The Tide of War TurnsThe Tide of War TurnsSection 4Section 4

• How did the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg change the course of the Civil War?

• Vocabulary:

siege Gettysburg Address

Vicksburg total war

Gettysburg George Pickett

William Tecumseh Sherman

Turning Points of the War

Union Victory at Vicksburg

Main Idea: After two years of war, the Confederacy still had strongholds at Port Hudson, Louisiana, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. Lincoln proclaimed that Vicksburg was the key to reaching the war’s end.

A Turning Point in the East

Main Idea: While Union troops advanced in the West, the situation was different in the East. Despite claiming victory at Antietam, Lincoln soon replaced General McClellan for failing to pursue the retreating Confederates. McClellan’s replacement, General Ambrose Burnside, headed south, hoping to win a decisive victory.

The Union Presses the Advantage

Main Idea: The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg dealt a severe blow to the Confederacy. Lee’s troops were in retreat and the Mississippi was in Union hands. The Confederacy would still win some victories, such as that at Chickamauga, Georgia, in the fall of 1863. In general, however, the situation of the South was dire.

Continued…

Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg

General McClellan replaced with Ambrose Burnside

Burnside attacks Lee in VA by charging into Confederate gunfire

Union casualties 13,000

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville

Burnside resigns Joseph “Fighting Joe”

Hooker takes over for North

Lee split forces to counter Hooker, approaching from the rear; builds fires in camp

Lee and Jackson

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

May, 1863; On the second day, Stonewall Jackson attacked on right of Hooker

Jackson scouting at night and is hit by own troops; arm amputated; died

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

North at low point due to losses

Lee weakened by blockade and lack of supplies

Lee hoped North would give up if he won in Pennsylvania

July 1, 1863July 1, 1863 General George Meade, new

Northern general Northerners held hills south

of town; Cemetery Ridge Southerners held Seminary

Ridge; field in between; General James Longstreet, Lee’s second in command

He advised Lee not to attack the North’s strong position

Lee orders the attack

July 2, 1863July 2, 1863

Meade brings reinforcementsLittle Round Top, undefendedMaine soldiers under Colonel Joshua

Chamberlain hold it and then attack with bayonets

Saved Union army from retreat

July 3, 1863July 3, 1863

Lee opens with artillery barrage

15,000 Confederates attack

Pickett’s Charge; cut up by Northern artillery; ½ casualties

GettysburgGettysburg

Bloodiest battle of warUnion had 23,000 casualtiesSouth had 28,000 casualtiesJuly 4, 1863, Lee retreats to Virginia

VicksburgVicksburg

North wanted control of the Mississippi River

General Ulysses S. Grant

Several attacks failed Began a siege in May

1863 Surrender July 4, 1963 With the fall of Port

Hudson, the South was split in two

Turning PointTurning Point

Gettysburg and VicksburgMississippi River taken by North, cutting

Confederacy in two

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

Nov. 19, 1863 President Lincoln

explained the meaning of the Civil War

Freedom and equality belong to all

The Gettysburg AddressTRANSPARENCY

•“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

•Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who died here that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have hallowed it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

•It is rather for us the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

Grant Takes CommandGrant Takes Command

Lincoln must win battles to win the election of 1864

Grant plans to use North’s superior population and industry to wear down the South

Battle of the WildernessBattle of the Wilderness

May 5, 1864 in VirginiaGrant beaten, but moved south anywayNo retreat

Battle of SpotsylvaniaBattle of Spotsylvania

May 12, 1864Northern losses were huge, with bodies piled

four deepAgain Grant moves his army further south

Battle of Cold HarborBattle of Cold Harbor

June, 1864, armies met eight miles from Richmond Large Northern losses Grant lost 7,000 Union soldiers in less than one hour

Goals of Total WarQUICK STUDY

Sherman in GeorgiaSherman in Georgia

Sherman wanted to seize Atlanta, a rail and industrial center

98,000 Union men Confederate General -

Joseph Johnston

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

AtlantaAtlanta

Johnston wanted to delay Sherman until after the Nov. elections

Mid-July, Sherman is near AtlantaJohnston replaced with General James HoodHood engaged Sherman in several battles

and lost thousands of menSherman laid siege to the city In September the South’s army left Atlanta

March to the SeaMarch to the Sea

Some thought Sherman was mentally unstable

He ordered Atlanta burnedCut a 300-mile long path of destructionCaptured Savannah in Dec.

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Vice PresidentMcClellan, DemocratCapture of Atlanta helped Lincoln win

reelection

Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

A New Birth of FreedomA New Birth of FreedomSection 5Section 5

• What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

• Vocabulary: Thirteenth Amendment

John Wilkes Booth

Mathew Brady

Land Grant College Act

The War’s End and Impact

The War’s Final Days

Main Idea: In the summer of 1864, the Confederates made a desperate stand at Petersburg, a vital railroad center. Grant knew that if he captured Petersburg, he could cut all supply lines to Richmond. Therefore he applied his siege tactics to Petersburg and ultimately achieved victory. Richmond, then defenseless, was evacuated and set on fire.

Why the North Won

Main Idea: The Union victory was a result of several key factors. Northerners were able to take advantage of their greater technological prowess, larger population, and more abundant resources. The Union was also able to develop new advantages, particularly brilliant and fearless military leaders who were willing to do everything it took to win the war. Meanwhile, the South used up its resources, unable to call upon fresh troops and supplies.

The War’s Lasting Impact

Main Idea: The Civil War produced extraordinary levels of casualties and destruction. Also, social and political disillusionment on both sides fed economic greed. However, the Civil War managed to ease the history of disunity of in American political life and helped to cement federal authority.

Siege of PetersburgSiege of Petersburg

Grant moved around capital of Richmond and attacks Petersburg

In last two months, Grant lost 65,000 menLee has trouble replacing casualties and

waits

Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment

Passed by Congress in February, 1865 Ratified by the states and became law on Dec. 18,

1865 Ended slavery in the U.S.

End of the WarEnd of the War

Sherman moved through South Carolina, burning most houses

Did not destroy North Carolina

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

April 9, 1865 Lee met Grant and surrendered

Grant offered food and ordered celebration by Northern troops ended

Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING

1809• Abraham Lincoln was

born on February 12, l809 in a log cabin on the Kentucky frontier.

• Lincoln was named after his grandfather.

• His parents were Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks.

• He had one sister Sarah. 

1834• Lincoln, age 24,

served in the state government of Illinois.

• He was elected to the legislature as a Whig

• He denounced slavery, saying it was "founded on both injustice and bad policy."

1836• September 9, Lincoln

received his law license

• Is made a leader of the Whig party.

• He first practices law in Springfield, Illinois.

1842• November 4, Lincoln

married Mary Todd. • Had four children

Robert (1843-1926), Edward (1846-1850), William (1850-1862), and Thomas (1853-1871).

1860• Lincoln is elected the

16th President of the United States

• Is the first Republican to Be elected

• Was a difficult time for Lincoln, since many Southern states did not agree with him on slavery

• Declared they were not a part of the United States.

1861• The South leaves the

Union and the Civil war begins

• Began with an attack on Fort Sumter

• The U.S. struggled in The Civil war for four year, 1861-1865.

1863• On January 1, Lincoln

issues the final Emancipation Proclamation

• Freed all slaves in territories held by Confederates

• Emphasized the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army.

1864• Lincoln is reelected

President.• He won the election

defeating Democrat George B. McClellan.

• He received 55 percent of the popular votes and 2l2 of 233 electoral votes.

1865• Civil War ends. • General Lee's troops

were surrounded and on April 7, Grant called upon Lee to surrender.

• The two commanders met on April 9, and agreed on the terms of surrender.

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination

April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln while he was watching a play

Lincoln died the next day and Booth was killed in Virginia

1865• On April 13, Lincoln

attended a play at Ford's Theatre and was shot.

• John Wilkes Booth, had shot the President.

• Lincoln died on the morning of April 15, 1865.

John Wilkes Booth

Reading Skill: Understand EffectsNOTE TAKING

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Both sides suffered great losses; more than half a million people died

Union preservedSlavery abolishedEconomy:

-Union costs $6 billion, Confederate costs $2 billion

-Southern farms, factories, and railroads destroyed

-Southern industry crippled

-Confederate states lost two thirds of their wealth

Two Important Acts

• Homestead Act: 1862, Congress passed act, making western land available at a very low cost to those who would farm it.

• Land Grant College Act: 1862, legislation that gave money from the sale of public lands to states for the establishment of universities that taught agriculture and mechanical arts

Economic Costs of the Civil WarCHART

War DeathsCHART