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The Seeds of Racism in South Africa

Why and how did the Afrikaner National Party create Apartheid in 1948?

Why did white South Africans tend to support racist ideas?

Timeline of South AfricaStarting 170,000 years ago

Modern people (Homo sapiens) populate the southern part of the African Continent

Timeline of South Africa170,000 BCE – around 400 CE

Hunter-gatherers known as the San (including the!Kung and others) are primary culture in the region

Timeline of South Africa400 CE – 1000 CE

Nomadic Bantu people migrate to Cape Region Pastoralists (cattle herders) and farmers

Forged ironSan people assimilated or retreat to marginal areas

Timeline of South Africa1000 CE – 1650s CE

Bantu kingdoms control Southern Africa Trade centers such as Manpungubwe and Great Zimbabwe(1000 CE - 1450 CE) flourishA few large kingdoms, hundreds of small ones

Ruins and artifactsof Great Zimbabwe

Bantu Settlements and Artifacts

Timeline of South Africa

1652-1659The Dutch settle at the Cape of Good Hope

Useful as a stopping point on route to India for Dutch East India Co.Trade with KhoiKhoi: Copper, beads and textiles traded for meat, hides, sometimes gold

Timeline of South Africa1659-1700The Dutch:

Settle rural farmers (“Boers”) all along coast and riversBattle KhoiKhoi and other native people over land, cattle, hunting resources Fortify settlements

Timeline of South Africa1700 – 1798

Dutch settlers:Call themselves “Afrikaners” (Dutch for African)

Boers press inland, have more fights with native AfricansEnslave native AfricansProhibit Baptism of, or legal marriage with, native Africans for fear of giving them equal rights as citizens

VOCABULARY

Afrikaner – noun, Dutch settlers in South Africa (Dutch for “Africans”) Afrikaans – noun, language of the

Afrikaners; South African version of “Dutch” language

Boer – noun, Dutch settlers in rural South Africa (Dutch for “farmers”),

often devoutly religious


1795: Britain begins first occupation of the Cape 1798: Dutch East India company goes bankrupt

1803: The British give the Cape back to the Dutch under Treaty of Amiens

Timeline of South Africa 1806: Treaty broken, the British come back and retake the Cape

British law enforced, some political rights given to black Africans English-speaking British settlers get the good jobs in cities More Afrikaners move to the country, join with Boers

1833: Slavery outlawed in British Empire,angering Afrikaners


The Great Trek (Voortrek or De Groot Trek)The Boers move into the interior to get away from British rule, language, and perceived racial liberalism

Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) intrude on Xhosa and Zulu land

to the northeast

Timeline of South Africa1833 – 1840: The Great Trek

• Boers clash with Zulus over land• Zulu King Dingane (Shaka's brother) has

Boer leaders killed at land deal celebration • Battle of Blood River – Boers win

Shaka Zulu, king of all Zulus from 1818-1828:

Unifier of Zulu Empire


1833 – 1840:The Great Trek

The Voortrekkers create two “Boer Republics”:

Orange Free StateTransvaal

British Sugar Plantations

1843: British annex NatalZulu refuse to work for the British1860’s: British bring indentured servants from India

We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave

labor that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also

provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories.

Cecil John Rhodes


1869GOLD is found in the interior by the Boers!

1870DIAMONDS are found in the interior by the Boers!

Timeline of South Africa1869-70

British use force to gain control over the gold and diamond sources and use cheap black labor in the mines, angering the Boers

Timeline of South Africa1879: Zulu and British forces clash at Battle of Isandlwana - British lose, with 1400 soldiers killed

● 40,000 British reinforcements sent

● Zululand comes under British control

● Zulu men begin to work at British mines

Kimberly Diamond Mine, 1780s

1889: Cecil Rhodes controls 90% of the world'sDiamond supply

1890: Cecil Rhodes becomes Prime Minister ofthe British Cape Colony, dials back political rightsfor nonwhites


The BOER WARWar between British and Boers

British wanted to unify territories; Boers wanted freedom from British

Timeline of South Africa1899 – 1902: The BOER WAR

In their effort to win, the British:• scorched the Boer’s earth (farms), and• put many Boers in concentration camps


1910South Africa gains its independence from Britain: Union of South Africa

Guess who has power?

English and Dutch are the official languages


1912African National Congress formed• Africans fight back

politically• Organized labor

strikes


1912African National Congress formed• Africans fight back

politically• Use non-violence

methods inspired by Gandhi

Gandhi as a lawyer in Durban and Johannesburg


1910-1948New Segregation Policies:• All nonwhites

must carry pass books


1910-1948New Segregation Policies:

Natives’ Land Act (1913) prevents native Africans from owning their own land

Growing Afrikaner Nationalism• Grows during 1930’s and 40’s• Anti-British• Anti-Black• Religious and intellectual movement

Timeline of South Africa1948

Afrikaner National Party wins election

Dr. Daniel Malan wins by uniting Afrikaners of all classes – theme of white supremacy


1948Afrikaner National Party wins election.APARTHEID is the law of the land

Timeline of South AfricaStarting 170,000 years ago

Modern people (Homo sapiens) populate the southern part of the African Continent

Timeline of South AfricaApartheid = legal segregation of races in South Africa; “apartness” (pronounced “apart – hate”)● Interracial couples banned● Forced registration by color● Limits on education for Black

people● Forced resettlement of Black

people in nine small “homelands”

● Job discrimination required


● Sharpeville Massacre, 1960: Unarmed “pass card” protestors shot by police – 68 dead

● The ANC is outlawed● ANC goes underground● ANC leader Nelson

Mandela is jailed in 1964 for treason

Timeline of South Africa● 1976: Soweto uprising

● Black high school students protest forced instruction in Afrikaans

Hector Peterson, 13

● Police open fire on protestors, killing 23 people (mostly high school students)

● Uprisings sparked across the country, leaving over 1000 dead

Timeline of South Africa● International outrage builds with sanctions and

boycotts, South African Economy suffers● 1989: FW DeKlerk becomes President, begins

negotiations to end Apartheid

Timeline of South AfricaApartheid remained law in South Africa until 1994, when Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa

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