indekiler/ 'ontents

n Sz 6Preface

Mehmed Niyazinin Sunu Yazs 12Presentation bxj Mehmed Nijazi

Tarih ve ada lrk Corafyas 16Historical and Modern Turkisl Geography

Orta Asyada Trkler 20Trks in Central Asia

Kafkaslar, dil Yayk ve Karadenizin Kuzeyiyle Balkanlarda Trkler................... 28Trks in tle Caucass, o f d-Yayk and North ofthe Black Sea and Batkam

Yakn Dou, Gney Kafkasya ve Anadoluda Lrkler 34Trks in tle Near East, South Caucass and Anatolia

Aratrmann Teorik ve Yntem erevesi 44The Tleoretical and Procedural Tramezvork of tle Research

Bu Aratrma Nasl B alad ve D evam Etti ?.............................................. ............ 47Hozv Did Tlis Study Start and Hom Did It Contime?

Aratrma Alan ve Amac 54Field of Research and Its Goal

Aratrmann Yntemi 56Research Metlod

D ou ve B at S anat 5 8Tastm and Western Art

Kltr Kavram, Kltr Teorileri ve Yeni Bir Yaklam 68The Cocept ofCulture, Tleories on Cltre and a Nezo Approach

Kltr Kavram ve Yeni Bir Bak ..... ................................................68The Cocept of Cltre and a Nem Aspect

Kltr Teorilerinin Eletirisi ve Yeni Bir Kltr Teorisi 72Criticisms of Tleories o f Cltre and a Nezo Theory of Cltre

Sosyo-Kltrel Genetik Teorisi 82Socio-Cultural Genetics Tleonj

Kaya Resimleri, Damga Kavram ve Trk Alfabesi ........... ................................86Rock Paintigs, tle Cocept of Damga and tle Turkisl Alplabet

Gsterge Dili Olarak Damgalar 112Damgan as an lndication of Language

Ko Ba Damgalarnn S osyo-Kltrel nemi 124Socio-Cultural Significance of Ram Head Damgas

Mezar ve Mezarlardaki Damgalar ......................................................138Damgas on Graves and Tombstones

S anat ve D analar Neyi Anlatr ? ......................................................150W ha t do Art and Damgas Teli us ?

Sanat ve Sosyo-Kltrel Zihniyet ................................................. 156Art and Socio-Ctltral Mentality

Sanat ve Din ...................................................................................160Art and Religiot

Sanat ve Sosyoloji ........ ...............................................................166Art and Sociology

Hal ve Kilim Sanat Niin nemlidir? ......................................................... 170Why are Carpet and Rg Arts Important?

Hal ve Kilim Sanatnn Tarihi............................................................................................................ 178History o f Carpet and Rg Arts

Tarih Kaynak Olarak Etnografya Eserleri ............ ...................................... 198Ethnograpl Artfiacts as Historical Sources

Damgalar isimlendirmek ve Anlamlandrmak Mmkn m ? 204Is it Possible to Name and give meanings to Damgas?

Sonu 208Resdts

zet 214Sunnary

Aratrmann Maddi B elgeleri/Ala terial Documents of Research................... 217

Maddi Belgelerdeki Damgalarn Karlatrlmas 217Comparision of Damgas on Material Documents

Mezar ve Mezar Talarndaki Damgalar 351Damgas on Tonbs and Tombstones

Kitap Kapaklarndaki Damgalar/Dattgas on Book Covers..................................... ............ 375

Paralardaki Damgalar/Damgas on Money.................................................. .............................. 381

Tarih Belgeler// listory of Material Documents................................................. .......................... 391

Genel Kaynaka/General Sorces........................................................... .................... 403Damgalar Dizmi/Index of Damgas................................................................................................... 415

Kelimeler Dizini 425lndex ofWords

THE S I L E N T L A N G U A G E OF H I S T O R Y DA M GA S

ResultsMost zuritten sorces regarding tle tale of'long ear' evaluate Kurds as a tribe o f

Persians (Farsllor). Hozuever, Kurds used tle Turkisl knot (doble krot) and Turk- isl damgas (symnetric) instead o f tle Persiar krot (sigle knot) and Persian damgas (asymmetric), in otler zuords plart and animal figres. It is not possible for tlis to be a coincidence, nar is it possible to explain Ilis by interaction.

izim 34 izim 159Fotoraf 24: Ayn damgalar farkl adlandrlmtr. izim 34: Akrep; izim: 159: imkubik (Karahan, Dnden Bugne Hakkri Kimleri, s. 61, s. 68) Ko boynuzu, Kurtaz (Bir valiliin eseri).

Photo 24: Same damgas were named. Draving 34: Akrep(Scorpion); Draaing: 159: imkubik (Karahan, Dnden Bugne H akkri Kimleri, s. 61, s. 68) Ko boynuzu; Kurtaz (The work o f a governor).

Despite tlefact tlat as in tle past, today man/ Turkisl and Kurdisl grops live zuitl Persians, tle dominant damgas used on carpets-rgs are not Persian damgas but Turkisl damgas. The pictures ofcarpets and ngs in tlis study lave been closen rardomly to reflect a Mstoricl ancient reality. I think rardomly closen carpet and rg damgas tuill give enogl Information for tlose zulo are interested. Also there are studies approving our opinions and givirg more information and pictures abot tle damgas used in Kurdisl and Persian carpets in Iran321.

Turkisl and Kurdisl damgas identified zvith fici d studies in a geograplical area lying fron Altai to Kosovo are more tln similar, they are tle same. n exclange, tle fact tlat tle figres used by Slavs and Persians are different gives inportant clues abot tle subject. ver stcl a zuide geograply, regardless o f tle effect ofcom - munication tools, tle usage o f tle same damgas on tombstones, places o f zuork and mnusement, on carpets-rgs, and making tlese a part ofdaily lives canrot be a reslt o f a coincidence. On tlis subject Rothacker say s tlat "eacl nation, civilization has

321- HULL; BARNARD: Persian Kilims.-YASSAVOLI: Persian Rugs And Carpets -SOURESFAFIL: Na'in Carpet-ASCHENBRENNER: ranian Tozun & Village Carpets and Rugs -AZADI: Tribal and Village Rugs From Farsh -TANAVOL: Rustic & Tribal VVeaves Far om W ar amin

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THE S I L E N T L A N G U A G E OF H I S T O R Y DA M GA S

its ozon special behavior and tley are sirictly committed to their behaviors" 322. It veans tlat each natior creates its ozon behavior ver time and they stick to tlat to a great degree. More ver, tle most conservative structre o f a cltre is seen in its traditional cultrai factors.

We cannot examine a socio-cultural phenomeron by isolatirg tle factors affectirg it. Tlis nderstanding is partially valid for tle physical zvorld. While interpreting a socio-cultural event zoe slould collaborate zuitl every disciple ofsocial and lman sciences and make itse o f tleir opportunities. Otherzaise, tle studies zvill be lacking or insufficient. For exanple, in a treatise prepared by G. Erbek named "Anadolu Motifleri Sergisi" (Anatolian Motifs Exlibition), and in tle treatise zuritter by tle same athor bt published by his zuife M. Erbek because o f his death, called atal- hyiikten Gnmze Anadolu Motifleri (Anatolia (Anadolu)n Motifs from atal- hyk to Today)323 tle damgas on Anatolian carpets are said to be similar to sone ethnographic materials fond at atalkyiik rear Konya, Ahlatlbel near Ankara, Gordilim, tle Capital o f Frigia in Polatl, and tlose fond in Karatai Samahyk, and Alacahyk. n addition, Erbek tried to explain tlem in tlis zaay as historical sources o f tle stanps on sone ethnographic traces o f Anatolia. It is said tlat they are historical sources o f damgas fond in varios ethnographic materials.

Hoza could tle above viezas explain tle fact tlat tle figres used on carpets and rugs in Trkey are also seen as traditions in G,reat Trkistan? Besides, lozu can zoe explain thefact tlat zoe see lard on zoaist, ram lorn, plentifness and eross figres on ancient Turkisl ethnographic materials and tle sage ofthese damgas today on Turkisl ethnographic materials?

The information listory gives us is tlat Turkisl tribes passed aeross Anatolia in ancient times but they did not stay for long. Herodotus and tle ores after Mm gave us information abot tle traces o f Trks in Anatolia. What is more, similar behavior in rock paintings in Anatolia and Altai and Central Asin, and lman shaped states, balbals fond in Mardin and Hakkari bear zoitness tlat tle Trks existed in Anatolia (Anadolu) BC.

Yldrm says tle follozoing abot tlis subject mitli reference to Antakya Ya'kubi patriarch Miclel Le Syrien, "Trks came to Anatolia and tle Balkans zohen tle tribes, zuhose governmental order had beer corrupted, called for lelp and tlem lejft as soon as they set tle governments p and runnig"324. Grousset says, "We see Sc/th-

322- ROTHACKER: Tarihte Gelime ve Krizler, s. 11.

323- ERBEK, G: Anadolu Motifleri Sergisi.-ERBEK, G: Anatolia (Anadolu)n Kilims.-ERBEK, M ; atalhyk'ten Gnmze Anadolu Motifleri.

324- YILDIRIM: [Ergenekon]= lErkin Kn] m?, s. 73.

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ians, zulo ended tle domination ofKinmers by tle Northern Black Sea in Anatolia arond 900-750 BC. Hozuever tle majority o f Scythian/Saka tribes stayed by tle Altai montainside and in valleys ofKashgar and Fergana"325.

Most cultral factors o f Scythians like beliefs, clothing, and traditions regarding deatl and ha ir siyi es are tle same as tlose o f tle Hnns. For exanple, tle Scythians used skezubacks. Skezubacks zuere used in Altai saddles. The Greeks and Roman ians learned abot skezubacks from tle Avars in tle VI. Century. Apartfrom tlese, Scythians put on trosers mitile riding lorses jst like tle Hns, zulile tle itimse and Mediterranean tribes pt on loose robes326. Also, as zoe mentioned earlier, tle traditional beverage o f tle Scythians zuas Kimiz, jst like tle Trks and Mongols.

People zulo are committed to their traditions are closed to tle oter zuorld. They believe tlat i f they accepted otler people's cultral vnlues, God zuould ptnish tlem. For tlis reason, peoples zulo lave tle least interaction zuitl otler folks are tlose zulo are strictly committed to their traditions. Beyord being a zuork or art, damgas on carpets and rocks, architecilimi structures, various hotse tools, tombstones and similar ethnographic materials are alnost tle langage ofhistorical documents expressing socio-cultural life and social history. Because tlese "scripts" are not zuritten by gov- ernmental agercies, they express tle prest emotiors and thoughts o f people. For tlis reason, historians and tlose zulo stdy socio-cultural corcepts shouldfirst evahmte ethnographic materials like carpets, rugs and tombstones; because tlese are simple historical sorces zithot official thoughts and information.

In snmary, tle follozuing lave been determined in tlis stdy:

- In field studies I conducted in tle geography lyingfrom Tva to Kosovo, it zuas fond tlat Trks and Kurds used tle same damgas on zuritten treatises and ethnographic documents.

- It is expressed zuitl reference to zuritten and visal documents tlat tle sorces o f statues or damgas zuitl ram-sheep teads zulich trailed us are in Altai and Mongolia.

-Accepting tlat tle first examples o f ram-sheep statues zu er e fond in Altai and Mongolia, it is revealed tlat sone examples o f tlese statues are fond in Altai, tle Turkisl Republics, tle Balkans and tle last examples zuere fond in Tunceli.

- The first sorces ofBalbals, in otler zuords lman slaped tombstones, are also in Altai and Mongolia and zue sazu examples o f tlese in or field o f stdy. Moreover, it is said tlat Trks moved South o f tle River Tuna in tle 1/ century. Hozuever, three325- GROUSSET: Bozkr imparatorluu Attila/Cengiz Han/Timur, s. 25-26.

326- GROUSSET: Bozkr mparatorluu Attila/Cengiz Han/Timur, s. 26,38-40.

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balbals datirg back to tle III. Century CE zuere fond in tle Vardar region in Mac- edoria and tley are eshibited in skiip Musem. With reference to tlis, zoe stated tlat Trks moved sottl o f tle Tuna before 1/. Century CE. Ir tlis zuay, zoe expressed tle importance ofusing msual traces in listory zuriting.

- Tle most affectirg materials in tlis stdy are ethnographic materials fond in Tunceli and Hakkari. As is krozon, because o f tleir geograplical structure, tlese cit- ies don't lave mucl population clnnge. It is very inportart tlat tle damgas used on carpets-rgs in tlese cities are used tle same zoay in tle Turkisl cultral geographi- cal area zohich extends to Sberia.

SummaryTraditional cultral factors slould be firstly exained dit ring cultral research

because tle athentic structure o f a cltre is seen and hidden here. The main subject o fou r stdy zoas ardeological and ethnographic cultral factors like carpets-rgs, gravesltombstones and tle damgas on them. Tlese factors give very important nes- sages to cltre research er s tlat people zoitl no ideo- logical background, zulo are mostly illiterate and moreover zulo speak dif- ferent langages in a zuide geograplical region itse tle same damgas and cultral factors. Ir order to read and understand tlese messag- es, damga and tle cultral zuorld o f Altai and Mongolia (Moolistan) slould be examined. Especially, it is impossible to understand damgas on carpets-rgs, tombstones slapes as ram-sheep statues or tombstones zuitl lorse leads or balbals, in otler zuords lman slaped tombstones in Trkey.

Trks, from time to time, charged their langages, alphabets, religions, physical geographies and states but tley rever charged their damgas. Hozuever, durirg his- torical process, they nade nezu additiors to their damgas. As nezo families and tribes came abot they started to itse nezo damgas. Therefore, it is possible to learn Turkisl listory and social geography through trailirg damgas.

Fotoraf 27: Tunceli/Tirkiye; Kzlorda/Kazakistan; Ta Ouz Trkmenistan.

Photo 27: Tunceli/ Turkey; Kizilorda/Kazakhstan; Tashoguz/Turkmenistan

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01The Silent Language of History Damgas02The Silent Language of History Damgas gh0304The Silent Language of History Damgas