The ShockWave Power™ Technologygy

“Controlled cavitation technology for scale-free heating and increased mass transfer applications

in pulping and recovery applications”

HDI Outline

• Introduction to Cavitation Technology

• Advantages to Conventional Technology

• Applications to Pulp and Paper

HDI Company Highlights

H d D i I27

19

441

441

75

20

85

59

Athens

Atlanta

Rome

Cornella

Hydro Dynamics Inc.• Located in Rome, Georgia

P t t d C it ti T h l

441

19

19

27

82

27

82

82

341

341

1 301

301

84

8484 319

82

1129

1

75

75

16

16

20

20

185

95

85

Bainbridge

Macon

Albany

Augusta

Columbus

Savannah

Moul-trie

Tifton

Blakely

Cuthbert

CordeleMcRae

Douglas

La Grange

Ameri-cus

Milledgeville

DublinOakPark

Lyons

Dorchester

Waycross Bruns-wickPearson

StatesboroSwainsboro

Griffin

Madison

• Patented Cavitation Technology - Scale-Free Heating- The Next Generation Mixing Technology

- Process Intensification

441ValdostaThomasville

- Process Acceleration- Increase mass transfer- Convert Batch to Continuous

P d t C tl I t ll d i M M k t• Products Currently Installed in Many Markets- Many Industries- International installs- Fortune 500 companies- Testing at major universities

HDI A New Tool

HDI Cavitation – A Powerful Force…

• Cavitation is the sudden formation ShockWave Exampleand collapse of low-pressure bubbles in liquids by means of mechanical forces.

ShockWave Example

• The bubbles release an energy wave into the surrounding liquid.

Thi i l• This energy wave is commonly known as a shockwave.

As a cavitation bubble implodes, a shockwave is released

• Uncontrolled, cavitation can be very destructive to process equipment such asprocess equipment such as pump impellers.

HDICavitation Induced

ShockwaveShockwave

HDI The Shockwave Power™ Reactor

HDI ShockWave Power™

Wh t i it?• What is it?– A Patented Breakthrough Technology

Based on “Controlled Cavitation”Based on Controlled Cavitation

• How is it Produced?– The Dynamic Action within the

ShockWave Power™ Reactor

• What can it be used for?– Scale-Free Heatingg– Microscopic Mixing

HDI The SPRHow We Control CavitationHow We Control Cavitation

CavitationCavity Cavitation

Rotor

Cavity

• The heart of the technology is a specialized rotor with cavities

• The spinning action generates h d d i it ti ithi thhydrodynamic cavitation within the cavities away from the metal surfaces.

• The Cavitation is controlled thereforeHousing

Liquid• The Cavitation is controlled, therefore

there is no damage.• Video www.hydrodynamics.com/technology

HDIShockWave Power™ Reactor

Controlled Cavitation Demonstration

HDIIntrinsic Value:

Scale-Free HeatingScale Free Heating

Cool

Even Heating

N H t C ldCool • No Hot or Cold Spots

• No Heat TransferNo Heat Transfer Surfaces

• No Scorching

Hot

• Pinpoint Temperature Control

ConventionalControlledCavitationConventional

HeatingCavitation

HDIIntrinsic Value:

Microscopic Mixingp g

Conventional Mixing Cavitation Increases Surface Contact Area

Two materials are chopped into microscopic sizes and intimately blended in the SPR.

The powerful forces of cavitation produce results that far exceed th f ti l t h lCavitation allows for

more Intimate Mixingthose of conventional technology using blades or other means.

HDI Mixing Comparison

C t t (k ) 1/Contactor (kLa), 1/s

Mechanically Agitated Tank 0.02 – 0.2

Jet Loop 0.01 – 2.2Jet Loop 0.01 2.2

Tubular/Venturi Ejector 0.1 - 3

Quantum™ Mixer 0.05 – 1.1

SPR 0.9 – 5.2

KLa is a mixing constant and a good measure of mixing ability

The SPR has a proven ability to mix liquids and The SPR has a proven ability to mix liquids and gases that surpasses conventional technology

HDI SPR Comparison to Static Mixer and HomogenizerStatic Mixer and Homogenizer

Mixing color with viscous liquidsMixing color with viscous liquids

StaticMixer ShockWave Power Reactor Homogenizer

HDI Advantages of Cavitation

• Scale-Free Heating to reduce foulingScale Free Heating to reduce fouling• Microscopic Mixing• Process Intensification• Reduction of Reaction Times

H thi l t l d ?How can this apply to pulp and paper?

HDI Pulp and Paper Applications

Black Liquor Recovery Area• Heating Prior to the Evaporatorg p• Heating Prior to the Boiler• Concentration • Oxidation

• Heat Value Reduction• Polishing• Scale Reduction

• Viscosity Reduction• Atomization at the Boiler

Recovery After the Boiler• White Liquor

• OxidationFiber Area

Environmental • Dissolved Air Flotation Fiber Area

• Bleaching• Oxygen delignification• Ozone• Chlorine Dioxide

• Dissolved Air Flotation• Oxidation

Paper Machine• Emulsification of Sizing• Hydration of Dry Additives Chlorine Dioxide

• Peroxide• Refining• De-inking• Dissolved Air Flotation

• Hydration of Dry Additives

Biofuels• Biodiesel From Tall Oil• Cellulosic Ethanol

Bl k LiBlack Liquor TechnologyTechnology

HDI Black Liquor Preheating by Oxidation to Reduce ScalingReduce Scaling

What is it:B idi i N S d By oxidizing Na2S and Organic Compounds in black liquor, the temperature of the temperature of the liquor is increased past the point where the calcium carbonate the calcium carbonate scaling occurs.

Benefits:• Reduced Scaling• If the evaporators are

a bottleneck, a mill can Dr. Verrill’s paper to be presented at the TAPPI Fall 2003 Conference Heating Black Liq or b Partial

18

increase production 1% to 4%.

2003 Conference – Heating Black Liquor by Partial Oxidation with Controlled Cavitation as a Means to

Reduce Evaporator Fouling

HDI Black Liquor Heat Value Reduction

What is it:6200

6300

Oxidize Na2S & Organics in black liquor to increased throughput

b il 5900

6000

6100

6200

u/lb

BLS

recovery boiler.

Benefits:• Increased Black 5600

5700

5800

5900

ing

valu

e, B

tu• Increased Black

Liquor Solids Burned• Decreased Scaling• If the boiler is a

5400

5500

5600H

eat

If the boiler is a bottleneck, a mill can increase production by 1.5% - 5% or Dr Frederick’s paper presented to the International

5300

Residence Time

ymore.

Dr. Frederick s paper presented to the International Chemical Recovery Conference – Economic Benefits of Utilizing Controlled Cavitation Technology for Black Liquor Oxidation and Heating

HDI Black Liquor Polishing

What is it: Typical Sulfide Concentration Profile Oxidize Na2S in the Black Liquor after the oxidation towers.

25

30

g/l

Reactor volume: 1.92 galLiquor Flow Rate: 19 gal/minRotor Speed: 1750 rpm

Benefits:•Overcome inefficiencies

f id ti t t

15

20

Na2

Con

c, g

of oxidation towers to fully oxidize the Black Liquor efficiently•Reduce TRS in air 0

5

10Ex

it N

Reduce TRS in air emissions from boiler 0

Time, Sec.

51 2 3 4

HDI Internal Test

HDI Polishing Plant Trial Comparison

• Reaction is exothermic so temperature rise can

Oxidation Comparison

8 0

9.0

10.0O2 Flow = 1400 SCFH

temperature rise can be used to show extent of reaction.

4 0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

xida

tion

(o F)

ShockWave Power Generator

• All cavitation heat has been subtracted

• Much less oxygen 0 0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

T

Ox

Serpentine Reactor

Much less oxygen required

0.0900 1100 1300 1500 1700

RPM

HDI Plant Trial

Whit LiWhite Liquor TechnologyTechnology

HDI White Liquor Oxidation

What is it:O idi ed hite liq or• Oxidized white liquor oxidation is often used as a caustic source in a mill.

Benefits:• A readily available andA readily available and

cheap source of caustic for the plant.

• Can be used for oxygen ygdelignification

HDI White Liquor Results (Partial)

Partial Oxidation (250 F/100 PSI)

35000

40000

45000

SulfideThiosulfateSulfate

25000

30000

35000

g/kg

10000

15000

20000

mg

0

5000

Partial 0 min Partial 5 min Partial 10 min Partial 15 min Partial 30 min

Time

HDI Internal Test

HDI White Liquor Results (Full)

Full Oxidation (300 F/300 PSI)

50000

60000SulfideThiosulfateSulfate

30000

40000

g/kk

20000

30000

mg

0

10000

Full 0 min Full 5 min Full 10 min Full 15 mn Full 30 min

Time

HDI Internal Test

O2 DeligO2 DeligTechnologygy

HDI Oxygen Delignification

What is it: Oxygen Delignification is the

removal of lignin from pulp fibers through the reaction

Oxidation of Pulp

35

40

45

with environmentally friendly oxygen.

15

20

25

30

35

% O

xida

tion

ShockWave Power Reactor

Benefits: O2 delig is normally very

costly and capital intensive0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% Conventional Technology

Reaction Goal (35%)

costly and capital intensive. Cavitations offers potential

for faster reaction in smaller footprint resulting in capital

Time (minutes)

Comparison of Lab SPR to Parr Bomb Reactor

footprint resulting in capital savings.

HDI Placement in Process

The SPR can be used Balance of

New Installation – Small Tower

The SPR can be used as a new O2 system, with or without towers,

Digester

WasherO2

SmallWasher

Balance ofbleaching

or as a retrofit to an existing system

SPR

S aTower

Digester Tower

Balance ofbleaching

Retrofit-Mixer Replacement

Digester

Balance ofbleaching

New Installation – No Tower

WasherO2 Washer Washer

O2 Washer

Mixer SPR

HDI Lab Parr Bomb Results

40

30

35

40

20

25

30

atio

n (%

)

10

15

20

Del

igni

fica

SPR10 minutes4% Consit3.5% NaOH

Conventional60 minutes10% Cosist3.5% NaOH

Conventional22 minutes4% Consist3.5% NaOH

0

5

90 PSI90 C

90 psi90 C

90 psi90 C

Tests

HDI Plant Trial MCOD Conditions

• 24 TPD Pilot Trial24 TPD Pilot Trial• HWD after DD washers• Impact on Fiber Propertiesp p

• 8-10% Consistency1 8% Caustic on Pulp• 1.8% Caustic on Pulp

• 2.0% Oxygen on Pulp• At least 190 FAt least 190 F• In Line Pressure of 90 psi• 5 Minute Retention Time

Medium Consistency Batch

HDI Delignification

40

30

35

ifica

tion

20

25

ent D

elig

n

10

15

Perc

e

11 13 15 17

Starting Kappa Number

Dr. Hart’s paper to be presented at the TAPPI 2005 Bleaching Conference – Medium Consistency Oxygen Delignification

HDI Residence Time - HWD

40

35

25

30

Del

ig %

20

150 5 10 15 20 25

Time

Dr. Hart’s paper to be presented at the TAPPI 2005 Bleaching Conference – Medium Consistency Oxygen Delignification

HDI Delta K 30 sec

5

4

2

3

a K

30

sec

y = 0.538x - 5.5899R2 = 0.3281

0

1

Del

ta

-1

010 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Starting K

Dr. Hart’s paper to be presented at the TAPPI 2005 Bleaching Conference – Medium Consistency Oxygen Delignification

HDI Brightness

55

50

55

s (%

)

45

Brig

htne

ss

35

40GE

B

350 5 10 15 20

Reaction Time (min)

Dr. Hart’s paper to be presented at the TAPPI 2005 Bleaching Conference – Medium Consistency Oxygen Delignification

HDI Other Results

• No negative strength impact compared to conventionalNo negative strength impact compared to conventional.• Achieve up to 25% delignification without retention tanks.• 10 to 15 minutes residence time achieves 40% to 50%

delignification.• Use for both MC and LC pulps.• Potential to use existing caustic/washing (Wingems).• Results are pulp specific, but can save several $/ton.

HDI How Does it Work?

The SPR is a world class mixer for liquids and gases Delivers small bubble size for increased mass transfer Ultrasonic effect to open fiber pores to allow chemical

t ttransport

Additional BenefitsAdditional Benefits Low energy cost (0.07 HP/gal) Small footprintp

Extracting More Lignin

Lignin

g g

Oxygen

We start with fiber containing entrapped lignin

The SPR exposes the mixture of fibers and oxygen to shockwaves, which help to push the oxygen much deeper into the fiber

When the pressure wave contracts, the fragmented lignin is pulled from the fiber

System Robustness

System RobustnessSystem Robustness

HDI Conclusions

• Cavitation has many potential areas of use in y pthe pulp and paper industry.

• The scale-free heating and gas-liquid mixingThe scale free heating and gas liquid mixing capabilities make it an excellent candidate for use on black liquor.q

• Cavitation is also very well suited for enhancing oxygen delignification throughenhancing oxygen delignification through process intensification and increased mass transfer.

• Cavitation is a powerful tool for fluid processing

HDI Acknowledgements

• MeadWestvaco Corporation• MeadWestvaco Corporation• Dan Armstead• Peter Hart• BOC• IPST• IPST

The ShockWave Power™ Technologygy

Contact: Douglas G. MancoskyHydro Dynamics IncHydro Dynamics Inc.8 Redmond Court NWRome, Georgia 30165 USAwww.hydrodynamics.comTel: (706) 234-4111Toll Free: (877) 493-7639