The Score-Stove™ International Workshop.

DeMontfort University 16 October 2012

Paul H. Riley Score Project Director

1.4 Billion without Electricity

Indian Sub continent Sub Saharan Africa … the World

3 Billion people cook on open fire

The Score-Stove™ Goal

For £20 - £60* it will

Generate electricity.

Be affordable.

Be Smoke free.

Reduces emissions.

Can burn

Wood or Dung

other biomass

propane and kerosene.

help 3 billion rural people

save 10 Mt Carbon per year

Score intervention in Nepal. 10 and 20We simulated. * 2007 prices

Score-Stove™ timeline

£2M Score project 2007 to 2012 Social and Technical,

University of Nottingham lead, linear alternator and management

City University London, low cost stove enclosures

University of Leicester, Thermo-acoustics, rigs, PIV

Queen Mary University of London, System design, demo1

Practical Action, Social science research, field trials

Completed with International conference April 2012

SoFo £230k 2012 to 2013 Score centres in Bangladesh and Nepal

Alstom €99k CSR Field trials in Nepal

Two way knowledge transfer

Requirements capture

Visit backed up by wider surveys

India 2012

Requirements

Market Survey (from Score Project)

Typical Nepalese house

Target cost*

Between £20 and £60

»In large quantities enables

1.2 B to 60 M people

BUT…………………………..

* 2007 prices

Generating stove goals

Reduce Wood consumption Smoke inhalation

Improve Health

» Reduced smoke » improved understanding of modern medicine » Preservation of prescription drugs (cooling)

Education, by means of electricity » light at night » access to knowledge through mobile phone and computer » Radio and TV

Wealth » Better education » Access to improved farming methods and commodity prices » Business opportunities (sales and maintenance, selling electricity)

Affordability

Cheapest solution is not the most affordable

The right packaged solution makes it more attractive.

Stop using kerosene for lighting.

Torches etc. mean kerosene use > zero

Typical kerosene cost = £15 to £30 pa

Use of LED lights, low maintenance,

cost decreasing due to learner curve.

Need easy-to-use way to monitor electricity

So that carbon credits can be claimed.

Low cost entry point uses low capacity battery.

Many devices (mobile phones) can be charged during cooking

Total Package now aimed at £100, with micro finance

Product comparison

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Generating capacity 50 50 50 0 50 500 We

Reduction in deforestation 548 548 0 548 0 548 kg/year

Costs

Hob 10 10 0 10 0 10 £

AHX 8 8 0 0 0 8 £

elec. generating technology 25 156 150 N/A 78 250 £

Balance of plant 15 15 15 0 0 30 £

Core technology total 58 189 165 10 78 298 £

4off 3W LED 12 12 12 0 12 12 £

2 off rechargeable LED torch 4 4 4 0 0 4 £

7AH Lead Acid deep cycle battery 12 12 12 0 0 12 £

Product wholesale cost 86 217 193 10 90 326 £

Installation and training 2 2 2 1 2 2 £

Transport 2 2 2 1 2 2 £

Profit 8.6 22 19 1 9 33 £

Total Selling price 99 243 216 13 103 363 £

Householder view

Householder Finances

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Initial capital investment (bought on HP) 98.6 243.0 216.3 13.0 103.1 362.6 £

Capital payback 9.9 24.3 21.6 4.3 5.2 36.3 £ per year

Interest payment 7.4 18.2 16.2 1.0 7.7 27.2 £ per year

Maintenance cost 9.9 24.3 21.6 1.3 5.2 18.1 £ per year

Battery replacement (3years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 N/A N/A 0.9 £ amortised per year

Total yearly cost 29.0 68.7 61.4 6.6 18.0 82.5 £ per year

Affordability (not buying kerosene) 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 £ per year

Affordability (increase in earnings as less wood to collect) 5.2 5.2 0.0 5.2 0.0 5.2 £ per year

Carbon credit 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 6.7 60.2 £ per year

Subsidy required 0.0 33.5 31.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 £ per year

Use per day 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 Hours

Energy generated 54.8 54.8 54.8 0.0 60.8 547.5 KWhr/year

Oil saving 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.9 £ peryear

Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Regional View

Notes:

Assumes 2012 prices and exchange rates

(1) Pico Hydro can only cover 3 % of region

(2) next generation Score is more efficient, same amount of wood used

Model developed by: © 2011 Paul H. Riley

The University of Nottingham

Score-Stove™2

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In a region of 10 10 10 10 10 10 Million Households

For a capital investment of 986 2430 2163 130 31 3626 £M

and a return on investment of 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

The following can be achieved

Reduction in oil imports 94 94 94 0 11 943 £M per year

Generating capacity 500 500 500 0 15 5000 MWe

Generating energy 548 548 548 0 18 5475 GWhr/year

Reduction in CO2 648 648 648 0 19 648 K tonnes CO2 per year

Reduction in deforestation 5 5 0 5 0 5 M tonnes per year

Jobs generated 120 320 280 40 2 360 Thousand people

Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Ongoing Subsidy required 0 334 313 14 0 0 £M per year

Technology chosen :

Thermo-Acoustics

How does Score-Stove™2 work?

Uses Thermo-Acoustics (TAE) Exciting new technology

No moving parts

» Stirling engine with no pistons Relies on acoustic waves

» Making it cheap and reliable

Difficult to design but low cost manufacture

Used in Space probe and a Natural Gas liquefying plant

Wood or dung is burnt A specially shaped pipe gets red hot

Another part of the pipe is cooled

This generates sound at 100 Hz

» very noisy inside >170 dBA

» Outside whisper quiet hum

Then a Linear Alternator turns the sound into electricity

The waste heat is used for cooking

How to make it happen

Strategy

Score Core Team

Score Centres

Score Community

Score Partner organisations

Intellectual property given free to developing countries, in return for Score owning improvements.

Licenses available for developed world

Malaysia, Nepal Bangladesh, Jaipur, Kenya, Uganda

21 Collaboration agreements

Local community engagement

Research dissemination commercialisation

Kathmandu University October 2012

Affordability continued

How to engage the poorest, particularly if they can’t read or write

Data flow

Shopkeeper

Order

Stove

Maintain

stove

Setup

accounts

Bank

Carbon Credits

Supply

stove

Manufacture

distribution

Stove Validator

Maintain

finances

Energy produced

CC

Payment

Capital

payment Maintenance

request Maintenance

actions

Maintenance support

Maintenance request

Payments

Orders

subsidies

Interestingly the loan fault on co-operatives is near 0% due to social pressures.

Social requirements

Key social findings

Smoke repels insects, if it is removed, they return There is a belief that termites will eat their house

Local knowledge is essential when designing Some people like to make illicit alcohol, if the still does

not fit, the stove will be rejected.

If there is no-one to fix a broken stove, it stays broken

Respect the village hierarchy

Asking the question the right way from the right person is essential to getting the right answer. Do you want to cook in squatting position or stood up?

An electrical generating stove gives incentive to change to the whole family.

Acknowledgements

The Score project is funded by EPSRC, the UK Engineering and Physical Research Council.

Thanks to

The original Score Team

The Score centres

Practical Action’s world-wide offices

Aster Technology the Netherlands,

Mr Kees deBlok

Questions ?

Back pocket slides

Product comparison

Score-Stove™2

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Generating capacity 50 50 50 0 50 500 We

Reduction in deforestation 548 548 0 548 0 548 kg/year

Costs

Hob 10 10 0 10 0 10 £

AHX 8 8 0 0 0 8 £

elec. generating technology 25 156 150 N/A 78 250 £

Balance of plant 15 15 15 0 0 30 £

Core technology total 58 189 165 10 78 298 £

4off 3W LED 12 12 12 0 12 12 £

2 off rechargeable LED torch 4 4 4 0 0 4 £

7AH Lead Acid deep cycle battery 12 12 12 0 0 12 £

Product wholesale cost 86 217 193 10 90 326 £

Installation and training 2 2 2 1 2 2 £

Transport 2 2 2 1 2 2 £

Profit 8.6 22 19 1 9 33 £

Total Selling price 99 243 216 13 103 363 £

Householder view

Householder Finances

Score-Stove™2

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Initial capital investment (bought on HP) 98.6 243.0 216.3 13.0 103.1 362.6 £

Capital payback 9.9 24.3 21.6 4.3 5.2 36.3 £ per year

Interest payment 7.4 18.2 16.2 1.0 7.7 27.2 £ per year

Maintenance cost 9.9 24.3 21.6 1.3 5.2 18.1 £ per year

Battery replacement (3years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 N/A N/A 0.9 £ amortised per year

Total yearly cost 29.0 68.7 61.4 6.6 18.0 82.5 £ per year

Affordability (not buying kerosene) 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 £ per year

Affordability (increase in earnings as less wood to collect) 5.2 5.2 0.0 5.2 0.0 5.2 £ per year

Carbon credit 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 6.7 60.2 £ per year

Subsidy required 0.0 33.5 31.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 £ per year

Use per day 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 Hours

Energy generated 54.8 54.8 54.8 0.0 60.8 547.5 KWhr/year

Oil saving 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.9 £ peryear

Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Regional View

Notes:

Assumes 2012 prices and exchange rates

(1) Pico Hydro can only cover 3 % of region

(2) next generation Score is more efficient, same amount of wood used

Model developed by: © 2011 Paul H. Riley

The University of Nottingham

Score-Stove™2

Th

erm

o-p

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lar

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Pic

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(1)

Sco

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gen

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n (

2)

In a region of 10 10 10 10 10 10 Million Households

For a capital investment of 986 2430 2163 130 31 3626 £M

and a return on investment of 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

The following can be achieved

Reduction in oil imports 94 94 94 0 11 943 £M per year

Generating capacity 500 500 500 0 15 5000 MWe

Generating energy 548 548 548 0 18 5475 GWhr/year

Reduction in CO2 648 648 648 0 19 648 K tonnes CO2 per year

Reduction in deforestation 5 5 0 5 0 5 M tonnes per year

Jobs generated 120 320 280 40 2 360 Thousand people

Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Ongoing Subsidy required 0 334 313 14 0 0 £M per year

Score Objectives

Contribute to increasing wealth and education and improving health in developing countries by investigating appropriate and affordable novel technology to meet the energy needs of isolated rural communities in developing countries. This technology is designated, SCORE, the Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity supply.

Develop a Project Network, comprising academics from both the research team and local universities acting as knowledge hubs in the target countries, charities and non-government organisations, government representative and the local communities themselves. Exchange and focus the scientific, technological and social knowledge required by SCORE. Promote SCORE worldwide and provide a database of end-user requirements and product applications

Plan and create the mechanisms for implementation of SCORE by identifying barriers to implementation and proposing solutions, forming collaborations within the developing countries, developing training strategy and suitable training materials, encouraging the acquisition of matching funding, promoting the building of local manufacturing capacity, and highlighting the wider business opportunities of SCORE in developing countries.

Capture and evaluate the underpinning scientific knowledge of thermoacoustic technologies and devise a new engineering concept combining the thermoacoustic engine, electrical generation and refrigeration. Integrate these in a technology demonstrator.

Study heat transfer processes in combustion and thermoacoustic systems and devise a high-efficiency, integrated combustor/heat exchanger/stove unit, capable of fulfilling its cooking function and providing the energy to the thermoacoustic element. Evaluate its performance by experimentation and integrate it into a technology demonstrator.

Devise through interdisciplinary research an inexpensive method to convert acoustic energy into electricity that could be easily mass produced and evaluate its performance.

Study the manufacturability, cost and the potential of using indigenous materials and local skills and based on the technology demonstrator, to design feasible SCORE prototypes, which could be field tested at selected locations. Build and demonstrate the prototypes in selected rural communities.

Benchmark the design against other technologies and recommend future development paths, research and applications.

Project start Mar- Sept 2007

Original members University of Nottingham (Lead, Management and LA)

Imperial college (appropriate manufacture, social-technical interface), University of Manchester, Queen Mary London, (TA technology) The Charity Practical Action (Social science, field studies)

Current members University of Nottingham, City London, University of Leicester, Queen

Mary London, Practical Action.

Originally supported by Los Alamos (Scott Backhaus), Dai-ichi (Philippines) 10 other letters of

support

Current support Dai-ichi (Philippines), Aster (Kees deBlok), Malaysian campus, PA

Bangladesh, BUET, Rolls-Royce, plus other NGO and companies. Score Community launched 2008 Score Centres launched 2010

Submitted publications to date 11 journal, 16 conference. (4 awaiting publication)

Thermo-Acoustics

Discovered by Byron Higgins (1777) demonstrated a spontaneous generation of sound waves in a pipe

A century later Lord Rayleigh [10]

explained the phenomenon qualitatively

In the 1970s’ Ceperley [11] postulated an acoustic wave travelling in a resonator could cause the gas

to undergo a thermodynamic cycle similar to that in a Stirling engine

Used by Los Alamos (G Swift) space probe electrical generation

Cooling 400 gallons per day methane

Chinese Academy of Science Record of 1kWe 18% efficiency using pressurised Helium

Aster Thermoakoestische Systemen (The Netherlands) Low-onset temperature TAE

Waste heat recovery etc.

Score Low-cost

World record for wood burning Thermo-Acoustic Engine (TAE)

Thermo-Acoustics Technology

At first sight a TAE engine looks simple.

Just a specially shaped pipe.

No moving parts needed to generate sound

Linear Alternator turns sound to electricity

TAE performance

Power

Th-Tc Onset temperature (when Oscillation starts)

1.Unloaded

2.With load

Ideal Engine Real engine

(temperature either side of regenerator)

Typical single Looped TAE

Linear Alternator

Feedback pipe

AHX

Regenerator

HHX

Thermal buffer tube

Secondary AHX

Tuning stub

Wave Direction

Total pipe length ~ λ

Practical machines have travelling and standing wave component. We use the term PSWR (pressure standing wave ratio) SW/TW. PSWR of 1 is a pure travelling wave

Impedance miss-matches at heat exchangers and alternator. Correct loop design needed

Velocity increase through regenerator

Power function of:

• Pipe mean pressure

• Drive ratio (< 10%)

• Pipe area

• Gas used Air, He most common

Looped tube travelling wave TAE

(a) (b)(a) (b)Left single regenerator TAE, Right dual regenerator TAE