~wi` ìgdw biwjn| dw oe |mn awnlo| biwjn| dw ie oeq~ffoaone| swdvoqode df

s~gòa hddlq%

\moq amis|nw miq qmdxe |mi| oelnnl iaanqq |d s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq |dhn|mnw xo|m ieilny~i|n neldxbne| df swovi|n iqqn|q -nqsnaoi`` nl~ai|ode iel awnlo|/ aie obswdvn iaanqq |d

\ig`n 8%93 Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de snw aiso|i oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~;swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode

-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq /

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 7>%3? 8%36 +++7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn =<%67 93%39 +++1 dw bdwn 9=3%88 9>%91 +++

Qibs`n xo|m iaanqq voi Ede Bd|dwo{nl Wdilq

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 17%68 =%>1 +++7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 8=%38 91%3? +++1 dw bdwn 738%=> 76%1> +++

Qibs`n xo|m iaanqq voi Bd|dwo{nl Wdilq

Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Qnwvoanq I\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%

9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "93%83 91%>97 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn >=%71 76%>9 ++1 dw bdwn 91<%18 73%9< +++

9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|+++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

F~`` Qibs`n

968

qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` iq xn`` iq xihn" nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq oe w~wi` Snw~%

Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe |mn obsdw|iean fdw |mn w~wi` qna|dw df |mn ia|ovo|onq |mi| hdnq gndel

ihwoa~`|~wi` |iqjq xo|moe |mn fiwb iel |mi| |moq obsdw|iean miq oeawniqnl q~gq|ie|oi`` l~woeh

i| niq| |mn siq| lnailn% I| swnqne| >9 snwane| df |mn en| oeadbn df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq

dwohoei|nq fwdb ia|ovo|onq d|mnw |mie dxe"fiwboeh% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onqqmd~`l anw|ioe` ed `dehnw gn adeqolnwnl iq 'biwhoei`' iq |mn mivn qd df|ne oe siq| w~wi`

lngi|nq% I`|md~hm woamnw md~qnmd`lq |nel |d wn` bdwn de ede"fiwb qd~wanq |mie ld |mn sddw

|mn ì||nw i`qd siw|oaosi|n oe i q~gq|ie|oi` xi oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw: sdvnw| bohm| gn nvne

bdwn wibsie| xnwn o| ed| fdw |mnqn oeadbn qd~wanq%

Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe |mi| iq illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn swdvolnl w~wi`

md~qnmd`lq aie mivn iaanqq |d bdwn lovnwqofonl igdw oeadbn sdw|fdòdq xmoam oe |~we i``dxq

fdw i mohmnw md~qnmd`l oeadbn% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnqn ìgdw oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn qdbnxmi|

bdwn voqog`n gn|xnne |mdqn xmd i`wnil mivn mohmnw oeadbnq xmoam iwn |mdqn |mi| aie |ijnilvie|ihn df |mnow ìwhnw swovi|n iqqn| md`loehq -fdw n}ibs`n hwni|nw nl~ai|ode/ |d oeawniqn

|mnow ede"fiwb ìgdw ia|ovo|onq% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d qmdx |mi| illo|odei` iaanqq

|d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oeawniqnq gd|m |mn |d|i` e~bgnw df md~wq snw xnnj lnvd|nl |d ìgdw

oeadbn iel |mn snwane|ihn df |obn i``dai|n |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% \moq wnq~`| mohmòhm|q |mn

fia| |mi| |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q%

Adbs`nbne|iw qob~ì|odeq wnsdw|nl g Nqadgi` iel \dwnwd -733</ qmdx |mi| sdvnw|

wi|n wnl~a|odeq bi gn qo{ig`n iq iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oeawniqnq% Xmne qnvnwi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn adbgoenl |mn sdvnw| wi|n aie gn wnl~anl oe iq b~am iq 73 snwane|i qo{ig`n ade|wog~|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie|

adbs`nbne|iwo|onq ln|na|nl oe q~am n}nwaoqn iwn |mdqn wnì|nl |d |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao|

iel xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq iq xn`` iq |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao| iel |n`nsmden qnwvoanq%

\mn wniqdeq |d lovnwqof oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn viwod~q% I ìwhn hwd~s df fiwbnwq

adbs`nbne| |mnow fiwoeh xo|m fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq l~n oeq~ffoaone|

ìel dw ai||`n dw fiwb aiso|i`% _n| ied|mnw hwd~s miq q~ffoaone| nl~ai|ode qjo``q awnlo| iel

iaanqq |d wdilq iel n`na|woao| |d i``dx |mnb |d ~elnw|ijn ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| -q~am

iq bijoeh mieloawif|q wnsiowoeh iel wne|oeh ny~osbne| iel adbbnwan/% Bie df |mnqn ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iwn oelowna|` oejnl |d |mn fiwb qna|dw xmoam oq xm den foelq q~am mohm nvn`q

df siw|oaosi|ode oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oe |mn bdwn leiboa ihwoa~`|~wi` iwniq%

I gn||nw ~elnwq|ieloeh df xm w~wi` md~qnmd`lq lovnwqof oeadbn qd~wanq aie mn`s ~q

|d iqqnqq |mn ojn` obsia| df wnane| q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq de w~wi` oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode% L~woeh

|mn siq| lnailn |mn Snw~voie w~wi` qna|dw miq gnne n}sdqnl |d i bikdw ognwiò{i|ode swdhwib%

\mnqn wnfdwbq qxns| ixi b~am df xmi| mil gnne mohm` oe|nwvne|odeoq| sdòaonq% Oe illo|ode

|d biawdnadedboa wnfdwbq |mn hdvnwebne| obs`nbne|nl bikdw q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq oe |mn iwniq

df |wiln sdòa swovi|o{i|ode iel |mn foeieaoi` qna|dw% Oe ihwoa~`|~wn |mn wnfdwbq oea`~lnl

Amis|nw 8



96=

q~gq|ie|oi` ognwiò{i|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln |mn nòboei|ode df swoan ade|wd`q dvnw ihwoa~`|~wi`

swdl~a|q |mn ognwiò{i|ode df |mn iel biwjn| i``dxoeh iel dxenwqmos g ldbnq|oa fowbq iel

fdwnohenwq |mn nòboei|ode df bdq| ihwoa~`|~wi` oes~| q~gqolonq iel i qnvnwn ldxeqo{oeh df

bdq| s~gòa ihwoa~`|~wi` oeq|o|~|odeq oea`~loeh |mn Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn biwjn|oeh ihneaonq

|mn Ihwiwoie Giej iel |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam qnwvoan% \dhn|mnw xo|m |mnqn sdòa wnfdwbq|mnwn xiq i bikdw oevnq|bne| nffdw| ~elnw|ijne oe |mn w~wi` iwniq oea`~loeh w~wi` wdilq

n`na|wofoai|ode iel lwoejig`n xi|nw iel qnxihn qq|nbq%

Iaanqq |d qdbn df |mnqn s~gòa qnwvoanq -òjn n`na|woao| iel wdilq/ iel iaanqq |d awnlo|

oq obsdw|ie| oe n}sìoeoeh xm qdbn w~wi` lxn``nwq aie iaanqq gn||nw oeadbn qd~wanq% Fdw

n}ibs`n bdwn lnvn`dsnl s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie mn`s oeawniqn |mn qo{n df w~wi` |dxeq iel

qbi`` ao|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |mn Qonwwi wnhode% Gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel lneqnw sds~ì|ode lwovn

ldxe |wieqia|ode adq|q iel gddq| oevnq|bne| oe gd|m |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dw iel |mn ede"

ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dwq%




96?

Amis|nw =

Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~gòa W~wi`

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; |mn aiqn df w~wi` wdilq

=%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode

Xn aie iqqnq |mn dvnwi`` obsia| df i anw|ioe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn g `ddjoeh i| jn xn`fiwn

oeloai|dwq ojn oeadbn dw n}snelo|~wnq% \moq amis|nw fd``dxq |moq si|m ~qoeh iq ie n}ibs`n |mn

xn`fiwn obsia| |mi| w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode iel bioe|neiean bi gwoeh |d w~wi` md~qnmd`lq%

I ad~e|w‟q w~wi` wdil en|xdwj oq edwbi`` biln ~s df |wiajq |wio`q fdd|si|mq iel

niw|m wdilq |mi| oej w~wi` vo`ìhnq iel |dxeq ibdeh niam d|mnw iel oe bie aiqnq adeena| |d

qnadeliw wdilq xmoam i``dx |mnow wnqolne|q |d iaanqq swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iqqdaoi` qnwvoanq |mnow dxe adbb~eo|onq ld ed| swdvoln% \mn |wiajq |wio`q iel fdd|si|mq xmoam

xo`` gn lnfoenl mnwn iq ”ede"bd|dwo{nl -w~wi`/ wdilq‟ i``dx |mn bdvnbne| df snds`n iel

ieobi`q dvnw |soai`` q|nns |nwwioe iel iwn amiwia|nwo{nl g dx y~iò| q|ieliwlq iel obo|nl

|wieqo|% I qnadel |sn df wdil q|~lonl mnwn iwn |mn ”bd|dwo{nl -w~wi`/ wdilq‟ " i`qd jedxe iq

ad~e|w wdilq " xmoam iwn nehoennwnl niw|m wdilq ~qnl |d adeena| qbi`` |dxeq iel vo`ìhnq g

s~gòa |wieqsdw| dw aiwhd |w~ajq xmoam oe ds|obi` adelo|odeq i``dx f`~ol adeena|ode |d qnadeliw

wdilq iel |mn iw|oa~ì|ode df w~wi` sds~ì|ode |d ~wgie iwniq%

\mn obsdw|iean df w~wi` wdil en|xdwj oe |mn ei|odei` wdil qq|nb df bdq| lnvn`dsoehad~e|wonq oq nedwbd~q g~| nvne |md~hm o| |soai`` iaad~e|q fdw bdwn |mie mi`f df |mnow |wieqsdw|

en|xdwj o| de` hn|q i biwhoei` siw| df |mn ei|odei` g~lhn| i``dai|nl |d wdil adeq|w~a|ode

wnmigoò|i|ode iel bioe|neiean% Oe Snw~voie aiqn oe siw|oa~ìw o|q w~hhnl |dsdhwism iel

hwni| nad`dhoai` iel aòbi|oa lovnwqo| miq `nl sdòabijnwq |d iajedx`nlhn |mn obsdw|iean

df oevnq|oeh oe w~wi` |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Mdxnvnw |mn obsdw|iean iqqohenl |d |mnqn

oevnq|bne|q ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` |wieqì|n |d ie isswdswoi|n i``dai|ode df s~gòa f~elq% \mn

mohm adq| df adeq|w~a|ode iel bioe|neiean df |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn " hovne |mn ennl |d

oeadwsdwi|n bniq~wnq ihioeq| ln|nwodwi|ode ai~qnl g fwny~ne| ìelqòlnq iel iviìeamnq "

|dhn|mnw xo|m |mn biwhoei` sdò|oai` wnswnqne|i|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw sds~ì|ode

miq `nl |d loqsìanbne| df q~am oevnq|bne| g d|mnw oevnq|bne|q |mi| sdò|oaoieq snwanovn iq

bdwn swdfo|ig`n oe |nwbq df vd|nq%

\d fian |moq qo|~i|ode |mnwn oq ie ~whne| ennl |d lda~bne| oe |mn gnq| xi sdqqog`n |mn

gnenfo|q |mi| |moq joel df s~gòa oevnq|bne| gwoehq igd~| de |mn xn`fiwn df |mn sds~ì|ode o|

qnwvnq% \moq oq qd ed| de` |d loqqnboei|n wnq~`|q ibdeh sdòabijnwq g~| i`qd |d hnenwi|n

hwni|nw sdò|oai` q~ssdw| fwdb |mn ei|odei` sds~ì|ode xmoam oq |soai`` adeane|wi|nl oe i fnx

~wgie iwniq df |mn ad~e|w%



983

Xo|moe |moq iei`qoq iel loqqnboei|ode nffdw| |mn iailnboa qna|dw miq ie obsdw|ie|

sneloeh ihneli wnhiwloeh |mn q|~l df |mn obsia|q |mi| wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq mivn de

md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn: oe siw|oa~ìw de ihhwnhi|n oeloai|dwq q~am iq md~qnmd`l adeq~bs|ode dw

oeadbn% Xmo`q| |mnwn oq ed bikdw loqihwnnbne| ibdeh iailnboaoieq igd~| |mn ennl df oevnq|oeh

oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe hnenwi` " iel wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe siw|oa~ìw " iq ie nffna|ovn adbsdene|df w~wi` sdvnw| nwiloai|ode nffdw|q k~q|ofoai|odeq swnqne|nl |nel |d gn giqnl de o|q obsia| de

iaanqqogoò| |d s~gòa qdaoi` qnwvoanq iel biwjn|q xo|md~| nq|igòqmoeh |mn nffna|ovn xn`fiwn

amiehnq md~qnmd`lq bohm| gn n}snwoneaoeh% I`|md~hm oeloai|dwq df iaanqq |d mni`|m iel

nl~ai|ode qnwvoanq mivn ie ~eld~g|nl` sdqo|ovn obsia| de md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn hwni|nw

iaanqqogoò| |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` ne|io`q mohmnw `nvn`q df xn`fiwn%

\moq oq qd gnai~qn md~qnmd`l oeadbn hnenwi|ode aisiao| ad~`l gn |mwni|nenl g oeawniqoeh

`nvn`q df adbsn|o|ode oe |mn `dai` biwjn|% \mnwnfdwn |mn iei`qoq df |mn obsia| df wdil

wnmigoò|i|ode de md~qnmd`l oeadbn adbsdqo|ode gnadbnq ie nqqne|oi` iqsna| oe |mn obsia|iqqnqqbne| df |moq |sn df s~gòa oe|nwvne|ode%

Wnhiwloeh ivioìg`n q|~lonq de |mn nffna|q df w~wi` wdilq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|

bdq| qsnaoiò{nl ò|nwi|~wn miq k~q| lda~bne|nl |mn loffnwne| obsia|q |mi| q~am oevnq|bne|

ad~`l mivn de iaanqqogoò| |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iel jn s~gòa -qdaoi`/ qnwvoanq

xo|md~| ade|wd`òeh |mn nffna|q df d|mnw adviwoi|nq |mi| ad~`l gn oeawniqoeh dw wnl~aoeh |mn

sdqo|ovn obsia|q wnq~`|oeh fwdb |moq oevnq|bne|% \mn bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj ~qnl oe s~gòa

swdkna|q nvi`~i|ode miq gnne wnmigoò|i|nl adeqolnwig` |miejq |d |mn oe|wdl~a|ode df swdsneqo|y

qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq lnvn`dsnl g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ iel n}|nelnl gMnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ xmoam i``dxq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq q~ffoaone|`

wdg~q| |d neig`n wnqniwamnwq |d aìob ai~qi` wnì|odeq% Mdxnvnw |moq bn|mdld`dhoai` i`|nwei|ovn

miq ed| gnne n| oeadwsdwi|nl |d |mn iei`qoq df qdaoi` iel nadedboa obsia| lnwovoeh fwdb

w~wi` wdilq adeq|w~a|ode wnmigoò|i|ode iel bioe|neiean swdkna|q%

Ioboeh i| ade|wog~|oeh |d fo`` |moq his |moq amis|nw n}s`dwnq qdbn bn|mdld`dhoai`

bdlofoai|odeq enanqqiw |d ilis| swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh xmne iqqnqqoeh |mn

gnenfo|q |mi| oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode bi hnenwi|n de xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq% Qoean

bie qibs`n lnqoheq de xmoam |mnqn q|~lonq iel nvi`~i|odeq iwn giqnl ld ed| mivn i q~ffoaone|`ìwhn qibs`n qo{n df md~qnmd`lq iq |d h~iwie|nn i boeob~b q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i

|dxe `nvn` o| oq ed| hnenwi`` sdqqog`n " ~qoeh ivioìg`n oefdwbi|ode " |d giìean |mn |xd

md~qnmd`l qibs`nq -|mdqn iaanqqoeh |d wnmigoò|i|nl iel ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq/ xo|m

wnhiwl |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe |moq amis|nw o| oq q~hhnq|nl |mi| oe q~am aiqnq o| oq

sdqqog`n |d giìean gd|m qibs`nq oe |xd q|ihnq% Fowq| neq~woeh |mi| |dxeq iwn adbsiwig`n oe

|nwbq df anw|ioe giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam xd~`l mivn ln|nwboenl xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn

oe|nwvne|ode |ddj sìan -o%n% adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao| nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq

iaanqq |d s~gòa qnwvoanq `neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw qo{n df |dxe/: iel qnadel qob~ì|oehxn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |mi| xd~`l adwwnqsdel |d dgqnwvnl md~qnmd`lq of qmd~`l i`` mivn |mn qibn

Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~gòa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn

989

iqqn|q neldxbne| -m~bie dwhieo{i|odei` dw smqoai` aiso|i`/ qd |mi| |mn iqqnqqbne| df

wnmigoò|i|ode nffna|q xo`` iaad~e| de` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq iel ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi|

loffnwne|oi|n ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod fwdb i ede"oe|nwvne|ode den%

Fd``dxoeh |moq oe|wdl~a|ode |moq amis|nw oq lovolnl oe fd~w qna|odeq% \mn qna|ode gn`dx oq

i gwonf ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx de xmi| miq qd fiw gnne qiol igd~| |mn gnenfo|q df w~wi` wdilq% Xn qmdx|mnwn |mi| bdq| q|~lonq mivn fda~qnl de |mn iaanqq |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iq s~gòa

qnwvoanq iel |mi| ivioìg`n lda~bne|i|ode wnhiwloeh |mn obsia| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn

obswdvnbne| de jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq " q~am iq oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode " oq vnw obo|nl% \mn

|mowl qna|ode lnqawognq |mn qd~wan iel amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl fdw |moq q|~l iq

xn`` iq |mn bn|mdld`dh issònl |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode de |mn ivnwihn

xn`fiwn df |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% Oe dwlnw |d adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod |mn swdsneqo|

qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh oq ~qnl mnwn if|nw ilis|oeh o| |d |mn qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn

li|i ~qnl% \mn fd~w|m qna|ode swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` iei`qoq iel qmdxq |mnobsia| |mi| w~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode oe Snw~ xd~`l mivn mil de w~wi` md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i

oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode% \moq qna|ode i`qd qmdxq |mn obsia| |mi| wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq xd~`l

mivn mil de |mn loffnwne| oeadbn qd~wanq df |mdqn md~qnmd`lq% Foei`` |mn fof|m qna|ode q~bbiwo{nq

|mn bioe foeloehq iel òbo|i|odeq df |mn iei`qoq aiwwonl d~| iel q~hhnq|q qdbn df |mn sneloeh

iwniq df wnqniwam |mi| ennl |d gn illwnqqnl oe dwlnw |d mivn i bdwn iaa~wi|n olni df |mn obsia|q

|mi| wdil wnmigoò|i|ode miq de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn%

=%7 \mn gnenfo|q df w~wi` wdilq ; i gwonf gogòdhwismoa wnvonx

Nvne |md~hm |mn fda~q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq miq qmof|nl ixi

fwdb iwhn"qai`n swdkna|q -mohmxiq wio`xiq iel goh owwohi|ode qamnbnq/ |d qbi``nw qai`n g~|

bdwn `dai`` obsdw|ie| oevnq|bne|q q~am iq w~wi` wdilq dw boawd mlwdn`na|woa sdxnw sìe|q

obsia| iqqnqqbne|q df q~am oevnq|bne|q de sdvnw| dw |mn òvoeh q|ieliwlq df |mn `dai`

sds~ì|ode iwn q|o`` qaiwan%

\mn wnì|ode gn|xnne sdvnw| wnl~a|ode iel w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode miq gnne

loqa~qqnl fwdb i biawd snwqsna|ovn g viwod~q i~|mdwq% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/ Xdw`l

Giej -9??</ @os|de iel Wivi`òde -9??>/ Gdd|m n| i`% -7333/ ibdeh d|mnwq sdoe| d~| |mnn}oq|nean df q|wdeh òejihnq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| ihwoa~`|~wi` hwdx|m iel

sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% \mnqn q|~lonq lwix nvolnean fwdb Qd~|m Niq| Iqoie ad~e|wonq ojn Oeldenqoi

dw Biìqoi xmnwn i biqqovn oeawniqn df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn xiq fd``dxnl g i deh snwodl df

nadedboa hwdx|m iel i lwibi|oa wnl~a|ode oe w~wi` sdvnw|% I`|md~hm |mn ai~qi` adeena|ode oq

ed| a`niw` nq|igòqmnl |mn q~hhnq| |moq xd~`l mivn missnenl iq i wnq~`| df |mn obsia| df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de |mn woqn df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo| iel |mn awni|ode df enx kdg

dssdw|~eo|onq%

Bdwn wnane|` i~|mdwq òjn Kiìe iel Wivi`òde -7337/ mivn mohmòhm|nl |mn obsdw|ieandf gd|m |mn n}oq|nean df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiaoò|onq iq xn`` iq |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq ibdeh

Amis|nw =



987

|mnb iq ie nqqne|oi` wny~ownbne| fdw w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% \mnqn i~|mdwq

foel |mi| oe dwlnw |d dvnwadbn sdvnw| |wisq o| oq aw~aoi` iqq~woeh ed| de` |mn iaanqq |d qdbn

siw|oa~ìw jn s~gòa fiaoò|onq ojn wdilq dw n`na|woao| g~| i`qd |mn adefdwbi|ode df i awo|oai`

biqq df adbs`nbne|iw jn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiaoò|onq%

Iq Hieede iel @o~ -9??8/ sdoe|nl d~| |mn boawdnadedboa bnamieoqbq |mwd~hm xmoamwdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| hnenwi|nq sdqo|ovn obsia|q de nadedboa hwdx|m iel sdvnw|

wnl~a|ode mivn gnne wnadheo{nl g qsnaoiò{nl ò|nwi|~wn% Iaadwloeh |d |mnqn i~|mdwq w~wi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| i``dxq de |mn den miel |mn wnl~a|ode oe swdl~a|ode adq|q iel

|wieqia|ode adq|q fdq|nwoeh |wiln iel bijoeh sdqqog`n lovoqode df igdw iel qsnaoiò{i|ode jn

n`nbne|q fdw q~q|ioeig`n nadedboa hwdx|m% F~w|mnwoeh |mi| joel df iwh~bne| G`daji iel Xngg

-7339/ foel |mi| mohmnw wdil lneqo| swdbd|nq qsnaoiò{i|ode neigòeh fiwbnwq |d lnvn`ds i

bdwn oe|neqovn ihwoa~`|~wn giqnl de bdlnwe oes~|q% De |mn d|mnw miel ied|mnw bnamieoqb

sdoe|nl d~| g Hieede iel @o~ -9??8/ oq wnì|nl |d mdx w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnbne|fdq|nwq oeawniqnq de |mn swdfo|igoò| df s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q gn`dehoeh |d md~qnmd`lq |mi|

mivn iaanqq |d q~am oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

I`|md~hm o|nwi|~wn olne|ofonq swdsnw` bie df |mn iwniq xmnwn |mn sdqo|ovn obsia|q df

q~am oevnq|bne|q iwn fdwnqnne -o%n% ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode nbs`dbne| oeadbn mni`|m dw

nl~ai|ode/ |mnwn iwn de` fnx q|~lonq |mi| mivn biln swdhwnqq oe nq|igòqmoeh i a`niw ai~qi`

òej gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode iel ie xn`fiwn oeloai|dw% Bdq| q|~lonq mivn òbo|nl

|mnow i||ne|ode |d lda~bne| oe bdwn dw `nqq ln|io` |mn wd`n df iaanqqogoò| |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn

fiaoò|onq g |mn w~wi` sddw oe |nwbq df wnl~a|odeq df |obn iel adq|q oevd`vnl oe iaanqqoehswdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q dw iaanqqoeh qdaoi` qnwvoanq òjn mni`|m dw nl~ai|ode%

Oe |mn ìq| fnx niwq |mn wnqniwam iwniq swovo`nhnl g q|~lonq lda~bne|oeh oe ie

nbsowoai` xi |mn sdqo|ovn obsia| df ìwhnw iel gn||nw iaanqq |d w~wi` wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn

gnne wnì|nl |d |xd gwdil iwniq% De |mn nadedboa qoln swovo`nhnl q|~lonq mivn gnne |mdqn

y~ie|ofoeh |obn qivoehq |wieqsdw| adq|q wnl~a|odeq iel |wieqia|ode adq|q wnl~a|odeq iqqdaoi|nl

|d |mn iw|oa~ì|ode df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iq |mdqn fda~qoeh

de |mn obsia| |mi| ìwhnw swdvoqode df |moq joel df oefwiq|w~a|~wn hnenwi|nq de w~wi` kdg

dssdw|~eo|onq% De |mn qdaoi` qoln swovo`nhnl q|~lonq mivn gnne |mdqn lda~bne|oeh |mn hwni|nwiaanqq |d giqoa qnwvoanq " ojn mni`|m iel nl~ai|ode " |mi| fd``dx |mn adeq|w~a|ode dw wnmigoò|i|ode

iel bioe|neiean df w~wi` wdilq%

Ibdeh |mn q|~lonq |mi| fda~q |mnow i||ne|ode de y~ie|ofoeh |obn qivoehq iel |mn

wnl~a|ode df |wieqsdw| adq|q xn aie bne|ode ade|wog~|odeq ojn |mi| df @~aiq Livoq iel Wojiwl

-9??6/ xmd iqqnqq |mn obsia|q df i w~wi` wdilq wnadeq|w~a|ode iel wnmigoò|i|ode swdhwib oe

\ie{ieoi if|nw qnvne niwq g lda~bne|oeh |wiffoa oeawniqnq siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| adq|

wnl~a|odeq iel |obn qivoehq oe iaanqqoeh biwjn|q% O| ad~`l i`qd gn bne|odenl mnwn H~obiwinq

iel ^m` -9??8/ xmd iqqnqq mdx |wieqsdw| bdln wdil y~iò| iel loq|iean |d biwjn|q iffna|ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode adq|q oe |mn fnlnwi` q|i|n df Siwé Gwi{o`: dw @o~ -7333/ xmd aiwwonq d~|




981

i q|~l df swdl~a|ode iel |wieqsdw| adq|q adbsiwoeh vo`ìhnq xo|m snwbiene| iaanqq |d wdilq

|d |mdqn xo|m de` qniqdei` iaanqq oe |mn q|i|n df Ielmwi Swilnqm oe Oeloi%

Loffnwne| q|~lonq mivn lda~bne|nl |mn obsdw|iean df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe n}sieloeh

w~wi` igdw biwjn|q% Qbo|m n| i`% -7339/ qmdx |mi| fdw |mn aiqn df ^hieli |mn wnmigoò|i|ode df

wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn fdq|nwnl |mn n}sieqode df kdg dssdw|~eo|onq oe |mn qnwvoan qna|dw% @iekd~xn| i`% -7339/ i`qd foel oeawniqnl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` kdg dssdw|~eo|onq oe \ie{ieoi l~n |d

wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Mdxnvnw Giwwn|| n| i`% -7339/ iajedx`nlhn |mi| |moq joel df

q|~lonq miq ed| gnne ig`n |d nq|obi|n iaa~wi|n` |mn swdfo|igoò| df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d ìgdw

biwjn|q swdvolnl g q~am oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnbne| oe |nwbq df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq iq

xn`` iq gn||nw kdg dssdw|~eo|onq |mie |mdqn n}oq|oeh gnfdwn |mn oe|nwvne|ode%

Oe illo|ode qnvnwi` q|~lonq q~am iq |mdqn g Adwwi` iel Wniwlde -7339/ oe Eoaiwih~i

Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -7339/ oe Bï}oad iel |moq q|~l oe amis|nw 6 fdw |mn Snw~voie aiqn

miq fd~el qoheofoaie| wnì|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| wdil oeloai|dwq iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` w~wi` kdgdssdw|~eo|onq gd|m oe qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihnl ia|ovo|onq% \mnqn q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi|

wdil iaanqq bohm| nvne adbsneqi|n |mn igqnean df d|mnw s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q%

Xmi| oq missneoeh xo|m md~qnmd`lq‟ xni`|m iel xn`fiwn4 \mn obsia|q df wnmigoò|i|nl

wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn de iaanqqogoò| |d swdl~a| biwjn|q iel enx iel gn||nw kdg dssdw|~eo|onq

wnfnwwnl igdvn qmd~`l ‑ |md~hm bohm| ed| " gn hnenwi|oeh xni`|m dw xn`fiwn hioeq% Mdxnvnw

|mnwn oq ed| b~am xdwj lden oe |moq wnqniwam iwni% Xn aie de` bne|ode |mn xdwj df Kiadg

-7333/xmd qmdxq ~qoeh li|i fwdb Ensi` |mi| |mnwn oq i enhi|ovn wnì|ode gn|xnne fiwbìel

vi`~n iel o|q loq|iean |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Iq oeloai|nl g |moq i~|mdw of fiwbìel gnmivnqòjn ie iqqn| o|q swoan xd~`l ny~i` |mn en| swnqne| vi`~n df |mn gnenfo|q o|q a~`|ovi|ode hnenwi|nq

iel |mnwnfdwn |moq wnì|ode " gn|xnne fiwbìel vi`~n iel loq|iean |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q " oq

ie oeloai|dw df |mn aiso|i` hioeq hnenwi|nl g |mn obswdvnbne| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Oe illo|ode

Kiadg -7333/ olne|ofonq i qoheofoaie| g~| xnij wnì|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq iel loq|iean

|d |mn biwjn|% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| gnenfo|q df gn||nw iw|oa~ì|ode |d ìgdw biwjn|q iwn |mn wnq~`|

df amiehnq oe |obn i``dai|ode gn|xnne qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihnl ia|ovo|onq wi|mnw |mie |mn

wnq~`| df oeawniqnl xihnq l~n |d wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq%

Ibdehq| |mn q|~lonq |mi| mivn swovo`nhnl |mn iei`qoq df qdaoi` obsia|q df w~wi` wdiloefwiq|w~a|~wn xn aie bne|ode |mdqn g Xoel`n iel Awibg -9??6/ iel Sdw|nw -7337/% Xoel`n

iel Awibg -9??6/ adbsiwn |mwnn iwniq oe Biìqoi xo|m loffnwne| lnhwnn df iaanqqogoò| iel

vnwof |mn sdqo|ovn obsia|q df wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe bi|nwei` mni`|maiwn e~|wo|ode

iel iaanqq |d qamdd`: xmo`n Sdw|nw -7337/ fda~qnq de |mn obsia|q df wdil iaanqq dvnw w~wi`

sddw sds~ì|ode df Q~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai qmdxoeh |mn qoheofoaie| enhi|ovn obsia|q df wdil

ln|nwodwi|ode de iaanqqoeh mni`|m qnwvoanq%

I adbbde awo|oaoqb df bdq| df |mn q|~lonq wnfnwwnl igdvn oq wnì|nl |d |mnow

bn|mdld`dhoai` lnqoheq xmoam swnvne|q |mnb fwdb iqqnqqoeh a`niw ai~qi` oejq gn|xnne wdiladeq|w~a|ode wnmigoò|i|ode iel bioe|neiean iel |mn loffnwne| obsia| oeloai|dwq% Fwny~ne|`

Amis|nw =

98<

|mnqn q|~lonq k~q| qmdx iqqdaoi|odeq gn|xnne i hwni|nw swdvoqode df |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel

wnl~anl |wieqsdw| adq|q oeawniqnl iaanqq |d biwjn|q iel s~gòa qnwvoanq dw nvne hwni|nw nadedboa

hwdx|m iel `dxnw sdvnw| wi|nq xo|md~| ade|wd`òeh swdsnw` fdw d|mnw adviwoi|nq |mi| bohm| gn

mivoeh ie nffna| de |mn òejihnq ~elnw iei`qoq% Oe qdbn d|mnw aiqnq ade|wd` viwoig`nq iwn

oeadwsdwi|nl g~| |moq oq ed| lden qq|nbi|oai`` ned~hm |d i``dx |mn adeq|w~a|ode df iad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod wny~ownl g ie qnwod~q ai~qi` q|~l qnnjoeh |d bijn q~am ai~qi` aìobq%

De` i fnx q|~lonq mivn bdvnl fdwxiwl oe |mn lowna|ode df adeq|w~a|oeh ad~e|nwfia|~i`

qaneiwodq% Imbnl iel Mdqqioe -9??3/ aiwwonl d~| |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| qd~hm| |d qq|nbi|oai``

ade|wd` fdw |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| adviwoi|nq oe dwlnw |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xo|m i qibs`n df 97? vo`ìhnq oe Giehìlnqm |moq q|~l foelq |mi| vo`ìhnq xo|m

gn||nw wdil iaanqq mivn hwni|nw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| hwni|nw |d|i` oeadbnq iel gn||nw oeloai|dwq

df iaanqq |d mni`|m qnwvoanq oe siw|oa~ìw oe |mn aiqn df xdbne% \moq q|~l i`qd foelq nvolnean

|mi| q~hhnq|q |mi| wdilq xd~`l mivn oeawniqnl xihn oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` fdw |mdqnxmd mivn ed fiwbìel%

\mn q|~l g Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ oq i`qd sodennwoeh oe |moq nffdw| df adeq|w~a|oeh

ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |d q|~l |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% ^qoeh |obn qnwonq

oefdwbi|ode oe i wieldb qibs`n df => loq|woa|q fwdb 91 Q|i|nq oe Oeloi o| qmdxq |mi| wdil

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| fdq|nwnl ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| hwdx|m mohmnw ~qihn df fnw|oò{nwq iel i

ìwhnw awnlo| q~ss`% \moq q|~l swnqne|q i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mi| oq mn`sf~` |d dvnwadbn

qob~`|ieno| swdg`nbq awni|nl xmne iqqnqqoeh |mn ai~qi` wnì|odeq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne| iel d|mnw viwoig`nq df oe|nwnq|% \d ivdol |mn adwwnì|ode df ede"dgqnwvig`n viwoig`nqxo|m niam loq|woa|‟q oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| " xmoam xd~`l goiq obsia| nq|obi|nq " Goeqxiehnw

n| i`% -9??1/ obsòao|` adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod giqnl de i wieldb qn`na|ode df loq|woa|q%

@nv -9??6/ aiwwonl d~| ied|mnw q|~l oe |mn qibn òen iqqnqqoeh |mn qdaodnadedboa

obsia|q df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode giqnl de i qibs`n df fd~w w~wi` wdilq oe Bdwdaad adbsiwoeh

swn"n}oq|oeh iel sdq|"wnmigoò|i|ode adelo|odeq% \d ade|wd` fdw ade|n}| adviwoi|nq loffnwne| |d

wnmigoò|i|ode o|qn`f xmoam ad~`l mivn iffna|nl |mn d~|adbn @nv -9??6/ adbsiwnq |mn li|i

de |mn snwfdwbiean df |mnqn fd~w wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq xo|m |mi| df |xd ede"wnmigoò|i|nl

wdilq% Fwdb |moq ”gnfdwn"if|nw‟ iel ”xo|m"xo|md~|‟ adbsiwoqde |mn q|~l foelq |mi| |mn obsia|qfwdb w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xnwn b~am bdwn obsdw|ie| |mie |mn n}sna|nl wnl~a|ode oe |wieqsdw|

adq|q qmdxoeh qoheofoaie| oeawniqnq oe ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| iq xn`` iq obsdw|ie| amiehnq oe |mn

awdsq sdw|fdòd iel ~qihn df oes~|q iel |named`dhonq% Oe illo|ode |mn q|~l olne|ofonq vnw

a`niw ai~qi` òejihnq gn|xnne wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode

siw|oa~ìw` fdw how`q iq xn`` iq i q~gq|ie|oi` oeawniqn oe |mn ~qn df s~gòa mni`|m qnwvoanq%

I`|md~hm |moq oq i aiqn q|~l xmoam ldnq ed| swn|nel |d gn wnswnqne|i|ovn df i xolnw iwni oe

bn|mdld`dhoai` |nwbq o| ldnq bieihn adeq|w~a| q~ffoaone|` qdòl ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |d

bdvn fdwxiwl oe nq|igòqmoeh ai~qi` wnì|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` wdilq oevnq|bne| iel jn viwoig`nqiqqdaoi|nl xo|m w~wi` md~qnmd`l‟q xn`fiwn%



98>

Oe |mn qibn oen wnqniwam xdwj lden g Gijm| -7333/ fdw Giehìlnqm adbsiwoeh wnmigoò|i|nl

wdilq |d ”ade|wd`q‟ foelq adeqolnwig`n n}sieqode oe siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| |wiffoa iel wnl~a|odeq

oe |wieqsdw| adq|q% Mdxnvnw Gijm| -7333/ fi``q qmdw| df iqqnqqoeh obsia|q de xn`fiwn df

gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq iq mn ldnq ed| adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod oe xmoam md~qnmd`lq

`dai|nl oe ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq sdqqnqq amiwia|nwoq|oaq adbsiwig`n |d |mdqn df md~qnmd`lq`dai|nl eniw wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq%

Foei`` ~qoeh |mn qibn swobiw li|igiqn ~qnl oe |moq q|~l A~ée|d -7333/ qmdxq fdw

|mn aiqn df Snw~ i qn| df oeloai|dwq df |mn gnenfo|q |mi| |mn ei|odei` swdhwib df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode

iel bioe|neiean xd~`l mivn mil de gnenfoaoiw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq if|nw o|q |mwnn"niw

obs`nbne|i|ode -9??6"9???/% Oe ldoeh qd |mn q|~l g A~ée|d -7333/ adbsiwnq gnenfoaoiw

md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq " dai|nl eniw wdilq wnmigoò|i|nl g |moq s~gòa swdhwib " xo|m md~qnmd`lq

iel |dxeq `dai|nl oe adbsiwig`n w~wi` wdilq xmoam mil ed| gnne qnwvnl g |mn swdhwib iel

foelq obsdw|ie| wnl~a|odeq oe siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| |wieqsdw| adq|q iq xn`` iq oeawniqnq oe

iaanqq |d jn qdaoi` qnwvoanq% Mdxnvnw l~n |d ed| mivoeh isswdswoi|n ”ade|wd`q‟ iq b~am iq

swdg`nbq df |mn li|i " xmoam xo`` gn loqa~qqnl oe |mn fd``dxoeh qna|ode " A~ée|d -7333/ ldnq

ed| bijn |mn bdq| df |mn n}oq|nean df sd|ne|oi` ”ade|wd`q‟ |d iqqnqq wohdwd~q` |mn obsia| df

wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn% Swnaoqn` bdvoeh fdwxiwl |dxiwlq

|moq s~wsdqn xo`` gn |mn fda~q df |mn wnbioeoeh qna|odeq df |moq amis|nw%

=% 1% Li|i iel bn|mdld`dhy

\moq amis|nw |wonq |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn

fda~qoeh de |xd jn oeloai|dwq; md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode iel md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i

oeadbn% \moq oq lden g adbsiwoeh |mn xn`fiwn `nvn` df md~qnmd`lq òvoeh eniw wnmigoò|i|nl

w~wi` wdilq xo|m ie nq|obi|n df |mn xn`fiwn nvn` |mnqn qibn md~qnmd`lq xd~`l mivn qmd~`l |mn

wnmigoò|i|ode mil ed| gnne obs`nbne|nl% Qoean |moq nq|obi|n oq adeq|w~a|nl giqnl de |mn

oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq |mn swnaoqode df

|moq obsia| iqqnqqbne| lnsnelq awo|oai`` de mdx adbsiwig`n iwn gd|m |snq df md~qnmd`lq "

|mdqn ovoeh eniw wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq -|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq/ iel |mdqn ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl

wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq/ "%

\moq qna|ode lnqawognq |mn qd~wan iel amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl iq xn`` iq

|mn bn|mdld`dh issònl |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de |mn ivnwihn

xn`fiwn df |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% Iq swnvod~q` bne|odenl |moq obsia| bniq~wnbne| fda~qnq de

|mwnn oeloai|dwq; -i/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i oeadbn `nvn`: -g/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i oeadbn

adbsdqo|ode " adeqolnwoeh fd~w sdqqog`n qd~wanq df oeadbn; ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne|

oeadbn " ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"

ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn: iel -a/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode `nvn`%

Amis|nw =

986

=% 1%9%\mn li|i

\mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl oe |moq q|~l adbnq fwdb i qn| df md~qnmd`l q~wvnq iel |dxe"`nvn`

q~wvnq -o%n% illwnqqnl |d `dai` i~|mdwo|onq sdòan q|i|odeq bihoq|wi|n‟q ad~w|q iel g~qoenqqnq/

wnhiwloeh qdaodnadedboa amiwia|nwoq|oaq fdw |mn fdwbnw iel swdvoqode df s~gòa qnwvoanq iel

qdaodnadedboa amiwia|nwoq|oaq fdw |mn ì||nw% \mnqn q~wvnq xnwn aiwwonl d~| l~woeh Biwam7333 iq siw| df |mn obsia| nvi`~i|ode df |mn fowq| smiqn df |mn a~wwne| Snw~voie Hdvnwebne|‟q

w~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode swdhwib iq wnsdw|nl g A~ée|d -7333/%

\mn W~wi` Wdil Wnmigoò|i|ode iel Bioe|neiean Swdhwib -SAW/ oq siw| df i ei|odei`

swdkna| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn wnmigoò|i|ode -Swdyna|d Nqsnaoi` ln Wnmigoò|iaoñe ln ì

Oefwinq|w~a|~wi ln \wieqsdw|n/ xmoam xiq obs`nbne|nl qoean 9??6 iel wnhiwlnl iq i jn

adbsdene| df |mn q|wi|nh |d wnl~an w~wi` sdvnw| oe Snw~% I`|md~hm SAW‟q swdhwib ia|ovo|onq

nqqne|oi`` oevd`vnl |mn wnmigoò|i|ode df w~wi` wdilq " ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl "

adbs`nbne|iw ia|ovo|onq oea`~lnl q|wneh|mneoeh |mn dwhieo{i|odei` iel bieihnbne| aisiao|onqdf dai` boawd"qai`n ne|nwswoqnq wnqsdeqog`n fdw |mn bioe|neiean df |mn wnmigoò|i|nl bd|dwo{nl

w~wi` wdilq%

\mn iwni df oef`~nean df |mn swdhwib oea`~lnq w~wi` iwniq df 19< loq|woa|q xo|m mohm

sdvnw| wi|nq gn`dehoeh |d 97 fwdb |mn 7< lnsiw|bne|q oe Snw~ -Aikibiwai Ieaiqm

M~ieaivnòai M~ée~ad K~eâe Siqad Is~wâbia Iia~amd A~qad S~ed Bilwn ln Lodq

iel Qie Biw|âe/% \mnqn lnsiw|bne|q ade|oe~n |d gn qnwvnl i| swnqne| g |mn qnadel smiqn df

|mn swdhwib xmoam q|iw|nl i| |mn nel df 7339 xo|m |mn iob df neq~woeh |mn oeq|o|~|odei` iel

foeieaoi` q~q|ioeigoò| df bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq xmoam xo`` hwil~i`` gnadbn i wnqsdeqogoò|df |mn wnqsna|ovn `dai` hdvnwebne|q%

\mn q~wvnq hi|mnwnl oefdwbi|ode fwdb 731= md~qnmd`lq loq|wog~|nl ibdeh 1=< |dxeq:

99>3 q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq ovn oe wdil qna|odeq wnmigoò|i|nl g |mn SAW iel === ovn oe wdil

qna|odeq ede"wnmigoò|i|nl g SAW% De |moq wnhiwl o| oq xdw|m bne|odeoeh qdbn amiwia|nwoq|oaq

df |mn qn`na|ode swdanqq fdw niam hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq oe |mn q~wvn% 9 De |mn den miel |mn

qn`na|ode swdanqq df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw wdil qna|odeq wnmigoò|i|nl g SAW xiq i| wieldb

iel |mwnn"q|ihnl xo|m qq|nbi|oa qn`na|ode fdw |mn fowq| q|ihn swdgigoò| swdsdw|odei` |d |dxe

qo{n fdw |mn qnadel q|ihn iel wieldb qn`na|ode fdw |mn |mowl q|ihn% Oe illo|ode fdw |mdqn

md~qnmd`lq ovoeh oe bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn qn`na|ode swdanqq xiq q|wi|ofonl g hndhwismoa ldbioe%

Xo|moe |moq qibs`n lnqohe wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq xnwn qn`na|nl oe |mn fowq| q|ihn |dxeq oe

|mn qnadel q|ihn -|xd dw oe qdbn aiqnq |mwnn |dxeq snw wdil qna|ode qn`na|nl oe |mn fowq|

q|ihn/ iel md~qnmd`lq oe |mn |mowl q|ihn -gn|xnne fd~w iel qo} md~qnmd`lq snw |dxe qn`na|nl

oe |mn qnadel q|ihn/% Oe |moq xi 8< bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq iel 96 ede"bd|dwo{nl wdil

qna|odeq xnwn qn`na|nl% De |mn d|mnw miel oefdwbi|ode fwdb md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq dai|nl oe

wdil qna|odeq |mi| lol ed| gnenfo| fwdb SAW ia|ovo|onq xiq i`qd hi|mnwnl iq i adbs`nbne|

9 \moq swdanqq xiq fd``dxnl qnsiwi|n` fdw niam |sn df wdil; bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl%

988

xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df ~qoeh |mnb iq i ade|wd` hwd~s l~woeh swdhwib nvi`~i|ode% Adeqny~ne|`

|mn qn`na|ode swdanqq df |moq qnadel hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq xiq ed| i| wieldb% Oe siw|oa~ìw |mn

nvi`~i|dwq qd~hm| |mi| niam ade|wd` wdil qna|ode -ede"wnmigoò|i|nl g SAW/ xiq qoboìw |d

den |wni|nl wdil qna|ode -wnmigoò|i|nl g SAW/ oe ihwd"aòbi|oa adelo|odeq -òjn i`|o|~ln/

monwiwam df |mn |dxeq adeena|nl g |mn wdil -swdvoean dw loq|woa| aiso|i`q/ wdil‟q f~ea|ode-adeena|ode |d |mn qibn qnadeliw wdil/ loq|iean |d adbbnwaoi` aowa~o|q iel |sn df wdil

-bd|dwo{nl dw ede"bd|dwo{nl/%

Lnqso|n |mn n}oq|nean df |mnqn wdil qna|ode bi|amoeh awo|nwoi |mn qibs`n oea`~lnl

oeilvnw|ne|` iq i siw| df |mn ade|wd` hwd~s md~qnmd`lq |mi| mil iaanqq |d wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq

iq fiw iq q~am wnmigoò|i|ode mil ed| gnne obs`nbne|nl iq siw| df |mn SAW swdhwib% Dgvod~q`

|mnqn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iaanqqoeh wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq ad~`l goiq |mn SAW‟q obsia| iqqnqqbne|%

Oe siw|oa~ìw 1< snwane| df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq dai|nl oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq iel 1=

snwane| df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq wnsdw|nl mivoeh gnenfo|nlfwdb wdil wnmigoò|i|ode ia|ovo|onq aiwwonl d~| g EHDq xdwjoeh oe |mn iwni |mnow b~eoaosiò|onq

dw d|mnw s~gòa oeq|o|~|odeq%

\d dvnwadbn |moq swdg`nb xn bdlofonl |mn li|i q|w~a|~wn dwohoei`` qn| d~| g |mn

swdhwib nvi`~i|dwq " siowq df wdil qna|odeq df wnmigoò|i|nl iel ede"wnmigoò|i|nl g SAW "

A~ée|d -7333/ |d iaad~e| fdw d|mnw wnmigoò|i|ode swdhwibq% \m~q fdw |mn s~wsdqn df |moq q|~l

|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq iwn |mdqn `dai|nl oe wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq -gn |mi| g SAW dw ie

d|mnw oeq|o|~|ode/ iel |mn hwd~s df sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q iwn md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe wdil qna|odeq

|mi| lol ed| gnenfo| fwdb ie wnmigoò|i|ode xdwj% O| oq xdw|m bne|odeoeh |mi| xmo`n bioe|neieania|ovo|onq ld |ijn sìan oe |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl wdilq wnmigoò|i|nl g |mn SAW o| xiq ed|

sdqqog`n |d nq|igòqm of qoboìw ia|odeq |ddj sìan de |mn wdilq wnmigoò|i|nl g d|mnw oeq|o|~|odeq

" ede"bd|dwo{nl dw bd|dwo{nl "% \ig`n =%9 qmdxq |mn loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq

aìqqofonl g q|i|n df |mn wdil qna|ode -wnmigoò|i|nl dw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl/ iel |sn df wdil

-ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl/%

Xn fd~el qq|nbi|oa goiqnq oe jn qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq gn|xnne |mn |xd hwd~sq

|mn sd|ne|oi`` ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iel |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% \mnqn goiqnq i`nw|nl ~q igd~|

|mn ennl |d nq|igòqm isswdswoi|n ade|wd`q gnfdwn |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn nffna| df wdilwnmigoò|i|ode% \mnqn qq|nbi|oa loffnwneanq iwn loqa~qqnl oe ln|io` oe Qna|ode =%<% Oe |mn wnboelnw

df |moq qna|ode xn adeane|wi|n de |mn bn|mdld`dh ~qnl |d oqdì|n q~am loffnwneanq iel mnean

gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n oe |mn bdq| swnaoqn xi |mn nffna|q df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode%

=%1%7% Bn|mdld`dhy

\mn amdoan df |mn bn|mdld`dh nbs`dnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode

de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xiq giqnl de |mn d~|adbn siwibn|nw df oe|nwnq| " |mn bnie nffna| df wdil

wnmigoò|i|ode de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn " iq xn`` iq de |mn qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mnivioìg`n li|i%

Amis|nw =

98=

\ig`n =%9 Loq|wog~|ode df |mn qibs`n-fdw md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq/

Q|i|n df |mn Wdil\sn df Wdil \d|i`

Ede"Wnmigoò|i|nl Wnmigoò|i|nl

Ede"Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil

Md~qnmd`lq 936 79< 173\dxeq 79 <1 6<

Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil

Md~qnmd`lq 138 9<99 989=\dxeq 67 7>= 173

\d|i` " md~qnmd`lq <91 967> 731=\d|i` " |dxeq =1 139 1=<


\mn ennl |d nq|obi|n i sds~ì|ode siwibn|nw q~am iq |mn ivnwihn xn`fiwn nffna| df

wnmigoò|i|ode de |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe i ede"n}snwobne|i` lnqohe fwibnxdwj `nl ~q |d

amdoan |mn bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj swdsdqnl g |mn ò|nwi|~wn de bi|amoeh oe siw|oa~ìw

swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh xoln` ~qnl fdw ede"n}snwobne|i` q|~lonq q~am iq |moq den% \moq

bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj i``dxq ie nffoaone| ~qn df oefdwbi|ode fwdb md~qnmd`lq xo|m iaanqq

|d ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/ |d adeq|w~a| ie nq|obi|n df |mn xn`fiwn `nvn` df

|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq of |mn wdil qna|ode |mn iaanqq xd~`l mil ed| gnne wnmigoò|i|nl% \mnbn|mdld`dh ln|io`nl gn`dx oq nqqne|oi`` giqnl de q|~lonq g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/

iel Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ iq xn`` iq de Mnajbie n| i`% -9???/ adbswnmneqovn wnvonx df

nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq fdw s~gòa swdkna|q%

L~n |d |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivioìg`n oefdwbi|ode o| xiq enanqqiw |d bijn qdbn

ilk~q|bne|q xo|moe |moq bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj% Oe |moq wnhiwl |xd amiwia|nwoq|oaq fwdb

|mn li|i ìol ldxe |mn h~olnòenq fdw |moq ilk~q|bne|;

i/ \mn oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq oq ed| wnswnqne|i|ovn i| i |dxe `nvn`%" \moq

fia| miq lowna| obsòai|odeq de lnòeni|oeh |mn bn|mdld`dh siw|oa~ìw` de |mn n`na|odedf |mn iei`qoq ~eo| fdw |xd wniqdeq; -i/ |mn bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de w~wi`

md~qnmd`lq xn`fiwn aie ed| gn iqqnqqnl i| i |dxe `nvn` -`nvn` i| xmoam |mn swdgigoò|

df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oq lnfoenl/: iel -g/ bi|amoeh md~qnmd`lq iaadwloeh |d

|mn swdgigoò| df iaanqq |d i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil aie ed| gn giqnl de amiwia|nwoq|oaq df

q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq g~| wi|mnw de |mn |dxe oe xmoam |mn òvn%

g/ \mn oefdwbi|ode ivioìg`n oq awdqq"qna|odei` iel xiq hi|mnwnl if|nw wdil wnmigoò|i|ode%"

\mn ìaj df i giqn òen " i``dxoeh iei`qoq df md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn amiehnq " iel oe

siw|oa~ìw |mn iaj df deho|~loei` oefdwbi|ode df md~qnmd`lq fwdb gd|m hwd~sq gnfdwnwdil wnmigoò|i|ode w~`nq d~| |mn sdqqogoò| df ~qoeh i bdwn swnaoqn nq|obi|dw |mie |mi|



98?

ivioìg`n fdw awdqq"qna|odei` oefdwbi|ode siw|oa~ìw` |mn loffnwnean"oe"loffnwnean

nq|obi|dw%7

\mn bn|mdld`dh issònl oe |moq q|~l oe adeqolnwi|ode df |mn igdvn oea`~lnq qdbn

ilk~q|bne|q |d swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh q|ieliwl bn|mdld`dh fdw awdqq"qna|odei` li|i df

|mn joel ivioìg`n mnwn%Fowq| df i`` |mn dgkna|ovn df |moq q|~l oq |d nq|obi|n |mn xn`fiwn df i md~qnmd`l oe i

msd|mn|oai` qaneiwod loffnwne| fwdb |mi| den oe xmoam o| ia|~i`` oq% \mi| oq ieqxnwoeh |mn

y~nq|ode; xmi| xd~`l |mn xn`fiwn nvn` gn of wdil wnmigoò|i|ode mil ed| |ijne sìan4 Oe swoeaos`n

dean |moq oeloai|dw oq nq|obi|nl o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|igòqm |mn xn`fiwn hioeq lnwovnl fwdb wdil

wnmigoò|i|ode xmoam xd~`l gn hovne g |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn wnsdw|nl xn`fiwn `nvn`

fwdb ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod iel |mn nq|obi|nl xn`fiwn `nvn` oe i ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod%

Mdxnvnw o| oq xdw|m nbsmiqo{oeh |mi| l~n |d |mn obsdqqogoò| df qob~`|iend~q` dgqnwvoeh

ie siw|oa~ìw oelovol~i` oe gd|m q|i|nq -oe|nwvne|ode iel ede"oe|nwvne|ode/ ò|nwi|~wn debi|amoeh ihwnnq de ~qoeh iq isswdswoi|n nvn` df iei`qoq |mi| df sds~ì|ode ihhwnhi|nq xmo`n

wnadheo{oeh |mn obsdqqogoò| df adeq|w~a|oeh ie obsia| nq|obi|nq i| |mn oelovol~i` `nvn`% Oe

|moq qneqn |mn oeloai|dw |mi| |moq q|~l iobq i| nq|obi|oeh oq |mn bnie xn`fiwn nffna| df

wnmigoò|i|ode de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq;

Wnmigoò|i|ode nffna| de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq 2 N - _ 9o

p l o29 / " N - _

3 op l

o29 / -9/

xmnwn l o29 oeloai|nq |mn hwd~s |d xmoam md~qnmd`l o gn`dehq oe |mn dgqnwvnl qaneiwod; |mn|wni|nl hwd~s% \mn fowq| adbsdene| de |mn wohm| miel qoln df |mn ny~i|ode -9/ oeloai|nq |mn

xn`fiwn n}sna|nl vi`~n fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe qaneiwod 9 oe xmoam wnmigoò|i|ode xiq aiwwonl

d~| Z_ 9o

wnswnqne|q snw aiso|i oeadbn -dw adeq~bs|ode/ fdw md~qnmd`l o oe qaneiwod 9 |mn

dgqnwvnl qaneiwodR% @ojnxoqn |mn qnadel adbsdene| wnswnqne|q |mn xn`fiwn n}sna|nl vi`~n

fdw |mnqn qibn md~qnmd`lq oe ie i`|nwei|ovn qaneiwod; qaneiwod 3 oe xmoam wnmigoò|i|ode xiq

ed| aiwwonl d~| Z_ 3o

wnswnqne|q |mn snw aiso|i oeadbn -dw adeq~bs|ode/ fdw md~qnmd`l o ne |moq

qaneiwod 3 i msd|mn|oai` qaneiwodR% Nvolne|` |moq qnadel adbsdene| oq ede"dgqnwvig`n

qoean i md~qnmd`l aie de` n}snwobne| den q|i|n df ei|~wn i| i |obn%

\moq ~edgqnwvig`n adbsdene| bi gn adeq|w~a|nl lwixoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn hwd~s

df md~qnmd`lq òvoeh oe ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq -l o23/% Of ie n}snwobne|i` lnqohe oe

xmoam sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq df wnmigoò|i|ode nffdw|q xnwn wieldb` qn`na|nl xnwn

ivioìg`n o| xd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d bijn i lowna| adbsiwoqde gn|xnne xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq df

|wni|nl iel ade|wd` hwd~sq gnai~qn |mn loq|wog~|ode df sdqqog`n d~|adbnq fdw |wni|nl iel ade|wd`

md~qnmd`lq xd~`l gn |mn qibn oe niam i`|nwei|ovn qaneiwod -_ 3oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod

7

Qbo|m iel \dll -7333/ iqqnqq |mn snwfdwbiean df awdqq"qna|ode iel deho|~loei` bi|amoeh nq|obi|dwq iel adea`~ln|mi| |mn bdq| wdg~q| nq|obi|dw oq |mn loffnwnean"oe"loffnwnean nq|obi|dw iq o| nòboei|nq goiq qd~wanq |mi| iwn oeviwoig`ni`deh |obn% Mdxnvnw |moq nq|obi|dw wny~ownq `deho|~loei` oefdwbi|ode ed| ivioìg`n fdw |moq q|~l%

Amis|nw =



9=3

iel _ 9

oe |mn oe|nwvne|ode den/% \mnwnfdwn ~elnw ie n}snwobne|i` lnqohe |mn n}sna|nl vi`~n

fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod -|mn ede"dgqnwvig`n adbsdene|/ xd~`l

gn |mn qibn iq |mn n}sna|nl vi`~n fdw |mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod

-ie dgqnwvig`n adbsdene|/% Mdxnvnw |mn ivioìg`n oefdwbi|ode ldnq ed| mivn |mnqn

amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \mnwnfdwn o| oq enanqqiw |d bijn n} sdq| ilk~q|bne|q |d neq~wn adbsiwigoò|gn|xnne |mn hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/

iel |mn hwd~s òvoeh eniw wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq -|wni|nl /%

Fd``dxoeh |mn bn|mdld`dh swdsdqnl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ |moq ilk~q|bne| oq

issònl dvnw i qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] % Q~am ilk~q|bne| qmd~`l neq~wn |mi| |mn loq|wog~|ode df

|mn oeloai|dw _ 3

-o%n% snw aiso|i oeadbn df ie md~qnmd`l of wdil wnmigoò|i|ode ldnq ed| |ijn

sìan/ xo|moe i q~ghwd~s df md~qnmd`lq " lnfoenl g |mnow a`dqnenqq oe ] " oq |mn qibn fdw |mn

hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq iq |mn loq|wog~|ode xd~`l gn dgqnwvnl

fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq hwd~s of wnmigoò|i|ode mil ed| |ijne sìan% \mi| oq;

N - _ 3o

p l o29 ] / 2 N - _

3op l

o23 ] / -7/

\d neq~wn |mi| gd|m qolnq df |moq n}swnqqode iwn xn`` lnfoenl qob~`|iend~q` xn ennl |d

adelo|ode |mnqn n}sna|nl vi`~nq de i q~ssdw| wnhode dvnw |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] adbbde |d

gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% Oe |moq xi |mn d~|adbnq dg|ioenl g |mdqn

md~qnmd`lq -fwdb gd|m hwd~sq/ |mi| gn`deh |d |moq adbbde q~ssdw| xo`` gn adbsiwig`n% Dean xn

ade|wd` dvnw |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mi| lnfoenq |mn q~ssdw| wnhode adbbde |d gd|m hwd~sqo| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn df |mn |wni|nl hwd~s ‑ of o| mil ed| hd| iaanqq |d i

wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdil " g aià~ì|oeh |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn df |mn hwd~s df sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q

-xnohm|oeh niam ade|wd` md~qnmd`l iaadwloeh |d o|q a`dqnenqq oe ] |d niam |wni|nl md~qnmd`l/%

Fd``dxoeh Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ o| oq sdqqog`n |d wnl~an |mn lobneqodeiò| df

|mn adbbde q~ssdw| ‟q lnfoeo|ode swdg`nb |mwd~hm |mn nq|obi|ode df i swdsneqo|y qadwn xmoam

wnf`na|q |mn adelo|odei` swdgigoò| df siw|oaosi|oeh oe |mn swdhwib -fdw |moq q|~l |mn adelo|odei`

swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdil/ hovne |mn vna|dw df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] ;

Sw-l29 p ]/ 2 Sw-]/ -1/

G oeadwsdwi|oeh |mn ade|wog~|ode df |mnqn i~|mdwq iel fd``dxoeh |mn adeans|~i`

fwibnxdwj swdsdqnl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ o| oq sdqqog`n nq|igòqmoeh |mi| of |mn loq|wog~|ode

df _ 3

oq oelnsnelne| df |mn adelo|odei` loq|wog~|ode df l de ] xo|moe |mn adbbde q~ssdw|

lnfoenl de |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mn loq|wog~|ode df _ 3oq i`qd oelnsnelne| df |mn adelo|odei`

loq|wog~|ode df l de Sw-]/ -xo|moe |mn wnfnwwnl adbbde q~ssdw| /%

Fd``dxoeh |mn swdsdqnl bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj den df |mn bioe |iqjq df |moq q|~lònq oe foeloeh i qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mi| i``dxq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df i adbbde q~ssdw|




9=9

xo|moe xmoam gd|m hwd~sq iwn adbsiwig`n% \soai`` |mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn |mdqn |mi| oef`~nean

md~qnmd`lq‟ swdgigoò| |d iaanqq i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oe q~am i xi |mi| o| oq sdqqog`n |d foel

md~qnmd`lq xo|m qoboìw swdgigoò|onq iel qd gn ig`n |d wnsòai|n |mn wieldbenqq iqqdaoi|nl

xo|m n}snwobne|i` lnqoheq%

Oe |mn ade|n}| df |moq amis|nw |mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn lnfoenl i| |dxe"`nvn`% \mi| oq|mn swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oq |mn qibn fdw i`` md~qnmd`lq |mi| gn`deh |d i

|dxe `dai|nl oe i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|ode% Oe |moq qneqn o| oq |dxe amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmi| oq

wn`nvie| |d adeq|w~a| |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn% Of i wnswnqne|i|ovn e~bgnw df md~qnmd`lq i| |dxe"

`nvn` xnwn ivioìg`n o| xd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d lnfoen md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq i| |mi|

ihhwnhi|ode nvn` oe xmoam aiqn |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigoò|i|ode ad~`l gn ilny~i|n` iqqnqqnl

i| |dxe `nvn`% Mdxnvnw hovne |mi| |mn q~wvn‟q qibs`n lnqohe de` adeqolnwnl ie ivnwihn df

fd~w |d qo} md~qnmd`lq snw |dxe o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d swn|nel q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i|

|mi| `nvn`% Oe adeqny~nean o| oq enanqqiw |d nq|igòqm |xd `nvn`q df iei`qoq: de |mn den miel|mn |dxe nvn` i| xmoam |mn adbbde q~ssdw| oq lnfoenl iel |mn swdgigoò| fdw niam md~qnmd`l

df |mn qibs`n -|wni|nl dw sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`/ df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|ode oq nq|obi|nl%

De |mn d|mnw miel ie iei`qoq i| i md~qnmd`l nvn` oq nq|igòqmnl i| xmoam |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn

df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode oq bniq~wnl -|mn xn`fiwn oeloai|dw dvnw xmoam |mn wnmigoò|i|ode nffna| oq

nq|obi|nl oq ln|nwboenl i| |moq `nvn`/%

\mn nbsowoai` qsnaofoai|ode df |moq q|~l fd``dxnl |mwnn q|ihnq; -9/ Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn

adbbde q~ssdw| : -7/ Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq |d gn iqqnqqnl -md~qnmd`lq‟ snw

aiso|i oeadbn dw adeq~bs|ode ade|wd``nl g iqqn|q sdqqnqqode/: iel -1/ Md~qnmd`lq bi|amoeh-giqnl de |mn adbbde q~ssdw| / iel aià~ì|ode df |mn bnieq loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn |wni|nl

iel ade|wd` hwd~sq% En}| xn lnqawogn niam df |mnqn q|ihnq;

Fowq| Q|ihn% Oe |moq q|ihn |mn adbbde q~ssdw| oq lnfoenl: o%n% |mn swdgigoò| df i |dxe

df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil oq nq|obi|nl - swdsneqo|y qadwn/ iel |mn e~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq

|d gn oeadwsdwi|nl oe |mn nvi`~i|ode oq wnq|woa|nl lnsneloeh de |mn oe|nwqna|ode df |mn iaanqq

swdgigoò| wiehn df gd|m |wni|nl iel ade|wd` hwd~sq% \mn swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl

wdil oq |mn adbbde q~ssdw| ‟q q~bbiw oeloai|dw |mi| oq i den"lobneqodei` oeloai|dw |mi|

wnf`na|q |mn b~`|olobneqodei` qsian df |mdqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean de xmn|mnw dw ed||mn wdil |d xmoam |mn |dxe iaanqq miq gnne wnmigoò|i|nl% Oe |mi| qneqn |moq swdgigoò| nq|obi|n

- swdsneqo|y qadwn/ oeadwsdwi|nq loffnwne| joelq df viwoig`nq |mi| ad~`l mivn oef`~neanl |mn

lnaoqode df i |mowl"siw| -dw |mn adbb~eo| o|qn`f/ |d wnmigoò|i|n |mn wdil qna|ode |mi| wniamnq

|mn |dxe% \mnqn viwoig`nq oea`~ln viwoig`nq òjn |mn adbb~eo|‟q dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao|

oeloai|dwq df |dxe‟q nadedboa ia|ovo| swdvoqode df nl~ai|ode iel mni`|m s~gòa qnwvoanq oe

|mn |dxe qo{n df |mn |dxe `neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw hndhwismoai` ldbioe xo|moe xmoam |mn

|dxe oq `dai|nl%

Qnadel Q|ihn% Den df |mn q|~l‟q loq|oea|ovn fni|~wnq ònq de |mn fia| |mi| o|q iei`qoq~eo| oq |mn md~qnmd`l iel ed| |mn |dxe -`nvn` i| xmoam |mn swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigoò|i|nl

Amis|nw =



9=7

wdil oq lnfoenl/% O| oq xdw|m sdoe|oeh d~| |mi| oe |moq q|~l |mn loffnwneanq oe amiwia|nwoq|oaq

gn|xnne |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq hwd~s iel |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q hwd~s iwn q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|

-|mnqn loffnwneanq iwn ln|io`nl oe |mn wnq~`|q qna|ode gn`dx/% \moq obsònq |mi| |mn awo|oai` viwoig`nq

|mi| neq~wn adbsiwigoò| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq wnhiwloeh |mn bniq~wnl xn`fiwn oeloai|dw iwn

ed| wnì|nl qd`n` |d |mn md~qnmd`l swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh |d i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil% Oe fia| |moqswdgigoò| lnsnelq de |mn |dxe‟q amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel " hovne |mn ìaj df md~qnmd`l

wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i |dxe `nvn` " o| oq fdw i`` swia|oai` s~wsdqn i swdgigoò| oelnsnelne|

fwdb dgqnwvnl loffnwneanq gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq xo|moe |dxeq% \mnwnfdwn o| oq dgvod~q |mi| |mn

md~qnmd`l bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh " xmoam xdwjq ~elnw |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn a`dqnenqq awo|nwode

" oq ed| q~ffoaone| |d adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq iq |moq oeloai|dw

oq ed| qneqo|ovn |d |mn loffnwneanq ibdeh md~qnmd`lq amiwia|nwoq|oaq -amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean

|mn iqqnqqnl xn`fiwn nvn`/% Qoean o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d dvnwadbn |moq swdg`nb g oeadwsdwi|oeh

|mn oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn nq|obi|n o| xiq enanqqiw |dadeq|w~a| i xn`fiwn oeloai|dw |mi| ad~`l oqdì|n |mn loffnwneanq oe oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l

amiwia|nwoq|oaq gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% \moq xn`fiwn oeloai|dw

ade|wd``nl g md~qnmd`l oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq |mn viwoig`n |d gn nvi`~i|nl oe |mn |mowl

q|ihn df |mn q|~l% \mn ln|io`q wnì|nl |d mdx |moq oeloai|dw xiq adeq|w~a|nl aie gn qnne oe

Ieen} I=%9 i| |mn nel df |moq amis|nw%

\mowl Q|ihn% \mn iq| q|ihn adeqoq|nl oe bi|amoeh md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw wnmigoò|i|nl

wdil qna|odeq |d |mdqn òvoeh oe ede"wnmigoò|i|nl qna|odeq iaadwloeh |d |mnow a`dqnenqq xo|moe

|mn adbbde q~ssdw| : iel swdannloeh en}| |d aià~ì|n |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne ivnwihn d~|adbnq"ade|wd``nl g loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode " df gd|m hwd~sq% Bi|amoeh |mn xn`fiwn d~|adbnq

df gd|m hwd~sq ade|wd``nl g iqqn|q sdqqnqqode i``dxq ilny~i|n` giìean gd|m md~qnmd`l

qibs`nq xo|m wnhiwlq |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam iq oeloai|nl g Mnajbie n| i`%

-9??8/ " oe |mn ade|n}| df kdg |wioeoeh swdhwibq " adeq|o|~|nq |mn bioe adeanwe oe nq|obi|oeh

|mn bnie nffna| df i swdhwib% \mnqn i~|mdwq sdoe|"d~| |mn wnì|ovn` qbi`` obsdw|iean df

loffnwneanq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq oe goiqoeh |mn bnie d~|adbn nq|obi|dw xmne adbsiwnl |d |mn

loffnwneanq oe dgqnwvig`nq gn|xnne gd|m qibs`nq%

Wnhiwloeh |mn bi|amoeh swdanqq o| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mnwn iwn giqoai`` |xd ds|odeq

ivioìg`n; den"|d"den bi|amoeh iel qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh% 1 Oe gd|m aiqnq |mn wd`n df niam

dgqnwvi|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q oe |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod oq lnfoenl

iaadwloeh |d |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn dg|ioenl oe |mn fowq| q|ihn% \mn swia|oai` loffnwnean oq |mi|

den"|d"den bi|amoeh ~qnq de` den ade|wd` dgqnwvi|ode fdw niam |wni|bne| -|mn dgqnwvi|ode

qmdxoeh |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn a`dqnq| |d |mn |wni|bne| dgqnwvi|ode/ xmo`n |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh

adeq|w~a|q i ad~e|nwfia|~i` dgqnwvi|ode fdw niam |wni|nl oelovol~i` iaadwloeh |d i`` ade|wd`

dgqnwvi|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| xnohm|oeh niam ade|wd` dgqnwvi|ode iaadwloeh

1 Qnn Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ Mnajbie n| i` -9???/ iel Qoienqo -7339/%


9=1

|d o|q a`dqnenqq |d |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`l% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| oe nadedbn|woa |nwbq |mn

fowq| ds|ode i``dxq boeobo{oeh |mn goiq xmo`n |mn qnadel swovo`nhnq nffoaonea%

Oe |moq q|~l adeqolnwoeh |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivioìg`n li|i |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh

ds|ode xiq amdqne% Oe siw|oa~ìw |mn bioe swdg`nb |d gn fianl xiq |mn qaiwan e~bgnw df

ade|wd` dgqnwvi|odeq fdw niam |wni|bne|: n}sna|oeh de |mn d|mnw miel |mi| sd|ne|oi` goiqswdg`nbq xd~`l gn `nqq obsdw|ie| iq |mn qn`na|ode df ade|wd` wdil qna|odeq xiq lden ~elnw

awo|nwoi |mi| `ddj if|nw qoboìw wdil qna|odeq oe gd|m hwd~sq%

O| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh ds|ode xiq ~qnl fdw gd|m hwd~sq o%n% |mn

oeadbn -adeq~bs|ode/ dgqnwvi|odeq " ade|wd``nl g loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqodeq " ~qnl |d

aià~ì|n |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigoò|i|ode fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde

q~ssdw| iwn adeq|w~a|nl gd|m |d nq|obi|n |mn bnie d~|adbn df |mn ade|wd` hwd~s iq xn`` iq |d

|mn nq|obi|n |mn bnie d~|adbn df |mn |wni|bne| hwd~s% \mnwnfdwn bi|amoeh i``dxq nq|obi|oeh

|mn nffna| df wnmigoò|i|ode ~qoeh;‧ Md~qnmd`lq de ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| |d

adeq|w~a| foa|o|od~q dgqnwvi|odeq |mi| i``dx nq|obi|oeh |mn ade|wd`q‟bnie nffna|q%

‧ Md~qnmd`lq de wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| |d adeq|w~a|

foa|o|od~q dgqnwvi|odeq |mi| i``dx nq|obi|oeh |wni|nl‟q bnie nffna|q Foei`` o| qmd~`l gn

bne|odenl |mi| |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn adefolnean oe|nwvi` df |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigoò|i|ode

oq lden g bnieq df i gdd|q|wissoeh swdanl~wn xmoam i``dxq oeadwsdwi|oeh |mn swdsneqo|y

qadwn nq|obi|ode nwwdw oe |mn q|ieliwl nwwdw df |mn nq|obi|nl d~|adbn nffna| -Qoienqo 7339/%

=%< Wnq~`|q

Iq bne|odenl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode oe dwlnw |d gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn bnie nffna| df w~wi`

wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode o| oq enanqqiw |d neq~wn adbsiwigoò| gn|xnne |mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`l hwd~s

iel |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`l hwd~s wnhiwloeh oelovol~i` iel hwd~s amiwia|nwoq|oaq -loffnwne| |d

wnmigoò|i|ode/ |mi| ad~`l mivn oef`~neanl |mn dgqnwvnl d~|adbn% \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mn q~bbiw

q|i|oq|oaq fdw gd|m qibs`nq% \moq |ig`n mn`sq ~q |d nvi`~i|n |mn adbsiwigoò| df gd|m md~qnmd`lq

hwd~sq " |wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q " fdw niam |sn df w~wi` wdil -bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl/

fda~qoeh de |mdqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean |mn xn`fiwn nvn` n}snwoneanl g i md~qnmd`l% Oesiw|oa~ìw \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| ~egiìeanq gn|xnne gd|m md~qnmd`l hwd~sq fwdb

i den"lobneqodei` snwqsna|ovn -viwoig`n g viwoig`n/% Mnwn |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df

loffnwneanq oe md~qnmd`l oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq swnqne|nl -xo|m wnhiwl |d ivnwihn sdqqnqqode

df m~bie aiso|i` dwhieo{i|odei` smqoai` iel s~gòa iqqn|q/% Oe illo|ode |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean

df loffnwneanq oe |dxe"`nvn` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq i`qd lnsoa|nl -xo|m wnhiwl |d oeloai|dwq df |mn

adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao| |dxe nadedboa ia|ovo| neldxbne| df s~gòa hddlq iel

qnwvoanq `neh|m df |mn wdil qna|ode wniamoeh |mn |dxe ibdeh d|mnwq/%

\mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df |mn bnieq loffnwnean |nq| gn|xnne amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |wni|nl

iel ede"|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq i``dxq qmdxoeh oe i qobs`n xi |mn ennl fdw nq|igòqmoeh ade|wd`q

Amis|nw =

9=<

oe dwlnw |d giìean gd|m qibs`nq " iel |mne gn ig`n |d ~qn oefdwbi|ode fwdb ede"|wni|nl

md~qnmd`lq oe |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod "% Xmi| fd``dxq iwn qdbn n}ibs`nq

df md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| hovne |mn qq|nbi|oa loffnwneanq gn|xnne |wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi`

ade|wd`q ad~`l oe|wdl~an loq|dw|odeq oe |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn nffna| df wnmigoò|i|ode of

|mn iwn ed| ilny~i|n` ade|wd``nl%Fowq| \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mi| q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq òvoeh oe |dxeq iw|oa~ì|nl |d ede"

wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq mivn hwni|nw iaanqq |d giqoa s~gòa qnwvoanq% \moq d~|adbn oq |mn qibn

xmne iaanqqogoò| |d s~gòa qnwvoanq oq iqqnqqnl gd|m giqnl de md~qnmd`l wnsdw|q iq xn`` iq

wnsdw|q dg|ioenl i| i |dxe `nvn`% Fdw oeq|iean md~qnmd`lq df |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` hwd~s mivn

bdwn iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw iel n`na|woao| xmn|mnw |mn iwn adeena|nl |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl

dw ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Oe |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` hwd~s |mn

i`qd wnsdw| i hwni|nw iaanqq |d qieo|i|ode% Oe illo|ode m~bie aiso|i` oeloai|dwq qmdx q|i|oq|oai``

qoheofoaie| loffnwneanq fivdwoeh md~qnmd`lq oe ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq% Oe siw|oa~ìw oeede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~ì|nl |d ede"wnmigoò|i|nl qna|odeq mivn hwni|nw iaanqq

|d qnadeliw qamdd` nl~ai|ode qnwvoanq xmo`n fdw |mn ede"bd|dwo{nl aiqn wnqolne|q fwdb ede"

wnmigoò|i|nl wdil qna|odeq wnsdw| i mohmnw ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode fdw md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq

" n}a`~loeh |mn md~qnmd`l mnil " |mie |mdqn wnsdw|nl fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% \mn vnwofoai|ode

df |mnqn loffnwneanq q~hhnq|q |mn ennl fdw nq|igòqmoeh ade|wd`q |mi| i``dx oqdì|oeh |mn nffna|q

df i loffnwne|oi` neldxbne| df s~gòa iqqn|q iel m~bie aiso|i` de |mn xn`fiwn df |wni|nl iel

ede"|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe dwlnw |d bijn nffoaone| ~qn df |mn oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn xn`fiwn

`nvn` df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iq nq|obi|dwq df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod% \mn oe|~o|ode gnmoel|moq wnq~`| oq iq fd``dxq; of o| oq iaans|nl |mi| hwni|nw iaanqqogoò| |d s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq

wioqnq adbs`nbne|iw s~gòa oevnq|bne| swdfo|igoò| -wdil wnmigoò|i|ode oe |moq aiqn/ dw |mi|

mohmnw `nvn`q df nl~ai|ode oe |mn md~qnmd`l dffnwq bdwn swdfo|ig`n oeadbn hnenwi|ode

dssdw|~eo|onq i lowna| adbsiwoqde df |mn xn`fiwn nvn` gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel ede"

|wni|nl/ xd~`l gn q|wdeh` ~elnwnq|obi|oeh |mn gnenfo|q df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode ia|ovo|onq%

De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn oq i qn| df swdl~a|ovn iqqn|q -òjn fiwbìel òvnq|daj iel

|wieqsdw| hddlq/ |mi| iwn qoheofoaie|` iwhnw oe md~qnmd`lq dai|nl oe wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq%

Oe |moq aiqn |mn sd|ne|oi` goiq xd~`l bdvn oe |mn dssdqo|n lowna|ode |d |mi| lnqawognl oe |mnswnvod~q siwihwism iq md~qnmd`lq xo|m hwni|nw swdl~a|ovn wnqd~wanq ad~`l iaaw~n illo|odei`

gnenfo|q iq i wnq~`| df wnmigoò|i|ode oe ade|wiq| xo|m |mdqn xo|m qbi``nw neldxbne| df fiwbìel

òvnq|daj dw |wieqsdw| hddlq% Foei`` |mnwn iwn iqqn|q ai|nhdwonq òjn m~bie aiso|i`‟q

lnbdhwismoaq -o%n% qo{n df |mn md~qnmd`l dw ihn/ dw dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` gd|m i| i md~qnmd`l

iel |dxe `nvn` xmnwn wnq~`|q iwn bo}nl%

\d illwnqq |moq iaj df adbsiwigoò| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq fwdb wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq

iel md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq |mn |mwnn"q|ihnq df iei`qoq ln|io`nl oe |mn

swnvod~q qna|ode xnwn aiwwonl d~|% Oe siw|oa~ìw |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn nq|obi|n xiq adeq|w~a|nliaadwloeh |d |dxe"`nvn` viwoig`nq gnfdwn |mn wnmigoò|i|ode |ddj sìan òjn dwhieo{i|odei`

9=>

E~bgnw df md~qnmd`lq 936 79< 138 9<99E~bgnw df |dxeq 79 <1 67 7>=

M~bie aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/

Md~qnmd`l qo{n >%9 <%? >%9 >%3Hnelnw df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l -. Bi`n/ =<%?. ?7%9. ++ =?%>. =?%8.Ihn df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l <8%3 <<%3 ++ <>%6 <1%= ++Bd|mnw |deh~n df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l -. Ei|ovn/ >6%6. 6>%?. + 1=%<. <>%8. +++_niwq df nl~ai|ode df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l 6%1 6%> 8%1 8%7Ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df d|mnw bnbgnwq <%8 <%9 + <%= <%8

Dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/

Qne| dw wnanovnl wnbo||neanq -ìq| 97 bde|mq/ 1?%6. 17%8. 18%=. 11%<. +Bde|m` daa~wwneanq df qdaoi` iel adbb~eo| 3%> 3%= + 3%= 3%=ia|ovo|onq -ivnwihn snw bnbgnw/

Smyqoai` aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/ 7$

Swovi|n` dxenl md~qn =9%9. =>%>. =1%<. =9%1.Md~qn‟q xi``; xddl 3%?. 3%6. 9%3. 6%9. +++Md~qn‟q wddf; |o`n |i|amnl wddf dw gibgdd <1%<. 1>%3. + <1%3. 18%=. ++Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq -^Q ld`ìwq/ 97=%? =9%1 +++ 9<8%< 91=%1Vi`~n df |wieqsdw| hddlq -^Q ld`ìwq/ 93?%< 737%6 ++ 9==%= 9=?%3Mna|iwnq df fiwbìel -owwohi|nl iel ny~ovi`ne|/ 9%6 1%6 +++ <%1 >%8 ++Vi`~n df |mn ai||`n -^Q ld`ìwq i| giqnòen swoanq/ >67%1 ?38%8 +++ 66<%9 =1?%1 ++

S~gòa aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/

Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| <<%1. 7?%<. +++ >>%3. <=%1. +Iaanq |d xi|nw; adeena|nl |d s~gòa en|xdwj >7%=. <3%8. ++ 67%?. >6%1. +Qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq; adeena|nl |d s~gòa en|xdwj 99%1. =%6. 9=%<. 96%<.Qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq; qns|oa dw anqq |iej <8%7. 11%>. +++ <6%=. <8%?.E~bgnw df s~gòa swdhwibq iaanqqnlg |mn md~qnmd`l <%< <%? +++ <%? <%?

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel qdaod"nadedboa

oeloai|dwq -|dxe `nvn`/

S~gòa \n`nsmden 71%=. 99%6. 11%?. 78%9.Adbb~eo| swnboqn dw a`~g 66%8. 1?%>. +++ >3%3. <8%1.Owwohi|ode Aiei` <7%?. 73%?. ++ >1%7. <8%1.Adbb~eo| Iqqnbg` 89%<. 87%9. 8<%7. =7%?. +@dai` hdvnwebne| swnboqn >7%<. <=%=. 89%3. 68%9.

Swobiw qamdd` ?3%>. =9%<. ?1%>. ?1%=.Qnadeliw qamdd` 11%1. 18%7. 6?%<. ><%8. ++G~qoenqq swnboqnq -snw 933 oemigo|ie|q/ 3%? 3%? 3%? 9%6 ++Awnlo| oeq|o|~|ode 9?%3. 73%?. 7>%=. 7?%9.Sdòan Q|i|ode 9<%1. 96%1. <1%>. <6%3.Sds~ì|ode 9789%3 6>1%7 + 79?=%? 96=1%?@neh|m df |mn wn`nvie| wdil qna|odeq -jb/ ?%8 99%1 97%6 79%1 +++I`|o|~ln -b%i%q%`%/ 1761%= 19?1%= 7691%< 7667%>

Wdil iaanqqogoò| oeloai|dwq -|dxe `nvn`/Snwane| viwoi|ode df fwnohm| wi|nq -^Q ld`ìwq$Jh/ "7%=. "?%3. ++Snwane| viwoi|ode df |wivn` |obni`deh |mn wdil qna|ode "1%=. "99%>. ++ "99%>. "1>%=. +++

9$ Qoheofoaie| i|; + 93. `nvn` ++ >. `nvn` +++ 9. `nvn`7$ N}amiehn wi|n; 1%<>6 E~nvdq Qd`nq snw ^Q ld`ìwQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n =%7 Q~bbiw q|i|oq|oaq df bioe viwoig`nq-Bnie vi`~nq iel q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df |mnow loffnwneanq/

Viwoig`nEde"Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 9$ Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 9$

Ede" Ede"

Wnmigo` o|i|nl Wnmigo` o|i|nl Wnmigo o|i|nl Wnmigo o |i|nl

Amis|nw =

9=6

aisiao| viwoig`nq -of |mn |dxe mil i adbb~eo| iqqnbg` n}oq|nean df xi|nw iqqdaoi|ode

`dai` hdvnwebne| dffoan/ nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq -e~bgnw df adbbnwaoi` dw swdl~a|ovn

g~qoenqqnq snw niam 933 wnqolne|q ivnwihn oeadbn df |mnqn g~qoenqqnq awnlo| ivioìgoò|/

iaanqq |d s~gòa qnwvoanq swobiw iel qnadeliw qamdd`q wdil `neh|m |dxe qo{n iel

hndhwismoai` ldbioe oe xmoam o| oq `dai|nl%\ig`n =%1 wnsdw|q |mn nq|obi|nq df |mn swdgo| wnhwnqqode xmnwn |mn goeiw d~|adbn |ijnq

|mn vi`~n den of |mn |dxe miq iaanqq |d i wnmigoò|i|nl wdil iel {nwd d|mnwxoqn% \mn qn`na|ode

df viwoig`nq oeadwsdwi|nl |d niam den df |mn nq|obi|odeq -fdw gd|m ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl

wdilq/ swovo`nhnl |mn bdlnòeh awo|nwode vnwq~q |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean awo|nwode% \m~q xn

bdln`nl |mn |dxe‟q swdgigoò| df mivoeh o|q wdil qna|ode wnmigoò|i|nl% Giqnl de |mn swdsneqo|y

qadwnq nq|obi|nq o| xiq sdqqog`n |d adeq|w~a| |mn adbbde q~ssdw| wnhode fdw gd|m |snq df

md~qnmd`lq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% Oe |moq swdanqq ?6 md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"bd|dwo{nl

wdilq iel << md~qnmd`lq fwdb bd|dwo{nl wdilq xnwn lwdssnl fwdb |mn qibs`n gnai~qn |mnfi`` d~|qoln |mn adbbde q~ssdw| % \mnqn dgqnwvi|odeq wnswnqne| 13 snwane| iel 1 snwane| df |mn

dwohoei`` ivioìg`n qibs`n df md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl qna|odeq

wnqsna|ovn`%

Foei`` |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |d gn nvi`~i|nl wny~ownl " iq bne|odenl

niwònw "nq|igòqmoeh qnvnwi` ade|wd`q dvnw |mn oeloai|dwq dwohoei`` wnsdw|nl g md~qnmd`lq%

\mdqn ade|wd`q xnwn giqnl de siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl g qnbo"`dhiwo|mboa wnhwnqqodeq df oeadbn

iel adeq~bs|ode `nvn`q% O| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| oe |mn aiqn df oeadbn adbsdqo|ode i \dgo|

nq|obi|ode xiq ~qnl fdw niam oeadbn qd~wan oeloai|dw -ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbnihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn

oeadbn/ niam df xmoam xiq n}swnqqnl oe `dhiwo|mbq% Oe |moq aiqn |mn qibn qn| df viwoig`nq

xiq ~qnl de |mn wnhwnqqodeq nq|obi|nl fdw niam oeadbn qd~wan%

\mn viwoig`nq ~qnl |d ade|wd` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode gn|xnne gd|m

hwd~sq df md~qnmd`lq wnf`na| niam md~qnmd`l‟q neldxbne| oe |nwbq df -o/ m~bie aiso|i`;

md~qnmd`l qo{n ihn hnelnw bd|mnw |deh~n iel niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn mnil"df"md~qnmd`l

ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq: -oo/ dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i`; bden

wnbo||ieanq " wnanovnl dw qne| g |mn md~qnmd`l " bde|m` ivnwihn df md~qnmd`l siw|oaosi|odeoe qdaoi` dw adbb~ei` ia|ovo|onq: -ooo/ smqoai` aiso|i`; md~qn swdsnw| q|i|~q amiwia|nwoq|oaq df

|mn xi``q wddf iel f`ddw df |mn md~qn vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq iel |wieqsdw| hddlq fiwbìel

qo{n iel vi`~n df òvnq|daj: -ov/ foeieaoi` aiso|i`; swnqnean df awnlo| oeq|o|~|odeq oe |mn |dxe

xmnwn |mn md~qnmd`l ovnq: iel -v/ s~gòa aiso|i`; iaanqq iel adeena|ode bdln |d s~gòa qnwvoanq

òjn n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq% Qoean |moq q|~l nvi`~i|nq |mn qmdw|"|nwb obsia|

df w~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode o| qnnbq wniqdeig`n |d adeqolnw |mnqn viwoig`nq iq n}dhned~q% O| oq

xdw|m sdoe|oeh d~| |mi| |mn qn`na|ode awo|nwoi fdw viwoig`nq oeadwsdwi|nl oe niam wnhwnqqode

xnwn gd|m nadedboa wn`nviean " |d olne|of |mn oeo|oi` qn| " iel q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean iq o|

9=8

xiq qd~hm| |d nq|igòqm ade|wd`q |mi| i``dxnl ~q |d bijn adbsi|og`n gd|m qibs`nq " |wni|nl

md~qnmd`lq iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q "% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| xiq vnwofonl |mi| |mn qoheq df |mn wnì|odeq

gn|xnne oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq xnwn oe|~o|ovn` wniqdeig`n<%

Viwoig`n Bd|dwo{nl Ede"bd|dwo{nlwdil wdil

@neh|m df |mn wdil -jb/ 3%3>6 +++ 3%3<6 +-3%399/ -3%37>/

\dxe miq i |d~woq| i||wia|ode "3%9>6 "9%77? ++-3%736/ -3%67>/

Sds~ì|ode -oemigo|ie|q/ 3%333 "3%339 ++-3%333/ -3%333/

\dxe miq i sdòan q|i|ode "3%316 9%7<> ++-3%771/ -3%677/

E~bgnw df g~qoenqq ~eo|q -snw 933 mig/ i 3%9?7 +++ "3%?61 +++-3%387/ -3%7?>/

\dxe miq adbb~ei` fiaoò|onq "3%7<6 "9%<<3 +++-3%98</ -3%>97/

\dxeq miq qdbn owwohi|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%9=< "9%6<? +++-3%79>/ -3%><3/

Oe |mn \dxe dsnwi|nq i adbb~eo| iqqnbg` 3%178 3%?8? +-3%718/ -3%>78/

Oe |mn \dxe dsnwi|nq i b~eoaosi` hdvnwebne| 3%7?6-3%716/

\dxe miq i swobiw qamdd` 3%186-3%169/

\dxe miq i qnadeliw qamdd` "3%>=1 ++ 3%??= ++-3%7<9/ -3%<91/

\dxe miq i awnlo| oeq|o|~|ode "3%9<3 9%76> +-3%779/ -3%686/

\dxe miq i |o|òeh iel wnhoq|w dffoan "3%993-3%73=/\dxe `dai|nl oe |mn ane|wi` mohmìelq "3%1=8 "9%771 ++

-3%7></ -3%><?/Adeq|ie| "3%1=6 7%9?8 +++

-3%<=>/ -3%616/

E~bgnw df Dgqnwvi|odeq 989= 173Xi`l amo7-9</ 18%6>3 76%973Swdg 5 amo7 3%339 3%336Sqn~ld W7 3%71? 3%161@dh òjnòmddl "691%==?8 "97?%<7?3

Ed|n; e~bgnw oe siwne|mnqoq iwn |mn wdg~q| q|ieliwl nwwdwq%+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvnì \mnqn g~qoenqq ~eo|q oea`~ln bie~fia|~woeh ~eo|q dw g~qoenqq |mi| bi swdvoln |wieqsdw| adbb~eoai|ode |wiln snwqdei` dwadbb~eo| qnwvoanq%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n =%1 Swdgo| wnhwnqqode fdw iaanqq |d i wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdil-Md~qnmd`l"`nvn` nq|obi|nq/

< Nq|obi|nl ny~i|odeq ~qnl |d adeq|w~a| |mn qob~ì|nl oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode d~|adbn viwoig`nq iwn ivioìg`n~sde wny~nq|%

Amis|nw =

9==

\mn fd``dxoeh q~gqna|ode swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl fwdb |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn nffna|q

df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de |mn iee~i` snw aiso|i oeadbn " nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode " iel |mn iee~i`

snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode df md~qnmd`lq iaanqqoeh q~am wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq%

=%<%9 \mn obsia| df w~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode de md~qnmd`lq

oeadbn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode

W~wi` wdilq wnmigoò|i|ode bi iffna| |mn oeadbn df |mn gnenfoaoiw sds~ì|ode |mwd~hm loffnwne|

bnamieoqbq% Fowq|` wnl~a|odeq oe |wieqsdw| adq|q iel |wieqia|ode adq|q " |wohhnwnl g |mn

wnmigoò|i|ode df w~wi` wdilq " bi oeawniqn |mn q~ss` df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|q |mi| iwn gwd~hm|

oe|d |mn biwjn| dw |mn nffna|ovn swoan siol |d |mn fiwbnw ie df xmoam xd~`l wnq~`| oe oeawniqnq

df ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn% Mdxnvnw iq oeadbn hnenwi|ode dssdw|~eo|onq bi i`qd oeawniqn |mn

gnenfo|nl nadedboa ihne|q ad~`l q~gq|o|~|n ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn fdw d|mnw

oeadbn qd~wanq |mi| mivn hwni|nw swdfo|igoò| dw k~q| gnadbn ivioìg`n if|nw wdil wnmigoò|i|ode%Fdw n}ibs`n w~wi` md~qnmd`lq ad~`l oeawniqn |mnow ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn

g swdl~aoeh mieloawif|q dw oeawniqn |mnow siw|oaosi|ode oe ihwoa~`|~wi` dw ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`

ìgdw biwjn|q% Gnqolnq qoean wdil wnmigoò|i|ode bi i``dx |mn oe|wdl~a|ode df amnisnw swdl~a|q

oe|d |mn dai` biwjn| adbsn|oeh xo|m dai` ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode |moq q~gq|o|~|ode df oeadbn

qd~wanq ad~`l gn nvne hwni|nw% Iq qmdxe g viwod~q i~|mdwq wnvonxnl oe Qna|ode =%7 |mn

wnadbsdqo|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn wnq~`|oeh fwdb i hwni|nw iel gn||nw iaanqq |d ie

oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` lnsnel de |mn q|w~a|~wn df swovi|n iqqn|q ojn nl~ai|ode ivioìg`n fiwbìel

iaanqq |d awnlo| ibdeh d|mnwq iq xn`` iq de |mn swnqnean -dw igqnean/ df adbs`nbne|iws~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -o%n% n`na|woao| |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq/ xmoam bohm| oeawniqn -dw loboeoqm/

|mn n}sna|nl obsia|q% I| ie ihhwnhi|n `nvn` amiehnq oe ìgdw q~ss` iel lnbiel bohm| i`qd

iffna| |mn dai` qiìw q|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` of |mn wdil iffna|q i igdw biwjn| |mi| xiq b~am nqq

leiboa gnfdwn |mn wnmigoò|i|ode |ddj sìan%

Oe adea`~qode |mn nffna|q df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de oeadbn q|w~a|~wn aieed| gn jedxe i

swodwo wnbioeoeh ie nqqne|oi`` nbsowoai` oqq~n% Oe |moq q|~l g ~qoeh |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn

bi|amoeh |nameoy~n xn mivn adeq|w~a|nl i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod " xmoam bn|mdld`dhoai`

ln|io`q mivn gnne wnfnwwnl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode " |mi| biln o| sdqqog`n |d adbsiwn |mn oeadbn`nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode df md~qnmd`lq xmd gnenfo|nl fwdb |mn wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xo|m |mn

n}sna|nl oeadbn |mn xd~`l mivn mil oe |mn msd|mn|oai` qaneiwod oe xmoam ed wnmigoò|i|ode

xd~`l mivn |ijne sìan% \mn wnq~`|q swnqne|nl oe \ig`n =%< a`niw` qmdx |mi| fdw |mn bd|dwo{nl

wdil aiqn |mn wnmigoò|i|ode i``dxnl gnenfoaoiwonq |d hn| dvnw i Q, 973 oeawniqn oe iee~i` snw

aiso|i oeadbn% \moq oeawniqn oq q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| iel ibd~e|q |d bdwn |mie 1> snwane| df

|mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq‟ ivnwihn oeadbn% Oe |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn oeawniqn oq

qbi``nw iel ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \moq loffnwnean oe xn`fiwn obsia| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq

iw|oa~ì|nl |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~ì|nl|mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m xmi| xiq sdqnl g Kiìe iel Wivi`òde -7337/%

9=?

I`|md~hm adbsiwigoò| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq dai|nl eniw wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq iel md~qnmd`lq

`dai|nl eniw ede"wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq oq neq~wnl g |mn bn|mdld`dh issònl mnwn o| oq obsdw|ie|

ed|oeh |mi| md~qnmd`lq |mi| iaanqq biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq mivn oe ivnwihn mohmnwnl~ai|ode ìwhnw n}|ne|q df fiwbìel iel hwni|nw iaanqqogoò| |d adbs`nbne|iw s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn " òjn |n`nsmden n`na|woao| lwoejoeh xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode " |mie md~qnmd`lq

òvoeh eniw ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% O| oq òjn` |mi| |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne |mnqn iqqn|q

iel |mn wnmigoò|i|nl wdil ad~`l n}sìoe |mn hwni|nw xn`fiwn oeawniqnq dgqnwvnl oe |mn hwd~s df

md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~ì|nl |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq%

O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn gwnijldxe df |mn nq|obi|nl loffnwnean oe d~|adbnq

gn|xnne wnmigoò|i|nl iel ede"wnmigoò|i|nl bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode -7/

q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn obsia| df wnmigoò|i|ode oq l~n bioe` |d loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq |d iqqn|q |mi||mdqn md~qnmd`lq sdqqnqq wi|mnw |mie |d loffnwneanq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \ig`n

=%< qmdxq |mi| ==%> snwane| df |mn loffnwnean oe d~|adbnq aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwnean

oe wn|~weq |d iqqn|q% \mn fia| |mi| ede"dgqnwvig`nq iaad~e| fdw i qbi`` qmiwn df |mn loffnwneanq

oe d~|adbnq aie gn vonxnl iq i adbs`nbne|iw oeloai|dw df i wniqdeig`n nadedbn|woa

qsnaofoai|ode df |mn qob~ì|ode bdln` ~qnl |d ade|wd` fdw loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q md`loehq gn|xnne

|mdqn òvoeh eniw wnmigoò|i|nl iel ede"wnmigoò|i|nl bd|dwo{nl wdilq%

\mn wnq~`|q i`qd q~hhnq| |mi| |mn wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xd~`l mivn i``dxnl fdw obsdw|ie|

oeawniqnq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbnq% \moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mi| wnsdw|nl gAdwwi` iel Wniwlde -7339/ fdw Eoaiwih~i iel g Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -7339/fdw Bn}oad% Oe

|mn aiqn df Snw~ iwniq |mi| mivn sddw wdil iaanqq mivn i vnw wnq|woa|nl igdw biwjn|% elnw |moq

adelo|ode xihn oeadbn wnswnqne|q i vnw qbi`` fwia|ode df |d|i` oeadbn% Q|iw|oeh fwdb q~am i

qbi`` giqn wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xd~`l mivn iaad~e|nl fdw de` bdlnwi|n oeawniqn oe xihn oeadbn

g~| |moq oeawniqn xd~`l gn q~gq|ie|oi` of adbsiwnl |d xihn oeadbn |mi| n}oq|nl gnfdwn

wnmigoò|i|ode; ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn xd~`l mivn bdwn |mi| ld~g`nl gd|m oe bd|dwo{nl

wdilq iq oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Li|i fwdb \ig`n =%< i`qd qmdxq |mi| oeawniqnq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`

xihn oeadbn fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~ì|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilqxd~`l mivn daa~wwnl i| |mn n}sneqn df ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq -bioe`

D~|adbn Viwoig`nEde"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil

Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw

Ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| "9%=. >%7. "8%=. i <%9.Ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn nbs`dbne| <%<. 6%?. "3%6. <%<.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| "?%6. 9<%1. ">%=. 6%<.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn nbs`dbne| ?%9. ?%<. =%=. + <%9.

Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wnsòai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibsòeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvnì Qoheofoaie| i| 99. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n =%< Nffna| df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de |mn swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh ìgdw biwjn|q

Amis|nw =

9?3

iqqdaoi|nl |d mieloawif| bie~fia|~wn iel wn|io` adbbnwan ia|ovo|onq/% Mdxnvnw oe |mn aiqn df

bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn oeawniqn df ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn oq iamonvnl xo|md~| i lnawniqn df

|mn d|mnw oeadbn qd~wanq: nvne bdwn i biwhoei` oeawniqn df ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn xiq

dgqnwvnl% \mn fia| |mi| xn dgqnwvn i ”|wiln"dff‟ gn|xnne oeadbn qd~wanq oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq

g~| |moq si||nwe ldnq ed| issniw oe bd|dwo{nl wdilq ad~`l gn i||wog~|nl |d no|mnw mohmnw swoanq dw`dxnw adq|q oe qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq dw oe |mn aiqn df xihn oeadbn qd~wanq |d i

hwni|nw iaanqq |d mohmnw vi`~nl kdg dssdw|~eo|onq if|nw wnmigoò|i|ode%

\mnqn oeadbn oeawniqnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb wdil wnmigoò|i|ode ad~`l gn l~n |d i hwni|nw

iaanqqogoò| |d igdw biwjn|q o%n% |d |mn issniwiean df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq dw i`|nwei|ovn`

|d oeawniqnl xihn oeadbn ibdeh |mdqn xmd xnwn i`wnil aiwwoeh d~| ia|ovo|onq oe |mn ìgdw

biwjn|% \ig`n =%> qmdxq ie nq|obi|n df |mn oeawniqn oe |mn swdgigoò| df iaanqqoeh |mn ìgdw

biwjn| gnai~qn df wnmigoò|i|ode% Qoean |mn iei`qoq ~eo| oq |mn md~qnmd`l nq|obi|nl oeawniqnq

wnfnw |d md~qnmd`lq |mi| gnfdwn wnmigoò|i|ode lol ed| mivn iaanqq |d q~am biwjn|% Wnq~`|q qnnb|d oeloai|n |mi| |mn issniwiean df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq xd~`l de` gn missneoeh fdw ede"

ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| oe |mdqn iwniq iw|oa~ì|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm wnmigoò|i|nl

bd|dwo{nl wdilq% I adbsiwoqde gn|xnne |mnqn wnq~`|q iel |mn nq|obi|nl oeadbn oeawniqnq

qmdxe oe \ig`n =%< q~hhnq|q |mi| fdw |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq ìwhnw oeadbnq fwdb

ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| qd~wanq xd~`l gn

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m oeawniqnq oe |mn |obn i``dai|nl |d q~am ia|ovo|onq wi|mnw |mie |d |mn issniwiean

df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| swnvod~q` òejnl |d |mn ìgdw biwjn|q%

Oe |mn aiqn df |mn oeawniqn wnhoq|nwnl fdw ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lqiw|oa~ì|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn fia| |mi| |mn amiehn oe |mn swdgigoò| df

iaanqqoeh |mn ìgdw biwjn| oq q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| q~hhnq|q |mi| |moq biwjn| xd~`l mivn

gnadbn b~am bdwn leiboa gnai~qn df wnmigoò|i|ode% \m~q ed| de` xihn oeadbn

dssdw|~eo|onq ibdeh |mdqn xmd xnwn i`wnil iw|oa~ì|nl |d |mn igdw biwjn| mil gnne oeawniqnl

g~| i`qd wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xd~`l mivn oeawniqnl |mn swdgigoò| df enx oelovol~i`q |d iaanqq

|mn ìgdw biwjn|% Oe illo|ode o| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mnwn xd~`l gn adbs`nbne|iw nvolnean

oe |mn li|i |mi| q~hhnq|q |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq oe biwjn|q iwd~el

wnmigoò|i|nl iwniq iwn ed| mohmnw |mie xmi| |mn xd~`l gn of wnmigoò|i|ode mil ed| |ijne sìan%\moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m foeloehq g Kiadg -7333/ xmd olne|ofonq i qoheofoaie| g~|

vnw xnij adwwnì|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq iel biwjn| loq|iean% \m~q |mn gnenfo|q

fwdb i hwni|nw ìgdw biwjn| oeqnw|ode xd~`l wi|mnw adbn fwdb i amiehn oe |obn i``dai|nl |d

xihnl iel qn`f"nbs`dnl ia|ovo|onq |mie fwdb ie oeawniqn oe xihnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb ie

obswdvnbne| oe wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

=%<%7 Obsia| de adeq~bs|ode iel qivoehq

Mdx b~am |mn nq|obi|nl oeadbn n}sieqode ldnq |wieqì|nq oe|d ie oeawniqn oe adeq~bs|ode4\mn wnq~`|q wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n =%6 bi qnnb i go| loqadeanw|oeh% G adbsiwoeh |mn iee~i` snw

9?9

Xm lol |mn qoheofoaie| oeawniqn oe oeadbn nq|obi|nl fdw |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl wdilq

xd~`l ed| mivn |wieqì|nl |d ie oeawniqn oe adeq~bs|ode4 \ig`n =%8 qmdxq |mn nq|obi|nl

amiehnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb wnmigoò|i|ode wnf`na|nl oe |mn bioe qivoeh bnamieoqb df |mnqn

nadedbonq iel q~hhnq|q ie n}sìei|ode |mi| bi wnadeao`n |mnqn loffnwneanq% \mn ò|nwi|~wn

de qivoehq miq lda~bne|nl n}|neqovn` |mi| òvnq|daj oq |mn bioe qivoehq amieen` oe @i|oe

Ibnwoaie w~wi` nadedbonq%> Oe w~wi` Snw~ iel nqsnaoi`` oe |mn iwni ~elnw q|~l |mn òbo|nl

lnvn`dsbne| df |mn foeieaoi` biwjn| bijnq df òvnq|daj iel fddl q|dajq " iel |d qdbn n}|ne|

l~wig`n hddlq " |mn bioe qivoehq bnamieoqbq fdw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% \mn s~wamiqn gwnnloeh

iel qi`n df òvnq|daj iwn |mn bnamieoqbq ~qnl g |mnqn md~qnmd`lq |d fian oefì|ode fibo`

nbnwhneaonq dw ~efivdwig`n aòbi|oa qmdajq% Oe dwlnw |d iei`{n òvnq|daj amiehnq -y~ie|~b

> Qnn \dxeqnel -9??>/ dw bdwn wnane|` Xneenw -7339/%

\ig`n =%> Bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode de md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode-^Q ld`ìwq snw yniw/

D~|adbn Viwoig`nEde"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil

Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw

Snw aiso|i Adeq~bs|ode\d|i` Nffna| <8%67 >>%39 97%7? 19%8< loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq <3. ?7. loffnwneaonq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq 63. =.

Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wnsòai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibsòeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

\ig`n =%6 Bnie nffna| df w~wi` wnmigoò|i|ode de md~qnmd`lq‟ ovnq|daj-^Q ld`ìwq i| giqnòen swoanq/

\sn df wdil Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw

Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 7>?%<7 +++ ?6%63Ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 789%3> 77<%>8

Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wnsòai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibsòeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq

aiso|i adeq~bs|ode fwdb |mdqn md~qnmd`lq adeena|nl |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q |mwd~hm

wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq ihioeq| |mn snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode |mn xd~`l mivn qmd~`l |mn wnmigoò|i|odemil ed| missnenl xn dgqnwvn ie iee~i` snw aiso|i oeawniqn df ^Q, <= oe |mn aiqn df ede"

bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel ^Q, 97 fdw |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% \mnqn foh~wnq iwn y~o|n

qbi`` iel iwn ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|%

Amis|nw =



9?1

iqqdaoi|nl |d qn`f"nbs`dnl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ojn wn|io` |wiln mieloawif|q bie~fia|~wn

dw biamoenw wnsiow% I msd|mnqoq |d n}s`dwn mnwn oq |mi| |mn biwjn| n}sieqode lnwovnl fwdb

wdil wnmigoò|i|ode ad~`l mivn |wohhnwnl i wnl~a|ode oe adeq~bs|ode df `dai` swdl~a|q xmoam

xd~`l gn q~gq|o|~|nl g swdl~a|q adboeh fwdb d~|"df"wnhode qd~wanq xo|m |mn q~gqny~ne|

loqsìanbne| df `dai` qbi`` oel~q|w iel i amiehn df oeadbn hnenwi|ode q|wi|nhonq |dxiwlqxihnl ia|ovo|onq%

Oe |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq xmnwn md~qnmd`lq mivn i ìwhnw qn| df s~gòa

iqqn|q |mi| ad~`l adbs`nbne| |mn gnenfo|q df wdil wnmigoò|i|ode i qoheofoaie| oeawniqn oe |d|i`

oeadbn ldnq |ijn sìan bioe` iqqdaoi|nl |d i hwni|nw leiboqb df |mn igdw biwjn|% Mdxnvnw

|mn mohmnw oeadbnq hnenwi|nl g wnmigoò|i|ode xd~`l mivn ed| gnne i``dai|nl |d adeq~bs|ode

g~| wi|mnw |d oeawniqn |mnow qivoehq% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| oeadbn oeawniqn lnwovnl fwdb wdil

wnmigoò|i|ode oq ed| gnoeh snwanovnl iq i amiehn oe |mnow snwbiene| oeadbn% I`|md~hm |mn

SAW ~elnw xmoam bdq| df |mn wdilq iei`{nl mnwn xnwn wnmigoò|i|nl oea`~lnq oe |mnow sìeeoeh|mn snwbiene| |iqj df bioe|neiean df bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq gnenfoaoiw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq

ad~`l gn snwanovoeh q~am bioe|neiean |iqjq iq |nbsdwiw% Oe illo|ode oe |mn aiqn df wdilq

wnmigoò|i|nl g d|mnw oeq|o|~|odeq loffnwne| fwdb SAW snwbiene| bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq ad~`l

mivn ed| gnne sìeenl dw of |mn xnwn sìeenl |mn ad~`l mivn gnne lnfoaone|` obs`nbne|nl%

êlnw |moq snwans|ode wdilq xd~`l nvne|~i`` hd giaj |d |mnow swnvod~q q|i|n iel |wieqo|

xd~`l gn qnwod~q` iffna|nl g ielqòlnq iel iviìeamnq " qd adbbde oe |mnqn iwniq " xmoam

ad~`l nil |d i qo|~i|ode xmnwn |mn wdil xd~`l gn a`dqnl l~woeh qnvnwi` bde|mq df |mn niw% Oe

nffna| of bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene| |mn ds|obi` q|wi|nh fdw |mnqn md~qnmd`lqxo`` gn |mi| df |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df enx oeadbn hnenwi|ode dssdw|~eo|onq iel amieen` |mnb |d

oeawniqn |mnow qivoehq wi|mnw |mie |d i``dai|n |mi| oeadbn oeawniqn |d n}siel |mnow adeq~bs|ode%

=%> Adea`~qodeq

Oe hnenwi` bdq| q|~lonq |mi| mivn iei`{nl |mn gnenfo|q df wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq mivn fda~qnl

de obsia|q wnì|nl |d hwni|nw bdgoò| iel hwni|nw iaanqq bniq~wnl oe |nwbq df wnl~a|odeq oe

bden|iw adq|q dw |obn ennlnl g gnenfoaoiwonq |d iaanqq d~|s~| biwjn|q dw jn s~gòa qdaoi`

qnwvoanq ojn mni`|m iel nl~ai|ode% \moq amis|nw miq adbs`nbne|nl |moq vonx g ddjoeh i| |mnobsia| |mi| w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode xd~`l mivn de jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq q~am iq snw aiso|i

oeadbn iel snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb w~wi` md~qnmd`lq òvoeh oe qdbn

df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~ |moq q|~l miq adbsiwnl md~qnmd`lq |mi| gnenfo|nl fwdb i w~wi`

wdil wnmigoò|i|ode swdhwib xo|m md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| q~gkna|nl |d ie qoboìw wnmigoò|i|ode

ade|wd`òeh fdw loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q neldxbne| gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq%

Oe dwlnw |d g~o`l q~am ade|wd`q iel |m~q |d gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn wnmigoò|i|ode nffna|

|moq amis|nw fd``dxq |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh xo|m qdbn qbi`` viwoi|odeq

oe|wdl~anl |d bijn o| adbsi|og`n xo|m |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivioìg`n li|i% Eibn` |mnfia| |mi| |mn oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq xiq ed| wnswnqne|i|ovn i| i |dxe nvn` fdwanl

Amis|nw =



9?=



739

‧ @iel dxenl g w~wi` sddw miq ed| gnenfo|nl fwdb |mn ìwhn"qai`n s~gòa owwohi|ode

swdkna|q%

‧ Mni`|m oeln}nq iwn xdwqn ibdeh w~wi` sddw: oe siw|oa~ìw |mn mivn i mohmnw oefie|

bdw|iò| wi|n%

‧ Oe hnenwi` |mn w~wi` sddw |nel |d mivn i lovnwqofonl oeadbn sdw|fdòd gn|xnnefiwb iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel i`qd xo|moe niam hwd~s df ia|ovo|onq% \moq oq i

xn``"jedxe q|wi|nh oe wnqsdeqn |d |mn mohm v~ènwigoò| `nvn`q |d xmoam |mn iwn

n}sdqnl iel xmoam ia|~i`` lnsnel df |mn y~ie|o| iel y~iò| df s~gòa iel swovi|n

iqqn|q% \soai`` |mn sddwnq| qnhbne|q df w~wi` qna|dw iwn de` ig`n |d lovnwqof

xo|moe ihwoa~`|~wn%

‧ I`|md~hm |mn sddw |nel |d wnanovn i qbi`` sdw|ode df q~gqolonq |mn qmiwn df q~gqolonq

oe |mnow oeadbn woqnq iq w~wi` sdvnw| `nvn`q iwn mohmnw%

‧ \mn mivn `nqq iaanqq |d s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq/ iel qnwvoanq -nqsnaoi``n`na|woao| iel qieo|i|ode/

‧ Sdvnw| oq `nqq qneqo|ovn |d hwdx|m oe sddw` oefwiq|w~a|~wn ‑ neldxnl iwniq

Xn gnònvn |mi| |moq wnqniwam nffdw| i``dxq adeena|oeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |d |mn

loffnwne| bnamieoqbq |mi| iwn qmisoeh |moq swdfo`n% Bdwn hnenwi`` |mn q|~l miq i e~bgnw df

adea`~qodeq iel ade|wog~|odeq |mi| aie gn hwd~snl oe |mwnn loq|oea| iwniq; -9/ |mndwn|oai` iel

ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq: -7/ bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq: iel -1/ obsòai|odeq fdw sdòa% Xn

xo`` illwnqq oe |~we niam df |mnqn iwniq%

?%9 \mndwn|oai` iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq

Den df |mn nffna|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq |mi| df oeawniqn |mn wi|n df wn|~we df iqqn|q% Iq

xn mivn qnne oe amis|nw 1 Of xn snwfdwb i \i`dw qnwonq isswd}obi|ode fdw |mn oeadbn dw

n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode H -I/ iwd~el |mn dgqnwvnl nvn` df Iqqn|q -I+/ xn bi wnì|n |mn wi|n df

wn|~we df i anw|ioe iqqn| Io‑ if|nw anw|ioe oevnq|bne| oe I

kmiq gnne biln " |d |mn `nvn` iel

adbsdqo|ode df iqqn|q |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l mil iaanqq |d% Q~am wnì|odeqmos aie gn sdw|winl

|mwd~hm |mn fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode;

-9/

Xmnwn w+ wnswnqne|q |mn wi|n df wn|~we df iqqn|q i| |mn oeo|oi` -dgqnwvnl/ nvn`% \mn qnadel

|nwb oe ny~i|ode -9/ lnsoa|q |mn amiehnq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we df oefwiq|w~a|~wn l~n |d |mn enx

oevnq|bne|% Foei`` |mn |mowl iel ìq| |nwb lnsoa|q |mn amiehnq oe |mn iqqn| wn|~we l~n |d

adbs`nbne|iwo| nffna|q%

Qmisoeh |mn wi|n df wn|~we df w~wi` oevnq|bne|q

Oe ny~i|ode -9/ xn aie qnn qnvnwi` df |mn nffna|q |mi| xn mivn |wianl i`deh |mn q|~l iel |mi|

xn mivn q~bbiwo{nl oe d~w fowq| |xd wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Mnwn xn qnn mdx Oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi

Amis|nw ?

737

wioqn |mn wn|~we |d swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe illo|ode o| bi oeawniqn |mn wi|n df wn|~we df d|mnw s~gòa

iqqn|q% Foei`` xmne adbgoenl xo|m d|mnw adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q o| bi |wohhnw illo|odei`

nffna|q% Amis|nwq 1 8 iel = df |moq q|~l |iaj`n |mnqn |xd wnqniwam y~nq|odeq g nvi`~i|n gd|m

|mn oeadbn nffna| iel lovnwqofoai|ode si||nwe |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| bi hnenwi|n iel

|mn sd|ne|oi` gnenfo|q |mi| bi iwoqn fwdb adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q%Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| biwhoei` wi|nq df wn|~we |d jn iqqn|q iwn `dxnw fdw sddwnw md~qnmd`lq

|mie fdw |mdqn |mi| iwn `nqq sddw% Oeawniqoeh wn|~weq |d iqqn|q aie de` n}oq|q oe |mn swnqnean df

wnq|woa|odeq |mi| swnvne| |mn sddw fwdb iaa~b~ì|oeh bdwn oeadbn iel iqqn|q% \moq gnne |mn

aiqn oeo|oi` adelo|odeq wnf`na|nl g mdx iqqn|q neldxbne|q iwn loq|wog~|nl bi||nw fdw

~elnwq|ieloeh oeadbn iel sdvnw| leiboaq% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Giwwn| n| i`% -733</

wnqniwam de Jnei iel Bilihiqaiw iel Kiìe iel Wivi`òde -7337/ xdwj de Amoei%

Wnhodei` loq|wog~|odei` oqq~nq iwn i`qd df aw~aoi` obsdw|iean xmne xn `ddj i| |mn wi|n

df wn|~we df loffnwne| iqqn|q% Iq miq gnne qmdxe oe Amis|nw 1 ed| de` iaanqq |d iqqn|q oqmohmnw oe ~wgie qn||oehq oe adbsiwoqde |d w~wi` iwniq g~| wi|n df wn|~we i`qd iwn mohmnw% F~w|mnw

xo|moe ~wgie iel w~wi` iwniq |mnwn oq i`qd nvolnean |mi| |mdqn xmoam iwn gn||nw dff mivn mohmnw

ivnwihn wi|nq df wn|~we |mie |mdqn xmd iwn sdqo|odenl oe |mn `dxnw qnhbne| df |mn oeadbn

loq|wog~|ode% Iq bne|odenl gnfdwn iel wnf`na|nl oe ny~i|ode -9/ |mn wi|n df wn|~we df ie iqqn|

lnsnelq awo|oai`` de |mn adbgoei|ode df iqqn|q |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d% Of fdw n}ibs`n

|mnwn oq i `dx dw e~`` iaanqq |d jn adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mn md~qnmd`l bi ed|

lnvn`ds |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi` df |mn swovi|n iqqn|q o| miq i`wnil gnne neldxnl xo|m dw |mn s~gòa

iqqn|q o| miq i`wnil iaanqqnl |d% Amis|nw 1 qmdxq |mi| wn|~weq |d nl~ai|ode iel wn|~weq |d ieliwn mohmnw xmne |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d gn||nw wdilq dw n`na|woao|% Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe

|mi| |mnqn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |nel |d gn hwni|nw oe |mn woamnq| q|wi|i%

\mnqn wnq~`|q iwn oe issiwne| ade|wiq| xo|m |mn xdwj df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh

iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel

Amoei% \mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei` wn|~weq df s~gòa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel

sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnwq iaadwloeh |d hndhwismoa qn||oehq g~| |nelq |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq|

wnhodeq% \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn

ny~iò| nemieaoeh% Mdxnvnw |moq q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mdqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn swovi|niaanqq dw mivoeh iaanqq |d gn||nw s~gòa iqqn|q aie ld gn||nw% \m~q s~gòa oevnq|bne|q bi

iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode xo|moe i |iwhn|nl sddw iwni%

Den xi df wnadeaoòeh gd|m wnqniwam nffdw|q oq |d wnadheo{n |mi| |mn `nvn` df d|mnw

iqqn|q oq ed| |mn qibn iawdqq md~qnmd`l iel ennlq |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe |mn nq|obi|ode df

|mn biwhoei` wi|nq df wn|~we |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Of fdw n}ibs`n wnhodei` loffnwneanq -xo|m wnqsna|

|d i jn adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q/ iwn qbi``nw |mie xo|moe wnhodei` loffnwneanq |mne o| oq òjn`

|mi| |mi| |mn loffnwneanq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we xo`` gn lwovne g loffnwnean oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn

i``dai|ode% \mne lnawniqoeh biwhoei` wn|~we fdw oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` swnvio`% Mdxnvnw of |mnwniwn iwhn loffnwneanq oe adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q |mn lnawniqoeh biwhoei` wn|~we moq|dw bi ed|

Adea`~qodeq iel Iei`y|oai` iel Sdòay Obsòai|odeq

738

|mi| bi sì i qoheofoaie| wd`n oe i``dxoeh |mi| |mn f~`` gnenfo|q df ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|

iwn |wieqbo||nl |d |mn gnenfoaoiwonq%

Foei`` oe |mn iq| |xd amis|nwq -8 iel =/ xn i`qd fd~el nvolnean |mi| |mi| swdbd|ode df

edefiwb ia|ovo| nvne of o| bi wnl~anq sdvnw| oq ed| enanqqiwo` adeqdeie| xo|m obswdvnbne|

oe |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel fdw o| |d ld qd qsnaofoa sdòa oe|nwvne|odeq bi gn ennlnl%\moq oq ihioe i wnf`na|ode df oeawniqoeh wn|~weq |d iqqn|q |mi| xn mivn fd~el |mwd~hm d~| |moq

q|~l% \mdqn |mi| mivn mohmnw `nvn`q df nl~ai|ode ìel dw d|mnw awo|oai` swovi|n iqqn|q bi

gnenfo| wnì|ovn` bdwn fwdb |mdqn enx ìgdw dssdw|~eo|onq |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

bi gn hnenwi|oeh%

?%7 Bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq

Qdbn df |mn ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l òn de |mn bn|mdld`dhoai` qoln no|mnw g awni|ovn`

adbgoeoeh loffnwne| li|i qn|q |d qd`vn i wnqniwam y~nq|ode q~hhnq|oeh bn|mdld`dhoaiòeedvi|odeq |d bniq~wn n`~qovn adeans|q ojn |wieqia|ode adq|q dw g ilis|oeh swdkna| nvi`~i|ode

bn|mdld`dhonq |d iaad~e| fdw |mn siw|oa~ìwo|onq df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn%

Qnvnwi` amis|nwq df |moq q|~l mivn adbgoenl md~qnmd`l nvn` li|i xo|m adbb~eo| li|i

giqnq qd iq |d gn ig`n |d swdvoln oeloai|dwq df |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ivioìg`n |d |mdqn

md~qnmd`lq% G bniq~woeh |mn q~ss` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ed| xmi| |mn md~qnmd`l oq lnbieloeh

xn xnwn ig`n |d dvnwadbn |mn swdg`nb df neldhneno| goiq oe qdbn df d~w nq|obi|odeq%

Ie oe|nwnq|oeh fni|~wn de qnvnwi` amis|nwq g~| nqsnaoi`` oe amis|nwq 1 iel < oq |mn

qob~`|iend~q ~qihn df bie loffnwne| li|igiqnq |d nvi`~i|n |mn nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de

w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m ade|wd`òeh fdw |mn nffna| df hndhwism% \d ld qd xn mivn gnne ig`n |d

adbgoen i`|o|~ln qdo` lns|m qdo` q`dsn |nbsnwi|~wn ibdeh d|mnw hndhwismoa wnì|nl viwoig`nq

xo|m aneq~q iel md~qnmd`l `nvn` qdaodnadedboa li|i% Xn mivn ~qnl |mn Sds~ì|ode iel

Md~qnmd`l Aneq~qnq df 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 |d adeq|w~a| i qn| df viwoig`nq |mi| i``dx ~q |d

iei`{n |mn joel df amiehnq |mi| mivn nbnwhnl oe |mn hndhwismoai` si||nwe df Snw~‟q bdq|

obsdw|ie| qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq l~woeh |mn ìq| |mwnn lnailnq% Xn i`qd ~qnl awdqq"qna|odei`

@QBQ md~qnmd`l q~wvnq iel sien` li|i gn|xnne 9??9 9??< iel 9??8 ~qoeh iq xn`` |mn

@QBQ q~wvnq |d newoam d~w iei`qoq% \mn ilvie|ihn df mivoeh sien` li|i xo|m |obn oeviwoie|

fo}nl nffna|q de md~qnmd`lq i``dxoeh fdw i|ne| md~qnmd`l mn|nwdhneno| oq |mi| o| xo`` swd|na|~q ihioeq| qs~wod~q hndhwismoa nffna|q |mi| iwoqn qd`n` gnai~qn hndhwismoa viwoig`nq swd}

fdw dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa g~| qsi|oi`` i~|dadwwnì|nl md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq%

\mn ~qihn df qsi|oi` nadedbn|woa nq|obi|ode |d nvi`~i|n |mn wdg~q|enqq df d~w nq|obi|nq

oq ied|mnw loq|oea|ovn fni|~wn df d~w iei`qoq% G bdlnòeh |mn qsi|oi` lnsnelnean df |mn

sd|ne|oi`` dbo||nl viwoig`nq xn aie gn q~wn |mi| |mn obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

oe mn`soeh dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism wnbioeq viòl nvne of xn adwwna| fdw sdqqog`n qsi|oi`

i~|dadwwnì|ode l~n |d sdqqog`n dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwnì|nl viwoig`nq% Iq fiw

iq xn jedx |moq oq |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| iqanw|ioeq mdx hndhwismoa viwoig`nq oe|nwia| xo|moefwiq|w~a|~wn xmne n}sìoeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%

Amis|nw ?



73=

Oe wnì|ode |d |mn boawdnadedboa obsia|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q vnw o||`n nffdw|

miq gnne lowna|nl |dxiwl |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh |mn

sodennwoeh xdwj df Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??9/ i qnadel iwni xmnwn xn gnònvn |moq q|~l miq

hnenwi|nl bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq oq oe |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q% Bdq| |mn

ò|nwi|~wn oe |moq iwni |nelq |d dvnwadbn |mn bniq~wnbne| swdg`nb g fd``dxoeh Xo`òibqde-9?8?/ q|wi|nh% Oeq|nil df lowna|` nvi`~i|oeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m niam dgqnwvnl

dwhieo{i|odei` dw ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne| |mn loffnwne|oi` adq|q df adel~a|oeh |wieqia|odeq oe

den iwwiehnbne| wnì|ovn |d |mn d|mnw oq q|~lonl `ddjoeh i| anw|ioe dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nq |mi|

bi loffnw gn|xnne |wieqia|odeq% Oeq|nil df fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam oe amis|nw > xn bdln`

|mn lnaoqode df qn`òeh i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw qn`òeh i| biwjn| ~qoeh |mn q|ieliwl bdln` lnvn`dsnl

g Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ xo|m den aw~aoi` illo|ode; xn iqqdaoi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q |d |mn

nffna|ovn swoan niam fiwbnw wnanovnq oe|wdl~aoeh i mnldeoa swoan ny~i|ode% \mn xdwl 'mnldeoa'

oq edwbi`` ~qnl oe |mn nadedboaq ò|nwi|~wn |d wnfnw |d |mn ~elnwòeh swdfo| |mi| oq dg|ioenlxmne adeq~boeh i hddl dw qnwvoan% I hddl |mi| miq qnvnwi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq hnenwi|nq i e~bgnw

df mnldeoa qnwvoanq% Xn oe|nwswn| |mn bdln` qdbnxmi| loffnwne|`% \mn swoan |mn fiwbnw wnanovnq

miq i qn| df 'swnboi' dw 'loqad~e|q' fdw i qnwonq df qnwvoanq |mi| mivn gnne hnenwi|nl dw

snwmisq dbo||nl% Fwdb |mn ò|nwi|~wn df mnldeoa swoan f~ea|odeq xn jedx |mi| |moq f~ea|ode

ldnq ed| q|woa|` wnswnqne| i 'wnl~anl fdwb' df |mn f~ea|odeq df q~ss` iel lnbiel |mi| ad~`l

gn lnwovnl fwdb |mn swdl~a|ode dw ~|oò| f~ea|odeq df |mn nadedboa ihne|q oevd`vnl oe |mn

|wieqia|ode% Wi|mnw o| qmd~`l gn qnne iq i wnq|woa|ode oe |mn swdanqq df ds|obo{i|ode df qn``nwq

iel g~nwq% \mn oe|wdl~a|ode df i mnldeoa swoan f~ea|ode mn`sq ~q |d iaad~e| fdw |mn |wieqia|odeadq|q loffnwneanq iel |mwd~hm |moq lnvoan xn iwn ig`n |d bniq~wn |wieqia|ode adq|q wnì|nl |d i

qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode% F~w|mnw g wnì|oeh |mnqn 'swnboi' dw 'loqad~e|q' |d qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq

df |mn wnsdw|nl |wieqia|odeq xn mivn gnne ig`n |d lovoln |moq |wieqia|ode adq|q oe oefdwbi|ode

enhd|oi|ode iel bdeo|dwoeh adq|q%

Ied|mnw bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode oe |mn iwni df biwjn| qsnaofoa obsia|q df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne| oq |mi| df ~qoeh qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode bniq~wnq |d adeena| loffnwneanq

oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode xo|m |mn qsnnl i| xmoam biwjn|q aie igqdwg n}dhned~q qmdaj% O| oq

obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn iwn i`wnil i e~bgnw df sisnwq oe |mn oe|nwei|odei` ò|nwi|~wn |mi|bniq~wnq qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode% Wnane| iei`qoq de |mn ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq

hden fwdb goviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq |d b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode% I| |mn qibn |obn iq

mivn gnne bne|odenl oe Amis|nw 6 |mnwn oq wnqniwam |mi| miq n}sòao|` adeena|nl jn s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n bniq~wnq df oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i

b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode fwibnxdwj% \moq oq |mn iwni xmnwn amis|nw 6 bijnq i ade|wog~|ode%

Foei`` den obsdw|ie| bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode hnenwi|nl g |moq q|~l oq |mi| df

ilis|oeh |mn swdkna| nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dh giqnl de swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh lnvn`dsnl

g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ iel f~w|mnw nemieanl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ |d xn`fiwnnvi`~i|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d olne|of swdsnw


73?

ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |mi| iwn |mn adwenwq|den fdw olne|ofoeh ai~qi` wnì|odeqmosq oe ede

n}snwobne|i` wnqniwam J`~vn -7339/% Oe |moq xi xn bi ed| de` iqqnqq |mn obsia| df i

anw|ioe oevnq|bne| g~| xn aie ~elnwq|iel mdx |moq nffna| miq gnne gwd~hm| igd~|%

I`|md~hm iamonvoeh a`niw ai~qi` òejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn|

nffoaonea d~|adbnq dw md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn d~|adbnq oq dgvod~q` i loffoa~`| |iqj |mn ~qn df isswdswoi|n ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq swdvolnq i hddl isswd}obi|ode |d |moq oqq~n% Oe |moq iwni

|mn q|~l miq i`qd i bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode q~hhnq|oeh i |xd"q|ns swdanl~wn |d nvi`~i|n

|mn obsia| df anw|ioe oevnq|bne|% Olne|of fowq| |mn hwd~s -|dxe dw wnhode/ |mi| bi adeq|o|~|n

i sdqqog`n 'bi|am' iel |mne ~qn i qob~ì|ode |nameoy~n |d f~w|mnw ade|wd` fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`l

qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| i`|md~hm bi ed| gn obsdw|ie| fdw |mn lnaoqode"bijnw |d i``dai|n

ie oevnq|bne| |mn anw|ioe` iffna| |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq%

Oe |mn iwni df obsia| iqqnqqbne| iel |mn nvi`~i|ode df |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne| d~w xdwj ldnq qnvnwi` bn|mdld`dhoai` bdlofoai|odeq enanqqiw |d ilis| swdsneqo|qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~n fdw iqqnqqoeh |mn gnenfo|q |mi| oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode

bi hnenwi|n de xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq% Qoean bie qibs`n lnqoheq de xmoam |mnqn q|~lonq iel

nvi`~i|odeq iwn giqnl ld ed| mivn i q~ffoaone|` iwhn qibs`n qo{n df md~qnmd`lq iq |d h~iwie|nn

i boeob~b q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i |dxe `nvn` o| oq ed| hnenwi`` sdqqog`n " ~qoeh

ivioìg`n oefdwbi|ode " |d giìean |mn |xd md~qnmd`l qibs`nq -|mdqn iaanqqoeh |d wnmigoò|i|nl

iel ede"wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq/ xo|m wnhiwl |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe |moq amis|nw o| oq

q~hhnq|nl |mi| oe q~am aiqnq o| oq sdqqog`n |d giìean gd|m qibs`nq oe |xd q|ihnq% Fowq| neq~woeh

|mi| |dxeq iwn adbsiwig`n oe |nwbq df anw|ioe giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam xd~`l mivnln|nwboenl xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn oe|nwvne|ode |ddj sìan -o%n% adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao|

nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq iaanqq |d s~gòa qnwvoanq neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw qo{n df |dxe/:

iel qnadel qob~ì|oeh xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |mi| xd~`l adwwnqsdel |d dgqnwvnl md~qnmd`lq

qmd~`l i`` mivn |mn qibn iqqn|q neldxbne| -m~bie dwhieo{i|odei` dw smqoai` aiso|i`/ qd

|mi| |mn iqqnqqbne| df wnmigoò|i|ode nffna|q xo`` iaad~e| de` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq iel

ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| loffnwne|oi|n ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod fwdb i ede"oe|nwvne|ode den%

?%1 Obsòai|odeq fdw sdòay

Iq Fifamibsq -733</ adwwna|` q|i|nq lwixoeh sdòa swnqawos|odeq fwdb wnqniwam oq i

adbsòai|nl nelnivdw% I`|md~hm |mn iei`qoq wnsdw|nl oe |moq q|~l oq giqnl de qaone|ofoa

swoeaos`nq sdòa swnqawos|odeq ennl |d gn ilis|nl |d |mn ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn iwn issònl% G

ldoeh qd |mn wnqniwamnw awdqq dvnw |d i boenfon`l xmnwn ied|mnw wiehn df iqsna|q ne|nwq oe|d

|mn soa|~wn oea`~loeh sdò|oai` adeqolnwi|ode oeq|o|~|odei` iel addwloei|ode fio`~wnq n|a% Gnai~qn

df |mnqn adeqolnwi|odeq xn swnfnw |d |moej |mi| wnqniwam awni|nq 'wnqnwvnq df jedx`nlhn' xmnwn

sdòa bijnwq bi lwix ~sde iq sdòa ennlq iwoqnq%

Mdxnvnw gnoeh i q|wne~d~q ia|ovo| hn||oeh qdòl wnqniwam oe|d sdòa oq df |mn d~|bdq|obsdw|iean |d obswdvn |mn y~iò| df |mn sdòa amdoanq% Ie n}ibs`n wnì|nl |d |moq wnqniwam

Amis|nw ?

797

`nvn` ny~oògwo~b dw 'sdvnw| |wis' oe |mn iwniq xmnwn |mn w~wi` sddw iwn adeane|wi|nl% Fdw

n}ibs`n iq wnsdw|nl oe Amis|nw 6 gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnq biwjn| nffoaonea iel obswdvnq

biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| |ijnq |obn% Of oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode oq

adeane|wi|nl gnai~qn df g~lhn| adeqolnwi|odeq oe i fnx iwniq o| xo`` n}ianwgi|n wnhodei`

loqsiwo|onq% \m~q de nffoaonea iel ny~o| hwd~elq nffdw|q |d swdvoln i bdwn ny~o|ig`nloq|wog~|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iawdqq |mn |nwwo|dw iwn ennlnl%

I`|md~hm Snw~ miq bdvnl ixi fwdb ìwhn qai`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdkna|q -mohmxiq

wio`xiq iel goh owwohi|ode qamnbnq/ |d qbi``nw qai`n g~| bdwn dai`` obsdw|ie| oevnq|bne|q

q~am iq w~wi` wdilq dw boawd mlwdn`na|woa sdxnw sìe|q |mnwn oq q|o`` i d| df sdò|oai` swnqq~wn

|d s~qm fdw bdwn oevnq|bne| oe |mnqn mohm` voqog`n swdkna|q% \mn biwhoei` sdò|oai`

wnswnqne|i|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw sds~ì|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn miq `nl |d |mn

loqsìanbne| df q~am oevnq|bne| g d|mnwq |mi| sdò|oaoieq snwanovn iq bdwn swdfo|ig`n oe |nwbq

df vd|nq% Iq b~am iq xn aie s~``nl ixi fwdb adq|` ìwhn qai`n oevnq|bne|q |mn òbo|nlwnqd~wanq ivioìg`n aie gn lnloai|nl |d qbi`` qai`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |mi| iq xn mivn

qnne mivn vnw mohm wi|nq df wn|~we%

Xmo`n |mn wd`n df w~wi` aiso|i`"oe|neqovn oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq n`na|woao| xi|nw fdw

owwohi|ode iel |n`nsmdenq/ oe òejoeh w~wi` oemigo|ie|q |d biwjn|q iel |mn nffna| de sdvnw|

i``nvoi|ode miq gnne lda~bne|nl |mwd~hmd~| |moq q|~l |mn qo{n df |mn obsia| df i`|nwei|ovn

|snq df w~wi` oevnq|bne| iel |mn jn wd`n df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq lnsnelq de `dai`

adelo|odeq iel aowa~bq|ieanq xmoam aie ed| gn hwiqsnl f~`` g ei|odei` dw wnhodei` i~|mdwo|onq%

I`|md~hm xn mivn bniq~wnl qdbn df |mnqn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe amis|nwq 1 iel < xn mivni`qd wnadheo{nl |mi| |mn iwn qo|n qsnaofoa qd |mn ennl |d gn nvi`~i|nl i| |mn `dai` `nvn` qd iq

|d ln|nwboen xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|ode q~o|nq gnq| |d niam wnhode

Adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q

Ied|mnw iwni xn mivn advnwnl oe |moq q|~l iel ennlq |d gn illwnqqnl oe |mn sdòa iwnei oq

|mi| df f~`` |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq fd~el gn|xnne s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q iel gn|xnne |mnb iel |mn swovi|n iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn mielq df |mn sddw%

Oe |mn qnvne|onq |mn ldboei|oeh isswdiam |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| swdkna|q xiq |mi| df Oe|nhwi|nlW~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|% Swdkna|q xnwn q~ssdqnl |d gn aiwwonl d~| oe i xi |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q foeieaoi` q~ssdw| iel |wioeoeh adbsdene|q xnwn oe|nhwi|nl oe i bieenw |d swdvoln

q~ssdw| fdw niam d|mnw% I| |mn qibn |obn fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam ed| de` den qna|dw n%h%

ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode xiq q~ssdw|nl g~| i`qd d|mnwq q~am iq swdanqqoeh biwjn|oeh oel~q|woi`

|wieqfdwbi|ode bie~fia|~wn df jn oes~| biamoenw n|a% \mn f~elibne|i` olni xiq |mi| |mn

lnvn`dsbne|q df |mn loffnwne| qna|dwq xd~`l i``dx qenwhoa nffna|q oe |mn qneqn |mi| |mn

lnvn`dsbne| df den qna|dw xd~`l mn`s |d lnvn`ds d|mnw qna|dwq oe |mn qibn wnhode%

\mnqn w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xnwn giqnl de oe|nhwi|nl oe|nwvne|odeq xmoam wiwnòeadwsdwi|nl biwjn| bnamieoqbq qd lnaoqodeq xnwn vnw|oai`` lnqohenl |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df

791

ane|wi`` sìenl bnamieoqbq xo|m ò||`n dw eden adbb~eo| siw|oaosi|ode/% Mdxnvnw iq |moq

|sn df swdkna| lol ed| wnq~`|nl oe w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| edw |mn iamonvn q~gq|ie|oi`

wnl~a|odeq oe w~wi` sdvnw| |mnow obs`nbne|i|ode xiq q|dssnl%

Qoean |mn q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne| swdhwibq adbn oe|d sì enx w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nh

q|iw|q ldboei|oeh% \moq q|wi|nh xmoam miq gnne oe sìan l~woeh |mn eoen|onq aie gn amiwia|nwo{nlg oeawniqoeh |mn wd`n df gnenfoaoiwonq -g nq|igòqmoeh lnbiel lwovne swodwo|onq/ iel miq

nemieanl |mn wd`n df biwjn| bnamieoqb% \moq joel df oe|nwvne|odeq i`|md~hm oeadwsdwi|n

q~am sdqo|ovn fni|~wnq dq| |mn oe|nhwi|nl ei|~wn df siq| w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| oe|nwvne|ode q|wi|nhonq%

Iq xn mivn qnne oe |moq q|~l |mnwn oq b~am |d hioe fwdb adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oe|nwvne|odeq% Wnane|` n| ied|mnw w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nh oq issniwoeh oe |mn mdwo{de

xmoam mnivo` wnònq oe lnane|wiò{i|ode bnamieoqbq xmoam xo`` bi mivn i swdfd~el nffna| oe

|mn xi oefwiq|w~a|~wn swodwo|onq iwn qn| iel de |mn oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq |mi| xo`` gn s~|

fdwxiwl |d iqq~wn |mn q~q|ioeigoò| df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq |mi| xd~`l gn swdvolnl%Fwdb gd|m wnane| iel swnvod~q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xn aie nevoqihn

enx oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| bi adbgoen |mn sdqo|ovn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df gd|m; i/ |mn qmd~`l wnadvnw

i oe|nhwi|nl isswdiam -b~`|os`n oe|nwvne|odeq lnqohenl oe i xi |mi| |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn

siw|oa~ìwo|onq df |mn iwni xmnwn |mn xo`` gn issònl/ g/ i voqode wnì|nl |d olne|ofoeh biwjn|

fio`~wnq iel |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d qd`vn |mdqn fio`~wnq a/ i bdwn siw|oaosi|ovn

q|wi|nh xmnwn |mn 'lnbiel lwovne' fda~q gn adbs`nbne|nl xo|m siw|oaosi|ovn bnamieoqbq

|mi| i``dx |mdqn n}a`~lnl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| qd iq |d iqq~wn i giìean gn|xnne nffoaonea

iel ny~o| adeqolnwi|odeq%O| oq nvolne| fwdb |mn bioe wnq~`|q df |moq q|~l |mi| w~wi` Snw~ bi gn oe xmi| oq

|soai`` ai``nl i `dx `nvn` ny~oògwo~b xmnwn biwjn|q iel hdvnwebne|q ld ed| xdwj oe i

addwloei|nl fiqmode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn df |mn sdqo|ovn n}|nweiò|onq iwoqoeh fwdb loffnwne| qna|dwq

-ed| de` gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q g~| i`qd gn|xnne |mnb iel d|mnw qd ai``nl 'qdf|'

oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq nl~ai|ode |nameoai` iqqoq|iean n|a%% \moq xiq xmi| Wdqneq|noe"Wdlie -9?<1/

xiq wnfnwwoeh |d xmne mn loqa~qqnl |mn gd||`nenajq |d oel~q|woiò{i|ode |mi| Niq|nwe iel Qd~|m"

Niq|nwe N~wdsn xnwn fiaoeh l~woeh |mn sdq|xiw nwi% \mnqn gd||`nenajq iwoqoeh fwdb oeq~ffoaone|

iel qeamwdeo{nl w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn xmi| xn mivn ai``nl oe |moq q|~l'adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq'%

Adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iwn ed| de` swnqne| ibdeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q g~| i`qd

gn|xnne |mnb iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|q% Sdqo|ovn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n oevnq|bne| wnf`na| |mi| |mnwn oq i 'awdxloeh oe' nffna| xmoam oq q|wdeh

iel vnw qoheofoaie|% Qoean o| oq ìwhnw fdw |mdqn iwniq |mi| i`wnil gn||nw neldxnl oe |nwbq df

s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d ivdol si|m lnsnelnea iel gnne s~qmnl oe|d i sdvnw| |wis

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q ennlq |d gn aiwnf~`` nvi`~i|nl% Loqsiwo|onq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df

iqqn|q -iel sdxnw/ xmoam iwn df|ne giqnl de |mn qdaoi` iq xn`` iq |mn nadedboa q|w~a|~wnb~q| gn wnadheo{nl iel swdbs| oeo|oi|ode df |iwhn|nl swdhwibq |mi| neq~wn iaanqq |d

Amis|nw ?



79>

moelnwoeh addwloei|ode xo|m |mn d|mnw boeoq|wonq |mi| i`qd sì i qoheofoaie| wd`n oe y~nq|odeq df

w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% Qbo|m -9??8/ lda~bne|nl viwod~q q|~lonq q~hhnq|oeh |mi| |mn swdvoqode df

`dai` s~gòa hddlq oq hovne oeq~ffoaone| i||ne|ode g |mn ane|wi` hdvnwebne|% Qd o| oq |mi| `dai`

w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn " q~am iq |mn adeq|w~a|ode iel obswdvnbne| df w~wi` wdilq |mn nq|igòqmbne|

df qbi`` w~wi` n`na|woai` sdxnw qq|nbq dw |mn swdvoqode df lwoejoeh xi|nw de i qbi`` qai`n " oqi swodwo| fdw daiò|onq |mi| iaj q~am qnwvoanq g~| oq ~`|obi|n` fiw nqq obsdw|ie| |d oeq|o|~|odeq

xo|moe |mn ei|odei` monwiwam xmdqn swodwo|onq iwn giqnl de |mn lnbielq df bdwn sdxnwf~`

oe|nwnq| hwd~sq%

Fdw |mn i``dai|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel s~gòa qnwvoanq i adbgoei|ode df sìeeoeh i| |mn

ei|odei` iel wnhodei` `nvn` iq xn`` iq |mn `dai` -b~eoaosi`/ `nvn`% \mn q~aanqq df |moq |sn df

oevnq|bne| wnadeaoòi|ode lnsnelq f~elibne|i`` de oevd`voeh `dai` hdvnwebne|q iel

adbb~eo|onq oe lnaoqodeq igd~| xmi| |d oevnq| oe xmnwn iel mdx% Addwloei|ode gn|xnne

loffnwne| nvn`q df Hdvnwebne| oq i bikdw ~elnw|ijoeh% Iq Jll iel Ldwxiwl -7331/ bne|odeaddwloei|ode fio`~wnq nil |d biwjn| fio`~wnq% \moq oq a`niw |mn aiqn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|

iel df |mn bioe|neiean df q~am oevnq|bne|q%

\mn ennl fdw i hddl iei`|oai` giqnl isswdiam i`qd fianq |mn ami``nehn df wioqoeh |mn

y~iò| df m~bie aiso|i` oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel obs`nbne|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q% Of ilny~i|n oeq|o|~|odeq iel bnamieoqbq fdw addwloei|ode iwn ed| oe sìan |mne

oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi swdvoln de` |wieqo|dw gnenfo|q% Xn mivn qnne oe Amis|nw

= |mi| of w~wi` wdil bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene| o| xo`` |wohhnw loffnwne| wnia|odeq

fwdb |mn gnenfoaoiwonq |mie |mdqn n}sna|nl of |mn qibn wdil bioe|neiean oq snwanovnl iqsnwbiene|% Oe |mn fdwbnw aiqn md~qnmd`l xo`` |ijn ilvie|ihn df xoelfi`` swdfo|q amiehoeh

ìgdw i``dai|ode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn |d |mn enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq% Mdxnvnw |mn bi ed| hd

oe|d bdwn adbs`n} dw `deh |nwb òvnòmddl q|wi|nhonq iq o| bi gn adq|` |d hn| giaj |d |mnow

dwohoei` q|wi|nhonq dean |mn wdil oq ed| dsnwi|ovn iel |wieqsdw|i|ode iel |wieqia|ode adq| mivn

oeawniqnl ihioe% \mn qibn xo`` missne xo|m |mn obsia| df bie d|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq

òjn |n`nadbb~eoai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw n`na|woao| xmnwn `deh |nwb oevnq|bne|q |mi| bi

amiehn |mn ovnòmddl swdfo`n xd~`l ed| gn adeqolnwnl hovne |mn mohm woqj oevd`vnl% Oeq|o|~|odei`

oeedvi|odeq xo`` anw|ioe` wnl~an |mdqn woqjq i``dxoeh |mi| |mn f~`` gnenfo| df oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne|q gn i||ioe%

Amis|nw ?



796

798

Wnfnwneanq

IGL^@IO I% -7333/; 'Qsi|oi` Swoan \wieqboqqode iel Iqbbn|w oe |mn Hmieioie Bio{n

Biwjn|' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 61 178"<?%

IMBNL W% iel A% LDEDVIE -9??7/; Oqq~nq df Oefwiq|w~a|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; I Qye|mnqoq df |mn

@o|nwi|~wn% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%

IMBNL W% iel B% MDQQIOE -9??3/; Lnvn`dsbne|i` Obsia| df W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe

Giehìlnqm% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%

“ -9??9/; 'Lnvn`dsbne| Obsia| df W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Giehìlnqm' Lnvn`dsbne| iel

Addsnwi|ode; L*A Ed% 7%

I@N]IELNW A% iel K% X_N\M -9??</; 'Adoe|nhwi|ode iel Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; Ie Issòai|ode

|d |mn Oeldenqoie Woan Biwjn|' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq 13 131"17=%

IBI\ _ @NÑE A% iel L% A^WDEOQ_ -9?=8/; @i Iòbne|iaoñe ne n` Snwû% @obi; AO^S eovnwqolilln` Siaâfoad%

IBI\ _ @NÑE A% iel M% @NÑE -9?=9/; Loq|wog~aoñe ln` Oehwnqd Fiboòiw ne n` Snwû% @obi;

AO^S eovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad%

IBKILO I% iel I% K% _NI\Q -9??>/; Mivn \wieqsdw| Adq|q Ade|wog~|nl |d |mn Wnì|ovn Lnaòen

df Ifwoaie N}sdw|q4 Qdbn Swnòboeiwy Nbsowoai` Nvolnean% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej

Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboaq Lns|% Oe|nwei|odei` \wiln Lovoqode%

IEQN@OE @% -9?==/; Qsi|oi` Nadedbn|woaq; Bn|mdlq iel Bdln`q% Ldwlwnam|: Gdq|de; J`~xnw

Iailnboa S~gòqmnwq%“ -9??3/; 'Nq|obi|ode Bn|mdlq fdw Qsi|oi` I~|dwnhwnqqovn Q|w~a|~wnq'% O|miai E_%; Adwen``

êovnwqo|%

IEQN@OE @% I% VIWHI iel [% IAQ -9??6/; '@dai` Hndhwismoa Qso``dvnwq gn|xnne eovnwqo|

Wnqniwam iel Mohm \named`dh Oeedvi|odeq; I Qsi|oi` Nadedbn|woa Isswdiam' Wnhodei`

Oeq|o|~|n iel Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq Xnq| Vowhoeoi eovnwqo|; Bdwhie|dxe%

IQAMI^NW L% I% -9??8/; 'D~|s~| iel Nbs`dbne| Nffna|q df S~gòa Aiso|i`' Knwdbn @nvy

Nadedboaq Oeq|o|~|n df Giwl Ad``nhn% Xdwjoeh Sisnwq 9?3 9"19%

GILOIEN D% iel H% N% QMOVN@_ -9??6/; '\mn Obsdw|iean df Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode fdw |mn Wnqsdeqndf @dai` Swoanq |d Sdòa Amiehnq' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam

Oeq|o|~|n%

“ -9??=/; 'Qsi|oi` Oe|nhwi|ode \wieqsdw| Adq|q iel |mn Wnqsdeqn df @dai` Swoanq |d Sdòa

Amiehnq oe Hmiei' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq >6 <99"19%

GIJM\ [% -7333/; 'Sdvnw| Obsia| df W~wi` Wdilq iel Biwjn|q Obswdvnbne| & Bioe|neiean

Swdkna| df Giehìlnqm' Oeloi Migo|i| Ane|wn Enx Ln`mo%

GI@JN E% Q% iel \% G% FDBG_ -9??8/; '\mwnqmd`l Adoe|nhwi|ode' Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboa

Wnvonx 1= 678"<>%

79=

GIWENQ L% F% iel M% S% GOEQXIEHNW -9?=6/; 'Obsia| df W~wi` N`na|wofoai|ode iel Oefwiq|w~a|~wn

de Ihwoa~`|~wi` Amiehnq 9?66"9?=3' Nadedboa iel Sdò|oai` Xnnj`y 79 76"1< Kie~iw <%

GIWWN\\ I% iel F% \WIAN -9???/; \mn Obsia| df Ihwoa~`|~wi` iel Fdwnq|wy Q~gqolonq de @iel

Swoanq iel @iel ^qnq oe Ownìel % L~gòe; Nadedboa iel Qdaoi` Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%

GIWWN\\ A% iel K% @O -7333/; 'Loq|oeh~oqmoeh gn|xnne Ny~oògwo~b iel Oe|nhwi|ode oe Biwjn|Iei`qoq' Lnsiw|bne| df issònl Nadedboaq iel Bieihnbne|% Adwen`` êovnwqo|;

O|miai E_%

GIWWN\\ A% G% -9??</; \mn Obsia|q df Ihwoa~`|~wi` @ognwiò{i|ode de Adbbdlo|y Swoan

Loq|wog~|odeq; Nvolnean fwdb Bilihiqaiw % Biloqde; eovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde

Lns|% df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq%

“ -9??</; 'Sniqie|q Swoanq iel Biwjn|q oe Bilihiqaiw; \dxiwl ie êlnwq|ieloeh df

Ihwoa~`|~wi` Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn |d @ognwiò{i|ode oe i Qbi``md`lnw Nadedb' eovnwqo| df

Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde% Sm%L% \mnqoq%“ -9??8/; 'Fddl Biwjn|oeh @ognwiò{i|ode iel \wilnw Ne|w; Nvolnean fwdb Bilihiqaiw'

Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7> 861"88%

“ -9??=/; 'Obboqnwo{nl Hwdx|m oe @ognwiò{nl Ihwoa~`|~wn' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 76 8<1">1%

“ -7333/; 'Mn|nwdhnend~q Adeq|wioe|q Oeane|ovnq iel Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode Q|wi|nhonq oe

W~wi` Ifwoai' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Gwdilneoeh Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~|

Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$òvn$giqh`d333=i%slf

GIWWN\\ A% G% iel B% W% AIW\NW -9??</; Ldnq o| \ijn Bdwn \mie Biwjn| @ognwiò{i|ode4

\mn Nadedboaq df Q~q|ioeig`n Ihwiwoie O wdx|m iel \wieqfdwbi|ode% Biloqde; H`dgi`Q|~lonq Wnqniwam Swdhwib êovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde%

GIWWN\\ A% G% S% S% BIWNE_I K% BASNIJ G% BOE\NE F% B^WO\MO X% D@^DAM"JDQ^WI F%

S@IAN K% A% WIELWOIEIWOQDI K% WIQIBGIOEIWOVD iel K% XIEHO@I -733</; 'Sdvnw|

Leiboaq oe W~wi` Jnei iel Bilihiqaiw' Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Ad`ìgdwi|ovn Wnqniwam

Q~ssdw| Swdhwib -AWQS/% eovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%giqoq%xoqa%nl~$

òvn$giqgwonf7<%slf

GIWWN\\ A% G% G% BNQFOE iel I% IGD^L -7333/; '\mn Wnqsdeqn df Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode |d

Biawd iel Boawd Sdòa Qmdajq oe Aü|n L‟ovdown iel Jnei' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQGwdilneoeh Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~| Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$

xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$òvn$giqh`d333?i%slf

GIWWN\\ A% G% \% WNIWLDE iel S% XNGG -7339/; 'Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode iel

Md~qnmd`l @ovnòmddl Q|wi|nhonq oe W~wi` Ifwoai; Adeans|q Leiboaq iel Sdòa

Obsòai|odeq' Fddl Sdòay 76 19>"119%

GIWWN\\ A% G% iel \% I% WNIWLDE -7333/; ' Iqqn| Ia|ovo|y iel Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode ibdeh

Ifwoaie Ihwoa~`|~wiòq|q; Qdbn Swia|oai` Oqq~nq' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Gwdilneoeh

Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~| Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$ òvn$giqh`d3331i%slf

Wnfnwneanq

779

LI\\ H% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??6/; Xmy Mivn Qdbn Oeloie Q|i|nq Lden Gn||nw \mie D|mnwq

i| Wnl~aoeh W~wi` Sdvnw|y4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Sdòa Wnqniwam Lns|% Sdvnw|

iel M~bie Wnqd~wanq Lovoqode%

LIVOQ L% W% iel L% N% XNOEQ\NOE -9??8/; 'Nadedboa Hndhwism iel Wnhodei` Swdl~a|ode

Q|w~a|~wn; Ie Nbsowoai` Oevnq|ohi|ode' Miwviwl Oeq|o|~|n Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode

Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 9=37 9"Z<>R%

LN KIEVW_ I% B% FIFAMIBSQ iel N% QILD^@N\ -9??9/; Sniqie| Md~qnmd`l Gnmivodw xo|m

Boqqoeh Biwjn|q; Qdbn Siwild}nq N}sìoenl % ZGnwjn`n Aiòf%R; Aiòfdweoi Ihwoa~`|~wi`

N}snwobne| Q|i|ode; Hoieeoeo Fd~eli|ode df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq; Lns|% df Ihwoa~`|~wi`

iel Wnqd~wan Nadedboaq Lovoqode df Ihwoa~`|~wn iel Ei|~wi` Wnqd~wanq êovnwqo| df

Aiòfdweoi i| Gnwjn`n%

LN KIEVW_ I% iel W% HIWAOI -9??7/; W~wi` Sdvnw|y iel Nevowdebne|i` Lnhwili|ode oe @i|oe

Ibnwoai% Wdbn; Q|iff Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq 9% \nameoai` Ilvoqdw Lovoqode OFIL"Oe|nwei|odei` F~el fdw Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|% Wdbn%

LN KIEVW_ I% iel N% QILD^@N\ -9?=?/; 'Oevnq|bne| Q|wi|nhonq |d Adbgi| W~wi` Sdvnw|; I

Swdsdqi` fdw @i|oe Ibnwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 98 9731"79%

“ -9??6/; 'Md~qnmd`l Bdlnòeh fdw |mn Lnqohe df Sdvnw| I``nvoi|ode Q|wi|nhonq' eovnwqo|

df Aiòfdweoi Gnwjn`n Lnsiw|bne| df Ihwoa~`|~wi` iel Wnqd~wan Nadedboaq 98%

“ -7339/; 'Oeadbn Q|wi|nhonq ibdeh W~wi` Md~qnmd`lq oe Bn}oad; \mn Wd`n df Dff"Fiwb

Ia|ovo|onq oe Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode%' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? 93<1"93>6%

LN KIEVW_ I% N% QILD^@N\ iel B% FIFAMIBSQ -9?=8/; 'Ihwiwoie Q|w~a|~wn \named`dhoaiÒeedvi|odeq iel |mn Q|i|n' Xdwj Sisnw Qnw Aiòf Ihwoa N}s Q|e Lns Ihwoa Wnqd~w Nade <?%

LN KIEVW_ I% N% QILD^@N\ iel H% HDWLO@@D -9??>/; 'Eif|i iel Bn}oad‟q Bio{n Swdl~anwq'

Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 71 91<?"67%

LNI\DE I% -9??8/; \mn Iei`yqoq df Md~qnmd`l Q~wvnyq; I Boawdnadedbn|woa Isswdiam |d

Lnvn`dsbne| Sdòay% Gi`|obdwn BL; S~gòqmnl fdw |mn Xdw`l Giej g Kdmeq Mdsjoeq

êovnwqo| Swnqq%

LNWADE Q% iel G% V% AIBSNEMD^\ -9???/; 'Leiboa Swoan Ilk~q|bne| oe Qsi|oi`` Qnsiwi|nl

Fddl Biwjn|q xo|m \wieqia|ode Adq|q' Loqa~qqode Sisnw ??%3?% Biwam% Ane|nw fdwNadedboa Q|~lonq% Ji|mdònjn êovnwqo|no| @n~vne%

LÂ@DQ K% I% IWIIW iel A% FDW\OE -733</; 'Lil; Loq|wog~|ovn Iei`qoq ^qnw‟q Bie~i`'

êovnwqo|ï @ivi`%

NHHNW\QQDE \% -9??3/; Nadedboa Gnmivodw iel Oeq|o|~|odeq% Aibgwolhn ZNehìelR: Enx _dwj;

Aibgwolhn êovnwqo| Swnqq%

NOAMNEHWNNE G% -9??=/; 'Hndhwism iq Lnq|oe; I Gwonf Moq|dw df Nadedboa Hwdx|m' Fdwnohe

Iffiowq 88 97="911%

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777

NKWEINQ B% iel J% H% SNWQQDE -7333/; 'Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode iel \wieqsdw| Adq| oe Fwiean

9=7>"9?31; I \mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Isswdiam |d |mn @ix df Den Swoan' N}s`dwi|odeq

oe Nadedboa Moq|dwy 18 9<?"981%

N@GNWQ A% iel S% @IEKD^X -7339/; 'Oe|nwqna|dwi` \wieqfnw Hwdx|m iel Oeny~iò| oe W~wi`

Na~ildw' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? <=9"?6%N@@OQ F% -7333/; W~wi` @ovnòmddlq iel Lovnwqo|y oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% D}fdwl; D}fdwl

êovnwqo| Swnqq%

N@@OQ F% B% J^\NEH^@N iel I% E_IQ^@^ -7331/; '@ovnòmddlq iel W~wi` Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode

oe Biìxo' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 19 9<?>"9>93%

NEHNWBIE Q% @% iel J% @% QDJD@DFF -9??8/; 'Fia|dw Neldxbne|q Oeq|o|~|odeq iel Loffnwne|oi`

Si|mq df Hwdx|m ibdeh Enx Xdw`l Nadedbonq; I Vonx fwdb Nadedboa Moq|dwoieq df |mn

êo|nl Q|i|nq' oe Mdx @i|oe Ibnwoai Fn`` Gnmoel; Nqqiyq de |mn Nadedbonq Moq|dwonq df

Gwi{o` iel Bn}oad 9=33"9?9<% nl% g Q% Mignw% Q|iefdwl AI; Q|iefdwl eovnwqo| Swnqq%NQADGI@ K% -7339/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~'

Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? <?8">3=%

NQADGI@ K% iel V% IHWNLI -9??=/; 'Ieéòqoq Ln @i Adbnwaoiò{iaoñe Ihwâadì Ne N` Snwû'

oe Gd`n|âe ln Dsoeoñe 11 Kie~iw 9??=%

NQADGI@ K% K% QIIVNLWI iel B% \DWNWD -9??=/; '@dq Ia|ovdq Ln @dq Sdgwnq Ne N` Snwû'

HWILN; Lda~bne|d ln \wigikd 76 @obi%

NQADGI@ K% iel B% \DWNWD -733</; 'Ieéòqoq ln @dq Qnwvoaodq ln Oefwinq|w~a|~wi W~wi` ìq

Adeloaodenq ln Voli ne iq [deiq W~wi`nq ln Snwû'% HWILN% Bobnd% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$ $xxx%hwiln%dwh%sn$oefwinq|w~a|~wi$%

NQFIMIEO M% Q% -9?=8/; 'Hwdx|m Nbs`dbne| iel Oeadbn Loq|wog~|ode oe Nhs|oie Ihwoa~`|~wn

9?6<"9?8?' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 9> 9739"9798%

NQFIMIEO M% Q% iel B% \% WIBOWN[ -7331/; 'Oeq|o|~|odeq Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Hwdx|m'

Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 83 <<1"<88%

FIAJ@NW S% @% iel G% HDDLXOE -7339/; 'Qsi|oi` Swoan Iei`qoq' oe Mielgddj df Ihwoa~`|~wi`

Nadedboaq nl% g n% H% Wi~qqnw iel G% Hiwlenw% Edw|m"Md`ìel%

FIFAMIBSQ B% -7333/; 'N|meoao| iel Awnlo| oe Ifwoaie Bie~fia|~woeh' Kd~wei` df

Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 69 73>"1>%

“ -733</; Biwjn| Oeq|o|~|odeq oe Q~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai% Aibgwolhn Biqqiam~qn||q@delde;

BO\ Swnqq%

FIFAMIBSQ B% iel Q% HIVOIE -9??6/; '\mn Qsi|oi` Oe|nhwi|ode df @ovnq|daj Biwjn|q oe Eohnw'

Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq > 166"<3>%

“ -9??8/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df @ovnq|daj Swoanq oe Eohnw' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq

6 7>>"?>%

Wnfnwneanq

771

FIFAMIBSQ B% iel G% BOE\NE -7333/; 'Wn|~weq |d Qdaoi` En|xdwj Aiso|i` ibdeh \wilnwq'

Ane|wd Q|~lo @~ai L‟ihòied $ D}fdwl êovnwqo|y% Y~nne Nò{ign|m Md~qn% Oe|nwei|odei`

Lnvn`dsbne| Ane|wn% @l‟i " Ynm Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq Xdwjoeh Sisnwq Ed% 9<> 9"Z<9R%

FIFAMIBSQ B% iel F% QMO@SO -7333/; \mn Qsi|oi` Lovoqode df @igdw oe Ensi`% D}fdwl;

Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq êovnwqo| df D}fdwl%FI@ADE S% -9??=/; 'Loqsnwqode df Q~g"Ei|odei` Wnhodei` Oeadbn Snw Aiso|i'% JBQ qo|n% Q~g

" Ei|odei` Nadedboa Sdòa% Xdw`l Giej; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

FIE Q% iel A% AMIE"JIEH -733</; 'Wn|~weq |d Oevnq|bne| oe @nqq"Fivdwnl Iwniq oe Lnvn`dsoeh

Ad~e|wonq; I Qe|mnqoq df Nvolnean iel Obsòai|odeq fdw Ifwoai' Fddl Sdòay 7? <19%

FIE Q% iel S% MI[N@@ -9???/; 'Iwn Wn|~weq |d S~gòa Oevnq|bne| @dxnw oe @nqq"Fivdwnl

W~wi` Iwniq4 Ie Nbsowoai` Iei`qoq df Oeloi' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Nevowdebne| iel

Swdl~a|ode \named`dh Lovoqode% Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%

FIE Q% S% MI[N@@ iel \% MIY^N -7333i/; '\iwhn|oeh S~gòa Oevnq|bne|q g Ihwd"Nad`dhoai`[den |d Iamonvn Hwdx|m iel Sdvnw| I``nvoi|ode Hdi`q oe W~wi` Oeloi' Fddl Sdòay 7>

<99"<7=%

FIE Q% S% MI[N@@ iel Q% \MDWI\ -7333g/; 'Hdvnwebne| Qsneloeh Hwdx|m iel Sdvnw| oe

W~wi` Oeloi' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =7 931=">9%

FIE Q% @% [MIEH iel ]% [MIEH -7337/; 'Hwdx|m Oeny~iò| iel Sdvnw| oe W~wi` Amoei |mn

Wd`n df S~gòa Oevnq|bne|q' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam

Oeq|o|~|n%

FNWWNOWI F% -9??>/; 'Wdilq |d Ny~iò|; Xni`|m Loq|wog~|ode Leiboaq xo|m S~gòa"Swovi|nAiso|i` Adbs`nbne|iwo|' @delde%

FOH^NWDI I% -9?=7/; N` Swdg`nbi Loq|wog~|ovd ne Lofnwneaoiq Ade|n}|dq Qdaodsd`â|oadq y

Nadeñboadq: Snwû 9?>3"9?=3% @obi; AOQNSI%

“ -9?=?/; '@i Nadedbâi Aibsnqoei ln ì Qonwwi ln` Snwû' @obi; Fdeld Nlo|dwoi` Sde|ofoaoi

êovnwqolil Ai|ñòai ln` Snwû%

FDEADLNQ -9??>/; 'N` Bisi ln ì Oevnwqoñe Qdaoi`; Fdeadlnq Fwne|n i ì Sdgwn{i 9??9"

9??<' @obi; ÊOANF%

FDQ^ J% K% E% MNNWOEJ N% J% O@GD^LD B% JÔSNW iel I% J^_VNEMDVNE -9??>/; 'S~gòaHddl iel Qnwvoanq iel Fddl Qna~wo|; \mndw iel Bdlnòeh Isswdiamnq xo|m Qsnaoi`

Wnfnwnean |d Hmiei iel G~wjoei Fiqd' Iaawi Hmiei; S~gòa Hddlq iel Qnwvoanq Swdkna|q%

Wïqni~ ln Wnamnwamn QILIDA%

FWONLBIE B% -9??7/; 'Ld D`l Fi`ìaonq Nvnw Lon4' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa @o|nwi|~wn 13

797?"7917%

HI@@^S K% @% K% L% QIAMQ iel I% L% BN@@OEHNW -9??=/; 'Hndhwism iel Nadedboa

Lnvn`dsbne|' Miwviwl Oeq|o|~|n Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode Sisnw Qnwonq Ed%

9=>6 9">8%

Wnfnwneanq

77<

HIEEDE A% iel [% @O^ -9??8/; 'Sdvnw| iel \wieqsdw|' Qnwonq \wieqsdw| S~gòai|odeq% OE^$

\X^ \X^"13% \mn Xdw`l Giej% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

HN\OQ I% iel K% J% DWL -9??7/; '\mn Iei`qoq df Qsi|oi` Iqqdaoi|ode g ^qn df Loq|iean

Q|i|oq|oaq' 7=6"136%

HO@ K% iel I% QIEKÎE -7339/; 'I Ed|n de \nq|q fdw Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode oe i B~`|oviwoi|n Ede"Q|i|odeiw Fwibnxdwj' Kd~wei` Df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq >7 991"979%

HDAJDXQJO K% iel B% ELD^BGN -733</; '\mn Ilds|ode df Oe|neqovn Bdedawds Mdw|oa~`|~wn

oe Qd~|mnwe Aibnwdde' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 13 9?>"737%

HD@N\\O F% W% IMBNL iel E% FIWOL -9??>/; 'Q|w~a|~wi` Ln|nwboeie|q df Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode;

\mn Aiqn df Woan Biwjn|q oe Giehìlnqm' Lnvn`dsoeh Nadedbonq 11 9=>"737%

HDE[É@NQ LN D@IW\N N% -9??6/; N` Ik~q|n Nq|w~a|~wi` y `dq Aibsnqoedq% Ad`naaoñe Bâeobi%

@obi; Oeq|o|~|d ln Nq|~lodq Snw~iedq%

HÎEI\O@IJI W% -9???/; 'W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Swdhwibbnq fdw Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode Sdòa;Oqq~nq fwdb |mn Qwo @iejie N}snwonean' Sisnw swnsiwnl fdw |mn Wnhodei` Adeq~`|i|ode de

XLW7339 fdw Qd~|m Iqoi de 'Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode iel Qdaoi` Swdhwnqq; Enx \wnelq iel

Nbnwhoeh @nqqdeq' Iswo` <"6 9???% Wiknelwis~w Giehìlnqm%

HÔBIWINQ I% @% iel A% ^M@ -9??8/; 'W~wi` \wieqsdw| oe Niq|nwe Ibi{deoi; @obo|i|odeq

Ds|odeq iel Dssdw|~eo|onq' Kd~wei` df W~wi` Q|~lonq 91 <7?"<<3%

MI@@ W% N% iel A% KDENQ -9??8/; '@nvn`q df Nadedboa Ia|ovo| iawdqq Ad~e|wonq' Enx Dw`nieq%

MI@@ W% N% iel A% O% KDENQ -9??=/; 'Xm Ld Qdbn Ad~e|wonq Swdl~an Qd B~am Bdwn D~|s~|

Snw Xdwjnw \mie D|mnwq4' Ei|odei` G~wni~ Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw QnwonqEd% 6>6< 9"<?%

MIEQNE G% -9??8/; 'Oefnwnean oe \iw Bdln`q' Q|~lonq oe Edeòeniw Lyeiboaq iel

Nadedbn|woaq 7 iw|oa`n 9%

MIWWOQQ"XMO\N G% -9??=/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Biwjn|q fwdb \mndwy |d Swia|oan; Fon`l N}snwonean

oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% Giqoehq|djn Enx _dwj; Biabo`ìe: Q|% Biw|oe‟q Swnqq%

MI\\OEJ X% E% MNNWOEJ iel H% \MOKQQNE -9??=/; 'Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn df Adadi oe Hmiei; I

Fiwb"@nvn` Swdfo| F~ea|ode Iei`qoq' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq 8 <7<"<<%

MI^QBIE K% iel L% BAFILLNE -9?=</; 'I Qsnaofoai|ode \nq| fdw |mn B~`|oedboi` @dho| Bdln`' Nadedbn|woai >7 979?"97<3%

MNAJBIE K% W% @I@DELN iel K% QBO\M -9???/; '\mn Nadedboaq iel Nadedbn|woaq df Ia|ovn

@igdw Biwjn| Swdhwibq' oe Mielgddj df @igdw Nadedboaq nl% g D% I% L% A% -Nlq%/%

Ibq|nwlib; Edw|m"Md`ìel% 9=6>"73?8%

MNAJBIE K% K% M% OAMOB^WI iel S% \DLL -9??=/; 'Bi|amoeh iq ie Nadedbn|woa Nvi`~i|ode

Nq|obi|dw' Wnvonx df Nadedboa Q|~lonq 6> 769"?<%

MNAJBIE K% K% M% OAMOB^WI iel S% N% \DLL -9??8/; 'Bi|amoeh iq ie Nadedbn|woa Nvi`~i|ode

Nq|obi|dw; Nvolnean fwdb Nvi`~i|oeh i Kdg \wioeoeh Swdhwibbn' Wnvonx df Nadedboa

Q|~lonq 6< 63>"><%

Wnfnwneanq

77>

MNELNWQDE K% V% [% QMI@O[O iel I% K% VNEIG@NQ -7333/; O ndhwismy iel Lnvn`dsbne| %

Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel

Nevowdebne|%

MNE\QAMN@ K% K% D% @IEKD^X S% @IEKD^X iel K% SDHHO -7333/; 'Adbgoeoeh Aneq~q iel Q~wvn

Li|i |d \wian |mn Qsi|oi` Lobneqodeq df Sdvnw|; I Aiqn Q|~l df Na~ildw' Xdw`l Giej

Nadedboa Wnvonx 9< 9<8"6>%

MNWWNWI K% -7337/; @i Sdgwn{i ne n` Snwû ne 7339%" ei Voqoñe Lnsiw|ibne|i`% @obi; OENO"

OWL%

MDGGQ K% N% -9??8/; 'Bniq~woeh |mn Obsdw|iean df \wieqia|ode Adq|q oe Ai||`n Biwjn|oeh'

Ib% k% ihwoa% nade% 8? 93=1"93?>%

MD@@OFON@L I% A% K% F% LDEENWBN_NW H% M% XD@FDWL iel W% IHÊHI -7333/; '\mn Nffna|q df

W~wi` \n`nadbb~eoai|odeq Qn`f"Lnvn`dsbne| Swdkna|q de @dai` Ilds|ode df Enx

\named`dhonq' \n`nadbb~eoai|odeq Sdòay 7< 869"88?%MDXN K% L% H% F% iel S% K% WOAMIWLQ -9?=</; W~wi` Wdilq iel Sdvnw|y I``nvoi|ode; I Q|~ly

Swnsiwnl fdw |mn Oe|nwei|odei` @igd~w Dffoan xo|moe |mn Fwibnxdwj df |mn Xdw`l

Nbs`dybne| Swdhwibbn% @delde; Oe|nwbnloi|n \named`dh S~gòai|odeq%

M^BS@OAJ F% F% iel I% BDOEO"IWIHMO -9??6/; Oq \mnwn ie Ds|obi` Q|w~a|~wn fdw Lnane|wiò{nl

Swdvoqode df Wdilq4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Sdòa Wnqniwam Lns|% Nevowdebne|

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Ihwoa~`|~wn Lovoqode%

OQ@IB E% -9??>/; 'Hwdx|m Nbsowoaq; I Sien` Li|i Isswdiam'Y~iw|nw`y Kd~wei` Df Nadedboaq

993 9978"83%KIADG_ M% -9??=/; Iaanqq |d Biwjn|q iel |mn Gnenfo|q df W~wi` Wdilq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%;

Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|%

KIADG_ M% A% -7333/; 'Iaanqq |d Biwjn|q iel |mn Gnenfo|q df W~wi` Wdilq' Nadedboa Kd~wei

993 891"818%

KIADG_ M% H% -9??1/; 'Qmildx Xihnq iel Sniqie| Fibo` @igd~w Q~ss`; Ie Nadedbn|woa

Issòai|ode |d |mn Snw~voie Qonwwi' Wnvonx df Nadedboa Q|~lonq 63 ?31"79%

KI@IE K% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??=/; 'Hndhwismoa Sdvnw| \wisq4' Gdq|de eovnwqo| Oeq|o|~|n

fdw Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|% Gdq|de%“ -7337/; 'Hndhwism Sdvnw| \wisq4 I Boawd Nadedbn|woa Bdln` df Adeq~bs|ode Hwdx|m

oe W~wi` Amoei' Kd~wei` df Issònl Nadedbn|woaq 98 17?"1<6%

KOBNEN[ N% NLQ% -9??>/; 'M~bie iel Smqoai` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; S~gòa Oevnq|bne| iel Swoaoeh

Sdòaonq oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' oe Mielgddj df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq Vd`~bn 1

nl% g K% Gnmwbie iel \% E% Qwoeoviqie% Ibq|nwlib; Edw|m"Md`ìel%

KDMIEQNE Q% iel J% K^QN@O^Q -9??3/; 'Bi}ob~e @ojnòmddl Nq|obi|ode iel Oefnwneai de

Adoe|nhwi|ode xo|m Issòai|odeq |d M|n Lnbiel Bden' D}fdwl G~``n|oe df Nadedboaq

iel Q|i|oq|oaq >1 169"18%

Wnfnwneanq

776

KDEIJOE K% iel @% K% NEWÂY^N[ -9???/; '\mn Ede"\wilo|odei` Foeieaoi` Qna|dw oe Eoaiwih~i; I

Wnqsdeqn |d W~wi` Awnlo| Biwjn| N}a`~qode' Lnvn`dsbne| Sdòay Wnvonx 98 9<9"6?%

JN_ E% N% QILD^@N\ iel I% LN KIEVW_ -7333/; '\wieqia|odeq Adq|q iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Md~qnmd`l

Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =7 7<>">?%

JOEH H% K% MDEIJNW iel J% QAMNVN -7339/; 'Iei`{oeh Oeadbs`n|n Sdò|oai` Qaonean Li|i%Ie I`|nwei|ovn I`hdwo|mb fdw B~`|os`n Obs~|i|ode' Ibnwoaie Sdò|oai` Qaonean Wnvonx

?> <?"6?%

J@NOE N% -9??7/; 'N` Nbs`nd W~wi` Ed Ihwoadì ne Ibnwoai @i|oei' Qie|oihd ln Amo`n;

SWNI@A%

J@^VN K% -7339/; 'De |mn Wd`n df Ad~e|nwfia|~i`q oe Oefnwwoeh Ai~qi` Nffna|q df \wni|bne|q'

I`fwnl Xngnw " Oeq|o|~|n% êovnwqo| df Mnoln`gnwh% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%~eo"

mnoln`gnwh%ln$oeq|o|~|n$fij9=$ixo$s~gòai|odeq$sisnwq$ls167%slf

JEN\\NW B% B% iel B% K% Q@I^HM\NW -9???/; 'Bniq~woeh Swdl~a|"Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode' Ei|odei` G~wni~ df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 6?6? 9"<3%

JWDEHJINX B% iel E% JIJXIEO -7331/; '\mn Hwdx|m"Ny~o| \wiln"Dff oe Bdlnwe Nadedboa

Lnvn`dsbne|; \mn Aiqn df \mioìel+9' Kd~wei` df Iqoie Nadedboaq 9< 81>"8>8%

JW^HBIE S% -9??9/; 'Oeawniqoeh Wn|~weq iel Nadedboa Hndhwism' Kd~wei` df Sdò|oai`

Nadedby ew% 1 <=1"<??%

JÔSNW X% N% A% @^\[ iel I% V% \O@G^WH -9???/; '\nq|oeh fdw |mn @ix df Den Swoan iel

Olne|ofoeh Swoan"@niloeh Biwjn|q; Ie Issòai|ode |d Adwe Biwjn|q oe Gneoe' Kd~wei` df

Wnhodei` Qaonean 1? 891"1=%J^_VNEMDVNE I% iel B% K% F% V% SN@\ -9?==/; Nvi`~i|oeh Swdkna| Snwfdwbiean; Bn|mdld`dhy

iel Lnvn`dsbne| df Aisigoò|onq; Swdannloehq df i Qnboeiw Dwhieoqnl gy |mn Lowna|dwi|n"

O nenwi` fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Ad"Dsnwi|ode df |mn En|mnwìelq Boeoq|wy df Fdwnohe Iffiowq

iel |mn Lnsiw|bne| df |mn I~lo|dw" O nenwi` df Sijoq|ie 93"99 K~en 9?=8 |mn Mih~n%

Z\mn Mih~n En|mnwìel; Lowna|dwi|n"Hnenwi` fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Ad"dsnwi|odeR%

J_@N Q% A% iel K% QXOEENE -9??</; '\mndw df Ade|nq|nl Biwjn|q iel |mn Lnhwnn df \wilnlenqq

df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbdlo|onq; Ie Nbsowoai` \nq| oe [iown' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq

1 ?1"991%@IIE M% @% V% L% \% LOKJQ\WI iel I% V% \O@G^WH -9???/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Biwjn|oeh oe \wdsoai`

Ifwoai; Ade|wog~|odeq fwdb |mn En|mnwìelq% I`lnwqmd| Mie|q Nehìel; Iqmhi|n%

@ÌAM@NW % iel L% I% IQAMI^NW -9??=/; S~gòa Oevnq|bne| iel Nadedboa O wdx|m oe Bn}oad%

Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Bn}oad Ad~e|w Lnsiw|bne|%

@IEKD^X S% -9???/; 'W~wi` Edeihwoa~`|~wi` Nbs`dbne| iel Sdvnw| oe Na~ildw' Nadedboa

Lnvn`dsbne| Iel A~`|~wi` Amiehn <= Z?9R"977%

@IEKD^X S% K% YÔ[DE iel W% QSIWWDX -7339/; 'Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` Niweoehq oe Snwo"^wgie

Iwniq df \ie{ieoi; Nvolnean fwdb Md~qnmd`l Q~wvn Li|i' Fddl Sdòay 76 1=>‑<31%

Wnfnwneanq

778

@IQ[@D Q% -7333/; '@igd~w Q~ss` iel |mn Md~qnmd`l Ne|nwswoqn; \mn Aiqn df Edefiwb Qn`f"

Nbs`dbne| oe W~wi` Snw~' êswdanqqnl Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq êovnwqo| df

\dwde|d%

@NGD K% iel L% QAMN@@OEH -7339/; 'Lnqohe iel Isswioqi` df W~wi` \wieqsdw| Oefwiq|w~a|~wn;

Neq~woeh Giqoa Iaanqq fdw W~wi` Adbb~eo|onq' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej%@NV_ M% -9??6/; 'Bdwdaad " Qdaodnadedboa Oef`~nean df W~wi` Wdilq; Fd~w|m Mohmxi Swdkna|

-Obsia| Nvi`~i|ode Wnsdw|% Wnsdw| Ed% 9>=3=/' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej% Dsnwi|odeq

Nvi`~i|ode Lnsiw|bne|%

@OBÁD E% iel I% VNEIG@NQ -9???/; Oefwiq|w~a|~wn O ndhwismoai` Loqilvie|ihn iel \wieqsdw|

Adq|q% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " \wiln%

@OS\DE B% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??>/; 'Sdvnw| iel Sdòa' oe Mielgddj df Lnvn`dsbne|

Nadedboaq% Mielgddjq oe Nadedboaq iel D}fdwl; N`qnvonw Qaonean% nl% g K% G% \% E% Q%

nlq% Ibq|nwlib: Enx _dwj 7>>9"76>8%@DSN[ W% -9?=6/; 'Q|w~a|~wi` Bdln`q df |mn Fiwb Md~qnmd`l \mi| I``dx fdw Oe|nwlnsnelne|

^|oò| iel Swdfo| Bi}obo{oeh Lnaoqodeq' oe Ihwoa~`|~wi` Md~qnmd`l Bdln`q N}|neqodeq

Issòai|odeq iel Sdòay nl% g Q% Qoehm @% iel Q|wi~qq K% Gi`|obdwn; Xdw`l Giej iel

\mn Kdmeq Mdsjoeq êovnwqo| Swnqq 136 " 17>%

@ÂIQ J% \% LIVOQ iel J% WOJIWL -9??6/; 'Ihwoa~`|~wn \wieqsdw| Iqqoq|iean Swdhwib; Obsia|

Q|~l% Liw Nq Qiìib; Swdkna| E~bgnw 679"3966% ^qiol$\ie{ieoi'%

@ÂIQ W% -9?==/; 'De |mn Bnamieoaq df Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|' Kd~wei` df Bden|iwy

Nadedboaq 77 1"<7%@^\[ A% I% V% \O@G^WH iel G% V% L% JIBS -9??>/; '\mn Swdanqq df Qmdw|" iel @deh"\nwb

Oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn Gneoe Bio{n Biwjn|' N~wdsnie Wnvonx Df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 77

9?9"797%

BIBI\[IJOQ N% A% -7331/; 'S~gòa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Swdl~a|ovo| Hwdx|m oe Hwnnj

Ihwoa~`|~wn' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 7? 96?"9=3%

BIEJOX E% iel @% GI@@ -9??</; 'Iqbbn|woa Swoan Ilk~q|bne| iel Nadedboa F`~a|~i|odeq'

Nadedboa Kd~wei` 93< 7<8"769%

BOLN@FIW\"JEIWVOJ J% M% M% H% DVNWBIE iel I% K% VNEIG@NQ -7333/; 'Adbsiwi|ovnIlvie|ihn iel Nadedboa Hndhwism; Nq|obi|oeh |mn @dai|ode df Swdl~a|ode oe |mn N~'

Ane|wn fdw Nadedboa Sdòay Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 769= 9"Z1>R%

BOEOQ\W_ DF IHWOA^@\^WN DF SNW^ -9?=6/; 'Snwû% Miaoi ~e Siâq Ihwiwod% Wnsdw| |d |mn Snw~voie

Adehwnqq' Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi%

“ -9??1/; '@dq Lnqifâdq ln` Ihwd ne ì Lïaili ln `dq Edvne|i' Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi%

@obi%

“ -7337/; 'Gd`n|âe ln Swdl~aaoñe Ihwiwoi' Lownaaoñe Hnenwi` ln Oefdwbiaoñe Ihwiwoi%

Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi% @obi%

Wnfnwneanq

77=

BOE\NE G% iel Q% J_@N -7333/; 'Wn|io` Biwhoeq Swoan \wieqboqqode iel Swoan Iqbbn|w oe

^wgie Fddl Biwjn|q; \mn Aiqn df Joeqmiqi -[iown/' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq ? 9"71%

BDEAILI H% -9??6/; 'N` Snwfo` ln ì Sdgwn{i ne n` Snwû; Bï|dld ln Nq|obiaoñe Wnq~`|ildq'

oe Áñbd Nq|ibdq4 Ieéòqoq ln ì Nea~nq|i ln Eovn`nq ln Voli nl% g H% B% i% X% W%

@obi; Oeq|o|~|d A~ée|d iel EOANF%BDWNED W% iel \% GMIWI\ -9??8/; '@dai|ode iel |mn Hwdx|m df Ei|odeq' Nadedboa Wnqniwam

Lnsiw|bne| Fnlnwi` Wnqnwvn Giej df Qie Fwieaoqad; Qie Fwieaoqad Qie Fwieaoqad%

B^QHWIVN W% I% iel I% \% SNIADAJ -9??</; Aìqqoaq oe |mn \mndwy df S~gòa Foeiean% Enx

_dwj; Q|% Biw|oe‟q oe iqqdaoi|ode xo|m |mn Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboa Iqqdaoi|ode%

EDW\M L% A% -9??3/; Oeq|o|~|odeq Oeq|o|~|odei` Amiehn iel Nadedboa Snwfdwbiean%

Aibgwolhn: Enx _dwj; Aibgwolhn eovnwqo| Swnqq%

DGIWN H% I% Q% X% DBIBD iel K% A% XO@@OIBQ -7331/; 'Qbi``md`lnw Swdl~a|ode Q|w~a|~wn

iel W~wi` Wdilq oe Ifwoai; \mn Aiqn df Eij~w~ Loq|woa| Jnei' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq7= 7<>"7><%

DBIBD Q% X% -9??=/; 'Fiwb"|d"Biwjn| \wieqia|ode Adq|q iel Qsnaoiò{i|ode oe Qbi``"Qai`n

Ihwoa~`|~wn; N}s`dwi|odeq xo|m i Ede"Qnsiwig`n Md~qnmd`l Bdln`' Kd~wei` df

Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq 1> 9>7"61%

DWQ\WDB N% -9??3/; O dvnweoeh |mn Adbbdeq% Aibgwolhn; Aibgwolhn êovnwqo| Swnqq%

SI@IQJIQ \% G% iel G% MIWWOQQ"XMO\N -9??1/; '\nq|oeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; Enx Isswdiamnq

xo|m Aiqn Bi|nwoi` fwdb |mn Xnq| Gnehi` Fddl Nadedb' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dbne|

Ihwoa~`|~wn 13 9?9"797%SIWJ I% M% KOE Q% WD[N@@N iel K% MÎEH -7337/; 'Biwjn| Nbnwhnean iel \wieqo|ode; Iwgo|wihn

\wieqia|ode Adq|q iel I~|iwj oe Amoei‟q Hwioe Biwjn|q' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df

Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =< 68"=7%

SFNFFNWBIEE L% -9??1/; '\mn Wd`n df Qibsòeh Xnohm|q Xmne Bdlnòeh Q~wvn Li|i'

Oe|nwei|odei` Q|i|oq|oai` Wnvonx 69 198"118%

SOEHI@O S% @% iel B% X% WDQNHWIE\ -9??>/; 'Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbnwaoiò{i|ode iel

Lovnwqofoai|ode; Swdanqqnq iel Sdòaonq' Fddl Sdòay 73 989"9=>%

SDW\NW H% -7337/; '@ovoeh oe i Xi`joeh Xdw`l; W~wi` Bdgoò| iel Qdaoi` Ny~o| Oqq~nq oeQ~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 13 7=>"133%

SD^@OY^NE @% _% -9???/; W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn fwdb i Xdw`l Giej Snwqsna|ovn; I Jedx`nlhn

Bieihnbne| Fwibnxdwj % Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej%

SWIJIQM H% iel I% B% \I_@DW -9??8/; 'Bniq~woeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; I Bdln` df Iwgo|wihn

xo|m ie Nadedbn|woa Issòai|ode |d |mn Hd`l Q|ieliwl 9=8?"9?91' Ei|odei` G~wni~ df

Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 6381 9"1>%

SQIAMIWDSD^@DQ H% iel B% XDDLMI@@ -9?=>/; Nl~ai|ode fdw Lnvn`dsbne|; Ie Iei`yqoq df

Oevnq|bne| Amdoanq% Enx _dwj; D}fdwl êovnwqo| Swnqq%

Wnfnwneanq

77?

YÎM L% -9??1/; 'Hi`|de‟q Fi`ìa iel \nq|q df |mn Adevnwhnean Msd|mnqoq' Qaieloeivoie

Kd~wei` df Nadedboaq ?> <78"<1%

Y^NOWD[ A% I% V% iel Q% HI^\IB -9??7/; Wdil Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|;

Qdbn Loihedq|oa Oeloai|dwq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xnq|nwe Ifwoai Lns|% iel Oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iel wgie Lnvn`dsbne| Lns|% Xdw`l Giej%WIELD@SM Q% [% GDHN\O+A iel L% W% MNFF@N_ -9??6/; Ln|nwboeie|q df S~gòa N}snelo|~wn de

Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; \wieqsdw|i|ode iel Adbb~eoai|ode% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej N~wdsn

iel Ane|wi` Iqoi Ad~e|w Lns|% Ad~e|w Dsnwi|odeq Lovoqode%

WIVI@@ODE B% -9?=6/; '\nq|oeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` Df Ihwoa~`|~wi`

Nadedboaq 6= 937"93?%

“ -9??=/; Wniamoeh Sddw Iwniq oe i Fnlnwi` Qyq|nb% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej

Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s%

“ -7331/; 'N}|nweiò|onq oe W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; Nvolnean fdw Amoei' Mn`qoejo; XOLNWêo|nl Ei|odeq êvnwqo|%

WIVI@@ODE B% iel K% KI@IE -9??6/; 'Hwdx|m Lovnwhnean L~n |d Qsi|oi` N}|nweiò|onq'

Nadedboaq @n||nwq >1 778"17%

WIVI@@ODE B% iel Y% XDLDE -9??8/; Sddw Iwniq dw De`y Sddw Snds`n4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%;

Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s%

“ -9???/; 'Sddw Iwniq dw De` Sddw Snds`n4' Kd~wei` df Wnhodei` Qaonean 1? 6=?"899%

WNIWLDE \% -9??8/; '^qoeh Nvolnean df Md~qnmd`l Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode |d Oefdwb Q|~l

df |mn W~wi` Edefiwb @igdw Biwjn| oe Ifwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7> 81>"8<=%WNIWLDE \% iel A% G% GIWWN\\ -7333/; 'Ihwdoel~q|woiò{i|ode H`dgiò{i|ode iel Oe|nwei|odei`

Lnvn`dsbne|; Ie Dvnwvonx df Oqq~nq Si||nweq iel Ln|nwboeie|q' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi`

Nadedboaq 71 9?>"73>%

WNIWLDE \% K% GNWLNH^Ï iel H% NQADGIW -7339/; 'W~wi` Edefiwb Nbs`dbne| iel Oeadbnq

oe @i|oe Ibnwoai; Dvnwvonx iel Sdòa Obsòai|odeq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? 1?>"<3?%

WNIWLDE \% B% N% AW^[ iel K% GNWLNH^Ï -9??=/; '@dq Sdgwnq ne n` Lnqiwwd``d ln` Nbs`nd

W~wi` ed Ihwâadì ne Ibïwoai @i|oei; Siwildkiq Lnqifâdq' \nwanw Qobsdqod

@i|oedbinwoaied ln Oevnq|ohiaoñe N}|neqoñe ne Qoq|nbiq Ihwdsna~iwodq% @obi I~h~q|9?"79%

WNIWLDE \% J% Q\IBD^@OQ B% N% AW^[ I% GI@OQIAIE K% GNWLNH^Ï iel G% GIEJQ -9??=/;

'W~wi` Ede"Fiwb Oeadbn oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' oe \mn Q|i|n df Fddl iel Ihwoa~`|~wn

9??= nl% g F% I% Dwhieo{i|ode% Wdbn%

WNIWLDE \% K% N% \I_@DW J% Q\IBD^@OQ S% @IEKD^X iel I% GI@OQIAIE -7333/; 'Nffna|q df

Edefiwb Nbs`dbne| de W~wi` Oeadbn Oeny~iò| oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq; Ie Oevnq|bne|

Snwqsna|ovn' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq >9 766"7==%

WNEJDX B% L% H% MI@@Q\WDB iel L% L% JIWIEKI -733</; 'W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn \wieqia|odeqAdq|q iel Biwjn| Siw|oaosi|ode oe Jnei' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 81 1<?‑ 168%

Wnfnwneanq

713

WDNMBNW G% -9??>/; \mndwy df Biwjn|q; \wiln iel Qsian"\obn Si||nweq df Swoan F`~a|~i|odeq%

I Q|~ly oe Iei`y|oai` Nadedboaq% Gnwòe; Qswoehnw"Vnwìh%

WDBNW S% -9?=6/; 'Oeawniqoeh Wn|~weq iel @deh"W~e Hwdx|m' Kd~wei` df Sdò|oai` Nadedby

?< 9337"18%

WDQNE Q% -9?8</; 'Mnldeoa Swoanq iel Obsòao| Biwjn|q; Swdl~a| Loffnwne|oi|ode oe S~wnAdbsn|o|ode' Kd~wei` df Sdò|oai` Nadedby =7 1>">>%

WDQNEGI^B S% iel L% W^GOE -9?=1/; '\mn Ane|wi` Wd`n df |mn Swdsneqo| Qadwn oe Dgqnwvi|odei`

Q|~lonq fdw Ai~qi` Nffna|q' Godbï|woai 83 <9">>%

WDQNEQ\NOE"WDLIE S% E% -9?<1/; 'Swdg`nbq df Oel~q|woiò{i|ode df Niq|nwe iel Qd~|m"Niq|nwe

N~wdsn' \mn Nadedboa Kd~wei` >1%

QIIVNLWI K% -9??8/; Y~onenq O ieie y Y~onenq Sonwlne ade ~ei Wnfdwbi Nq|w~a|~wi`; Aibgodq

ne i Loqsnwqoñe ln Oehwnqdq Qnhûe Nl~aiaoñe N}snwoneaoi y O ïenwd ne n` Snwû wgied%

HWILN; @obi%

QIIVNLWI K% iel K% K% LÂI[ -9??=/; 'Lnqoh~i`lil ln` Oehwnqd ln` Hiq|d ne n` Snwû Ie|nq

Lnqs~ïq ln ìq Wnfdwbiq Nq|w~a|~wi`nq' NA@IA; Qie|oihd ln Amo`n%

QILD^@N\ N% iel I% LN KIEVW_ -9??>/; Y~ie|o|i|ovn Lnvn`dsbne| Sdòay Iei`yqoq% Gi`|obdwn;

Kdmeq Mdsjoeq êovnwqo| Swnqq%

QILD^@N\ N% I% LN KIEVW_ iel A% GNEKIBOE -9??=/; 'Md~qnmd`l Gnmivodw xo|m Obsnwfna|

@igdw Biwjn|q' Oel~q|woi` Wnì|odeq 18 =>"93=%

QIB^N@QDE S% -9?></; '\mn S~wn \mndw df S~gòa N}snelo|~wn' Wnvonx df Nadedboaq iel

Q|i|oq|oaq 16 1=8"?6%

“ -9?=1/; '\m~ene i| \xd M~elwnl' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa @o|nwi|~wn 79 9<6="9<==%QAMNWNW F% B% iel L% WDQQ -9??3/; Oel~q|woi` Biwjn| Q|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Snwfdwbiean%

Gdq|de; Gdq|de; Md~hm|de Boffòe% 1wl Nl%

QN]\DE W% K% A% @% J@OEH iel M% F% AIWBIE -9??9/; 'Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode Nffoaonea df

Iwgo|wihn iel Obsnwfna| Adbsn|o|ode; Bn|mdld`dh iel Issòai|ode |d %Q% An`nw' Ib

K Ihwoa Nade 81 >6=">=3%

QMDWWDAJQ I% S% -9?=1/; 'Obsia| df Oeadbn Adbsdene|q de |mn Loq|wog~|ode df Fibo`

Oeadbnq' Y~iw|nw`y Kd~wei` Df Nadedboaq ?= 199"76%

QOIENQO G% -7339/; 'Ie Nvi`~i|ode df |mn Qxnloqm Qq|nb df Ia|ovn @igd~w Biwjn| Swdhwibbnqoe |mn 9??3q' \mn Oeq|o|~|n fdw Foqai` Q|~lonq Xdwjoeh Sisnw XS37$39% ^ssqiì%

QO@VIS^@@N S% iel Q% KI_IQ^WO_I -9??</; '\nq|oeh fdw Smoòssoenq Woan Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; I

B~`|os`n Adoe|nhwi|ode Isswdiam' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq <> 16?"=3%

QOBDE L% -9??6/; \wieqsdw| iel Lnvn`dsbne| oe |mn \mowl Xdw`l % @delde: Enx _dwj;

Wd~|`nlhn%

QBO\M L% I% HDWLDE J% BNILDXQ iel J% [XOAJ -7339/; '@ovnòmddl Lovnwqofoai|ode oe

^hieli; Si||nweq iel Ln|nwboeie|q df Amiehn iawdqq \xd W~wi` Loq|woa|q' Fddl Sdòay

76 <79‑<1>%

QBO\M K% iel S% \DLL -7333/; 'Ldnq Bi|amoeh Dvnwadbn @i`deln‟q Awo|oy~n df N}snwobne|i`Nq|obi|dwq4' Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%gqdq%~bl%nl~$nade$kqbo|m$eqx997733%slf

Wnfnwneanq

719

QBO\M @% -9??8/; 'Lnane|wiò{i|ode iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; \mn Wd`n df |mn S~gòa iel Swovi|n

Qna|dw oe |mn Swdvoqode df Ihwoa~`|~wn Q~ssdw| Qnwvoanq'% FID; \nameoai` adeq~`|i|ode de

lnane|wiò{i|ode% Wdbn%

QBO\M @% L% iel I% B% \MDBQDE -9??9/; \mn Wd`n df S~gòa iel Swovi|n Ihne|q oe |mn Fddl

iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Qna|dwq df Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% Wdbn; Fddl iel Ihwoa~`|~wnDwhieo{i|ode df |mn êo|nl Ei|odeq%

QD^\MXDW\M M% B% iel G% F% KDMEQ\DE -9?68/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| iel Nadedboa

O wdx|m% O|miai Enx _dwj; Adwen`` êovnwqo| Swnqq%

QSNEANW L% -9??<%/; 'Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel \named`dh Adeq|wioe|q |d Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|

oe |mn M~bol iel Q~gm~bol \wdsoaq df Ifwoai' Xiqmoeh|de% L%A%; OFSWO%

\MDWGNAJN N% -9??9/; 'Biwjn|q iel \wieqia|odeq oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' Oeq|o|~|n fdw Sdòay

Wnfdwb% Osw Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% ZOSW13R 9"Z936R%

“ -9??7/; \mn Iei|dby df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Swdl~a| Biwjn|q iel \wieqia|odeq oe Lnvn`dsoehAd~e|wonq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oeq|o|~|n fdw Sdòa Wnfdwb%

“ -9??1/; 'Obsia| df Q|i|n iel Aovo` Oeq|o|~|odeq de |mn Dsnwi|ode df W~wi` Biwjn| iel

Edebiwjn| Adefoh~wi|odeq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 79 >?9"63>%

\MDWGNAJN N% iel A% BDWWOQQDE -9?=?/; 'Oeq|o|~|odeq Sdòaonq iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Snwfdwbiean;

I Adbsiwi|ovn Iei`qoq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 98 9<=>"<?=%

\DXEQNEL W% B% -9??>/; 'Adeq~bs|ode Oeq~wiean; Ie Nvi`~i|ode df Woqj"Gniwoeh Qq|nbq

oe @dx"Oeadbn Nadedbonq' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa Snwqsna|ovnq ? =1"937%

\WOVN@@O A% -9??8/; Awïlo|d ne `dq Mdhiwnq W~wi`nq ln` Snwû% @obi; AONQ%

^LW_ A% -9??>/; 'Wnane| Ilvieanq oe Nbsowoai` Boawdnadedboa Wnqniwam oe Sddw Ad~e|wonq'

Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq Edw|mxnq|nwe eovnwqo|%

VI@LOVOI B% -9??8/; 'Bnwaildq Ln \wigikd _ Bienkd Ln Wonqhd Ne Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq;

Nvi`~iaoñe Ln @dq Mdhiwnq Ln Sdbiaieamo A~{ad' HWILN%

“ -9??=/; 'N` \wigikd Iqiìwoild Ne @iq Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq Ln` Snwû' oe Gd`n|âe ln

Dsoeoñe%11% AONQ% @obi% Kie~iw 993"99=%

VI@LOVOI B% iel B% WDG@NQ -9??8/; 'Lnaoqodenq @igdwi`nq Ne @iq Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq Ln`

Snwû' HWILN; Ed|iq siwi n` Lngi|n 9<% @obi%

VIE G^^WNE Q% iel A% H% B% D^LQMDDWE -7333/; 'B~`|oviwoi|n Obs~|i|ode g AmioenlNy~i|odeq; Boan V9%3 ^qnw‟q Bie~i`' \mn En|mnwìelq; \ED Wnsdw| SH$VH[$33%31=%

En|mnwìelq Dwhieo{i|ode fdw issònl qaone|ofoa wnqniwam%

VIE LN XI@@N L% -9??6/; 'Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Sdvnw| oe Von| Eib' Xdw`l Giej; @QBQ

Xdwjoeh sisnw 979% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

“ -7333/; 'Iwn Wn|~weq |d Oevnq|bne| @dxnw fdw |mn Sddw4 M~bie iel Smqoai` Aiso|i`

Oe|nwia|odeq oe W~wi` Von|eib' Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " S~gòa

Nadedboaq; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

“ -7333/; 'Amddqoeh W~wi` Wdil Oevnq|bne|q |d Mn`s Wnl~an Sdvnw|' Xdw`l GiejLnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " S~gòa Nadedboaq; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

Wnfnwneanq

717

VÉQY^N[ I% -7333/; Lnqiwwd``d Ihwiwod; Ie|nanlnenq _ Swds~nq|i Sd`â|oai Siwi N` Qoh`d

]]O % @obi%

VNEIG@NQ I% iel E% @OBÁD -9???/; O ndhwismoai` Loqilvie|ihn; I Mnajqamnw"Dmòe"Vde

\m~ene Bdln` df Oe|nwei|odei` Qsnaoiò{i|ode% Xiqmoeh|de L%A; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne|

Wnqniwam Hwd~s " \wiln%XI@@IAN E% N% -9??6/; 'Mnldeoa"Giqnl Swoan Oeln}nq fdw Md~qoeh; \mndw Nq|obi|ode iel

Oeln} Adeq|w~a|ode' Fnlnwi` Wnqnwvn Giej df Qie Fwieaoqad Nadedboa Wnvonx 1<" <=%

XIEH E% -7331/; 'Bniq~woeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q; Ie Oeadbs`n|n Q~wvn' Wdei`l Adiqn Oeq|o|~|n

Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq% Ivioìg`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%adiqn%dwh$xdwjoehsisnwq$xs"7%slf

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Nq|~lodq Snw~iedq -ONS/%

XNEENW B% -7339/; 'W~wi` Foeiean Q|wi|nh' oe Q~q|ioeig`n Lnvn`dsbne| Lnsiw|bne| Qna|dw

Q|wi|nhy Sisnwq Qnwonq: W~w"93<% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| êo|% Oe|nw"Ibnwoaie Lnvn`dsbne| Giej%

XMIW\DE A% -9?68/; '\mn Oefwinq|w~a|~wn fdw Ihwoa~`|~wi` Hwdx|m' oe Ihwoa~`|~wi`

Lnvn`dsbne| iel Nadedboa O wdx|m nl% g M% B% Qd~|mxdw|m iel G% F% Kdmeq|de% O|miai

Enx _dwj; Adwen`` êovnwqo| Swnqq%

XO@@OIBQDE D% -9?8?/; '\wieqia|ode Adq|q Nadedboaq; \mn Hdvnweiean df Ade|wia|~i`

Wnì|odeq' Kd~wei` df @ix iel Nadedboaq 77 711 " 769%

XOEL@N K% iel W% I% AWIBG -9??6/; 'Wdilq Wnbd|nenqq iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; Qdaoi`

Obsia|q df W~wi` Wdilq oe sìel Iwniq df Qiwixij Biìqoi' Lnsiw|bne| df Ihwoa~`|~wnêovnwqo| df Y~nneqìel; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq Loqa~qqode Sisnwq 1$?6 Gwoqgien Y`l%

XDW@L GIEJ -9??</; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw| 9??<; Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Lnvn`dsbne| %

Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw|%

“ -9??=/; Snw~; Ie Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| Q|wi|nhy% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej% Hwnne

Advnw Lda~bne|%

“ -9???/; Sdvnw|y iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne|q oe Snw~ 9??<"9??8% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l

Giej% Ad~e|w Q|~l% @i|oe Ibnwoaie iel |mn Aiwoggnie Wnhode%

“ -9???/; 'Sdvnw| iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne|q oe Snw~ 9??<"9??8' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%[MIEH ]% iel Q% FIE -7333/; 'S~gòa Oevnq|bne| iel Wnhodei` Oeny~iò| oe W~wi` Amoei'

Nevowdebne| iel Swdl~a|ode \named`dh Lovoqode Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sdòa Wnqniwam

Oeq|o|~|n; NS\L Loqa~qqode Sisnw Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

[OBBNWBIE F% K% iel B% W% AIW\NW -7331/; 'Iqqn| Qbdd|moeh Adeq~bs|ode Qbdd|moeh iel

|mn Wnswdl~a|ode df Oeny~iò| ~elnw Woqj iel Q~gqoq|nean Adeq|wioe|q' Kd~wei` df

Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 89 711"763%

Wnfnwneanq

711

Q~bbiwy

Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqqoeh s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ade|oe~nq |d gn wnq|woa|nl iel

~envne` loq|wog~|nl oe w~wi` Snw~ amiehnq oe iqqn| dxenwqmos iel iaanqq l~woeh |mn ìq|

fof|nne niwq mivn gnne y~o|n lwibi|oa% Oe |mn aiqn df giqoa qnwvoanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn -n`na|woao|

|n`nsmden qnwvoanq iel xi|nw iel qnxnwihn/ nvn`q df iaanqq xnwn dx iel mohm` oeny~o|ig`n

oe 9?=>% Oe ade|wiq| oe 9??8 i| `niq| oe |mn aiqn df xi|nw iel n`na|woao| iaanqq mil ld~g`nl;

78 snwane| iel 7< snwane| df md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq |d |mnqn qnwvoanq wnqsna|ovn`% Mdxnvnw

loqsnwqode oe iaanqq g qsneloeh lnao`nq |~wenl edx |d gn b~am bdwn swded~eanl |mie fof|nne

niwq ihd% \moq oq qd gnai~qn |mn si||nwe df oevnq| oe s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mil gnne goiqnl

ihioeq| |mn sddwnq| qnhbne|q oe w~wi` Snw~ `nivoeh |mnb oe i sdvnw| |wis%

Lnqso|n |mn dgvod~q obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q o| miq ed| hwdxe i| |mn

sian ennlnl fdw wnqmisoeh Snw~‟q sdvnw| swdfo`n% Iq o| miq missnenl oe bie lnvn`dsoeh

ad~e|wonq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq q|ihei|nl dw fi``ne oe wnqsdeqn |d foqai` loffoa~`|onq

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne|% \mn bi mivn i`qd lnawniqnl gnai~qn oe|nwei|odei`

addsnwi|ode miq olne|ofonl o| iq i '`dx swodwo|' oe |mnow ihneliq% Loboeoqmoeh g~lhn|q fdw w~wi`

oevnq|bne|q s~|q ie illo|odei` swnqq~wn |d hdvnwebne|q; |mn ennl |d ld 'bdwn xo|m `nqq'%

Mdxnvnw |mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh ldnq ed| mn`s fdw bijoeh |moq sdqqog`n% q~i`` ei|odei` iel

`dai` g~wni~awiaonq ld ed| addwloei|n iel nvne adbsn|n oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode% \mn foei`

d~|adbn df q~am ie oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh oq |mi| |mn ad~e|w boqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df i addwloei|nl

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iel i gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|%

\moq q|~l miq fda~qnl oe fd~w oe|nw"adeena|nl wnqniwam y~nq|odeq;

9% Xm iel mdx oq w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsdw|ie| fdw fdq|nwoeh oeadbn hnenwi|ode

oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode iel ~`|obi|n` w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode4

7% Iwn |mnwn ie adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|4 Xmi| iwn |mn

obsia|q df loffnwne| adbgoei|ode df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de d~|s~| iel

ìgdw w~wi` biwjn|q4

1% Aie w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| mn`s dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism iel i``dx

|mn sddw iaa~b~ì|n iqqn|q iel nqaisn fwdb |mn sdvnw| |wis |mn bi gn fiaoeh4<% Xmi| joel df s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq gn||nw q~o|nl |d obswdvn biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode iel wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn w~wi` sddw4

\d swdsnw` |iaj`n |mnqn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq Amis|nw 7 ldnq i ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx de |mn

bioe |mndwn|oai` iel nbsowoai` ade|wog~|odeq |d |mn q|~l df |mn wnì|ode gn|xnne w~wi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% Xn adea`~ln |mi|

i`|md~hm nvolnean ldnq n}oq| fdw obswdvnl md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn adboeh fwdb w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q wnì|ovn` ò||`n nvolnean aie gn fd~el df q|~lonq |mi| swdvoln adeawn|n òejihnq

gn|xnne qsnaofoa oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeawniqnl xn`fiwn df |mn w~wi` sddw%Xn i`qd ddjnl i| mdx |mn o|nwi|~wn miq loqa~qqnl |mn xi hndhwism bi oe|nwia| xo|m w~wi`

71<

oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xn mivn qnne |mi| fdw qdbn i~|mdwq hndhwism bi moelnw |mn sdqo|ovn nffna|q

df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi swdvoln |mn ei|~wi` aiso|i`

ennlnl |d obswdvnl w~wi` oeadbnq% Xn gnònvn |mi| s~wq~oeh |moq oe|nwia|ode f~w|mnw iq xn ld

|mwd~hm d~| |moq q|~l oq awo|oai` hovne |mn siw|oa~ìw hndhwismoa lovnwqo| |mi| i ad~e|w òjn

Snw~ miq%Oe |moq amis|nw xn i`qd sdoe| d~| |mi| md~qnmd`l iel biwjn| qsnaofoa nffna|q gwd~hm|

fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| aie gn awo|oai` |d wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iel obswdvn biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode% G ldoeh qd |mn ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx qmdxq |mi| xn bi iamonvn hwni|nw biwjn|

nffoaonea xmoam oe |~we bi mivn ie obsdw|ie| obsia| oe w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%

Vnw fnx sisnwq oe d~w ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx mivn loqa~qqnl |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iw

oe|nwvne|odeq qd iq |d ivdol |mn xn`` jedxe swdg`nb df loboeoqmoeh biwhoei` wn|~we |d

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gnònvn |mi| |moq oq i aw~aoi` iel swdboqoeh iwni df wnqniwam%

\moq q|~l ddjnl i| |moq oqq~n qmdxoeh i| |mn boawdnadedboa nvn` |mi| o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n|d wioqn |mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| g oevnq|oeh qob~`|iend~q`

oe bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw adbgoen s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m swovi|n iqqn|q%

Foei`` |moq amis|nw wnvonxq |mn ò|nwi|~wn illwnqqoeh |mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia| df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Fdw qdbn o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n |d mivn i 'xoe"xoe' qo|~i|ode

xmnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn gnenfoaoi` |d w~wi` md~qnmd`l gd|m de nffoaonea iel ny~o|

hwd~elq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi||nwq |mn iqqn| neldxbne| iel oeq|o|~|odei` giqn |mi| gd|m |mn w~wi`

sddw iel ede"sddw mivn |d ieqxnw xmn|mnw dw ed| |mdqn gn||nw dff xo`` dg|ioe dw ed| ìwhnw

gnenfo|q fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gnònvn xmn|mnw |mnwn oq i |wiln dff dw ed| gn|xnnenffoaonea iel ny~o| de |mn swdvoqode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode: den |mi|

|moq q|~l i`qd illwnqqnq%

Amis|nw 1 iei`{nq |mn sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q de |mn siw| df |mn sddw oe Snw~%

O| foelq |mi| l~woeh |mn ìq| |xd lnailnq |mn ivnwihn `nvn` df iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode oeawniqnl

xmo`n iel oeny~iò| df iaanqq |d |moq iqqn| lnawniqnl% \mn iaanqq |d d|mnw s~gòa qnwvoanq miq

i`qd oeawniqnl |md~hm |mn oeny~iò| `nvn`q iwn q|o`` vnw mohm% \mn qibn missneq xo|m |mn

iaanqq |d awnlo| iel d|mnw iqqn|q |mi| aie qnwvn iq ad`ì|nwi`% \mn nadedbn|woa iei`qoq qmdxq

i sdqo|ovn nffna| df |mn iaanqq |d s~gòa iqqn|q de |mn swdfo|igoò| df jn swovi|n iqqn|q òjnnl~ai|ode iel ìel nvolneaoeh |mn wd`n df |mn swdvoqode df s~gòa qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn

iq i bnamieoqb fdw gddq|oeh |mn swdfo|igoò| df swovi|n iqqn|q% O| oq i`qd fd~el |mi| amiehnq oe

iqqn|q |ne~wn iwn ed| q~ffoaone| |d n}sìoe |wieqo|odeq |dxiwl iel d~|qoln sdvnw| |md~hm| |mn

iwn aw~aoi` |d n}sìoe |mn snwbienea oe sdvnw| dw |mn snwbienea d~| df |moq q|i|n% Foei``

|moq amis|nw ddjq i| mdx adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~weq df jn iqqn|q% D~w wnq~`|q

qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df s~gòa iqqn|q de |mnqn wn|~weq xmoam oq nvolnean |mi| swovi|n iel

s~gòa iqqn|q iwn adbs`nbne|iw% \moq qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~gòa sdòa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df

qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel|m~q fiaoò|i|n wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|%

Q~bbiwy

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Snw~ oq i ad~e|w xo|m ie iq|deoqmoeh viwon| df loffnwne| nad`dhoai` iwniq oea`~loeh =<

loffnwne| aòbi|n {denq iel ielqaisnq xo|m wioefdwnq|q mohm bd~e|ioe wiehnq iel lw lnqnw|q

|mn hndhwismoai` ade|n}| bi ed| gn i`` |mi| bi||nwq g~| o| ad~`l gn vnw qoheofoaie| oe n}sìoeoeh

wnhodei` viwoi|odeq oe oeadbn iel xn`fiwn% \mn bikdw y~nq|ode Amis|nw < |wonq |d ieqxnw oq;

xmi| wd`n ld hndhwismoa viwoig`nq gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln sì oe n}sìoeoeh snw aiso|in}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~4 Mdx mivn |mnqn oef`~neanq amiehnl

dvnw |obn |mwd~hm xmi| amieen`q mivn |mn gnne |wieqbo||nl iel miq iaanqq |d swovi|n iel

s~gòa iqqn|q adbsneqi|nl fdw |mn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqn hndhwism4 Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| xmi|

qnnb |d gn qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe òvoeh q|ieliwlq oe Snw~ aie gn i`bdq| f~``

n}sìoenl xmne den |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo`

dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe siw|oa~ìw s~gòa iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw

xdwlq |mn qibn dgqnwvi|odei`` ny~ovi`ne| md~qnmd`l miq i qoboìw n}snelo|~wn `nvn` oe den

sìan iq ied|mnw xo|m loffnwne| hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq i`|o|~ln dw |nbsnwi|~wn% \moqldnq ed| bnie mdxnvnw |mi| hndhwism oq ed| obsdw|ie| g~| |mi| o|q oef`~nean de n}snelo|~wn

`nvn` iel hwdx|m loffnwne|oi` adbnq igd~| |mwd~hm i qsi|oi`` ~envne swdvoqode df s~gòa

oefwiq|w~a|~wn% F~w|mnwbdwn xmne xn bniq~wnl |mn n}sna|nl hioe -dw `dqq/ oe adeq~bs|ode

fwdb ovoeh oe den hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% adiq|/ iq dssdqnl |d òvoeh oe ied|mnw -o%n% mohmìelq/

xn fd~el |mi| bdq| df |mn loffnwnean oe `dh snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn mohmìel iel

|mn adiq| aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n

iqqn|q% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode |mi| |mn ivioìgoò| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ad~`l gn obo|nl g |mn

hndhwism iel |mnwnfdwn |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa wnhodeq iwn |mn denq xo|m nqq iaanqq |ds~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn issniw |d gn ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi``

adwwnì|nl dbo||nl viwoig`nq |mi| ennl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe d~w n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m

bdln`% \mnwnfdwn sdòa swdhwibq |mi| ~qn wnhodei` |iwhn|oeh ld mivn i wi|odei`n nvne of

hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld ed| n}sìoe |mn g~`j df |mn loffnwnean oe wnhodei` hwdx|m dean xn

mivn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| loffnwne|oi`q oe iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~gòa iqqn|q%

Oe Amis|nw > xn nbsowoai`` iqqnqq |mn ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq df biwjn| iaanqq fdw sddw

fiwbnwq oe w~wi` Snw~% Oe siw|oa~ìw xn nvi`~i|n |mn wd`n df jn s~gòa iqqn|q ojn w~wi` wdilq oe

wnl~aoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mwd~hm |mi| amieen` oe obswdvoeh |mn oeadbnq df w~wi`md~qnmd`lq% \mn amis|nw swnqne|q iel obs`nbne|q i bn|mdld`dhoai` swdsdqi` |d y~ie|of

|wieqia|ode adq|q% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwni ~elnw q|~l ny~i` >3. df

|mn qi`nq vi`~n gnoeh isswnaoig` mohmnw -63./ fdw swdl~anwq xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn|

voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq% \mnqn foh~wnq iwn ìwhnw |mie |mdqn swdvolnl g d|mnw q|~lonq% \mn

wnq~`|q lnbdeq|wi|n |mi| gnqolnq loq|iean iel |obn |d |mn biwjn| jn viwoig`nq fdw n}sìoeoeh

|mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode q|wi|nh -o%n% xmne |d qn`` iel |d xmi| biwjn|/ oea`~ln qnvnwi` oeloai|dwq

iqqdaoi|nl xo|m mdx b~am n}snwonean |mn fiwbnw miq xo|m |mn biwjn| oe xmoam mn dsnwi|nq:

mdx q|ig`n moq wnì|odeq iwn xo|m |mn loffnwne| ihne|q mn |wilnq xo|m iel: mdx b~am df ieoevnq|bne| mn bijnq |d dg|ioe wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode iel |d bdeo|dw adbsòiean xo|m obsòao|

Q~bbiwy



716

ade|wia|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl% \mn q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mwd~hm dxnwoeh

|wieqia|ode adq|q iaanqq |d ie obswdvnl w~wi` wdil qq|nb aie obswdvnl q~gq|ie|oi`` |mn

oeadbnq df |mn w~wi` sddw oe Snw~%

En}| oe Amis|nw 6 xn nvi`~i|nl mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q bi iffna| |mn qsnnl

df ilk~q|bne| df qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% \d d~w jedx`nlhn |moq oq |mn fowq||obn |mi| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne

nbsowoai`` iqqnqqnl oe i b~`|oviwoi|n qn||oeh% Iq xn mivn lnqawognl oe |mn ò|nwi|~wn wnvonx

qna|ode |mnwn oq wnqniwam |mi| miq n}sòao|` adeena|nl jn s~gòa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n

bniq~wnq df oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode

fwibnxdwj% Xn qmdxe |mi| ie oeawniqn oe wdil iel n`na|woai` nenwh oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq

i mohmnw iaanqq |d `dai` bnloi iel |n`nadbb~eoai|ode fiaoò|onq oe |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq

xo`` `nil |d wnl~a|odeq de |wieqia|ode adq|q iq xn`` iq de |mn ivnwihn |obn |mi| swoanq |ijn |d

ilk~q| |d |mnow ny~oògwo~b `nvn`q xmne fiaoeh ie n}dhned~q qmdaj% Adeqny~ne|` |mn lnhwnndf qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df w~wi` biwjn|q xo`` oeawniqn oe |mn deh w~e% Xo|m |mnqn foeloehq xn aie

q|i|n |mi| |mn wdil iel n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq |mn iaanqq |d `dai` bnloi iel

|n`nadbb~eoai|odeq fiaoò|onq iwn jn fia|dwq fdw |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn

obswdvnbne| df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q%

S~||oeh |dhn|mnw |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl oe Amis|nw > iel Amis|nw 6 i``dx ~q |d adeena|

w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| xo|m mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea

neadbsiqqnq gd|m |mn qo{n df |wieqia|ode adq|q df |wiln iel |mn `nvn` df qsi|oi` biwjn|

oe|nhwi|ode% Qoean xn mivn swdvne |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q xo`` gn `dxnwnl iq i adeqny~nean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel |mi| |moq qibn oevnq|bne| xo`` obswdvn biwjn| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode

xn bi gn adefolne| |mi| |mnwn oq i a`niw iel q|wdeh oejihn gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|

iel biwjn| nffoaonea%

Amis|nw 8 qmdxq |mi| oe Snw~voie w~wi` iwniq |mnwn miq gnne q~gq|ie|oi` hwdx|m dvnw

|mn siq| lnailn oe md~qnmd`l nbs`dbne| d~|qoln df dxe"fiwboeh% I| swnqne| >9. df |mn en|

oeadbn df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq adbnq fwdb |mnqn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel |m~q |mn anw|ioe` aieed|

gn adeqolnwnl iq 'biwhoei`'% \mn wniqdeq md~qnmd`lq lovnwqof |mnow oeadbnq iwn qnvnwi`%

Iaanqq |d s~gòa iqqn|q q~am iq wdilq iel swovi|n iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel awnlo| oq ieobsdw|ie| fia|dw oe lovnwqofoai|ode% Oeawniqoeh iaanqq |d |mnqn iqqn|q xo`` mn`s w~wi` md~qnmd`lq

|d oeawniqn |mnow qn`f"nbs`dbne| iq xn`` iq xihn nbs`dbne| oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw% Xn

mivn i`qd qmdxe |mi| iq illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn swdvolnl w~wi` md~qnmd`lq aie

mivn iaanqq |d bdwn lovnwqofonl ìgdw oeadbn sdw|fdòdq xmoam oe |~we i``dxq fdw i mohmnw

md~qnmd`l oeadbn% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnqn igdw oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn qdbnxmi| bdwn voqog`n

gn|xnne |mdqn xmd i`wnil mivn mohmnw oeadbnq xmoam iwn |mdqn |mi| aie |ijn ilvie|ihn df

|mnow ìwhnw swovi|n iqqn| md`loehq -fdw n}ibs`n hwni|nw nl~ai|ode/ |d oeawniqn |mnow ede"fiwb

ìgdw ia|ovo|onq% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d qmdx |mi| illo|odei` iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wnqnwvoanq oeawniqnq gd|m |mn |d|i` e~bgnw df md~wq snw xnnj lnvd|nl |d ìgdw oeadbn iel |mn

Q~bbiwy

718

snwane|ihn df |obn i``dai|n |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% \moq wnq~`| mohmòhm|q |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn iwn

obsdw|ie| adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q%

\mn wniqdeq |d lovnwqof oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn viwod~q% I ìwhn hwd~s df fiwbnwq

adbs`nbne| |mnow fiwboeh xo|m fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq l~n oeq~ffoaone|

ìel dw ai||`n dw fiwb aiso|i`% _n| ied|mnw hwd~s miq q~ffoaone| nl~ai|ode qjo``q awnlo| ieliaanqq |d wdilq iel n`na|woao| |d i``dx |mnb |d ~elnw|ijn ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| -q~am

iq bijoeh mieloawif|q wnsiowoeh iel wne|oeh ny~osbne| iel adbbnwan/% Bie df |mnqn ede"

fiwb ia|ovo|onq iwn oelowna|` oejnl |d |mn fiwb qna|dw xmoam oq xm den foelq q~am mohm nvn`q

df siw|oaosi|ode oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oe |mn bdwn leiboa ihwoa~`|~wi` iwniq%

\mn q|~l df |mn xn`fiwn obsia|q df w~wi` wdil wnmigoò|i|ode lden oe Amis|nw = qnwvnq

iq i aiqn q|~l |d n}s`dwn enx bn|mdld`dhonq |d iqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df oevnq|oeh oe w~wi`

oefwiq|w~a|~wn%Bdq| q|~lonq mivn bniq~wnl |mn gnenfo|q df wnmigoò|i|nl w~wi` wdilq g fda~qoeh

de wnl~a|odeq oe bden|iw dw |obn adq|q ennlnl |d iaanqq swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q dw jns~gòa qdaoi` qnwvoanq% \moq amis|nw adbs`nbne|q |mnqn q|~lonq g nvi`~i|oeh |mnow obsia| de

jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq q~am iq oeadbn dw adeq~bs|ode% @ddjoeh i| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq òvoeh oe

qdbn df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~ xn adbsiwn -~qoeh swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq/

md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl eniw wnmigoò|i|nl wdilq |d q~o|ig`n ade|wd`q% Wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| wnmigoò|i|nl

wdil iaanqqogoò| aie gn wnì|nl |d amiehnq oe oeadbn qd~wanq iq |mn wnmigoò|i|nl wdil nemieanq

ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` fwdb xihn"nbs`dbne| qd~wanq% \mn q|~l

i`qd foelq |mi| oeadbn n}sieqode oq ed| gnne bi|amnl g ie ny~ovi`ne| adeq~bs|ode oeawniqn:

issiwne|` gnai~qn |mn illo|odei` oeadbn oq i``dai|nl |d qivoehq |mwd~hm oeawnbne|q oeòvnq|daj bdq| òjn` gnai~qn wdil y~iò| obswdvnbne| oq gnoeh snwanovnl iq |wieqo|dw%

Foei`` Amis|nw ? gwoehq |dhn|mnw i`` |mn d|mnw amis|nwq |d ieqxnw d~w fd~w wnqniwam

y~nq|odeq% \moq amis|nw mohmòhm|q |mn fia| |mi| d~w wnqniwam miq qmdxe |mi| biwhoei` wi|nq df

wn|~we |d jn iqqn|q iwn dxnw fdw sddwnw md~qnmd`lq |mie fdw |mdqn |mi| iwn nqq sddw% Oeawniqoeh

wn|~weq |d iqqn|q aie de` n}oq|q oe |mn swnqnean df wnq|woa|odeq |mi| swnvne| |mn sddw fwdb

iaa~b~ì|oeh bdwn oeadbn iel iqqn|q% \moq gnne |mn aiqn oeo|oi` adelo|odeq wnf`na|nl g |mn

mdx iqqn|q neldxbne|q iwn loq|wog~|nl bi||nw fdw ~elnwq|ieloeh oeadbn iel sdvnw|

leiboaq% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Giwwn| n| i`% -733</ wnqniwam de Jnei iel Bilihiqaiwiel Kiìe iel Wivi`òde -7337/ xdwj de Amoei% \mnqn wnq~`|q iwn oe issiwne| ade|wiq| xo|m

|mn xdwj df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`%

-7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel Amoei% \mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei`

wn|~weq df s~gòa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnw iaadwloeh |d

hndhwismoa qn||oehq g~| |nel |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq| wnhodeq% \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn

oevnq|bne|q bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn ny~iò| nemieaoeh% Mdxnvnw

|moq q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mdqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn swovi|n iaanqq dw mivoeh iaanqq |d

gn||nw s~gòa iqqn|q aie ld gn||nw% \m~q s~gòa oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbnloq|wog~|ode xo|moe i |iwhn|nl sddw iwni%

Q~bbiwy

71=

\moq amis|nw sdoe|q d~| |mi| qdbn df |mn ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l òn de |mn

bn|mdld`dhoai` qoln no|mnw g awni|ovn` adbgoeoeh loffnwne| li|i qn|q |d qd`vn i wnqniwam

y~nq|ode g q~hhnq|oeh bn|mdld`dhoai` oeedvi|odeq |d bniq~wn n`~qovn adeans|q ojn |wieqia|ode

adq|q dw g ilis|oeh swdkna| nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq |d iaad~e| fdw |mn siw|oa~ìwo|onq df

w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Foei`` xn q~bbiwo{n |mn sdòa obsòai|odeq df |moq q|~l ed| xo|md~|bne|odeoeh fowq| |mi| i`|md~hm |mn iei`qoq wnsdw|nl oe |moq q|~l oq giqnl de qaone|ofoa swoeaos`nq

sdòa swnqawos|odeq ennl |d gn ilis|nl |d |mn ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn iwn issònl% G ldoeh qd

|mn wnqniwamnw awdqq dvnw |d i boenfon`l xmnwn ied|mnw wiehn df iqsna|q ne|nw oe|d |mn soa|~wn

oea`~loeh sdò|oai` adeqolnwi|ode oeq|o|~|odei` iel addwloei|ode fio`~wnq n|a% Gnai~qn df |mnqn

adeqolnwi|odeq xn swnfnw |d |moej |mi| wnqniwam awni|nq 'wnqnwvnq df jedx`nlhn' xnwn sdòa

bijnwq bi lwixe ~sde iq sdòa ennlq iwoqnq%

Dgvod~q` |mn fowq| iel bdq| obsdw|ie| sdòa wnadbbneli|ode xn ilviean oq |mi| df i

ìwhnw g~lhn| fdw w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|% Hovne |mn dx snen|wi|ode df jn oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` iwniq illo|odei` wnqd~wanq ennl |d gn lnvd|nl% \moq bi adbn ed| de`

fwdb ane|wi` hdvnwebne| wnqd~wanq g~| i`qd fwdb `dai` wnqd~wanq |mwd~hm wnmigoò|i|ode iel

bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq% Fdw |moq |d missnenl oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq lowna|nl |d ad foeieaoeh

ennl |d gn adeqdòli|nl qoean hovne |mn ei|odei` g~lhn| adeq|wioe| ~eovnwqi` iaanqq oq òjn`

|d gn obsdqqog`n%

Xmo`n |mn wd`n df w~wi` aiso|i`"oe|neqovn -wdilq n`na|woao| xi|nw fdw owwohi|ode iel

|n`nsmdenq/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe òejoeh w~wi` oemigo|ie|q |d biwjn|q iel |mn nffna| de sdvnw|

i``nvoi|ode miq gnne lda~bne|nl |mwd~hmd~| |moq q|~l |mn qo{n df |mn obsia| df i`|nwei|ovn|snq df w~wi` oevnq|bne| iel |mn jn wd`n df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq lnsnelq de `dai`

adelo|odeq iel aowa~bq|ieanq xmoam aie ed| gn hwiqsnl f~`` g ei|odei` dw wnhodei` i~|mdwo|onq%

I`|md~hm xn mivn bniq~wnl qdbn df |moq adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe Amis|nw 1 iel Amis|nw < xn

mivn i`qd wnadheo{n |mi| |mn iwn qo|n qsnaofoa qd |mn ennl |d gn nvi`~i|nl i| |mn dai` `nvn` qd

iq |d ln|nwboenl xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|ode q~o|nq gnq| |d niam wnhode% Fwdb gd|m wnane|

iel swnvod~q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xn aie nevoqihn enx oe|nwvne|odeq |mi|

bi adbgoen |mn sdqo|ovn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df gd|m; i/ \mn qmd~`l wnadvnw i oe|nhwi|nl isswdiam

-b~`|os`n oe|nwvne|odeq lnqohe oe i xi |mi| |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn siw|oa~ìwo|onq df |mn iwnixmnwn |mn xo`` gn issònl g/ i voqode wnì|nl |d olne|ofoeh biwjn| fio`~wnq iel |mn wd`n df

oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d qd`vn |mdqn fio`~wnq a/ i bdwn siw|oaosi|ovn q|wi|nh xnwn |mn

'lnbiel lwovne' fda~q gn adbs`nbne|nl xo|m siw|oaosi|ovn bnamieoqbq |mi| i``dx |mdqn

n}a`~lnl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| qd iq |d iqq~wn i giìean gn|xnne nffoaonea iel ny~o|

adeqolnwi|odeq%

\mn de` xi w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` gn swdvolnl oe ie nffoaone| iel ny~o|ig`n xi oq

of o| adbnq |dhn|mnw xo|m oeq|o|~|odei` lnvn`dsbne|% Obswdvnbne|q oe oeq|o|~|odeq iel g~o`loeh

bnamieoqbq fdw addwloei|ode |dhn|mnw xo|m bdwn iel gn||nw fda~qnl w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne| qmd~`l gn |mn xi |d hd |d gwnij d~| df |mn 'sdvnw| |wis' oe xmoam bdwn w~wi`

Q~bbiwy



71?

Snw~voie edx ovn% \mn iaj df oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq |d nq|igòqm swodwo|onq iel addwloei|n

oe|nwvne|odeq oq vnw dgvod~q oe w~wi` Snw~% _d~ aie foel |xd dw bdwn hdvnwebne| dffoanq

ldoeh |mn qibn xdwj oe |mn qibn iwni xo|md~| ie addwloei|ode% Xn mivn xo|enqq oe den df

d~w fon`l |wosq |mi| |mn wdil xiq gnne wnmigoò|i|nl g |xd oeq|o|~|odeq niam df |mnb fo}oeh den

df |xd ade|oh~d~q qnhbne|q; den sioeh fdw |mn igdw ennlnl xmo`n |mn d|mnw ldoeh o| |mwd~hmie n}amiehn bnamieoqb% Oe d|mnw aiqnq xmne |mn wdil |mn owwohi|ode aiei` dw |mn qieo|i|ode

qq|nb oq adeq|w~a|nl dw wnmigoò|i|nl g i ei|odei` `nvn` dffoan `dai` i~|mdwo|onq ld ed| si

i||ne|ode |d bioe|neiean swdg`nbq iq |mn i`qd n}sna| |mi| |mn ane|wi` hdvnwebne| xo`` |ijn

aiwn df |mnb% \mn foei` d~|adbn df |mdqn addwloei|ode swdg`nbq oq |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q

ln|nwodwi|nq wisol` iffna|oeh |mn xn`` gnoeh df |mdqn wnì|nl |d |mnqn qnwvoanq%

\mn ennl fdw i hddl iei`|oai` giqnl isswdiam |d dvnwadbn |mnqn addwloei|ode swdg`nbq

i`qd fianq |mn ami``nehn df wioqoeh |mn y~iò| df m~bie aiso|i` oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel

obs`nbne|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Of ilny~i|n oeq|o|~|odeq iel bnamieoqbq fdwaddwloei|ode iwn ed| oe sìan |mne oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi swdvoln de` |wieqo|dw

gnenfo|q% Xn mivn qnne oe amis|nw = |mi| of w~wi` wdil bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene|

o| xo`` |wohhnw loffnwne| wnia|odeq fwdb |mn gnenfoaoiwonq |mie |mdqn n}sna|nl of |mn qibn wdil

bioe|neiean oq snwanovnl iq snwbiene|% Oe |mn fdwbnw aiqn md~qnmd`l xo`` |ijn ilvie|ihn df

xoelfi`` swdfo|q amiehoeh igdw i``dai|ode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn |d |mn enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq%

Mdxnvnw |mn bi ed| hd oe|d bdwn adbs`n} dw `deh |nwb òvnòmddl q|wi|nhonq iq o| bi gn

adq|` |d hn| giaj |d |mnow dwohoei` q|wi|nhonq dean |mn wdil oq ed| dsnwi|ovn iel |wieqsdw|i|ode

iel |wieqia|ode adq| mivn oeawniqnl ihioe% \mn qibn xo`` missne xo|m |mn obsia| df bied|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq òjn |n`nadbb~eoai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw n`na|woao| xnwn `deh

|nwb oevnq|bne|q |mi| bi amiehn |mn òvnòmddl swdfo`n xd~`l ed| gn adeqolnwnl hovne |mn

mohm woqj oevd`vnl% Oeq|o|~|odei` oeedvi|odeq xo`` anw|ioe` wnl~an |mdqn woqjq i``dxoeh |mi|

|mn f~`` gnenfo| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q gn i||ioenl%

Q~bbiwy

7<3

7<9

Qibnevi||oeh

Deliejq mn| fno| li| ln |dnhieh |d| s~gònjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne edh q|nnlq gnsnwj| ne

dehnòkj vnwlnn`l oq oe w~wii` Snw~ {oke ln vnwielnwoehne oe nohneldb ne |dnhieh vie

swdl~a|onbolln`ne hnl~wneln ln vddwgokn vokf|one kiiw edhi` lwibi|oqam hnxnnq|% Oe mn| hnvi`

vie ln giqoqoefwiq|w~a|~~w -n`nj|woao|no| |n`nfdde xi|nw ne wod`nwoeh/ xiwne ln |dnhieheovni~q

oe 9?=> gnsnwj| ne q|nwj dehnòkj vnwlnn`l% Liiwne|nhne oq oe 9??8 oe onlnw hnvi` vddw xi|nw

ne n`nj|woao|no| ln gnqamojgiiwmnol vnwl~ggn`l; 78 ne 7< snwane| vie ln hn{oeene millne

wnqsna|onvnòkj |dnhieh |d| ln{n loneq|ne% Nam|nw ln vnwlnòeh oe |dnhieh dvnw ~o|hivnelnaon`ne

g`nnj bnnw ~o|hnqswdjne lie vokf|one kiiw hn`nlne% Lo| jdb| lddwli| mn| oevnq|nwoehqsi|wdde

vie s~gònjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w |nhne ln iwbnwn qnhbne|ne oe w~wii` Snw~ oq hnjnnwl xiiwlddw {ok

|nwnam| jxibne oe nne iwbdnlnvi`%

Deliejq mn| dvnwl~olnòkjn gnìeh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w {oke {ok eon|hnhwdnol oe nne |nbsd li| edloh oq db Snw~‟q iwbdnln swdfon` |n vnwielnwne% [di`q ddj hngn~wln

oe vn`n ielnwn de|xojjnòehqìelne {oke ln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w hnq|ihennwl df

vnwboelnwl i`q hnvd`h vie foqai`n bdnoòkjmnlne lon vddw|jdbne ~o| q|w~a|~wn`n iiesiqqoeh%

[n j~eene ddj hnlii`l {oke dbli| oe|nwei|odei`n qibnexnwjoeh mn| oe m~e ihneli hnlnfoeonnwl

mnnf| i`q vie 'ìhn swodwo|no|'% Vnwboelnwln g~lhn||ne vddw w~wi`n oevnq|nwoehne `nolne |d|

gokjdbneln lw~j ds dvnwmnlne; {n bdn|ne 'bnnw ldne bn| boelnw bolln`ne'% Ln oeq|o|~|oden`n

dbhnvoeh oq nam|nw ei~xnòkjq gnm~`s{iib db lo| bdhnòkj |n bijne% Ei|odei`n ne `dai`n

g~wni~awi|onêe {oke xnoeoh hnadöwloennwl eon| ne adea~wwnwne db |dnxok{oeh vie oefwiq|w~a|~wn`nxnwjne% Mn| ~o|noelnòkj hnvd`h vie ln{n oeq|o|~|oden`n dwhieoqi|on oq li| mn| iel ln gi|ne vie

hnadöwloennwln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne nne gn|nw hnäe|nhwnnwln w~wi`n de|xojjnòeh

boq`dds|%

Ln{n q|~lon woam| {oam ds vonw delnwòeh hnwnì|nnwln delnw{dnjqvwihne;

9% Xiiwdb ne ds xn`jn xok{n oq w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w gnìehwokj vddw mn| vnwq|nwjne

vie ln oejdbneqvdwboeh ln lovnwqofoai|on vie oejdbneq ne ~o|noelnòkj mn|

vnwboelnwne vie w~wi`n iwbdnln4

7% Gnq|iie nw neohn adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne oe oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w4Xi| oq ln obsia| vie vnwqamo``neln adbgoei|onq vie s~gònjn oevnq|nwoehne oe

oefwiq|w~a|~~w ds ln swdl~a|on ne ln w~wi`n iwgnolqbiwj|ne4

1% J~eene oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w gnm~`s{iib {oke db nne deh~eq|ohn

hndhwifoqamn dbhnvoeh |n delnwviehne ne |dn |n i|ne li| ln iwbn gnvd`joeh gn{o|

jie iaa~b~`nwne ne de|qeissne iie ln iwbdnlnvi` xiiwbnn {n xdwlne

hnadefwde|nnwl4

<% Xn`jn vdwb vie oevnq|nwoehne oe s~gònjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oq mn| bnnq| iiehnxn{ne

db biwj|oe|nhwi|on |n vnwgn|nwne ne |wieqia|onjdq|ne |n vnwboelnwne vddw lnw~wi`n iwbne4

7<7

\nenoeln ln{n delnw{dnjqvwihne qq|nbi|oqam |n gnq|~lnwne vnwqamif| Mddflq|~j 7

nne ò|nwi|~~w dvnw{oam| vie ln vddweiibq|n |mndwn|oqamn ne nbsowoqamn goklwihne |d| mn|

gnq|~lnwne vie ln wnì|on |~qqne oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w biwj|de|xojjnòeh ne

iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh% Xn q|n``ne liiwgok viq| li| " deliejq mn| fno| li| nw vd`ldneln gnxokq oq

vie vnwgn|nwl xn`{oke vie hn{oeene vddw|v`dnonel ~o| oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w "nw wnì|onf xnoeoh gnxokq jie xdwlne hnvdelne oe q|~lonq lon ln adeawn|n vnwgoeloehne |~qqne

qsnaofonjn oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w bn| nne vnwmddhln xn`viiw| vie ln iwbn

gnvd`joeh g`dd|`nhhne% Xn {oke ddj eihnhiie ds xn`jn xok{n ln ò|nwi|~~w dbhii| bn| ln

oe|nwia|onq |~qqne ln hndhwifoqamn ohhoeh ne w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Xn {one liiwgok li| vd`hneq

qdbbohn i~|n~wq ln hndhwifoqamn òhhoeh ln sdqo|onvn nffna|ne vie vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d|

oefwiq|w~a|~~w jie gn`nbbnwne% Vddw ielnwne jie mn| nam|nw nne gwde {oke vie ei|~~wòkj jiso|ii`

li| edloh oq vddw mn| vnwmdhne vie w~wi`n oejdbneq% Xn {oke nwvie dvnw|~ohl li| ln vnwlnwn

gnq|~lnwoeh vie ln{n oe|nwia|on {di`q hnliie oe ln{n q|~lon vie hwdd| gnìeh oq hn{one ln

gok{delnwn hndhwifoqamn lovnwqo|no| li| nne ìel i`q Snw~ jnebnwj|%

Oe lo| mddflq|~j |dene xn ddj iie li| m~oqmd~l" ne biwj|qsnaofonjn nffna|ne lon

wnq~`|nwne ~o| oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w jwo|oqam j~eene {oke vddw mn| vnwìhne vie

|wieqia|onjdq|ne ne vddw mn| vnwgn|nwne vie ln biwj|oe|nhwi|on% Ln ò|nwi|~~wq|~lon hnnf|

{dldneln iie li| nne hwd|nwn biwj|nffoaoêe|on gnwnoj| jie xdwlne xn`jn ds {oke gn~w| xnnw

nne gnìehwokjn oev`dnl jie mnggne ds w~wi`n oejdbneqhwdno%

Nne j`noe iie|i` iw|ojn`ne oe deq ò|nwi|~~wdvnw{oam| gnloqa~qqonnw| mn| nffna| vie

adbs`nbne|iown oe|nwvne|onq hnwoam| ds mn| vddwjdbne vie mn| xn`gnjneln swdg`nnb vie

li`neln biwhoei`n dsgwnehq|ne vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Xn {oke nwvie dvnw|~ohl

li| lo| nne aw~aoii` ne |nhnòkjnw|okl vnn`gn`dvnel delnw{dnjq|nwwnoe oq% Ln{n q|~lon gnjokj| lo|

vwiihq|~j ne |dde| iie li| ds boawd"nadedboqam eovni~ mn| hdnl bdhnòkj oq db ln biwhoei`n

wnelnbne| vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w |n vnwmdhne lddw |n{n`flnw|okl |n oevnq|nwne

oe bnnwlnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne df lddw mn| adbgoenwne vie s~gònjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w bn|

swovi|n hdnlnwne%

\neq`d||n gnqswnnj| lo| mddflq|~j ln ò|nwi|~~w oe{ijn ln obsia| vie oevnq|nwoehne oeoefwiq|w~a|~~w ds ln oejdbneqvnwlnòeh% Vd`hneq qdbbohn i~|n~wq oq mn| hdnl bdhnòkj db

nne ”xoe"xoe‟ qo|~i|on |n gnwnojne xiiwgok oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w vddwln`ne ds`nvnwne

vddw w~wi`n hn{oeene {dxn` ds mn| |nwwnoe vie ln nffoaoêe|on i`q ln hnòkjmnol% Vddw ielnwne oq

mn| gnìehwokj ~o| |n hiie vie ln mdnvnn`mnol hdnlnwne ne ln oeq|o|~|oden`n giqoq oe mn| gn{o|

vie iwbn ne eon|"iwbn qnhbne|ne vie ln w~wi`n iwbn gnvd`joeh db ei |n j~eene hiie df iie

mne lon dvnw bnnw df boelnw bolln`ne gnqamojjne ddj swdsdw|odenn` ln vddwln`ne vie

oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w |dnvi``ne% Xn lnejne li| mn| {oam i` lie eon| vddwldne vie nne

|nhneq|n`òeh |~qqne nffoaoêe|on ne vnwlnòeh gok ln vddw{oneoeh oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w nnenbsowoqamn vwiih oq lon vnwlnw xdwl| gnq|~lnnwl oe ln{n q|~lon%

Qibnevi||oeh

7<1

Mddflq|~j 1 iei`qnnw| mn| gn{o| ne ln |dnhieh |d| hdnlnwne vddw ln iwbn gnvd`joeh

oe Snw~% Hnl~wneln ln ii|q|n |xnn lnaneeoi oq mn| hnbolln`ln eovni~ vie |dnhieh |d| delnwxokq

hnq|nhne |nwxok` ln dehnòkjn |dnhieh oq vnwboelnwl% Ln |dnhieh |d| ielnwn s~gònjn hdnlnwne

oq nvnenneq hnq|nhne i`mdnxn` mn| eovni~ vie dehnòkjmnol edh q|nnlq nwh hwdd| oq% Mn|{n`fln

hngn~w| vddw ln |dnhieh |d| jwnlon| ne ielnwn hdnlnwne lon i`q delnwsiel j~eene xdwlnehngw~oj|% Ln nadedbn|woqamn iei`qn |dde| mn| sdqo|onvn nffna| iie vie ln |dnhieh |d| s~gònjn

hdnlnwne vddw ln wne|igoò|no| vie gnìehwokjn swovi|n hdnlnwne {di`q delnwxokq ne ìel liiwbnn

o``~q|wnwnel xn`jn wd` ln vddw{oneoeh vie s~gònjn loneq|ne ne oefwiq|w~a|~~w qsnn`| i`q

bnamieoqbn vddw mn| vnwmdhne vie ln wne|igoò|no| vie swovi|n hdnlnwne% Vddw|q jde xdwlne

iiehn|ddel li| vnwielnwoehne oe nohneldb vie hdnlnwne devd`ldneln vnwjìwne mdn ln

|wieqo|onq eiiw df ~o| iwbdnln vnw`dsne |nwxok` ln{n xn` vie aw~aoii` gnìeh {oke db ln

snwbiene|n iwbdnlnq|i|~q |n gnhwoksne%% \neq`d||n gnjokj| lo| mddflq|~j mdn

adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne nne nffna| mnggne ds ln swdl~a|ovo|no| vie gnìehwokjn ia|ovi% De{nwnq~`|i|ne |dene mn| sdqo|onvn nffna| iie vie s~gònjn hdnlnwne ds ln{n swdl~a|ovo|no| mn|hnne

iiehnnf| li| swovi|n ne s~gònjn hdnlnwne adbs`nbne|iow {oke% Lo| xokq| ds ln wd` vie s~gònj

gn`nol oe |nwbne vie mn| `nvnwne vie loneq|ne ne oefwiq|w~a|~~w i`q nne bnamieoqbn vddw mn|

vnwq|nwjne vie ln dsgwnehq|ne vie swovi|n hdnlnwne ne liiwbnn gok |n lwihne iie nne

vnwboelnwoeh vie ln iwbdnln%

Snw~ oq nne ìel bn| nne vnwgi{oehxnjjneln lovnwqo|no| iie nad`dhoqamn wnhod‟q bn|

delnwbnnw =< vnwqamo``neln jòbii|{denq ne ìelqamissne bn| wnhnexd~lne ne mdhn

gnwhjibbne |d| lwdhn xdnq|okene: ln{n hndhwifoqamn ade|n}| bih lie eon| mn| neohq|n {okexi| |n`| biiw jie nwh gnìehwokj {oke vddw mn| vnwjìwne vie ln wnhodei`n vnwqamo``ne oe oejdbne

ne xn`viiw|% Ln ane|wi`n vwiih lon Mddflq|~j < |wiam| |n gnie|xddwlne oq; xn`jn wd` qsn`ne

ln{n hndhwifoqamn viwoign`ne {dxn` ei|~~wòkj i`q lddw bneq hnbiij| oe mn| vnwjìwne vie

ln vnwqamo``ne oe snw aiso|i ~o|hivne |~qqne ln wnhod‟q oe Snw~% Mdn {oke ln{n oev`dnlne

hnêvd`~nnwl dvnw ln |okl lddw xn`jn jiei`ne xnwlne {n lddwhnhnvne ne adbsneqnnw| ln

|dnhieh |d| s~gònjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne vddw ln nffna|ne vie deh~eq|ohn hndhwifoqamn dai|on4

Xn mnggne iiehn|ddel li| dbviehwokjn hndhwifoqamn vnwqamo``ne oe `nvneq|ieliiwl oe Snw~

gokei vd``nloh jie xdwlne vnwjìiwl " wnjneoeh md~lnel bn| ln w~ob|nòkjn adeane|wi|on vieln hn{oeene bn| nnevd~loh bnn|giwn eon|"hndhwifoqamn jiwij|nwoq|onjne " ~o| mn| gn{o| vie

s~gònjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne% Bn| ielnwn xddwlne nne ny~ovi`ne| m~oqmd~lne bn| ln{n`fln

jiwij|nwoq|onjne mnnf| nne vnwhnòkjgiiw ~o|hivneeovni~ oe vnwqamo``nln `dai|onq bn| ln{n`fln

hndhwifoqamn jiwij|nwoq|onjne {di`q mddh|n ne |nbsnwi|~~w% Lo| xo` nam|nw eon| {nhhne li|

hndhwifoqamn ohhoeh eon| gnìehwokj oq biiw li| ln oev`dnl nwvie ds mn| ~o|hivneeovni~ ne ln

vnwqamo``ne oe hwdnovdn| vddw|v`dno| ~o| nne dehnòkjn w~ob|nòkjn vnwlnòeh oe s~gònjn

oefwiq|w~a|~~wvddw{oneoehne% Liiweiiq| mnggne xn gnwnjnel xi| ln |n vnwxiam|ne xoeq| -df

vnwònq/ oe adeq~bs|on oq vie mn| xdene oe ïïe hndhwifoqamn wnhod -gv% ln j~q|/ |ne ds{oam|nvie mn| xdene oe nne ielnwn wnhod -gv% ln mddhìelne/: mn| hwdd|q|n vnwqamo` oe dh snw"aiso|i

Qibnevi||oeh

7<<

~o|hivne |~qqne ln j~q| ne mn| mddhìel jie xdwlne vnwjìiwl ~o| ln vnwqamo``ne oe |dnhieh |d|

oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne swovi|n hdnlnwne% Lo| jie nne iiel~oloeh {oke li| ln iiexn{ohmnol vie

oefwiq|w~a|~~w gnsnwj| oq lddw ln hndhwifon ne li| monwlddw ln iam|nwhng`nvne wnhod‟q ln boeq|n

|dnhieh mnggne |d| s~gònjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Mn| oq monwgok gnìehwokj db iie |n hnvne li| nw

eon|"hndhwifoqamn w~ob|nòkj hnadwwn`nnwln xnhhnì|ne viwoign`ne gòkjne |n {oke lon oe iam|hnedbne bdn|ne xdwlne oe deq oejdbneqhwdnobdln`% Liiwdb {d~ nne hngonlqhnwoam| gn`nol

|dam wi|odeiò|no| j~eene mnggne {n`fq i`q ln hndhwifoqamn viwoign`ne eon| mn| hwdd|q|n lnn`

vie ln wnhodei`n hwdnovnwqamo``ne vnwjìwne {dlwi xn wnjneoeh md~lne bn| vnwqamo``ne oe

|dnhieh |d| swovi|n ne s~gònjn hdnlnwne%

Oe Mddflq|~j > bijne xn nne nbsowoqam q|~lon vie ln ln|nwboeie|ne vie biwj||dnhieh

vddw iwbn gdnwne oe w~wi`n Snw~% Oe mn| gok{delnw iei`qnwne xn ln wd` vie ln gnìehwokjq|n

s~gònjn hdnlnwne {di`q w~wi`n xnhne vddw mn| vnwboelnwne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne ne monwlddw

vddw mn| vnwgn|nwne vie ln oejdbneq vie w~wi`n hn{oeene% Lo| mddflq|~j de|xojjn`| neobs`nbne|nnw| nne bn|mdld`dhoqamn iiesij vddw mn| jxie|ofoanwne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne% Ln

wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne oe mn| delnw{dnjqhngonl ny~ovi`ne| {oke iie >3.

vie ln vnwjddsxiiwln ne bnwjgiiw mdhnw gòkjne |n {oke -|d| 63./ vddw swdl~ane|ne lon

|dnhieh mnggne |d| ln biwj| voi nne eon|"hnbd|dwoqnnwln xnh% Ln{n aokfnwq {oke gnl~olnel

mdhnw lie ~o|jdbq|ne vie ielnwn q|~lonq% Ln wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| " eiiq| ifq|iel ne |okl |d|

ln biwj| " nw edh ielnwn gnìehwokjn viwoign`ne {oke lon ln q|wi|nhonêe vie biwj|oe|nhwi|on

-l%x%{% xieennw |n vnwjdsne ne ds xn`jn biwj|/ vnwjìwne {di`q mdnvnn` nwviwoeh ln gdnw

mnnf| bn| ln biwj| xiiwds mok ia|onf oq: mdn q|igon` ln wnì|onq {oke bn| ln vnwqamo``nelnmieln`qsiw|enwq ne mdnvnn` mok oevnq|nnw| vddw mn| vnwjwokhne vie wn`nvie|n oefdwbi|on ne vddw

mn| bdeo|dwne vie ln ifqswijne oe ln obsòaon|n ade|wia|ne vddw ln fno|nòkjn |wieqia|onq% Ln

q|~lon |dde| iie li| bn| mn| vnwìhne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne ln |dnhieh |d| nne vnwgn|nwl w~wii`

xnhneen| ln oejdbneq vie w~wi`n iwbn Snw~voiene q~gq|ie|onn` jie vnwmdhne%

Oe Mddflq|~j 6 gnq|~lnnwlne xn vnwvd`hneq mdn oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n vddw{oneoehne oev`dnl

j~eene mnggne ds ln iiesiqqoehqqen`mnol vie w~ob|nòkj vnwqswnoln ielgd~xbiwj|ne% Vddw

{dvnw xok j~eene eihiie oq lo| ln nnwq|n jnnw li| mn| vnwgiel |~qqne ln q|ii| vie oefwiq|w~a|~~w

ne biwj|oe|nhwi|on nbsowoqam xdwl| delnw{dam| oe nne b~`|oviwoi|n ade|n}|% [di`q xn mnggnegnqamwnvne oe mn| ò|nwi|~~wdvnw{oam| oq oe vddwhiiel delnw{dnj mn| n}sòaon|n vnwgiel `nh|

|~qqne ln gnìehwokjn s~gònjn oefwiq|w~a|~~wxnwjne bn| gnm~`s vie goviwoi|n bii|q|ivne vie

oe|nhwi|on% Mn| xnwl nam|nw |d| monw|dn edh eon| hniei`qnnwl oe nne b~`|oviwoii| ad"oe|nhwi|on

bdln`% Xn |dene iie li| nne vnwmdhoeh vie ln xnhne" ne n`nj|woao|no|qoefwiq|w~a|~~w nvnei`q

nne vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d| dai`n bnloi ne |n`nadbb~eoai|on oe ln q|nlne ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne

{~``ne ldne vnwboelnwne nvnei`q ln hnbolln`ln |okl xiiwbnn swok{ne {oam iiesiqqne iie mn|

nvnexoam|qeovni~ ei mn| delnwhiie vie nne n}dhnen qmdaj% I`q hnvd`h monwvie {i` mn| eovni~

vie w~ob|nòkjn oe|nhwi|on vie ln w~wi`n biwj|ne ds iehn |nwboke vnwhwd|ne% Ds giqoq vie ln{ngnvoeloehne j~eene xn q|n``ne li| xnhne" ne n`nj|woao|no|qoefwiq|w~a|~~w nvnei`q ln |dnhieh

Qibnevi||oeh

7<>

|d| `dji`n bnloi ne |n`nadbb~eoai|onloneq|ne q`n~|n`fia|dwne {oke vddw mn| vnwìhne vie

|wieqia|onjdq|ne ne mn| vnwgn|nwne vie w~ob|nòkjn oe|nhwi|on |~qqne biwj|ne%

Ln wnq~`|i|ne vnwjwnhne ~o| Mddflq|~j > ne Mddflq|~j 6 qibnegwnehnel j~eene xn

mn| nffna| vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe vnwgiel gwnehne bn| nne mdhnwn

w~ob|nòkjn biwj|nffoaoêe|on: ln w~ob|nòkjn nffoaoêe|on vie ln biwj| gn|wnf| {dxn` ln mddh|nvie ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne oe ln mieln` i`qddj mn| eovni~ vie w~ob|nòkjn biwj|oe|nhwi|on% Dbli|

xn jdelne iie|dene li| |wieqia|onjdq|ne {~``ne li`ne i`q hnvd`h vie oevnq|nwoehne oe

oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne li| ln{n`fln oevnq|nwoehne ln w~ob|nòkjn biwj|oe|nhwi|on {~``ne gnvdwlnwne

j~eene xn nwvie dvnw|~ohl {oke li| nw nne l~olnòkj ne q|nwj vnwgiel gnq|ii| |~qqne oevnq|nwoehne

oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne ln nffoaoêe|on vie ln biwj|%

Mddflq|~j 8 hnnf| iie li| oe ln w~wi`n hngonlne oe Snw~ ln xnwjhn`nhnemnol g~o|ne mn|

nohne gnlwokf ln ii|q|n |one kiiw q~gq|ie|onn` oq hnhwdnol% Oe ln m~olohn qo|~i|on xdwl| >9. vie

mn| en||d oejdbne vie w~wi`n hn{oeene vnwlonel ~o| ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne mn| gnlwokf ne l~q bih

mn| {njnw eon| xdwlne gnqamd~xl i`q nne biwhoeii` vnwqamokeqn`% Ln wnlnene xiiwdb ln

hn{oeene m~e oejdbne lovnwqofoêwne {oke vnwqamo``nel% \dnhieh |d| s~gònjn hdnlnwne {di`q

mn| xnhneen| ne |d| swovi|n hdnlnwne {di`q delnwxokq ne jwnlon| {oke gnìehwokjn fia|dwne oe ln

lovnwqofoai|on% Gn|nwln |dnhieh |d| ln{n hdnlnwne {i` w~wi`n hn{oeene j~eene mn`sne |d| vnwhwd|ne

vie {n`fq|ieloh xnwj nvnei`q mn| voelne vie `ddeiwgnol oe qna|dwne g~o|ne ln ìelgd~x% Xn

jdelne nvnenneq iie|dene li| i`q oe gokjdbneln oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne xdwl| vddw{one

w~wi`n hn{oeene |dnhieh j~eene jwokhne |d| nne bnnw lovnwqn oejdbneqsdw|nfn~o``n ~o| iwgnol

lon ds {oam xnnw iie`noloeh hnnf| |d| nne mdhnw hn{oeqoejdbne% \dam {oke ln{n

xnwjhn`nhnemnolqbdhnòkjmnlne l~olnòkjnw {oam|giiw delnw mne lon wnnlq nne mdhnw oejdbne

mnggne ne lon vddwlnn` j~eene mi`ne ~o| nne hwd|nw gn{o| iie swovi|n bolln`ne -gokvddwgnn`l

gn|nwn ds`noloeh/ db ln ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne ln ielgd~x |n ldne |dnenbne% Bi|amoeh |nameonjne

q|iie deq |dn iie |n |dene li| nne vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d| oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne iie`noloeh

hnnf| |d| nne mdhnw iie|i` xnwj~wne snw xnnj ne mdhnw snwane|ihn |oklqgnq|nloeh iie ia|ovo|no|ne

g~o|ne mn| ìelgd~xgnlwokf% ô| ln{n wnq~`|i|ne gòkj| l~olnòkj li| nw gnìehwokjn

adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne gnq|iie gok ln oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%Ln wnlnene vddw oejdbneqlovnwqofoai|on oe w~wii` Snw~ {oke vie ~o|nne`dsneln iiwl%

Nne hwd|n hwdns gdnwne v~``ne m~e oejdbne ~o| ln ìelgd~x iie bn| ihwiwoqam `ddexnwj df

bn| eon|"ìelgd~xia|ovo|no|ne dbli| {n dvnw |n xnoeoh ìel lonwne df gnlwokfqjiso|ii`

gnqamojjne% Nne ielnwn hwdns hnedd| vd`ldneln delnwxokq ne mnnf| hnednh viiwlohmnlne

jwnlon| ne |dnhieh |d| xnhne ne n`nj|woao|no| db mne hn`l |n vnwlonene bn| xnwj g~o|ne ln

ìelgd~x -{di`q ibgiam|ne wnsiwi|on df vnwm~wne vie hnwnnlqamissne ne mieln`/% Vn`n vie

ln{n ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne mn| ielgd~xgnlwokf mnggne oelowna| |n bijne bn| ln ielgd~xqna|dw

ne liiwdb xdwl| nne mdhn siw|oaosi|onhwiil oe eon|"ìelgd~xqna|dw lddwhiieq hnvdelne oewnhod‟q bn| bnnw leiboqamn ìelgd~xqna|dw%

Qibnevi||oeh

7<6

Ln q|~lon vie xn`viiw|qnffna|ne vie w~wi`n xnhnemnwq|n` voel| sìi|q oe Mddflq|~j = ne lone|

i`q nne aiqnq|~lon vddw mn| vnwjneene vie eon~xn bn|mdld`dhonne vddw mn| gnsi`ne vie ln

vddwln`ne vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Ln bnnq|n q|~lonq gnwnjnene ln gi|ne

vie mn| mnwq|n``ne vie xnhne oe w~wi`n hngonlne lddw {oam |n woam|ne ds ln gnqsiwoehne oe hn`l

ne |okl lon vnwnoq| {oke vddw mn| gnwnojne vie swdl~a| ne fia|dw biwj|ne df gnìehwokjn s~gònjnqdaoi`n loneq|ne% Lo| mddflq|~j v~`| ln{n q|~lonq iie lddw ln hnvd`hne vddw gnìehwokjq|n

xn`viiw|qoeloai|dwne {di`q oejdbne ne adeq~bs|on |n nvi`~nwne% Jokjnel eiiw ln w~wi`n

hn{oeene lon nvne oe nejn`n vie ln iwbq|n loq|woa|ne vie Snw~ vnwhnòkjne xn -hngw~oj bijnel

vie swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh |nameonjne/ hn{oeene lon loam|gok ln mnwq|n`ln xnhne xdene

bn| nne hnqamoj|n ade|wd`nhwdns% Ln wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| ln |dnhieh |d| mnwq|n`ln xnhne

jie xdwlne hnwnì|nnwl iie vnwielnwoehne oe oejdbneqqibneq|n`òeh dbli| ln mnwq|n`ln

xnh ln jieqne gnvdwlnw| vddw mn| vnwxnwvne vie nne oejdbne g~o|ne ln ìelgd~x

vddweibnòkj vie~o| `ddeiwgnol% ô| ln q|~lon gòkj| nvnenneq li| oejdbneqhwdno eon|i~|dbi|oqam `nol| |d| nne ny~ovi`ne|n q|okhoeh vie ln adeq~bs|onvn ~o|hivne vnwbdnlnòkj

dbli| mn| n}|wi oejdbne xdwl| gn`nhl oe gnqsiwoehne lddw iiehwdno vie ln vnnq|isn` dbli|

ln vnwgn|nwoeh oe ln jxiò|no| vie ln xnhne vie |oklnòkjn iiwl xdwl| gnqamd~xl%

\neq`d||n gwneh| Mddflq|~j ? i``n ielnwn mddflq|~jjne qibne db nne ie|xddwl |n

hnvne ds de{n vonw delnw{dnjqvwihne% Lo| mddflq|~j gnòam| mn| fno| li| deq delnw{dnj mnnf|

iiehn|ddel li| ln biwhoei`n wnelnbne|qvdn| vie gnìehwokjq|n hdnlnwne ihnw oq vddw iwbnwn

hn{oeene lie vddw mne lon boelnw iwb {oke% Q|okhneln bnnwdsgwnehq| vie hdnlnwne j~eene

{oam i``nne vddwldne i`q nw gnsnwjoehne {oke lon ln iwbn gnvd`joeh vnwmoelnwne db m~e oejdbnene hdnlnwne |n ldne q|okhne% Delnw lo| hnhnvne gòkj| li| ln oeo|oê`n adelo|onq lon iiehnvne

mdn mn| gn{o| vie hdnlnwne oq vnwlnn`l gnìehwokj {oke db ln leibonj vie oejdbne ne

iwbdnln |n j~eene vnwq|iie% Lo| wnq~`|ii| q|nb| dvnwnne bn| delnw{dnj oe Jnei ne Bilihiqaiw

oe Giwwn|| n| i`% -733</ ne oe Amoei lddw Kiìe ne Wivi`òde -7337/% Ln{n wnq~`|i|ne {oke nam|nw

oe l~olnòkjn |nhneqswiij bn| xnwj vie Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n|

i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi ne Amoei% Ln{n i~|n~wq |dene iie

li| ln biwhoei`n goklwihn vie s~gònjn oevnq|nwoehne iie swdl~a|onq|okhoeh ne

iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh vnwqamo``ne eiiw hnìeh ln hndhwifoqamn dbhnvoeh biiw li| ln{n xnènohne mdhnw |n {oke oe ln iwbq|n wnhod‟q% Ln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w j~eene l~q eon|

i``nne iwbdnln vnwboelnwne biiw ddj hnòkjmnol gnvdwlnwne% De{n iei`qn |dde| nam|nw iie

li| ln w~wi`n hn{oeene lon dvnw bnnw swovi|n hdnlnwne gnqamojjne df |dnhieh mnggne |d| gn|nwn

s~gònjn hdnlnwne mn| gn|nw ldne% S~gònjn oevnq|nwoehne j~eene l~q nne enhi|onf nffna| mnggne

ds ln oejdbneqvnwlnòeh goeene nne iwb hngonl%

Lo| mddflq|~j l~ol| ds qdbbohn goklwihnq vie ln{n q|~lon ds bn|mdld`dhoqam vìj

{dxn` lddw mn| awni|onf adbgoenwne vie vnwqamo``neln hnhnvneqqn|q |nenoeln ln

delnw{dnjqvwihne |n gnie|xddwlne lddw eon~xn oeedvi|onvn bn|mdlnq vddw |n q|n``ne dbbdnoòkj |n gneilnwne adeans|ne {di`q |wieqia|onjdq|ne |n bn|ne df lddw mn| iiesiqqne vie

Qibnevi||oeh

7<8

bn|mdlnq vddw swdkna|nvi`~i|on wnjneoeh md~lnel bn| qsnaofoao|no| vie w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%

\neq`d||n vi||ne xn ln obsòai|onq vie ln{n q|~lon vddw mn| gn`nol qibne eon| {delnw |n

vnwbn`lne li| " i`mdnxn` ln iei`qnq lon oe ln{n q|~lon {oke vnwwoam| hngiqnnwl {oke ds

xn|neqamissnòkjn swoeaosnq " ln vddwhnq|n`ln gn`nolqbii|wnhn`ne bdn|ne xdwlne iiehnsiq|

iie ln ade|n}| xiiwoe {n xdwlne |dnhnsiq|% Monwgok gnhnnf| ln delnw{dnjnw {oam xn` oe nnebokenevn`l xiiw nne ielnwn wnnjq iqsna|ne nvnenneq nne wd` qsn`ne {di`q sdò|onjn

dvnwxnhoehne oeq|o|~|oden`n swdg`nbne ne hngwnjjohn adöwloei|on% Vie~o| ln{n gnqamd~xoehne

vnwjon{ne xn delnw{dnjqwnq~`|i|ne |n gnqamd~xne i`q 'jneeoqwnqnwvnq' xiiw~o| ln

gn`nolqvnwie|xddwlnòkjne j~eene s~||ne oelone nw gn`nolqvwihne dsl~ojne%

Vie{n`fqswnjnel oq ln nnwq|n ne gnìehwokjq|n iiegnvnòeh vddw gn`nol lon xok vddwq|n``ne

li| nne hwd|nw g~lhn| bdn| xdwlne ~o|hn|wdjjne vddw oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%

Hnhnvne ln gnsnwj|n vnwqswnoloeh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe gnìehwokjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe ln w~wi`n

hngonlne bdn|ne monwiie illo|oden`n bolln`ne xdwlne gnq|nnl% Ln{n j~eene eon| i``nne jdbnevie~o| ln ane|wi`n dvnwmnol biiw ddj ~o| `dai`n gwdeene gv% lddw mnwq|n`" ne

delnwmd~lqia|ovo|no|ne% Db lo| |n ì|ne hngn~wne lonene oeq|o|~|oden`n bnamieoqbne |n xdwlne

dshn{n| vddw bnlnfoeieaonwoeh dbli| " gok hnhnvne gnsnwjoehne oe mn| ei|odeii` g~lhn| "

~eovnwqn`n |dnhieh debdhnòkj |n gnwnojne òkj|%

\nwxok` ln wd` vie jiso|ii`qoe|neqonvn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe w~wi`n hngonlne -{di`q xnhne

n`nj|woao|no| xi|nw vddw owwohi|on ne |n`nfddevnwgoeloehne/ vddw mn| vnwgoelne vie w~wi`n

gnvd`joeh bn| ln biwj| ne ln nffna|ne liiwvie ds iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh ~o|hngwnol {oke gnqswdjne

oe ln{n q|~lon oq ln obsia| vie i`|nwei|onvn vdwbne vie w~wi`n oevnq|nwoeh ne ln q`n~|n`wd` vieadbs`nbne|iown oe|nwvne|onq ifmiejnòkj vie ln `dji`n wielvddwxiiwlne ne dbq|ielohmnlne

lon eon| vd``nloh j~eene xdwlne hnade|wd`nnwl lddw ei|odei`n ne wnhodei`n i~|dwo|no|ne% \nwxok`

xn ln{n adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne mnggne hnbn|ne oe mn| Mddflq|~j 1 ne Mddfq|~j < nwjneene

xn ddj li| ln{n sìi|qhngdelne {oke xiiwlddw {n hnêvi`~nnwl bdn|ne xdwlne ds `djii`

eovni~ db |n gnsi`ne xn`jn adbgoei|onq vie oefwiq|w~a|~~w mn| gnq|n {~``ne ~o|xnwjne oe onlnwn

wnhod% Ds giqoq vie {dxn` wnane|n i`q nnwlnwn q|wi|nhonêe vddw w~wi`n biwj|de|xojjnòeh j~eene

xn eon~xn oe|nwvne|onq gnqamd~xne lon ln vd`hneln sdqo|onvn jiwij|nwoq|onjne adbgoenwne;

i/ [n bdn|ne hngiqnnwl {oke ds nne hnäe|nhwnnwln iiesij -de|xnws vie vnwqamo``nelnoe|nwvne|onq lon wnjneoeh md~lne bn| ln gok{delnwmnlne vie mn| hngonl xiiw {n {~``ne xdwlne

|dnhnsiq|/: g/ nne voqon xiiwoe ln ddw{ijne vie ln hngwnjjohn xnwjoeh vie ln biwj| xdwlne

hnälne|ofoannwl ne ln wd` vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w vddw ln ds`dqqoeh vie ln{n

swdg`nbne: a/ nne bnnw siw|oaosi|onvn q|wi|nhon xiiwoe nne 'vwiihhnq|~~wln' dwoêe|i|on xdwl|

iiehnv~`l bn| siw|oaosi|onvn bnamieoqbne lon wnjneoeh md~lne bn| mne lon ielnwq ~o|hnq`d|ne

xdwlne |nenoeln nne giìeq |n voelne |~qqne dvnwxnhoehne vie nffoaoêe|on ne hnòkjmnol%

Ln neohq|n bieonw xiiwds w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w jie xdwlne iiehn`nvnwl ds nne nffoaoêe|n

ne hnòkjxiiwlohn bieonw oq i`q mn| xdwl| iiehnv~`l bn| oeq|o|~|oden`n de|xojjnòeh% Mn|vnwgn|nwne vie oeq|o|~|onq ne ln dsgd~x vie adöwloei|onbnamieoqbne qibne bn| bnnw ne

Qibnevi||oeh

7<=

gn|nw hnwoam|n oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w {d~lne ln bieonw {oke db |n de|qeissne

~o| ln iwbdnlnvi` xiiwoe vnn` w~wi`n Snw~voiene e~ `nvne% Mn| hngwnj iie oeq|o|~|oden`n

bnamieoqbne vddw mn| gnqòqqne dvnw swodwo|no|ne ne mn| adöwloenwne vie oe|nwvne|onq oq {nnw

nvolne| oe w~wii` Snw~% Mn| oq bdhnòkj db |xnn df bnnw dvnwmnolqloneq|ne |n voelne lon

dehnvnnw mn|{n`fln xnwj ldne oe nne{n`fln hngonl {delnw neohn vdwb vie adöwloei|on% \oklneqnne vie de{n gn{dnjne oe mn| vn`l {ihne xn li| nne xnh xnwl mnwq|n`l lddw |xnn oeq|o|~|onq

xiiwgok n`j xnwj|n iie ïïe vie ln |xnn iiehwne{neln qnhbne|ne vie ln xnh; ln nen oeq|o|~|on

gn|ii`ln vddw ln iwgnol |nwxok` mn| ielnwn mn| lnnl voi nne ~o|xoqqnòehqqq|nnb% Oe ielnwn

hnvi``ne xieennw nne xnh nne owwohi|on jieii` df nne qieo|iown vddw{oneoehne xnwl hngd~xl

df mnwq|n`l lddw nne loneq| ds ei|odeii` eovni~ hivne ln `dai`n i~|dwo|no|ne xnoeoh iieliam|

iie mn| delnwmd~l nwvie dbli| {ok vnwxiam||ne li| ln ane|wi`n dvnwmnol liiw xn` vddw {d~

{dwhne% Mn| ~o|noelnòkj hnvd`h vie ln{n adöwloei|on swdg`nbne oq li| ln oevnq|nwoehne oe

oefwiq|w~a|~~w qen` iam|nw~o| hiie xiiwgok vddwi` mn| xn`{oke {ok lon hngw~oj bijne vie ln{nloneq|ne xdwl| iiehn|iq|%

Eiiq| ln eddl{iij vie nne hdnl iei`|oqam jilnw db ln{n adöwloei|onswdg`nbne ds |n

`dqqne jdb| ddj ln ~o|lihoeh db ln jxiò|no| vie mn| bneqnòkj jiso|ii` |n vnwmdhne vie mne

lon vnwie|xddwlnòkj {oke vddw mn| de|xnws ne ln ~o|vdnwoeh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n

oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Oelone ln oeq|o|~|onq ne bnamieoqbne vddw adöwloei|on eon| |dnwnojnel {oke lie

j~eene oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w mddh~o| |oklnòkjn gi|ne ds`nvnwne% Xn {ihne oe

mddflq|~j = li| i`q mn| delnwmd~l vie ln w~wi`n xnhne eon| xdwl| gnqamd~xl i`q on|q snwbiene|

mn| vnwqamo``neln wnia|onq {i` ~o|`djjne gok ln gnh~eq|ohlne vnwhn`njne bn| ln vnwxiam|oehneoelone ln{n`fln mnwq|n`xnwjne i`q snwbiene| xdwlne gnqamd~xl% Oe mn| nnwq|n hnvi` {~``ne

hn{oeene hngw~oj bijne vie ln g~o|nejieq lddw ln oe{n| vie iwgnol |n vnwielnwne ne hngw~oj

|n bijne vie bdhnòkj eon~xn biwj|ne% \dam j~eene {ok hnne hwd|n vnwielnwoehne lddwvdnwne

ds iehn |nwboke df dvnwhiie eiiw adbs`n}nwn q|wi|nhonêe db |n vd`ldne oe m~e nvneqdelnwmd~l

dbli| mn| nwh jdq|giiw jie {oke db |nw~h |n jnwne eiiw ln dwohoen`n q|wi|nhon {dlwi ln xnh eon|

bnnw |dnhiejnòkj oq ne |wieqsdw| ne |wieqia|onjdq|ne xnnw {~``ne q|okhne% Mn|{n`fln hn`l| vddw

ln obsia| vie vnwqamo``neln ielnwn oefwiq|w~a"|~wn`n loneq|ne {di`q |n`nadbb~eoai|on df

n`nj|woao|no| xiiw oevnq|nwoehne ds iehnwn |nwboke lon mn| swdfon` vie nvneqdelnwmd~l j~eenevnwielnwne eon| oe gnqamd~xoeh xdwlne gn|wdjjne dbli| ln woqoad‟q |n mddh {oke% Oeq|o|~|oden`n

oeedvi|on {i` ln{n woqoad‟q {njnw vnwboelnwne xiiwlddw ln gi|ne vie ln oevnq|nwoehne oe

oefwiq|w~a|~~w |ne vd``n j~eene xdwlne gnwnoj|%

Qibnevi||oeh

7<?

D|mnw wnì|nl s~gòai|odeq

Qaone|ofoa xdwj oe snnw wnvonxnl gddjq iel kd~wei`q

Nqadgi` K% iel B% \dwnwd -733>/; 'Ilvnwqn Hndhwism iel Loffnwneanq oe Xn`fiwn oe Snw~'

Oe; Qsi|oi` Oeny~iò| iel Lnvn`dsbne|% Wivo Jieg~w iel \de Vneig`nq -Nlq%/% XOLNW

iel D}fdwl êovnwqo| Swnqq%

Nqadgi` K% iel ^% I`liei -7331/; 'Iwn Ede|obgnw Fdwnq| Swdl~a|q |mn Ie|old|n |d Wioefdwnq|

Lnhwili|ode4 Gwi{o` E~| N}|wia|ode oe Bilwn Ln Lodq Snw~'% Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 19;

9=81"9==8%

Nqadgi` K% -7339/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~'%

Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7?; <?8">3=%

Nqadgi` K% K% Qiivnlwi iel B% \dwnwd -7339/; 'Loq|wog~|ode Iaanqq iel Adbs`nbne|iwo|;Aiso|i` df |mn Sddw oe Snw~'% Oe; 'Sdw|wio| df |mn Sddw; ie iqqn|q"giqnl isswdiam' Dwi{od

I||ieiqod Boh~n` Q{ïjn` -Nlq%/% @i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj OLG% Kdmeq Mdsjoeq

êovnwqo| Swnqq%

Nqadgi` K% \% Wniwlde iel V% Ihwnli -7333/; 'Neldhned~q Oeq|o|~|odei` Oeedvi|ode iel

Ihwdoel~q|woiò{i|ode de |mn Snw~voie Adiq|'% Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 71; 768‑788%

Nqadgi` K% K% Qiivnlwi iel B% \dwnwd -7339/; '@dq Ia|ovdq ln `dq Sdgwnq ne n` Snwû' Oe;

\wobnq|wn Nadeñboad Vd` @]VO-1/ Eûbnwd 761; 69? " 6>?%

D|mnw Wn`nvie| Xdwj

Nqadgi` K% B% Oe~wwo|nh~o iel K% Gneivolnq -733</; 'Oefwinq|w~a|~wi w~wi`; h~âiq siwi loqnùiw

oe|nwvneaodenq naaodenq iswneloliq ln SWDVOIQ W~wi` -Snwû/'% Giead Oe|nwibnwoaied

ln Lnqiwwd``d% Lnsiw|ibne|d ln Lnqiwwd``d Qdq|neog`n: Xiqmoeh|de L%A%

Nqadgi` K% -7331/; 'Enx oeq|o|~|odeq fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` iel w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| oe @i|oe Ibnwoai

iel |mn Aiwoggnie' oe; A~wwne| iel Nbnwhoeh Oqq~nq fdw Nadedboa Iei`qoq iel Sdòa

Wnqniwam% Gnekiboe Livoq -Nl%/ FID% Wdbn K~` 7331%Nqadgi` K% iel A% Sdean -7337/; 'W~wi` Wdilq; Nemieaoeh Oeadbn Dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mn W~wi`

Sddw'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% <3"O% Hw~sd ln Ieéòqoq siwi n` Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/

@obi% >6 ss%

Nqadgi` K% iel Ihwnli V% -7337/; 'Swdbd|oeh Q|wi|nhoa @oejihnq gn|xnne Fiwb$Ede"Fiwb

Qna|dwq; |mn Snw~voie aiqn'% Livoq G% \% Wniwlde J% Q|ibd~òq iel S% Xoe|nwq -Nlq%/

”Swdbd|oeh fiwb$ede"fiwb òejihnq fdw w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|; aiqn q|~lonq fwdb Ifwoai iel

@i|oe Ibnwoai‟: FID Wdbn%

7>3

Nqadgi` K% -7333/; 'Adq|dq ln |wieqiaaoñe ne i ihwoa~`|~wi Snw~iei; ~ei swobnwi iswd}obiaoñe

i q~ bnloaoñe n obsia|d'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% 13% Hw~sd ln Ieéòqoq siwi n`

Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ @obi% 16 ss%

Nqadgi` K% iel K% Oh~âùo{ -7333/; 'Giìean ln i oevnq|ohiaoñe nadeñboai ne n` Snwû'% Adeqdwaod

ln Oevnq|ohiaoñe Nadeñboai Qdaoi` @obi% 9>8 ss%Nqadgi` K% iel B% \dwnwd -7333/; 'Añbd Nefwne|iw ~ei Hndhwifâi Ilvnwqi4; n` wd` ln `dq

ia|ovdq sûgòadq swovildq'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% 7?% Hw~sd ln Ieéòqoq siwi n`

Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ @obi% >< ss%

D|mnw wnì|nl s~gòai|odeq



7>7

7>1

A~wwoa~`~b vo|in

Kivonw I`fwnld Nqadgi` L‟Iehn`d xiq gdwe Biwam 77el oe @obi Snw~% Mn q|~lonl

Nadedboaq i| |mn eovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad oe @obi fwdb 9?88 |o`` 9?=9 dg|ioeoeh moq Giamn`dw

Lnhwnn oe Nadedboaq ~sde lnfneloeh moq |mnqoq ne|o|`nl ªFdwnaiq|oeh Wnqniwam iel

Lnvn`dsbne| N}snelo|~wnq fdw @i|oe Ibnwoaiº% Fwdb 9?=1 |o`` 9?=8 mn lol moq Hwil~i|n Q|~lonq

i| Enx _dwj êovnwqo| xo|m fn``dxqmosq hwie|nl g |mn Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq df Enx

_dwj eovnwqo| -9?=1"9?=</ iel g |mn eo|nl Q|i|nq Ihnea fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Lnvn`dsbne|

-9?=1"9?=8/% I| E_^ mn xiq hwie|nl i Biq|nw df Iw|q oe Nadedboaq iel if|nw adbs`n|oeh

qi|oqfia|dwo` i`` Sm%L% ad~wqnxdwj i Biq|nw df Smo`dqdsm oe Nadedboaq% If|nw wn|~weoeh |d

Snw~ oe 9?=8 mn bioe|ioenl i kdoe| issdoe|bne| gn|xnne |mn êovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad xnwn

mn |i~hm| Nadedbn|woaq iel Bi|mnbi|oaq fdw Nadedboq| |o`` 9??1 iel |mn Hw~sd ln Ieéòqoq

siwi n` Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ xmnwn mn miq lnvn`dsnl moq wnqniwam aiwnnw |d li|n%

I| HWILN i swovi|n ede"swdfo| wnqniwam oeq|o|~|ode giqnl oe @obi mn q|iw|nl ldoeh

wnqniwam fowq| de biawdnadedboa fdwnaiq|oeh iel qnvnwi` ihwoa~`|~wi` oqq~nq oea`~loeh ldbnq|oa

ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|oeh iel oe|nwei|odei` |wiln hwil~i`` nvd`voeh moq wnqniwam xdwj |dxiwlq

|dsoaq wnì|nl |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% Mn miq gnne Swnqolne| df |mn

Gdiwl df Lowna|dwq df HWILN fwdb 9?=? |o`` 9??8%

Mn miq snwfdwbnl qnvnwi` s~gòa l~|onq% Mn miq gnne Voan"Swnqolne| df OELNADSO‟QAdbboqqode de \nameoai` iel Adbbnwaoi` Wnh~ì|odeq gn|xnne 9??1 iel 9??6% Fwdb 9??8

|o`` 7333 mn xiq bnbgnw df |mn Gdiwl df Lowna|dwq df @obi‟q S~gòa Xmd`nqi`n Ihwoa~`|~wi`

Biwjn|% Oe 9??= mn xiq issdoe|nl Ilvoqdw |d |mn Swnqolne| df |mn Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbo||nn df

|mn Snw~voie Adehwnqq% Oe 9??? mn xiq issdoe|nl Nadedboa Ilvoqdw |d |mn Amiowbie df |mn

Snw~voie Adehwnqq% De qnvnwi` daaiqodeq gn|xnne 9??> iel 7331 mn miq qnwvnl oe ie ilvoqdw

wd`n |d |mn Boeoq|nw df Nadedboaq iel Foeiean iel |mn Boeoq|nw df Ihwoa~`|~wn% Oe illo|ode mn

miq gnne adeq~`|ie| |d FID |mn Xdw`l Giej iel |mn Oe|nw"Ibnwoaie Lnvn`dsbne| Giej de

qnvnwi` daaiqodeq de |dsoaq wnì|nl |d w~wi` sdvnw| w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| obsia| nvi`~i|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln oqq~nq%

Oe 7333 |mn H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj -HLE/ hwie|nl mob -kdoe|` xo|m Bé}obd

\dwnwd i ad``nih~n fwdb HWILN/ xo|m |mn Ixiwl fdw D~|q|ieloeh Wnqniwam de Lnvn`dsbne|

fdw |mnow kdoe| xdwj de |mn hndhwismoai` lobneqode |d lnvn`dsbne|% \mn Qn`naa|ode Adbbo||nn

oea`~lnl wnedxenl qamdìwq òjn Ibiw|i Qne Kdqnsm Q|ohò|{ Eiea Gowlqi`` iel Fwieadoq

Gd~wh~ohede% Oe 7339 mn xiq loq|oeh~oqmnl xo|m |mn Kdme Qobde H~hhnemnob Bnbdwoi`

Fd~eli|ode Fn``dxqmos |d ade|oe~n s~wq~oeh moq wnqniwam igd~| |mn oejq gn|xnne w~wi` swdl~anwqiel biwjn|q% L~woeh |mn qibn niw i| |mn H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj -HLE/ iee~i`

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adefnwnean mn xiq ixiwlnl xo|m |mn bnli` fdw gnq| wnqniwam oe Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Lnvn`dsbne|

fdw moq xdwj de |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wn%

Mn wnh~ìw` ia|q iq wnvonxnw fdw qnvnwi` qaone|ofoa kd~wei`q oea`~loeh Nq|~lodq

Nadeñboadq fwdb Ad`nhod ln Bï}oad: Fddl Sdòay \mn Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonqXdw`l Giej Nadedboa Wnvonx iel Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| %

A~wwne|` mn oq Wnqniwam Lowna|dw iel Qneodw Wnqniwamnw i| HWILN% Oe |mn iwni df

Nadedb iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| moq xdwj miq adeane|wi|nl de nvi`~i|oeh |mn obsia| df |mn

biawdnadedboa ilk~q|bne| iel q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq oe |mn fiwboeh qna|dw% Oe |mn iwni df Sdvnw|

iel Ny~o| mn miq fda~qnl moq iei`qoq de w~wi` sdvnw| qsnaofoai`` oe ln|nwboeoeh |mn wd`n

sìnl g s~gòa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oe wioqoeh |mn q|ieliwlq df òvoeh ibdeh |mn w~wi` sddw% Oe

|mn iwni df Biawdnadedboa Iei`qoq moq xdwj ane|nwq de |mn iei`qoq df bn|mdld`dhonq ~qnl|d swnsiwn qmdw| |nwb swdhedqnq df |mn `nvn` df nadedboa ia|ovo|%

A~wwoa~`~b vo|in

the role of public infraestructure in market development in rural peru

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