The Technology in E-government

PAD 6710: Lecture 3

M, E, P government Four levels of e-government

E-gov information Providing govt. info. online

E-gov Automation Automating manual work

E-gov reengineering Redesign of existing processes

P-gov innovation Performance government 311 (Customer Relationship Management)

Technologies Computers: Smart Machines? Communication systems Communications infrastructure Emerging technology trends

RFID GIS

Computer systems First generation computers (1951-58)

Vacuum tube circuits [ENIAC to UNIVAC] Machine Language

Second generation (1959-63) Transistors; mainframe computers Compiler Programs (FORTRAN/ COBOL)

Third generation (1964-75) Minicomputers (DEC); Integrated circuits (LSI) BASIC, ALGOL

Fourth generation (1970s-) Microprocessors (VLSI) Industry specific softwares

Computers Laptops

1979-87: Emerging period 1987-95: Diversification period (Apple) 1995-2001: Standardization period (of

Operating Systems) 2001-: Growth period (Netbooks

included) Smart machine: Turing test

Logic; enumeration; artificial intelligence Moore’s law: Increasing density

Landlines based Telegraph (1844); Telephone (1876) Extensive infrastructure

PBX/ PABX/ EPABX Circuit switching

Wireless based Mass media (Radio/ TV) Mobile phone Generations

1G: Analog Cellular phones (1981-90) 2G: Digital cellular phones (1991-01) [GSM;

CDMA; TDMA] 3G: Digital data phones (2001-now) [UMTS;

EVDO 4G?: Faster data phones [LTE; WiMax;UMB]

Communications: Phones

Communication: Internet Federal Network systems

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency) NSFNET

University Consortiums BITNET

Browser/ Network Protocols File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 1971 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

(TCP/ IP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Domain Name System (DNS) [Internet

Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]

Communications: IP based Digital

Infrastructure Packet switching

Voice Over IP Internet Protocol

TV

IP based services

IP based services Podcasts; Really Simple

Syndication (RSS) Collective intelligence: blogs,

wikis, twitter Multimedia (Youtube) Peer to Peer networks [Trading

(ebay), Lending] (prosper.com) Social networking(LinkedIn;

Xanga) Transaction-oriented communities Interest-oriented communities Fantasy-oriented communities Relationship-oriented communities

Digital will replace Analog IP based TV will replace Cathode Ray

tube TV Digital Personal Communications

Service (PCS) phones will replace Cell phones

Multipurpose Digital phones VoIP E-conferencing Multimedia (Cellywood) GPS

Data mining techniques If anything can be digitized, it will

Gov 2.0

Virtual World Simulations Life imitating … (art, comic books,…) 3D Internet Video/ Electronic/ Virtual Gaming

Pachinko Play money (QQ coins)

Second Life/ Active Worlds Virtual currency (Linden) Virtual real estate Virtual persona

Uses Libraries Museums Colleges and universities The media

Virtual Worlds

Cloud computing Also, distributed/grid computing

Computing services are delivered over the Internet, on demand, from a remote location, rather than residing on one’s own desktop, laptop, mobile device, or even on an organization’s servers

Benefits Rapid scalability and deployment

capabilities Decreased maintenance/upgrades Improved economies of scale

Cloud computing

Communications Infrastructure Network

Telephone Modems [56.6 kbps]

Broadbands >200 Digital Subscriber

Line (256 Kbps to 6 Mbps) [20 to 1 contention ratio]

Cable Modems (1 – 6 Mbps) [50 to 1 contention ratio]

T1/ T2 lines [10-100 Mbps]

Network infrastructure Wired or Wireless

Wired communications Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

Delivery of communications over optical fiber About 1.2% of homes have FTTH connections. Dallas, Jackson (TN), Sacramento

Broadband over Power Line Power Line Communications (PLC),

Power Line Telecommunications (PLT) Manassas, VA deployed the nation's

first citywide BPL system recently The National Association for Amateur

Radio opposes the idea due to interference with radio waves

BPL

Subscriber’sIn-House BPLModem + PC

Internet

DistributionTransformer

Low Voltage

Medium VoltagePower Lines

Fiber / T1

BPLRepeater

BPLInjector

BPLExtractor

AccessBPL

Wireless infrastructure Licensed vs unlicensed frequency Personal Area Networks

(e.g.Bluetooth, Ultra Wide Band) 2.4 Ghz; 720 kbps

Medium Range Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Range upto 300’; 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 standard

Long Range WiMax (Wireless Interoperability for

Microwave Access) Range upto 30 miles

IEEE 802.16 standard Mesh Networks

Satellite

Wireless Infrastructure Wireless is the future of broadband. Electromagnetic radio waves is the

next REAL ESTATE FCC auctioning of 700 MHz band

spectrum Need for transmitters

Bluetooth, UWB; Wi-Fi; WiMax; Mesh Hybrid

Telephone lines; Electrical lines (BPL); Optical Fibers (FTTH)

Technology Progress: ISPs, 2000

Technology Progress: ISPs, 2004

Technology Progress: ISPs, 2006

Municipal Wi-Fi

Legend

Under Consideration

Deployed

Emerging technology trends

RFID RFID tags: Active; Passive; Semi-passive RFID receivers Electronic product codes Uses:

Supply Chain Management Asset (Inventory) Management Maintenance of materiel

RFID: CBP

RFID: Verichip

HTTP://WWW.SPYCHIPS.COM

RFID Sensor Devices RFID tags (with EPC) will become

cheap enough to tag objects & persons

Alternative: Smart cards Are RFID tags SPY CHIPS?

Location based service: GIS Desktop GIS

Proprietary GIS software Accessible to one person at a time Developer = User Steep learning curve

Web-GIS Proprietary GIS software Accessible over internet Separation of developers and users Flatter learning curve for users

Geospatial Web (Where 2.0?) Tagging content and data with geographic metadata Open access to GIS GIS combined with Web 2.0 tools (mashups) Multiple developers as well as users

Uses Emergency management; Surveillance; Transit Loopt; Google’s Latitude; Foursquare; Hot Potato; Whrrl;

Gowalla

GIS: Virtual Alabama

GALILEO

GALILEO