the times they are a- changin. bob dylan 1960s: an era of social change vickie looser
TRANSCRIPT
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““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob
DylanDylan
““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob
DylanDylan1960s: An Era of Social Change1960s: An Era of Social Change
Vickie LooserVickie Looser
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’60s: An Era of Social Change
• Latinos fight for change• Native Americans struggle for equality• African-Americans lead the civil rights
movement• Women’s movement pushes for equality• Rebellious youth embrace counterculture• Counterculture impacts fashion, fine
arts, and social attitudes
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Latinos Fight for Change
• Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans
• 9 million by 1970• Encounter ethnic
prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing
• Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods.
• 50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites
empaz.org/marcelo/ images/latinos.JPG
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Latinos demand Respect
• Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers
• “Brown power” movements increase cultural pride
• Bilingual Education of 1968 funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs
• Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride
• Organize politically
usinfo.state.gov/usa/ civilrights/a0423003.htm www.ufw.org/ cecchronsp.htm
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Native Americans Unite• Poorest Americans• Highest
unemployment rate• Health Problems:
tuberculosis, alcoholism
• Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s
• Protesters demand reform
www.fcvb.org/ html/npeople.html
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African-Americans fight Jim Crow System
• Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement• 1950s: Fight against segregation • Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine
• Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation
• 1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School
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Civil Rights 1950s • 1954: Montgomery
Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks
• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement
www.africanamericans.com/IHaveADream.htm
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Civil Rights 1960s• 1960 Sit-ins at
segregated lunch counters
• Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama
• Integration of college campuses
• Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice
• President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL
• Medgar Evars killed in Mississippieducation.ua.edu/civilrights/
tuscaloosa/album.html
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“I Have a Dream”• 1963 March on Washington• King’s speech appealed for peace and
racial harmony• President Kennedy assassinated,
President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations
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Freedom Summer, 1964
• SNCC organized voter registration project
• Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test
www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/.../info-mac-projects.htm
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Changes in the Civil Rights Movement
• Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence
• Race riots in Harlem, Watts• Demands for economic equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing, and education
• LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program
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New Voices in Civil Rights
• Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride
• “Ballots or bullets” became new slogan
• Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad
• Preached black superiority and separation from whites
• Assassinated in 1965 www.krref.krefeld.schulen.net/referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm
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Radicalism in Civil Rights
• Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality
• Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing
• Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”
• Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric
www.congregationofcoolkids.com/greenlantern.htm
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1968: Turning Point in Civil Rights
• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April
• Urban rioting in major cities• Kerner Commission stated major cause
of urban rioting to be white racism• Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned
discrimination in housing
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Civil Rights Gains by 1970
• 24th Amendment banned Poll Tax• African-Americans expressed greater pride in
their racial identity• More African Americans in movies, television
shows, and commercials• 2/3 of African Americans registered to vote• Increase in African Americans holding elected
office• Affirmative action programs promoted hiring
of groups who suffered discrimination in the past
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Women Fight for Equality
• Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men
• 1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace
• Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements
• Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions
www.bol.ucla.edu/~aferrara/Women.htm
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The Feminine Mystique• Betty Friedan’s
book exposed discontent of U. S. women
• Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women www.ktg-minden.de/msrap2000/
fp60iger.htm
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NOW opposed sex discrimination
• Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women
• Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring
• Staged protest at Miss America pageant
• Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office
• 1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher educationwww.now.org/cgi-bin/store/
MS-NR.html
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Roe v. Wade, 1973• Supreme Court
ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy
• Americans divided over abortion issue
www.ajc.com/living/content/living/special/roewade
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Equal Rights Amendment
• Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
• Sparked fierce opposition • Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign• Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38• Failed in ratification movement that
ended in 1982
www.sd4history.com/Unit9/era.htm
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Gains by Women’s Movement
• Opened up new opportunities for American women
• Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics
• Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers
• “Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions
www.cvhs.com/tgarrity/.../CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm
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“Tune in, turn on, drop out.”—Timothy Leary
• Youth embrace Counterculture
• Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war
• Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communeswww.stedwards.edu/science/yohanan/.../photographs.html
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Age of Aquarius• Desire an idyllic
setting of peace, love and harmony
• Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs
• Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid)
www.stewartfamilykeepsakes.com/Photos.html
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“Do your own thing.”• Hippies rejected the
establishment by wearing outrageous clothes
• Long hair and beards for men
• Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments
• Beads and Native American ornaments
www.jeffbickford.com/halloween/1998/default.htm
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Hippies adopt communal lifestlyes
• Reject conventional home life
• Adopt group living arrangements
• Live together in cooperation and harmony
• Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads”
• Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco www.strangeroad.com/bucyrus/
Haight-Ashbury.htm
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Lifestyle turns to violence and disillusioment
• Youths embrace new and different religious experiences• Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-
contemplaation, and intuition• Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many
to embrace transcendental meditation• Communities change to violence and disillusionment• Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood• Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence,
and mental and physical breakdowns• Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug
overdoses • Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn
to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps
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A Changing Culture• Andy Warhol led rise
of pop art• Bright silk-screen
portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture
• New art built around popular culture
www.brinkmann-literatur.de/Pop-Art3.html www.artist-studio-phuket.com/.../pop-andy-warhol-
campbells-soup
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New Fashions
• Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men
• Colorful and comfortable clothes for women
• Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone
www.backwardglances.com/groovyGear.htm www.partypants.fsnet.co.uk/
fd_70smale.htm
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British Invasion by the Beatles
• Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music
• Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved
• Led by the popularity of The Beatles• Inspired numerous other bands
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Woodstock Art and Music Fair
• August, 1969 in upstate New York
• Free music festival for 3 days and nights
• 400,000 show up for “Human Be-in”
• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage
www.sea.fi/esitykset/syksy98/musiikki.html
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Changing Social Attitudes
• Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually
• Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects
• Divorce rate doubled• Homosexual organizations openly fight for
equal rights• Hollywood produces more sexually explicit
films results in rating system for movies
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Changes spawn conservative backlash
• Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many
• Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos
• Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon
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Bibliography• Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The
Americans: Reconstruction through the 20th Century. Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999.
• Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images
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1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange
1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange
Vickie LooserVickie LooserSummer, 2004Summer, 2004