The Six KingdomsThe Six KingdomsArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

11. Archaebacteria. ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteExtremophylesAncestors of all eukaryotes

2. Eubacteria2. EubacteriaProkaryotesMost common bacteriaLive in most habitatsAncestors of chloroplasts

and mitochondria

3. Protista3. ProtistaMuch diversityNo organ systemsMoist environmentsMost single celled some multicelledVarious feeding modalities:Only eukaryote kingdom with both

autotroph and heterotrophs

4. Fungi4. FungiEarth’s decomposersMushrooms, yeast, moldsHeterotrophs

Extracellular Digestion

5. Plantae5. PlantaeMulticellularPhotosynthesis/AutotrophsCell walls of celluloseDescended from green

algae

6.6.AnimaliaAnimaliaMulticellularMovementGrowth and developmentHeterotrophsNo cell walls

Largest # of phyla found in seas

Assignment: Due Assignment: Due WednesdayWednesday

Research the meaning of and evidence which supports Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiont Theory. How did chloroplasts and mitochondria originate?

Hand written only—must be neat– Include illustrations or pictures.

– 2 paragraphs minimum

Other writing format option—may write a short story or poem with all of the pertinent information incorporated within.

Ch.18 BACTERIA & Ch.18 BACTERIA & VIRUSESVIRUSES

BACTERIABACTERIASmallestMost diverseOldest life

Identification and classification Identification and classification of bacteria:of bacteria:

ShapeShapeColony ArrangementColony Arrangement

Gram StainingGram Staining

Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes

coccus bacillus

spirillum

Shapes (3)Shapes (3)1. Spherical - cocci

2. Bacilli-Rod-shaped —E. coli

3. Spirili comma or corkskrew

Helicobactor pylori (stomach ulcers)

ArrangementArrangement1. Some form chains:

–Strepto=chain; Streptococcus; sore throats in humans

Arrangements of coloniesArrangements of colonies

2. Some form clusters.

Staphylo = cluster of grapes.

Example: Staphylococcus; live on skin.

Bacteria-characteristicsBacteria-characteristics Prokaryote-no nucleus

No membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Body PlanProkaryotic Body Plan

Bacterial Structures & FunctionsBacterial Structures & FunctionsDNA-1 circular molecule

Ribosomes-

Cell Membrane-

Cell Wall-Protection & Structure-made of unique polysaccharides.

Flagella- Locomotion-movement

Plasmid-Small ring of extra DNA

Pili-attachment

Gram StainingGram Staining

Gram Staining-lab procedureGram Staining-lab procedureGram PositiveGram Positive— — Purple

One THICK Cell wall OrGram Negative-PinkGram Negative-Pink- - 2 cell walls layers;

stain can’t penetrate.

Antibiotic resistant; 75% of all bacteria

Cell Wall DifferencesCell Wall Differences

Gram-negative– 2-layered cell wall– Inner THIN layer of peptidoglycan; and an

– lipid complex molecules.

Gram-positive bacteria possess ONE thick peptidoglycan cell wall

The “accidental discovery”The “accidental discovery”

Alexander Flemming 1928– Penicillin –first antibiotic – Gram positive

How Antibiotics work: interrupt cellular processes– Especially: interfere with bacteria’s ability to make

cell walls

,,

Discovery of Penicillin British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin in 1928. Penicillin, an important antibiotic derived from mold, is effective against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. It acts by killing bacteria directly or inhibiting their growth.

Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction

BinaryFission:Divide in halfRapid-every 20 min

Binary FissionBinary Fission

Bacteria Genomes Can Change –Bacteria Genomes Can Change –here are 2 wayshere are 2 ways

1. Spontaneous mutation of their DNA

2. Bacterial Conjugation.The sharing of genetic information between 2 bacteria (same or different species)

                                                

How Bacteria Obtain How Bacteria Obtain Nutrients-great diversityNutrients-great diversity

1. Autotrophs-. Autotrophs-Self-feederSelf-feeder (able to make its own food from simple molecules

2. HeterotrophsHeterotrophs-not self-feeders-not self-feeders a) ParasitesParasites-feed off living things

or b) Saprophytes) Saprophytes-(decomposers) feed on

dead stuff

Autotrophs –2 modesAutotrophs –2 modes1) Photosynthesis-

CO2 + sunlight energy own food

Cyanobacteria

2) Chemosynthesis—

CO2 +other energy source (S,N,H) own food

Photosynthetic CyanobacteriaPhotosynthetic Cyanobacteria

2. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs2. Chemosynthetic AutotrophsThe ArchaebacteriaThe Archaebacteria

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Chemosynthetic Autotrophs ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

1.Halophiles-LOVE SALT-Use sulfur – Live in very salty places

2. Thermophiles-LOVE HEAT-Use sulfur – Live in hot springs, hydrothermal vents3.Methanogens- swamps, cow’s stomach

Use Hydrogen ; Produce methane as waste product-

More on Methanogens-More on Methanogens--Strict anaerobes-Found in swamps, marshes,guts of

mammals (us, cows, dogs) and insects- here they digest organic matter.

RESULT IN SWAMP GAS & FLATULENCE

Bacteria and Humans-Bacteria and Humans-Beneficial BacteriaBeneficial Bacteria

1. Nutrient Recyclers-Decompose leaves & other dead organic matter- that return nutrients—like nitrogen to the soil

2. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria-convert Nitrogen into a useable form plants can absorb

3. Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals- source of most antibiotics used today!!

4. Manufacture of food-Cheese, sourdough bread, chocolate,

soy sauce, pickles, yogurt, sour cream, olives, sauerkraut.YUM!!

Bioremediation—clean up oil spillsClean up chemicals from mining of metals

like gold

Bacteria & Humans-Bacteria & Humans-PathogensPathogensPathogen: A disease causing

agent - causes illness by:–Direct damage to host cells

OR– Due to toxins produced

Methods of Transmission- specific to species– Air, water, food, vector (tick, flea), direct

contact through body fluids

Bacteria and Humans-Bacteria and Humans-PathogensPathogens

Tooth Decay- Lactobacillus ferment sugar in mouth; produce acid by-product; breakdown protein in tooth enamel

UlcersTB-Lyme Disease

Controlling Bacterial DiseaseControlling Bacterial DiseasePasteurizationSanitation & Hygiene Wash hands warm, soapy water—esp. before eatingThaw foods in refrigeratorDon’t cross-contaminateCook meat, esp. ground meat well (160 )Cough---Cover mouth

Controlling Bacterial InfectionsControlling Bacterial Infections

Vaccinations- Deactivated microbes or their toxins; immune response make antibodies for future defense.

AntibioticsAntibioticsMost prevent formation of

bacterial cell walls.

Penicillin-accidental discovery 1928- Alexander Flemming.

Produced by Penicillium mold

Gram Staining-lab procedureGram Staining-lab procedure

Gram PositiveGram Positive— — PurpleOne Cell wall

OrGram Negative-PinkGram Negative-Pink- - 2 cell walls; stain

can’t penetrate. Antibiotic resistant; 75% of all bacteria

The “accidental discovery”The “accidental discovery”

Alexander Flemming 1928– Penicillin –first antibiotic – Gram positive

How Antibiotics work: interrupt cellular processes– Especially: interfere with bacteria’s ability to make

cell walls

first antibiotic was___________Alexander Flemming was who?

_______________________________Antibiotics work by interrupting cellular processes

– Especially: interfere with bacteria’s ability to make _______ _______.

What color will gram positive stain:_______

VirusesViruses

Non-living infectious agent.Requires a host----is a parasite.1/10 the size of bacteria.Antibiotics ineffective against.Vaccines

–Measles, polio, smallpox,

Gram StainingGram Staining

Gram negative:_______