the spanish frontier, 1521 1821--i
TRANSCRIPT
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca 1490-1557
• Became the first men of the Old World to enter the American West. Survived a eight year trek from 1528-1536 through what today is the Southwest.
• When he arrived at the coast of Texas, initially Indians welcomed him but after
“half the natives died from a disease of the bowels [they] blamed us”
Early Expeditions into the Spanish Northern Frontier
• Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557)
• Francisco Vazquez de Coronado (1510-1554)
• Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo. (1542-?)
• What inspired these early conquistadores to risk their lives while venturing into unexplored and forbidden environments?
Northern American Indian Tribes & Commerce
• Cultural exchange among the various tribes was possible through the pre-Hispanic trading routes that interconnected the northern continent with Mesoamerica
• Near the mines, haciendas for cattle raising sprang up, causing tension
with the native population.
The Silver Rush
• The discovery of silver ore in the 1540’s, set off a rush into the Zacatecas region. These mines produced at their height 1/3 of Mexico’s silver.
• Spanish exploration north was fueled by British presence in the continent.
El Camino Real, aka the Chihuahua Trail
Villa Real de Santa Fe 1609
• Founded by Oñate’s successor Pedro de Peralta in 1609 Santa Fe is the oldest capital in the United States.
• In 1680 the Great Pueblo Revolt would be led by the medicine man Pope.
Almost 400 settlers were killed 33 Franciscans. It was not until a decade later that Santa Fe would be re-settled.
• What was the relationship of the Native Americans and the Spanish in the Frontier region?
• The question is complex. Colonist, missionaries, and soldiers were rarely in agreement on matters pertaining to the native communities.
• In the 1680’s the Spanish Crown dispatched several expeditions into the eastern part of Texas, worried about the French encroachment there.
Overview of The French Colonies in North America
• The settler population of New France in 1754 was 80,000, widely scattered over an area 20 times the size of the English possessions.
• The French devoted themselves mainly to fur trading with the Indians. This
trade did not encourage settlement. French depended on imports from Europe.
French and Indian War 1754-1763
• The immediate cause of the French and Indian War was the dispute between France and England over possessions of land west of the Appalachians.
• The underlying causes of Anglo-French rivalry in North America were conflicting territorial claims and competition over the fur trade.
• The French established a friendly relations with many Indian groups. Most tribes supported the French against the English.
• English relations with the Indians were generally poor. Only the Iroquois
Confederacy sided with the British against the French.
Pirates, Buccaneers, and Scholars arrr…..
• European powers had never accepted the pope’s division of the New World.
• Ships were encouraged to venture for and wide to expand the English and French crowns sphere of influence.
Sir Francis Drake 1545-1596
• Spanish suspected that Drake’s visit to California in Summer of 1579
would pave the way for further explorations along the Pacific Coast.
• The Colonization of Baja was influenced by Drake’s foray into California, & the Manila shipment, that needed provisions after a long journey from the Philippines.
• Forts and Precidios were built to protect the Spanish bullion from pirates that ransacked costal cities.
The Spanish Missions in the North American Frontier
• The Spanish missioners unlike the Spanish conquistadores tried to give the natives something in return the “Language of God.”
• Over two hundred years, the Spanish in America perfected the use of the mission as an instrument for binding Indians to the state.
Eusebio Francisco Kino (1645-1711) • Stands as a figure among Jesuit missionaries
“Sonora represented one of the most successful mission endeavors of the Jesuit order in the New World…on a par with its organizations in Paraguay, established at the same time” (41)