THE SHADOW THE SHADOW OF WAROF WAR

International Affairs International Affairs

1921-19411921-1941A26qA26q7.3.207.3.20

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

● How and for what How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between policy change between 1920 and 1941? 1920 and 1941?

(To what extent did the United (To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?)in the 1920s and 1930s?)

U.S. Foreign Policy to WWIU.S. Foreign Policy to WWI

● isolationismisolationism● nationalismnationalism

● internationalisminternationalism

DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: ENGAGEMENT WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTSENGAGEMENT WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTS

● Peace with Germany, 1921 Peace with Germany, 1921 ● League of Nations League of Nations - “unofficial observers”- “unofficial observers”

● Washington Conference Washington Conference (1922)(1922) Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 Four-Power TreatyFour-Power Treaty Nine-Power TreatyNine-Power Treaty – “Open Door” in China– “Open Door” in China Significance: Significance: battleships and aircraft carriers battleships and aircraft carriers

only; no enforcement mechanismonly; no enforcement mechanism

● Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris)(Pact of Paris) (1928)(1928) Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement

mechanismmechanism

● Fordney-McCumber Tariff Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)(1922)

● Dawes Plan Dawes Plan (1924)(1924)

DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930s: DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930s: FROM ENGAGEMENT TO ISOLATIONISMFROM ENGAGEMENT TO ISOLATIONISM

● Manchuria Manchuria (1931)(1931) - “Stimson Doctrine” - “Stimson Doctrine” (1932)(1932) ● Hoover – Hoover – troops out of Haiti troops out of Haiti (1932),(1932), Nicaragua Nicaragua (1933)(1933)

● ““Good Neighbor Policy” Good Neighbor Policy” 1933 – US renounced intervention 1933 – US renounced intervention (Roosevelt Corollary)(Roosevelt Corollary) 1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti 1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti 1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment 1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead 1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead

armed interventionarmed intervention

● U.S. recognized the Soviet Union U.S. recognized the Soviet Union (1933)(1933)

● World Economic (London) Conference World Economic (London) Conference (1933)(1933)

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARFROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR● Nye Committee Nye Committee (1934)(1934) ● Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937

● German aggression German aggression 1935 – compulsory 1935 – compulsory

military service; air military service; air force and armored force and armored divisionsdivisions

Rhineland, 1936 Rhineland, 1936 Austria, 1938Austria, 1938

● Munich Conference Munich Conference (Sept 1938)(Sept 1938) appeasementappeasement

● March 1939 – March 1939 – Germany took Germany took remainder of remainder of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARFROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR● Nazi-Soviet Non-Nazi-Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact Aggression Pact (August (August

1939)1939) ● Invasion of Poland Invasion of Poland (Sept 1, (Sept 1,

1939)1939)

● blitzkrieg blitzkrieg Denmark Denmark NorwayNorway FranceFrance DunkirkDunkirk

● Battle of Battle of Britain Britain (Aug. 1940 – (Aug. 1940 – June 1941)June 1941)

● Invasion Invasion of Soviet of Soviet Union Union (June 1941)(June 1941)

●

● Soviet AggressionSoviet Aggression Eastern PolandEastern Poland (Sept 1939)(Sept 1939) Latvia, Estonia, LithuaniaLatvia, Estonia, Lithuania (1940)(1940)

● ““moral embargo” moral embargo” against USSRagainst USSR

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARFROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR● FDR’sFDR’s “Quarantine” speech “Quarantine” speech (1937(1937, , after Japanese invasion of China)after Japanese invasion of China)

● ““PreparednessPreparedness””

● Change in US Policy Change in US Policy Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted

no part in war no part in war FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began

chipping away at neutrality legislation any way chipping away at neutrality legislation any way he could to assist GBhe could to assist GB

● cash-and-carry policy cash-and-carry policy (1939)(1939)

● Selective Service Act Selective Service Act (Sept 1940)(Sept 1940) ● Destroyers for Bases Deal Destroyers for Bases Deal

(Sept 1940)(Sept 1940)

● Election of 1940 Election of 1940 Wendall WillkieWendall Willkie Anti-Third Term Buttons, Anti-Third Term Buttons,

19401940

Gallup Polls: European War and World War 1938Gallup Polls: European War and World War 1938––19401940

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARFROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR

● ““Arsenal of Democracy” Arsenal of Democracy” ● Lend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act (March (March

1941)1941) ● America First Committee America First Committee ● ““shoot on sight” shoot on sight” (July 1941)(July 1941) ● Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter (Aug 1941)(Aug 1941)

America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)

Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 Charter Meeting, 1941 (Franklin D. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)Roosevelt Library)

Japanese Aggression 1931-1941Japanese Aggression 1931-1941

Japanese Aggression through 1941Japanese Aggression through 1941

FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARFROM ISOLATIONISM TO WARDISPUTES WITH JAPAN DISPUTES WITH JAPAN

● economic pressure on Japan economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil)(steel, oil)● Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)(Dec 7 1941)

2400 killed (over 1100 on 2400 killed (over 1100 on ArizonaArizona), 1200 wounded; ), 1200 wounded; 20 warships sunk or severely damaged; 150 planes 20 warships sunk or severely damaged; 150 planes

destroyeddestroyed

The The U.S.S. West VirginiaU.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor, Pearl Harbor(U.S. Army)(U.S. Army)

FDR before FDR before Congress Congress asking for a asking for a Declaration of Declaration of War against War against Japan, Dec. 8, Japan, Dec. 8, 19411941

Japanese Japanese Expansion Expansion and Early and Early Battles in Battles in the Pacificthe Pacific