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"The State of the Art of Ethanol
Production from Sugarcane in
Brazil"Brazil"
Patricia Guardabassi and Prof. José Goldemberg
University of São Paulo
Rome, November 11th 2011
The Brazilian Alcohol Program
• Started in 1975 by Federal Government
• Decision from Brazilian Federal Government to
produce ethanol in addition to sugar (from
sugarcane): objective of reducing petroleum imports.
• High-octane fuel in vehicles, replacing lead and/or
MTBE.
• Nowadays - economically competitive to gasoline.
“Birth certificate” of the Ethanol
Program in Brazil
• The expansion of ethanol production: Decree 76,593
(November 14th,1975)
– The price of ethanol should be up to 35% higher than the
price of 1kg of sugar
• The expansion of ethanol consumption
– Mandates for the amount of ethanol mixed into the
gasoline (25% today).
– Setting the price of ethanol paid by the producers at 59%
of the selling price of gasoline.
Evolution/Results of Policies
Developed in Brazil for Proalcool
• Transition to free market: 1990-2002
• 2002 – all prices are free
• Investment in the agricultural and industrial sectors
for the production of ethanol (1975-1989): US$ 4.92 for the production of ethanol (1975-1989): US$ 4.92
billion (2001 US$)
• Oil imports avoided meant savings amounting to US$
52.1 billion from 1975 to 2002 (Jan, 2003 US$) .
The use of ethanol
• In Brazil, ethanol is used in one of three ways:
– as octane enhancer in gasoline in the form of 20-25%
anhydrous ethanol at 99.6 Gay-Lussac (GL) and 0.4% water
(a mixture called gasohol), or
– in neat-ethanol engines in the form of hydrated ethanol at – in neat-ethanol engines in the form of hydrated ethanol at
95.5 GL (majority fleet in the 90’s now being replaced by
FFV), or
– in flex fuel vehicles (Brazilian flex fuel vehicles can run with
any blend of alcohol/gasoline, up to pure ethanol, E-100)
The success of the ethanol program
i. Energy balancei. Energy balance
ii. Productivity gains
iii. Learning curve
Challenges of the expansion of
sugarcane productionsugarcane production
i. Land use change
ii. Mechanical harvesting
iii. Water use
Evolution of cattle ranching intensification
in Brazil and the state of São Paulo
Source: IEA Database and IBGE
Surface water availability and
demand, São Paulo
Availability and Demand
1990 Estimates 2007
m3/s % m3/s %
Availability Q reference 2105 m3/s 2020 m3/s
Urban 87 25 137 30
* Estimation based on an average consumption of 1.85 m3 of water per ton of cane
Demand
Urban 87 25 137 30
Irrigation 154 44 178 39
Industrial 112 32 139 31
Of which ethanol production 47 13 35 8
Total 354 100 454 100
Sugar Cane Agro-
Environmental Zoning
• Definition of areas suitable for sugarcane crops
according to local environmental characteristics.
Agroecological Zoning for the State of São
Paulo
Suitalble
Suitable with environmental
limitations
Suitable with environmental
restrictions
Inadequate
Perspectives for Replication of
Brazilian Ethanol Program in other
Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries