yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor* zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/

Paul van HoofPhilippe Wealer

Aung Htay HlaingMyanmar Survey Research

UNDP Myanmar

CD

CRC

CBO

CSO

DAO

DoE

DoH

DoP

DRD

DTA

FSP

GAD

GOM

LGM

MoHA

MoNPED

MSR

Community Dialogue

Citizen Report Card

Community Based Organisation

Civil Society Organisation

Development Affairs Organisation

Department of Education

Department of Health

Department of Planning

Department of Rural Development

Deputy Township Administrator

Frontline Service Provider

General Administration Department

Government of Myanmar

Local Governance Mapping

Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development

Myanmar Survey Research

MoE

MoH

NGO

NLD

NUP

PTA

RHC

SLRD

SRHC

TA

TDSC

TEO

TLMC

THO

TDAC

TMC

TMO

TPIC

Ministry of Education

Ministry of Health

Non-Governmental Organisation

National League for Democracy

National Unity Party

Parent Teacher Association

Rural Health Centre

Settlements and Land Records Department

Sub-Rural Health Centre

Township Administrator

Township Development Support Committee

Township Education Officer

Township (Farm) Land Management Committee

Township Health Officer

Township Development Affairs Committee

Township Management Committee

Township Medical Officer

Township Planning and Implementation Committee

TPO

UNDP

USDP

VC

VHC

VT

VTA

VT/WDSC

WA

Township Planning Officer

United Nations Development Programme

Union Solidarity Development Party

Village Clerk

Village Health Committee

Village tract

Village Tract Administrator

Village Tract / Ward Development Support Committee

Ward Administrator

yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor* zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/

1

2

3

4

5

1

1 &yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 2012 wGif &mtdrfrSL;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm &nfTef;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ q,ftdrfrSL;rsm;udkomvQif &nfTef;azmfjyxm;onf/ vufawGUwGifrl 4if;wkdYtm;vkH;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd qufvufaqmif&GufaeMuonf/

6

(DAO)2

DAO2

2 pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;(DAO)qdkonfrSm xdkae&mrsm;&SdHk;rsm; (jrLeDpy,f)udkom qdkvkdjcif;jzpfjyD; tjcm;aom azmfjycsuf&if;jrpfrsm;u tqdkygtoHk;tEIef;udk Hk;ESifh TDAC ESpfckpvHk;twGuf toHk;jyK&ef &nfTef;ajymqdkygonf/

7

8

9

10

11

12

-

-

3

4

3 jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrIvkyfief;? aemufcHtaMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&; avhvmcsufenf;pepf\tao;pdwf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk MunfhIyg/

4 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtpDtpOf'DZkdif;udkod&SdEkdif&ef xdkavhvmrIrsm;pGm aqmif &Gufaeygonf/ ynma&;u@wGifNrdKUe,fynma&;zGHUjzdK;rItpDtpOfudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmeESifh,leDquf (UNICEF)wdkYu rGefjynfe,fwGifa&SUajy;prf;oyfjyD;jzpfygonf/ EkdiffiHwGif;&Sdjynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'oBuD; 14 ckwGif xdktpDtpOfudk rdwfqufaqmif&Gufrnfjzpfygonf/ urmhbPfrSaxmufyHhxm;aom Myanmar Decentralizing Funding to Schools Program twGuf ueOD;vlrIa&;tuJjzwfjcif;udk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGufMSR rS aqmif&Gufay;xm;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif zGHYjzdK;a&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;\tultnDESifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerSbufpHk vTrf;jcHKaomynma&;pepfudk aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf/

13

14

15

5

5 toHk;jyKxm;aoma&G;cs,fjcif;pHEIef;rsm;udk ]]jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif; a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrI? aemufcH taMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepf}}wGifMunfhIyg/

16

17

18

19

18%

65%

82%

23%

9%

85%

47%

81%

77%

26%

82%

83%

32%

9%

88%

54%

69%

79%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

0ufoufumuG,fa&;

ukd,f0efaqmifapmifha&Smufa&;yg0ifrI

tawmftweftm[mt&csKdUwJhrI

tvGeftuWHtm[mt&csKdUwJhrI

rlvwef;ausmif;tyfESHrI

rlvwef;ynmNyD;ajrmufjcif;

oefYpifaomaomufokH;a&

wkd;wufaomrdvmpHepf

national average Bago

20

6

6 jynfolYtiftm;OD;pD;Xme?vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&; ESihf jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD; Xme (2014) ? 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&moef;acgifpm&if; a&SUajy;vlOD;a&pm&if;/

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Bago

Taun

goo

Pyu

Pyay

Kyau

htag

aYe

adas

heDa

ik U

Nyau

ngle

binKa

waLe

tpad

anW

awNa

ttalin

Oatw

inTh

arya

rwad

dyPa

daun

gTa

natp

inPa

unde

Theg

onMo

nyo

Okpo

Pauk

khau

ngMi

nhla

Swed

aung

Htan

tapin

Gyob

ingau

kKy

aukk

yiSh

wegy

inZig

on

4

21

22

7

7 tqdkyg BuDK;yrf;rIrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfodvdkvQif Furnivall a&;om;onfh Governance of Modern Burma odkY Iyg/

23

8

9 10

11

8 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar9 a':vSvSrdk;? rif;vSrJqEe,f 210 A report about the 1990 elections contains biographical information of all those who won in the respective

constituencies: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs4/1990_multi-party_elections.pdf

11 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar

24

12

13

12 rwfv 2011 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd USDP rS trwfavmif;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh oeyfyifNrdKUe,f udk,fpm; vS,f OD;tHHhBuD;ESifY rJqEe,f trSwf 7 (tkwfwGif;ESifY xef;wyifNrdKUe,f rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,f) udk,fpm;vS,f a':csdKEG,fOD;wdkYonf tajccHOya't&vkdtyfaomEkdifiHom;jzpfrIukd jynfhrDjcif;r&SdaMumif; jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifu aMunmcJhygonf/ (ESpfOD;pvHk;wGifjrefrmEkdiffiHom; r[kwfaom rdbwpfOD;pD&Sdygonf/) yJcl;wdkif; a&G;aumufyGJwGif rrSefruef aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/

13 jynfolUvTwfawmf / xef;wyif- OD;pdefxGef;? vufyHwef;-OD;ausmfrif;? awmifil-OD;atmifpdk;jrifh ESihf oeyfyif-OD;jrifhOD;trsdK;om;vTwfawmf/ / tkwfwGif;ESihf xef;wyifNrdKUe,f(rJqEe,f trSwf 7)- OD;rif;OD;ESihf yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf/ / u0NrdKUe,f (2)- OD;rsdK;cdkif

H k

25

14

14 jrefrmhppfwyfrS tjidrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfjzpfjyD; 2004ckESpfrS yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonftxd EkdiffiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;XmewGif 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/

26

15

15 2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

awmifil

27% 24%

13% 12%9% 8%

2% 4%

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

35

28%

49%

23%

Changes in income of households over last three years

improved more or less the same worsened f

27%

57%

16%

improved

more orless thesameworsened

27%

57%

16%

improved

more orless thesameworsened

36

37

16

17

16 tqdkyg ar;cGef;ESifY ywfowf okawoDrsm;u ajzqdkolrsm;udk ta&;ygaom wdk;wufrIrsm; taMumif;udk rdrdwdkYtjrifjzifh ajzMum;ajymqdkapcJhygonf/ (tydkif; 4-3wGif Munfhyg/) u@ wpfckpD\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk ar;jref;onfhtcg ajzqdkoltrsm;pku wdk;wufrItcsdKUudk azmfjycJhMuygonf/

17 orw\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a'ooE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf avhvmrIESihf avhvmonfhenf;pepfwGif if;wdkY\ tcef;u@ESihfvkyfaqmifcsufudk tao;pdwfMunhfIEkdiffonf/ yJcl;wkdif;

a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihfyg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif MunhfIEkdifonf/

44% 37%

10% 8% 8% 4%15%

77%

18%7% 4% 1%

61%

22%8% 1% 5% 2%

55%

11%5%

15% 14% 8%0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

wdk;wufrIr&Sd wdk;wufrI a&oefY ynma&; vQyfppfrD; rodyg/

Total Zigon Padaung Taungoo

38

46%

36% 35% 34%

14%10%

1%

32% 30%22% 22%

41%

3%

53%

35%

59%

29%

0% 0% 3%

52%

43%

29%

48%

2%

24%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

Total Taungoo Padaung Zigon

39

18

18 jrefrmEkdiffiHtpdk;& 2013ckESpf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihfvlrIa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrlabmif ? Zefe0g&Dv 2013 aemufqHk; rlMurf;udkIyg/

40

19

20

19 orw\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 NrdKUe,fESifh&yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpkzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;&efwm0efay;tyfjcif;/

20 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihf yg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif MunhfIEkdifonf/

41

21

22

23

21 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif GAD zGYHjzdK;a&;&HyHkaiGonf GAD u pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom tao;pm; &efyHkaiG jzpfjyD; a'oqdkif&mtqifh PRF &efykHaiGodkY aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif oD;jcm;&efyHkaiGtjzpf rjrifEkdiffyg/ xdkYaMumifh tcsdKUaom TA rsm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiG ? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiGESifY aus;vufa'o zGHYjzdK;a&;&efyHkaiG [k azmfjyMuygonf/

22 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy a&;om;aom 2014ckESpf jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif b@ma&;A[dkcsKyfudkifrIavsmhcsa&; - jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;jyajryHkqDodkY pmrsufESm 3

23 vdktyfonfhtajctaersm; jynfhpHkvQif aiGxkwfolt&m&Sdonf aiGay;acs&ef tcGifhtmPm&SdjyD; csufvufrSwfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ekdiffonf/ BuD;Muyfolt&m&Sdu tqdkyg ay;acsrI\ (b@ma&;enf;Oya'rsm;t&) jynfhpHk nDnGwfrIukd qufvuf ppfaq;um csufvufrSufudk xyfqifhvufrSwfxdk;ay;ygrnf/

42

24

25

26

24 trdefYaMunmpmtrSwf 83 2013 ESifh 86/2013 udk Munfhyg/25 jynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKtxufvTwfawmfjzpfonfh trsdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;wpfckpDtwGuf

udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 12 ae&mpD a&G;aumufwifajrmuf&eftwGuf NrdKUe,frsm;udkydkif;jcm;vQifjzpfap (tu,f NrdKUe,f 12ck atmuf avsmhenf;cJhvQif) (odkY) tkyfpk zGJUvQifjzpfap (NrdKUe,f 12ck xufausmfvGefaom jynfe,fESifY wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;twGuf)aqmif&GufEkdiffonf/

26 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy; 2014: Fiscal DeceTralisation in Myanmar: Towards a Roadmap for Reform page 33.

43

44

00.511.522.533.544.5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Total Taungoo Padaung Zigon

per vt/ward in million kyat per capita in kyat

45

27

27 aus;&Gmacgif;aqmif (odkY) q,f^&mtdrfrSL; (odkY) aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;onf NAdwdoQudkvkdeDpepf tkyfcsKyfpOfxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wpfpdwf wpfydkif;tm;jzihf yg0ifcJhonf/ if;onf ,ckxufwd ta&;ygaomtcef;rS

yg0ifvsuf&SdNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk ulnD&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf aus;&Gm 4-6txdudk tkyfcsKyf&onf/ if;wkdYonf tpdk;&\ zGJUpnf;yHkwGif w&m;0if

ryg&Sdacs/ if;wdkYonf vlrItzGJUtpnf; (odkY) if;wdkYbmom cefYtyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf

aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk tBuHPf ay;Muonf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;twGif; vkyfydkifcGihfudk cGJa0xm;jcif;r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif wpfa,mufu OuXtjzpf wm0ef,l onf/ if;wkdYonf yHkrSefr[kwfbJ rMumcP awGUqHkMuonf/

&yfrd&yfzrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyHkrSm &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ xkH;pHtm;jzihfrl if;wdkYudk aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rS

tjcm;aus;&GmxJ&Sd &yfrd&yfrsm;\ tBuHPf jzihf a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf udk,fwkdifcefYtyfwm0ef,l olrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm aus;vuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;^ q,f^&mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfonf/ if;&mxl;rsm;rS

tem;,lcsdefwGif if;wdkYbmom &yfrd&yfztjzpf ,lqum wm0ef,lcJhMujcif; jzpf onf/ tcsdKUaus;&Gmrsm;wGif

&yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ae&mcdkifNrJMuNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tcsdKUxuf omvGefMuonf/ &yfrd&yfz rsm;onf toufBuD;ol trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfNyD; tcsdKUrSm vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; aemufcHawmifhwif;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&GmESihf&yfuGuf zGHUNzdK;a&; taxmuftuljyKaumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmonfESihftrQ if;wdkYonf

wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;wGif wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifulnDMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;ESihftwl qufvuf&yfwnfMuonf/ tao;pdwfukd Kempel, Susan 2012; Village Institutions and Leadership in Myanmar: A View from Below, UNDP 2012. wGifIyg/

46

47

48

49

28

28 awmifil&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;tcsdKUrSvGJ NrdKUe,f 3 ck&Sd vlrIa&;tzGJUrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf vlYtodkif; t0dkif;tajcjyK tzGJUrsm;jzpfNyD; ckdifrmaom zGJUpnf;yHkr&Sday/ t"dutm;jzihf apwem0efxrf;rsm;jzihf vkyfudkifMuNyD; if;wdkYtzGJU0ifrsm; (odkY) tultnDvdktyfaom tzGJUrsm;odkY ulnDay;Muonf/ olwdkYonf ynma&;?

usef;rma&;? ema&;ESihf oufBuD;olrsm;udk ulnDMu&mwGif wuf

50

29

29 vlrIa&;u@rsm;wGiftpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifhywfoufNcHKiHkod&Sdvkdygu UNICEF, 2013; Snapshot of Social Sector Public Budget Allocations and Spending in Myanmar ukdMunfhyg/

tjcm;u@rsm;teuf usef;rma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu SDC, 2013; Health AssessmeT in Southeast Region of Myanmar, August 2013 ukdMunfhyg/

tjcm;u@rsm;teuf ynma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu MDRI, 2013; A Preliminary AssessmeT of Decentralization in Education: Experiences in Mon State and Yangon Region, December 2013 and JICA, 2013; Data Collection Survey on Education Sector in Myanmar, Final Report, February 2013 ukd Munfhyg/

51

30

30 aumfrwDrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ (3)wGifMunfhyg/

52

31

31 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf

53

32

33

34

35

32 2010 ckESpfusef;rma&;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;onf/ 2014 ckESpfarv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rfudkMunfhyg/33 jrefrmEkdiffiHawmftpdk;&? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuftajccHrlabmifpmrsufESm 30? 2013

ckESpf/34 urmUusef;rma&;tzGJU\ jrefrmEkdiffiHESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[mAsL[m 2014-2018/35 jynfaxmifpk\tkyfcsKyfrItmPmonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuOya'jyKEkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mudp&yfrsm;okdY

vnf; oufa&mufysHUESHYonf/ (yk'fr 216)/ odkY&mwGif ]udp&yfrsm; udkwdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwfjynfe,ftpdk;&tm; jynfaxmifpkOya' ESifhtnDaqmif&Guf&ef qufvufcGifhjyKxm;onf/ yk'fr 259 wGif ]wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u tcgtm;avsmfpGmay;tyfvmonfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm; ukd xrf;aqmif&rnf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSmzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't&jynfaxmifpk\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfrI atmuf&SdaomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&odkYjynfaxmifpk Oya't& odkYr[kwf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;Ekdiffonf/

54

55

56

57

36

36 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf

58

59

37 38 37 tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdiffonf[k rSwfom;&onf/38 tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdiffonf[k rSwfom;&onf/

37%48%

39%25%

8%

52%58%47%

57%

71%

86%

44%

5% 5% 4% 4% 5% 4%0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

pkpkaygif; Zigon Padaung Taungoo Urban Rural

trsm;jynfolESifhqkdifaom yk*vdu rnfonfhae&mrQr[kwfaom

60

55%

38%

1% 6%

f

51%

35%

33%

29%

21%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

aq;&Hk? aq;cef; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf odkUr[kwftopfaqmufvkyfvmonf/

usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; tjyKtrl ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf/

aq;eSifhaq;ypnf; ydkrdk&&Sdonf/

usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIp&dwf oufomvmonf/

usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; ydkrsm;vmonf/

61

62

63

Female

1

2

3

Female

1

2

3

40%

28%

43%

58%

35%

45%

36%

50%

24%25%

42%

29%

24% 22%

32%

17%

23% 25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

pkpkaygif; ZD;ukef; ye;awmif; awmifil trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;

Always Sometimes Never

f

64

65

39

40

39 Zobrist,Brooke, McCormick, Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;tawGUtMuHKrsm;/ jrefrmEkdiffiHjynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&maqG;aEG;rI pmwrf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIpifwm (MDRI CESD)? 2013 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv/

40 2014 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (7)&ufwGifb@ma&;aumfr&Sif\ 2014-2015 b@ma&;ESpfbuf*suf tpnf;ta0; EkdiffiHawmforwOD;odef;pdefrSajymMum;csuf/

66

41

42

43

44

45

41 UNICEF? jrefrmEkdiffiHvlrIa&;u@twGufjynfolUbwf*sufcGJa0ay;jcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif;tay: waphw apmif; avhvmjcif;/ 2013 ckESpf/

42 Zobrist,Brooke,McCormick,Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm; tay: ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf

43 JICA jrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 10? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv

44 aemufqufwGJZ,m;(1)? tydkif;(9)? ]vlrIa&;u@}(u) ynmoifMum;a&;qkdif&mqdkif&moif&dk;Tef;wrf;? oif&dk;rmwdum? oifjyenf;pHepf? okawoe? pDrHudef;? pDrHcsuf

ESifhfpHrsm;/ (c) wuodkvf? 'Du&Daumvdyf?odyponfhoifwef;rsm;ESifh tqifhjrifhynm tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;/(*) jynfaxmifpkuowfrSwfonfhpmar;yGJrsm;/(C) ukd,fykdifausmif;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm; . . . ponfjzifh45 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD;

qef;ppf csuf? pmrsufESm 8 rS 9/

67

46

47

48

49

46 JICAjrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 11? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv

47 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf/

48 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 4/49 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 19/

68

f

69

70

71

72

51%

53%

53%

48%

36%

25%

42%

41%

9%

13%

4%

11%

3%

9%

1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1

2

3

4

improved more or less the same worsened don't know

76%

24%

20%

13%

11%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%0% 40% 60% 80%

73

auseyfygonf rqkd;raumif; rauseyfyg

69%

60%

67%

79%

23%

28%

29%

14%

8%

12%

5%

7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

pkpkaygif;

ZD;ukef;

yef;awmif;

awmifil

Statisfied Not Good not bad Not satisfied

74

75

76

50

50 IHLCA 2011 / jrefrmEkdifiHtdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&;tajctaebufpHkavhvmrIrSwfwrf;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI tajctae avhvmwifjycsuf? pmrsufESm 64/

77

78

79

29%

24%

33%

30%

19%

34%

54%

54%

64%

45%

49%

57%

17%

22%

3%

25%

32%

9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

pkpkaygif;

ZD;ukef;

yef;awmif;

awmifil

NrKdUjy

aus;vuf

Improved Stayed more or less the same Worsened

51

51 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdiffygonf/

f

80

52

52 ynma&;u@wGifausmif;tyfEIef; edrfhusqJ? rlvwef; ynmoif,ljyD;qHk;rIEIef; enf;yg;qJjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;u@wGifaxmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csufTef;udef;trsm;pkrSmwdk;wufvmonf/ odkY&mwGifa'owGif;&Sd tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufwGifusef&pfqJjzpfonf/ (Oyrm - 5 ESpfatmufuav;taotaysmufEIef; 52.3 onfa'owGGif; ysrf;rSs 28 ESifh ,SOfygutvGefrsm;aeonf/ rdciftaotaysmuftcsdK; (uav;arG;zGm;rI 100000 wGif) 200 jzpfjcif;onfa'owGif; ysrf;rSs 150 ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif rsm;aeonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jrefrm EkdiffiH\ wdk;wufrItajctaetwGuf 2012 ckESpfurmvHk;qdkif&m axmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csuftcsuftvufodkYf (www.mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx) rS&,lxm;onf/

81

82

83

84

53

53 Susanne Kempel ? ]EkdiffiHa&;tul;tajymif;umva'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf}? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf a&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&mtpD&ifcHpm? rMumrDxGuf&Sdrnf/

85

44%

15%

7%

41%

38%

17%

11%

13%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Nidrf;csrf;rIESifhvkHNcKHrItm; aocsmapjcif;

jynfolrsm;tm; &yf&Gmtvkyfvkyf&mwGifvlxkyg0ifaqmif&GufrIjyK&ef aocsmapjcif;

&GmrSaiGamu;aumufcHrIukdaumufcHjcif;

NrKdUe,ftkyfcKyfa&;rSL;xH &Gm&Sdjyemrsm;tm;ajymjyjcif;

tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tm; aphpyfndEidif;ay;jcif;

pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf &Gmo;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;

tpkd;&rS tcsuftvufay;jcif;

rodyg

female male total

86

87

aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (65%)

q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL; (25%)

pdkufysdK;a&;t&m&Sd 3%jrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; 3%

tjcm; yk*dKvfrsm; (3%)rodyg (1%)

88

54

55

54 q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm; odkYr[kwf&GmolBuD;rsm; odkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk jAdwdoSsudkvdkeD acwfuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;odkYoGwfoGif;xm;cJhjyD;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh&Gm (4-5)&GmukdtkyfcsKyf&aom aus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udkta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@rS ,aeYwdkiftultnDay;Muonf/ ,if;wdkYonftpdk;&zGJUpnf;yHk\ w&m;0iftpdwftydkif;wpf&yf r[kwfMuyJ &yf&GmvlxkrS a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefYxm; jcif;rsm;omjzpfonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifhav;pm;xdkufaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;\ tMuHay; aumfrwDwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tMum; wm0efrsm;ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wpfOD;u rMumcP Ou|wm0ef,l&[ef&Sdonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg xoGm;xvmyHkpHjzifhom awGUqHkMuonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfrsm;a&G;cs,fyHkenf;vrf;rSm r&Sif;vif;yg/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh aus;&GmrS tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;\tMuHjyKcsufjzifh aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rSa&G;cs,fjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefUxm; jcif;rsm;om&Sdonf/ trsm;pkonf ,cifq,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfMujyD; &mxl;a[mif;udkpGefYvTwfjyD; aemuf aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfae&mrsm;udk&&SdMurnf[k tvdktavsmufrSwf,lxm;Ekdiffrnf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;wGif aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfae&mrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mxufyif ydktNrJwrf;oabm&SdjyD; aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;pGm xufyifMum&SnfcHonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;-vlrIa&;aemufcHtoifhtwifhrSydkjrifhaom vlBuD;ydkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk? &yfuGufzGHUjzdK;rItaxmuftuljyKaumfrwDudkzGJUpnf;cJh&mwGif ,if;wdkYudk wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;atmufodkYoGwfoGif; wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;ESifhtwl oD;jcm;&SdaeMuonf/ tao;pdwftwGuf Susan Kempel \ jrefrmEkdiffiH? aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhOD;aqmifrIu@? atmufajcrSMunfhjcif;? UNDP 2012 ckESpfudkMunfhyg/

55 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/

10 or 100 households heads

1

274%

Village Tract Administrator

1

244%

Village Tract Administrator

1

244%

Village Tract Administrator

1

241%

Township Administrator

1

26%

Radio

1

263%

Village elders

1

235%

Department concerned

1

216%

Newspapers

1

211%

89

56

56 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/

Ministry concerned

1

223%

Others

1

22%

Village Tract/Ward Administrator

1

273%

Village Tract/Ward Administrator

1

273%

Village/Ward elders

1

256%

Television

1

250%

Radio

1

249%

Friends or family

1

234%

Newspapers

1

212%

TA

1

22%

66%

92%83%

28%

14% 18%

89%80% 83%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Urban Rural Total

#REF! #REF! #REF!

90

91

92

57

57 pdk;eEmvif;\ ]jrefrmEkdiffiH? jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&mbuf*sufvsmxm;jcif;}MDRI-CESD? 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv/

93

94

95

5. oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

d k

14% 18-30

2% 31-40

29% 41-50

51-60 24%

61-70 12%

70 txuf 2%

17% ausmufeH&Hrsm;

39% opfom;eH&Hrsm;

jruf? usLx&HumeH&Hrsm;

44%

yHk 1-2/ yg0ifajzqdkolrsm;\ aexdkifrItdrftrsdK;tpm;

&if;jrpf/

103

39%aumufyJoD;ESH pdkufysdK;a&;

udk,fydkiftvkyf 27%

usyef;tvkyf 19%

arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; 2%tpdk;& 0efxrf; 6%

yk*vdutvkyf 3%yifpif? tjidrf;pm;?aiGvJTydkUjcif;

5%

27%twef;ynmr&Sdyg

38%rlvwef;

tv,fwef; 19%

txufwef; 8%

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;oifwef; 1%

bGJY&oifwef; 6%

pmwwfonfhtkyfpk2%

Arm 69%

u&if 11%

csif; 1%

&Srf; 7%tjcm; 3%

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

www.mm.undp.org Nove

mbe

r 201

4

BAGO Burmese(A)HIGH. 09 01 15FINAL Bg(10)HIGH