the scientific method, introduction to biology and basic
TRANSCRIPT
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The Scientific Method, Introduction to Biology and Basic Chemistry Review
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Scientific MethodWhat is Science?
The goal of science is to understand the world around
us.
We do this using the Scientific Method, which starts
with making observations
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The Scientific Method
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• An OBSERVATION is qualitative information collected though the direct use of our senses.
• An INTERPRETATION (or “inference”) is an attempt
to put meaning into an observation.
Sometimes our interpretations of what we observe is biased by our expectations and prior knowledge.
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Do you see a
young lady or an
old hag?
Which of the two
lines is longer?
Which of the
cylinders is the
largest?
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It is possible that two people may not observe the same thing. For this reason, scientists insist that
observations be repeated several times by more
than one person.
An EXPERIMENT is a test or a procedure that is
carried out in order to discover a result.
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• A HYPOTHESIS is a single, unproven assumptionwhich attempts to explain WHY nature behaves in a
specific manner
• The following are general characteristics of HYPOTHESES:
Normally single assumptions.
Narrow in their scope of explanation.
Tentative (being based on very incomplete evidence)
but may become generally accepted after more
complete testing.
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Most commonly, hypotheses take three formats:
- a question, "Does temperature affect fermentation?"
- a conditional statement, "Temperature may affect
fermentation."
- an If, then statement, "If fermentation rate is related
to temperature, then increasing the temperature will
increase gas production.
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Hypothesis Examples:
If enzyme activity is related to temperature, then
increasing the temperature will increase the products
of an enzymatic reaction.
If the diffusion rate through a membrane is related to molecular size, then the smaller the molecule, the
faster it will pass through a membrane.
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A theory is a TESTED, REFINED, and EXPANDED explanation of why nature behaves in a given way.
A THEORY is a set of hypothesis that ties together a
large number of observations of the real world into a logically consistent and understandable pattern.
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General characteristics of THEORIES:
• Composed of one or more underlying hypotheses.
• Broad in scope and provide explanations for entire “fields” of related behavior.
• Called models because they often provide a concrete
way to examine, predict, and test the workings of nature.
• Must make testable predictions about the behavior of
the system under NEW conditions.
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e.g. Evolutionary Theory
New species are produced through gradual changes of
inherited traits through successive generations
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Designing an Experiment1) Clearly define a hypothesis
• Identify the dependent and independent variables
• Independent Variable: The manipulated variable
(what you are changing)
• Ex) Time
• Dependent Variable: The responding variable (the
results you are observing and measuring)
• Ex) Distance, heart rate, growth
• Constants are conditions that are kept the same
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2. Determine the control and experimental group
Control Group: A standard against which other
conditions can be compared
Experimental group: A group in which the
independent variable is manipulated
Ex) Testing new medications involves dividing
participants into two groups
One receives the medication (experiment)
One receives a placebo (control)
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3. Describe the experiment
• What materials will be used
• How will it be set up
• What procedure will be followed
• How/what data will be collected
4. Perform the experiment
• Collect data from both the control and experimental groups
• Organize and display data (graphs, tables, pie charts)
5. Analyze the Results
• Is the experiment valid and reliable?
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Valid Experiment
- Does the data collect measure what we set out to measure?
- How strong is the conclusion?
- Is there bias?
- Does it make accurate predictions?
Reliable Experiment
- If you took another random group would you get the
same results?
- Consistency
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What You Need to Know• Be able to design an experiment including
• Defining a hypothesis
• Identifying controlled and experimental groups
• Identifying dependent and independent variables
• Display data appropriately
• Draw conclusions from the experiment
• Assignment: The Scientific Method Worksheet
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What is Biology?• The study of living things
• All living things share the following characteristics
1. Are made of cells
A cell is a small, self contained unit
Single celled organism = unicellular
Multicelled organism = multicellular
2. Living things reproduce
Asexual – only requires one organism
Sexual – requires two cells from different
individuals
parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells
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3. Living things grow and develop
• Cells continue to divide as you grow
4. Living things obtain and use energy
• Anabolism – a process that makes complex
substances from simpler ones; requires energy
• Example: Photosynthesis
• Catabolism – a process that breaks down complex
substances into simpler ones; releases energy
• Example: Digestion
• Metabolism – total of all chemical reactions in the
body
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5. Living things respond to the environment
• Stimulus - anything that causes an organism to react
• Example: light, temperature, sound, etc
• Homeostasis - organism’s ability to maintain constant
or stable conditions necessary for life
• Example: body temperature
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13 LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION ATOM
MOLECULE
PROTOPLASM
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE
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ATOM
MOLECULE
PROTOPLASM
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE
BUILDING BLOCK OF MATTER C, H, O, N, P
LARGER STRUCTURES MADE OF ATOMS DNA, CO2
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ATOM
MOLECULE
PROTOPLASM
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE
LIVING MATERIAL OF CELLS Nucleus, Mitochondria
BASIC UNIT OF ALL LIVING THINGS Nerve, blood, paramecium
A group of living cells that perform a function Muscle, Nerve
Groups of tissue that perform a function Eye, Heart, Liver
A group of organs that work together Digestive, Respiratory
An independently functioning living thing Amoeba, You
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ATOM
MOLECULE
PROTOPLASM
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE
A group of organisms of the same species Humans,
in the same place Bacteria
Different populations in the same area Organisms in a pond
Living and non-living parts of the Forest, coral reefenvironment interact
A large geographic area that has Rainforest,
similar forms of life tundra, desert
The total world of living Earth, air, organisms soil
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Characteristics of Life Video