the structure and function of dna chapter 10 transcription (dna rna) rna polymerase processing of...
TRANSCRIPT
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
Central Dogma of Biology: How Shape and Form Are Dictated By DNA Genes
A segment of DNA (gene)
carries specific coded
instructions for the making
of a single proteins.
Genotype:The genes carried in a cell for a particular trait
Phenotype: The physical expression of genes for a particular trait
Transcription: From DNA to RNA• In transcription,
– Genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA.
– An RNA molecule is transcribed from a DNA template.
Transcription
Figure 10.14
In Eukaryotes, the mRNA is Edited Before Leaving the Nucleus
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation and Mutagens
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
=
3 Types of RNA – Each With a Different JobMessenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries copy of gene informationto the ribosome to make protein
anticodon
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Part of the structure ofthe ribosome; key component in aminoacid linking machinery
CUG
C U G
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Carries amino acids to the ribosome for linking; identified by anticodon “sign”
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation and Mutagens
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
Figure 10.17
Anatomy of a Messenger RNA
Leader
Trailer
How Gene Instructions are Communicated
mRNA Codon Dictionary of the Genetic Code
DNA template strand:
CGTTTACGACCGGCCTTAGATCCTGACG
Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein
mRNA: GCAAAUGCUGGCCGGAAUCUAGGACUGC
Transcription by RNA polymerase
Translation by ribosome
Protein: Met -
Leu -Ala -
Gly -Ile
Figure 10.16a
Figure 10.16b
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation and Mutagens
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
Translation: The Process
• Translation is divided into three phases:
– Initiation
– Elongation
– Termination
Translation: Initiation
• Events of Initiation
1. The messenger RNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit
2. The two subunits of the ribosome come together
3. The first amino acid with its attached tRNA
Translation: Elongation
• Events of Elongation
– 1. The anticodon of an incoming tRNA pairs with the mRNA codon.
2. The ribosome catalyzes a peptide bond to form between amino acids
3. A tRNA leaves the P site of the ribosome
4. The ribosome moves down the mRNA (translocation)
Translation: Termination
• Events of Termination
1. Elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
2. The two subunits of the ribosome separate
3. The mRNA is released to be used again
4. The finished polypeptide (protein) folds up and begins functioning
Figure 10.10
Review: DNA RNA Protein
• The flow of genetic information in a cell
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
• Mutation
• Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
Mutations
• A mutation
– Is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
– Is a permanent, heritable change
• Mutations may result from
– Errors in DNA replication.
– Physical or chemical agents called mutagens.
• Although mutations are usually lethal,
– They are the source of the rich diversity of genes in the living world.
– They contribute to the process of evolution by natural selection.
Figure 10.21
Base Substitution (Point Mutation)
DNA base substitutions can cause: missense, run-on, nonsense, and silent mutations in the resultant protein
Figure 10.22b
Insertions or Deletions of DNA nucleotides
Insertion/Deletions cause frameshift mutations in the protein (and often run-on mutations too)
Types of Mutation
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation and Mutagens
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages
Viruses: Genes in Packages
• Properties of Viruses
– They exhibit some, but not all, characteristics of living organisms
– They are made of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coating. Some also have envelopes outside their protein coat
– They are incredibly small (< 1 um)
– They are obligate intracellular parasites
– They they can only attack a small range of cell types (host specificity)
Viruses Come in Many Shapes
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Helical Polyhedral Enveloped Complex
Figure 10.26
Bacterial Viruses Can Either Reproduce Immediately
or Hide Within The Host Cell and Emerge When the Host is Dying
Animal Viruses Often Have a Membranous Envelope with Protein Spikes
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The influenza virus carries specific “spikes” that make them infective
Spikes are classified by Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) types
e.g. H1N1
Figure 10.29
Simplified Viral Reproductive Cycle
Animal Virus Lifecycle
HIV, the AIDS Virus
• HIV is a retrovirus.
– A retrovirus is an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule.
– It copies its RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase.
HIV Reproductive Cycle
Figure 10.30b
How Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attacks T White Blood Cells
The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER 10• Transcription (DNARNA)
• RNA Polymerase
•Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
•Translation (mRNAProtein)
• The Three Types of RNA
• Codons and the Genetic Code
• Ribosomes
• Steps of Translation
•Mutation
Viruses: Genes in Small Packages