The Slave Trade

Africa Unit

How Does The Slave Trade Begin?

How Does The Slave Trade Begin?

But most Native Americans would die from Small Pox. So Europeans…………….

Triangular Slave Trade

Triangular Slave Trade

Manufactured Goods

Guns

Alcohol

Slaves

Tobacco

Cotton

Sugar

Triangular Slave Trade

The Middle Passage

Middle Passage

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Negros for Sale?

• What is the first thought you had when you read this?

• How would a wealthy colonial American have looked at this?

• What would an African think when they saw this?

Ending the Slave Trade

Why was there a slave Why was there a slave trade?trade?

The more slaves you had, the more products you can create.

Why did the slave trade end?

IndustrializationIndustrialization= making things by machine. So now you don’t need large numbers of people to create products.

• 1787 – British set up a colony in West Africa for freed slaves (Sierra Leone)

• Later, free blacks from the US formed Liberia, it became independent in 1847

Age of Imperialism

Africa Unit

Imperialism =(Colonialism) (Colonization)

• “WHEN A MORE POWERFUL NATION TAKES OVER A WEAKER NATION FOR ECONOMIC, STRATEGIC, OR POLITICAL REASONS..”

European ObjectivesEuropean Objectives

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION– Increased demand for resources Increased demand for resources

(coal, iron)(coal, iron)– Increased demand for agricultural Increased demand for agricultural

production in order to have more production in order to have more raw materialsraw materials

European ObjectivesEuropean Objectives

• A port along the West African coastA port along the West African coast• A water route to South Asia and A water route to South Asia and

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia• 1500s—looking for resources (slaves)1500s—looking for resources (slaves)• 1800s—industrial revolution occurs in 1800s—industrial revolution occurs in

EuropeEurope– Increased demand for resources (coal, iron)Increased demand for resources (coal, iron)– Increased demand for agricultural Increased demand for agricultural

production in order to have more raw production in order to have more raw materialsmaterials

Main Cause of African Imperialism

Economic MotivesEconomic Motives

• European factories need raw materials European factories need raw materials to run.to run.

• (Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton / Rubber)(Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton / Rubber)

• These raw materials are found inThese raw materials are found in Africa.

Other Causes of African Imperialism

Political MotivesPolitical Motives

• PrestigePrestige – The more land you control – The more land you control the more powerful you are the more powerful you are

Religious (Spiritual) MotivesReligious (Spiritual) Motives• Christians believed that it was their duty Christians believed that it was their duty

to spread the ideals of Christianityto spread the ideals of Christianity• White Man’s Burden – Duty of the white White Man’s Burden – Duty of the white

race to bring the “race to bring the “superiorsuperior” white ” white culture to non-whitesculture to non-whites

The Berlin Conference 1884

• Representatives Representatives from 14 European from 14 European countries made countries made decisions about decisions about dividing Africadividing Africa

• No African No African representatives representatives werewere invitedinvited oror consultedconsulted

Berlin Conference Results• Superimposed boundaries!Superimposed boundaries!

1.African1.African peoplepeople divideddivided

2.Unified regions2.Unified regions ripped apartripped apart

3. Hostile 3. Hostile societies weresocieties were thrown togetherthrown together

4. Migration4. Migration routesroutes closedclosed offoff

• Africa’sAfrica’s geographicalgeographical divisions and divisions and rivalriesrivalries prevent the Africans from prevent the Africans from cooperating with each other to resistcooperating with each other to resist

COLONIAL POLICIES• Great Britain: “Indirect RuleGreat Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, ” (Ghana,

Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe)Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe)– Indigenous power structures were left Indigenous power structures were left

intact to some degree and local rulers intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown.were made representatives of the crown.

• France: “AssimilationistFrance: “Assimilationist” ” (Senegal, (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast)Mali, Ivory Coast)– Enforced a direct rule which propagated Enforced a direct rule which propagated

the French culture through language, laws, the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)education and dress (acculturation)

COLONIAL POLICIES• Portugal: “Exploitation” Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-(Guinea-

Bissau, Angola, Mozambique)Bissau, Angola, Mozambique)– First to enslave and colonize and one of First to enslave and colonize and one of

the last to grant independencethe last to grant independence

• Belgium: “Paternalistic”Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi)Zaire, Burundi)– Treated Africans as though they were Treated Africans as though they were

children who needed to be tutored in children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them western ways; did not try to make them BelgiumBelgium

– Raw resource oriented; ignored the Raw resource oriented; ignored the development of nativesdevelopment of natives

African Independence

Africa Unit

Steps to African Independence

Steps to African Independence

Kenya Fights for Independence

• In Kenya, white settlers had moved in and In Kenya, white settlers had moved in and displaced African farmers, mostly of the displaced African farmers, mostly of the Kikuyu tribe.Kikuyu tribe.

• Jomo Kenyatta was a spokesman for the Jomo Kenyatta was a spokesman for the Kikuyu and led the movement to get Kikuyu and led the movement to get Europeans off their land.Europeans off their land.

• Kenyatta supported nonviolent methods, Kenyatta supported nonviolent methods, but others turned to but others turned to guerrilla warfare.guerrilla warfare.

• By 1952, they began to attack European By 1952, they began to attack European settlers.settlers.

Kenya Fights for Independence

• The British called the guerrillas Mau Mau and The British called the guerrillas Mau Mau and pictured them as savages.pictured them as savages.

• The British imprisoned Kenyatta and threw The British imprisoned Kenyatta and threw thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.

• The British went on to bomb the Mau Mau The British went on to bomb the Mau Mau fighters, armed only with swords.fighters, armed only with swords.

• The rebels were crushed, but not the freedom The rebels were crushed, but not the freedom movement.movement.

• When the British released Kenyatta in 1963, he When the British released Kenyatta in 1963, he became the first prime minister of an became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya.independent Kenya.

Africa Unit

Origins of Apartheid• 1910 Britain granted South Africa

self-rule

• Whites make up 13% of Africa’s pop.

• 77% are black• 1948 – Nationalist party comes to

power• Supported by white farmers (Boers)• They set up apartheid – rigid

separation of races

The Republic of South Africa

• South Africans were classified as black, white, and “coloured” (mixed)

• Pass laws were created• White only busses, beaches,

bathrooms, restaurants, and schools

• Opposition groups were banned from speaking out (ANC)

• Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years for opposing racial segregation

Struggle Against Apartheid• Archbishop Desmond Tutu

strongly opposed apartheid, but not through violence (won Nobel Peace Prize)

• Freedom marches and boycotts spread across South Africa

• During the 1980’s economic sanction were imposed by the United states and other nations

Apartheid

Apartheid

Apartheid Ends• F.W. De Klerk lifts ban on opposition

groups

• 1990 – Nelson Mandela is released from prison

• His release symbolized hope for the people of South Africa

• 1991 – Africans were no longer classified by race

• 1992 – citizenship is given to blacks

• 1994 – Mandela is elected President

THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM

THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM

• Several hundred languages are spoken

• Antagonism (hatred) between tribes (e.g. Rwanda)– The 2 dominant tribes in this region are called

the Hutu and Tutsi. – These 2 tribes have a

long and unhappy history.

The Hutu Tribe

• The Hutu tribe immigrated from Western Africa into what is now called Rwanda. – Were about 85% percent of the population.– Mostly poor farmers.

The Tutsi Tribe• The Tutsi tribe came from either the

Nile River Valley or Ethiopia. – They made up about 15% of the people. – For the majority of history they were in

charge of Rwanda. (aristocracy)

Brief history of Rwanda

• In the 1800’s, the Germans, and the Belgians had used the Tutsis to enforce their rule over the Hutu majority. This created the idea that the Tutsis were superior to the Hutus. – Hutus were servants to the Tutsis. – This belief continued until 1962 when

Rwanda became independent.

Rwanda’s Independence• When Rwanda became

independent, Hutus became the majority and drove out the Tutsis. – By 1994 The Hutu president

Habyarimana of Rwanda of Rwanda was shot down.

– No one knows who shot down his plane.

• Some people believe it was the Tutsis

• Others believe it was the Hutus trying to spark anti Tutsi feelings.

Rwanda’s Independence

– After this, Hutu extremists took control of the government, and ordered the execution of Tutsis.

Write the names of 8 people you know

1. Write the names of 8 people you know and care about.

2. Circle number 6

3. Think about the person you just circled, think about their face.

4. Now think about your expression if you imagined that person to die.

1994• Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass

extermination of almost a million ethnic extermination of almost a million ethnic Tutsis Tutsis

– An estimated 800,000 to 1 million An estimated 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis were killed in 100 daysTutsis were killed in 100 days

– Rwanda only has a population of 8 Rwanda only has a population of 8 million. million.

Rwanda

Rwanda

LEGACY LEGACY OF THE OF THE LANDLAND

Modern Africa

LEGACY OF THE LAND• Low level of development is linked to

colonization– Not there to make it better and build nice buildings…

there to get resources!!! There to export cash crops!! They will get as many resources and as much cash crops as possible with no regard to effects on the people and the land!!!

• History of one-crop agriculture put into place by European countries– many of the crops grown are not those which are able

to feed a nation. They are instead crops which are intended for a “dessert economy” meaning that they are non-essential crops which are destined for consumption for pleasure in the West, (tobacco, sugar, coffee, tea, etc).

• With large industrial farming taking the most fertile land from those who could otherwise be using the land for subsistence farming; it prevents the average citizen from meeting his families needs during hard times such as unemployment.

• Considering some African nations unemployment rates are over 70%, it isn’t very complicated to understand how so many people live on less than $1 per day!

Poverty in Africa

EDUCATION• As with many causes of poverty, the lack of education

goes in both directions: without education, Africans are more likely to be poor and due to poverty, they are unable to have equal access to education.

• In many African countries children are still required to pay to rent their own benches and desks because the schools are so poor.

• That does not take into account the cost of the most basic school supplies such as paper, pencils, books chalk and small chalkboards.

• So it is easy to understand why so many families are forced to choose which child or children will have access to education in their family; while the others remain at home to help either in the house or in the fields.

MEDICAL LEGACY• Many preventable diseases are ravaging Africa

due to the lack of investment in vaccines which are able to prevent the diseases, often at just pennies per person!

• Disease incidence and diffusion• Widespread nutritional deficiencies• Millions suffer from:

– Malaria -River blindness– Yellow fever -Sleeping sickness– AIDS -Bilharzia

Poverty and A.I.D.S.

So…why is Africa the way it is?Slave Trade

• Took most able-bodied peopleTook most able-bodied people• Created an economic voidCreated an economic void• Consumed with the trade, not with Consumed with the trade, not with

establishing basic facilities, services, and establishing basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a installations needed for the functioning of a societysociety– transportation and communications systems, transportation and communications systems,

water and power lines, and public institutions water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons—including schools, post offices, and prisons—infrastructureinfrastructure) )

So…why is Africa the way it is?Imperialism

• People & land exploited• Development of African nations & economic

infrastructure was stifled! AGAIN!!• Didn’t provide necessary political & economic

institutions for Africans to effectively gather & use their own resources – what needs to be done, how do we accomplish it, & who is in

charge—questions they were left with• Political problems because of boundaries imposed did not

respect previous African tribal boundaries = civil warspoverty, famine

• Dictators often took power & ruled liberated countries…not interested in improving education or well-being or people

Should the United States provide aide and

assistance to the countries of Africa?

Why or why not.

• Divide into groups (Yes) (No)• Come up with 10 reasons why. • Opening statement. Summarize your

important points• Debate. Throw Magic Fido!!!! Only person

who can talk is the one who has Magic Fido. – Say your response, and then a comment.

• Vote line up and vote according to how strongly you feel about this topic

no Yes

Why is Africa the way it is?Slave Trade

•Took most able-bodied peopleTook most able-bodied people

•Created an economic voidCreated an economic void

•Consumed with the trade, not with Consumed with the trade, not with establishing basic facilities, services, and establishing basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a installations needed for the functioning of a societysociety