the spread of civilization in east and southeast asia · the mongols •1200s spill out of the...
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The Spread of Civilization in
East and Southeast Asia
The Mongols
• 1200s spill out of the steppes of Central Asia under Genghis Kahn
• Highly trained, mobile armies
• China sees the first use of cannon in warfare
• Not oppressive; tribute; Pax Mongolica
Mongol Archer on Horseback
Muhammad ibn Mahmudshah al-
Khayyam
Iran, early 15th century
The Silk Road
China Under Mongol Rule
• Kublai Khan finally
defeats last Song
emperor
• Rules China, Korea,
Tibet from Beijing;
Yuan Dynasty
• Keeps Mongols
separate from
Chinese
• Marco Polo
Ming Restore Chinese Rule
• 1294 Yuan Dynasty declines
• Chinese despise the Mongols
• Heavy taxes, corruption, natural disasters lead to uprisings
• 1368 Mongols pushed back and the Ming come to power
Zhu Yuanzhang 1368 – 1398
First Ming Emperor
Trade and Exploration
• 1405-1433 Zheng He leads voyages to SE Asia, India, and the Middle East
• On his death, Emperor banned ship building
• 60 years later Columbus’ voyages made Spain a world power
Early 17th century Chinese
woodblock print, thought to
represent Zheng He's ships.
The Korean Peninsula
• Juts south from mainland; 70% covered by mountains
• Earliest people migrate from Siberia; most people live on western coastal plains
• 5400 mile coastline; thousands of islands
• Controlled by China; bridged between china and Japan
Korean Dynasties
• 676 AD the Silla
unites Korea;
Buddhism, trade with
China, civil service
• 918 Koryo dynasty;
moveable metal type
and porcelain
• 1392 Chosen
replaces Mongols;
500 years; alphabet
Japan and the Feudal Age
• Archipelago; Ring of Fire
• Four-fifths is mountains; people settled in river valleys, along coastal plains
• Seas isolate Japan
• Choose what to accept from China
• At times they sealed themselves off from the outside world
Early Traditions
• Clans/chief/god or goddess
• 500 AD Yamato Clan; first and only dynasty
• Direct descendents of sun god
• Shinto
• Language and Buddhism link Japan and Korea; leads to interest in China
Japan Goes to China
• 600s Japanese begin visiting China for trade and study
• Bring back Chinese ideas, technology, art
• ‘Heavenly Emperor’ modeled on the Tang
• Bureaucracy, central government, law
• Selective borrowing Todai-ji temple, Nara
Feudalism
• 1400s feudal warfare; warlords and armies fight for power
• Emperor’s a figurehead; real power is the shogun
• Daimyo; samurai; bushido
• Peasants, artisans, merchants
• Mongols and the kamikaze
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty, the holding
of land, and military service.
Shogun
Daimyo Daimyo
Samurai Samurai Samurai
Peasant Peasant Peasant Peasant
Land - Shoen
Land - Shoen
Protection
Loyalty
Loyalty
Food
The Tokugawas
• 1338-1590 increasing levels of warfare
• 1590 Tokugawa shogunate rules until 1868
• Centralized feudalism brings daimyo under control
• New laws, moral code; food surpluses; towns; trade
Zen Buddhism
• Self-reliance,
meditation, devotion
to duty
• Popular among
samurai
• Similar to bushido
with its emphasis on
discipline and
devotion to duty
Other Cultures of SE Asia
• South of China and East of India
• Two major regions
• Mainland; Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
• 20,000 islands between Indian Ocean and South China Sea; Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines
Geography and Culture
• Mountains separate
mainland from Asia
• Separate river
valleys; early
civilizations
• Monsoons shape
trading patterns
• Indian culture spreads
to SE Asia; Islam
Shwezigon Paya
New Kingdoms
• 1044 Pagan; Irrawaddy Valley; Buddhist; 1287 falls to Mongols
• 800-1350 Khmer in Cambodia; Indian writing, architecture, art; rulers Hindu, common folk Buddhist
• 600-1200 Indonesia; Srivijaya; trade
Corridor within Myazedei
View of gatehouse and
boundary wall, Htilominlo
Temple (Pagan)
Exterior View of Myazedei from
South (Pagan)
Corridor within Myazedei
Aerial View of Angkor Wat
Temple Complex of Angkor Wat
Built in the early 12th Century for King Suryavarman II.
Vietnam
• Chinese not Indian influences
• Indian influence spread by trade; China sent their military
• 111 BC Han conquer Vietnam; stay in control for 1,000 years
• 39 AD the Trung sisters