THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN KENYATRANSFORMATION IN KENYA

Dr. E. A. MukisiraDr. E. A. MukisiraDirector KARIDirector KARI

PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTSPRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS

Production and livelihood constraints Technology and information needs Demography, literacy, socio-economics Lack of Innovative and participatory

research Poor policies and infrastructure

CONSTRAINTS TO TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND UP-SCALING

Inadequate community participation High level of poverty Cultural issues Poor infrastructure Marketing problems Inappropriate mechanization

KARI’S CORE FUNCTIONS

Generating technologies, knowledge and information

Catalyzing and facilitating innovative processes Creating and strengthening partnerships for impact Conducting strategic, adaptive and applied research In collaboration with partners, contribute to the

production of regional and international public goods.

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN BY NARIs

Strategic Research Applied Research Adaptive Research

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Aggressive programs of crop breeding for

increased yields Purposeful livestock breeding programme and

management Highly developed feeding systems for livestock. Value addition technologies Application of biotechnology

RELEASES OF CROP VARIETIES AND VACCINES/KITS

Commodity 1985-1990 1991-1995 1996-to Present

Maize 2 2 41

Wheat 3 6 12

Sorghum and Millets

1 3 16

Irish Potato 0 2 5

Sweet Potato 0 0 6

Grain Legumes 0 7 25

Flowers 0 16 42

Total 6 36 147

Vaccines/Kits*** 3 5 10

IMPROVED VARIETIES: IMPACT Maize. Improved maize varieties and hybrids were

widely adopted in the 1980’s, in a few countries, such as Kenya (80 percent), Malawi (30 percent), Tanzania (28 percent), Zambia (49 percent) and Zimbabwe (73 percent).

Cassava. Improved disease-resistant strains of cassava have been adopted, reaching more than half the cassava area in Nigeria

Rice. The New Rice for Africa-combining the high-yielding potential of Asian rice with the resistance of African rice to weeds, pests, diseases and water stress.

Beans. In eastern, central and southern Africa, nearly 10 million farmers, mostly women, are reportedly growing and consuming new bean varieties.

AREA PLANTED WITH IMPROVED VARIETIES.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rice Wheat Maize Sorghum Cassava Potatoes

Sub-Saharan South AsiaEast Asia & Pacific Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean

NUMBER OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CROP ENTERPRISES-THE CASE FOR KENYA

Crop Enterprise

Number of Farm Households

Maize 2,957,385

Pulses 1,780,465

Sorghum and Millets

304,495

Potato 525,513

Cassava 207,200

Wheat/Barley 114,886

Total 5,889,944

20 YEARS OF MAIZE RESEARCH: WHAT DIVIDENDS?

Variety Grain yield t/ha Year of release

H625

H614D

H626

KH 600-11D

KH 600-15A

KH 600-16A

KH 600-17A

KH 600-18A

KH 600-14E

6.90

6.60

7.20

7.19

7.43

7.80

8.10

8.32

8.19

1981

1986

1989

1999

2001

2001

2002

2004

2004

20 YEARS OF MAIZE RESEARCH: WHAT DIVIDENDS? contd…

Variety Grain yield t/ha Year of release

KH 600-19A

KH 600-20A

KH 600-21A

KH 600-22A

KOPVO2 (HAC)

KOPV01

KH 600-23A

KH 600-24A

8.53

8.60

8.64

8.68

6.35

5.80

9.5

10.5

2005

2005

2006

2006

2007

2007

2008

2008

CHALLENGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES

Weak outreach programs Inadequate Human Resource capacity Inadequate credit facilities Ineffective Partners and partnerships Inadequate attention to product value chain

concept

TESTING NEW APPROACHES TO SCALING-UP OF TECHNOLOGIES; KARI’S EXPERIENCE Adaptive Research KARI-ATIRI Other approaches

include farmer field schools (FFS), farmer-researcher groups, PLAR

ICT based technology transfer approaches

FARMER EMPOWERMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATORY ADAPTIVE RESEARCH

Builds farmer confidence in technology. Promotes technology ownership by

farmers. Promotes farmer capacity to demand

new technologies and information. Exposes farmers to diversity of

technologies through exchange visits. Promotes farmer to farmer extension.

BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH APPROACHES

Builds mutual confidence Creates technology

ownership In-built dissemination Farmer M&E and feedback Diversity of technologies

through exchange visits

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY & INFORMATION RESPONSE INITIATIVE (ATIRI) Concern about low

impact of KARI technologies

Empowers farmers to demand tech.

Paradigm shift from “supply” to “demand”

Catalyses dissemination and adoption

ATIRI OBJECTIVES

Enhance farmers’ capacity to make technological and information demands from KARI

Strengthen KARI’s Capacity to meet these demands thro’ feedback into research

Improve partnerships for better delivery To test new methods for rapid up-scaling

KENYA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME (KAPP)

12-year, 3-phases of 3, 4 and 5 years Multi-sectoral, multi-institutional Support to Policy & Institutional Reform Support to National Agric. Res. System Support to National Extension Reform Support to Farmer Empowerment

KAPP-LESSONS LEARNT ON EXTENSION DELIVERY SERVICES

Adequate professionals for pluralistic extension services

Potential to develop a robust public-private partnerships for effective and efficient extension delivery service

Government could contract private individuals or institutions to deliver extension services

Resource mobilization in the MTP (2008-2013) while pursuing Vision 2030

Greater involvement of the private sector in supporting Agricultural Research

Balancing adaptive and strategic/basic research

Exploring new research areas- e.g.bio-fuels, climate change

WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY ADOPTIONADOPTION

Targeted Areas

Establishment of a science park operated by NARS/Private sector

Techno-shops/parks at NARIs

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER: POLICY AND TRANSFER: POLICY CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION

Formulation of an effective NARS Policy Formulate an effective national Agriculture

extension policy

Create an outreach unit to effectively establish partnership towards accelerated technology transfer

Create sustainable funding mechanisms for research and technology transfer

EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS FOR DEMAND DRIVEN RESEARCHDEMAND DRIVEN RESEARCH

Engage potential Donors to support priority demand driven research

Strengthen collaboration with the NARIs/Universities in-country and abroad

Strategic Partnerships for specific Projects

THANK YOU