the united states and world war i ogt benchmark: connect developments related to world war i with...

The United States and World War I

OGT Benchmark: Connect developments related to World War I

with the onset of World War II

Causes of the Great War The United States and the War, 1914-1917 The United States Enters the War The Home Front The Struggle for Peace (League of Nations and Treaty of

Versailles)

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QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

A. Nationalism B. Imperialism C. Militarism D. Alliances E. War Breaks Out: Archduke Frances

Ferdinand and his wife assassinated.

I. Causes of World War I

A. Reason #1: Nationalism

Nationalism: Deep love of one’s country. This can lead to desperate actions, including fighting or war.

1. Desire for Self-Rule– A. Europe made of several empires– B. They were multinational– C. Each group wanted own identity

Example: Austro-Hungarian Empire made up of Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croatians, Jews, and Gypsies

Nationalism, Continued

2. Rivalry Among Nations– A. Pride = competition = rivalries– B. This led to violent relationships between

countries 3. Economic Competition

– A. Industrial Revolution Fighting for raw materials Fighting for markets to sell goods

B. Reason #2: Imperialism

1. Countries competed for lands and raw materials

2. This competition led to conflicts

C. Reason #3: Militarism

1. glorification of military power

2. Nations increased size of military

3. Nations increase weapons production

4. New technology = better and deadlier weapons

D. Reason #4: Alliances

1. War looked inevitable 2. Nations started forming alliances

– Examples: Germany allied with Austria-Hungary and Italy (Triple

Alliance) France allied with Russia and Great Britain (Triple

Entente) Later: These countries known as “The Allies” many other agreements made

“An attack on one is an attack on all.”

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

E. War Breaks Out The Story of How the First World War Began

A country in Europe called Bosnia was a part of Austria-Hungary. Bosnia did not like this. They wanted to be a part of Serbia instead. Things were getting very tense, so the Emperor of Austria-Hungary sent his nephew, Archduke Ferdinand, to Bosnia. He was to try to smooth things over with the the government of Bosnia.

People in Bosnia did not like Archduke Ferdinand being there. One man named Gavrilo Princip decided to shoot Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Sophie died immediately and Ferdinand died shortly after.

The Emperor of Austria-Hungary, Francis Joseph, then declared war on Serbia. World War I had begun.

Archduke Ferdinand and his family.

F. Countries Quickly Choose Sides

Russia declared war on A-H Germany declared war against Russia France declared war on Germany Germany declared war France Great Britain declared war on Germany By August 14, 1914, 7 European

countries were at war. Before World War I was over, more than 20 countries had fought, including the U.S.

OGT Multiple Choice

1. _____ The first declaration of war involved

• A. Serbia declaring against Bosnia• B. Russia declaring against Serbia• C. Bosnia declaring against Italy• D. Austria-Hungary declaring against Serbia

OGT Multiple Choice

• 2. _____ World War I began with the assassination of

• A. Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie

• B. Kaiser Wilhelm• C. Czar Nicholas• D. the King of Serbia

OGT Multiple Choice

• 3. _____ (Blue Book, 2005) At the start of World War I, all of the following were members of the Triple Entente except

• A. Germany• B. Great Britain• C. France• D. Russia

OGT Multiple Choice

4. (Practice Test Booklet 2005) One of the causes of World War I was the

nations of Europe had aligned into two alliance systems. Which of the

following combination of nations comprised of the Allies?

• A. France, Great Britain, and Russia• B. Germany, Great Britain, and Russia• C. Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy• D. Austria-Hungary, France, and Italy

OGT Multiple Choice

• #5 (Blue Book, 2005) Which factor guaranteed that a war between Britain and Germany would involve other nations?

• A. the system of entangling alliances• B. new war technologies such as poison

gas and airplanes• C. the assassination of Archduke

Ferdinand in Sarajevo• D. the sinking of the Sussex

OGT Extended Response

• (Blue Book, 2005) List and describe 2 major long-term causes of World War I.

(4 points)

II. The United States and the War 1914-

1917 A. Neutrality--not choosing sides 1. The U.S. wanted peace 2. Woodrow Wilson is President a. declared U.S. neutrality

immediately b. urged Americans to not take

sides c. this was not possible, not

even for Wilson

• B. Ties that bind 1. U.S. was for Britain a. spoke English b. read English books c. laws and customs are English d. born in Britain (or their

parents)

–People in the United States started taking the sides of their ancestry.

President Woodrow Wilson

He favored neutrality at the onset of World War I

Very influential manner of trying to make people support their group

Both sides sides used propaganda to influence people in the U.S.

***The British cut the communications cable from Germany to the U.S. All information came from Britain about

the war.

Very influential manner of trying to make people support their group

Both sides sides used propaganda to influence people in the U.S.

***The British cut the communications cable from Germany to the U.S. All information came from Britain about

the war.

C. PropagandaC. Propaganda

Propaganda Poster

D. Trade with the Allies

A. More and more we sided with Allies 1. Trade a. food b. weapons and ammo c. raw materials **Britain had a naval blockade of Germany. This made it difficult to

trade with the Central Powers.

2. Loans a. $2 billion b. No loan = no trade = depression

***1914-1916 (beginning of WWI) Trade with Allies: from $800 million to $3 billion Trade with Germany: $170 million to $1 million

E. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare by Germany

Germany did not like the U.S. trading with the Allies

Germany announced they would use U-Boats (submarines) to attack U.S. merchant ships heading to England

Wilson warned Germany not to do this Germany used the U-Boat anyway

U-Boats, continuedA. Germany could not follow international law

o 1. Germany had 27 subs (U-Boats)o 2. began to use the subso B. Feb. 4, 1915o 1. Germans declare waters around British Isle

a war zoneo 2. urged American ships not to go thereo 3. urged Americans to not travel on Brit shipso 4. Wilson didn’t listeno a. told Germany they would be responsible

if any ships sunko 5. Now, Britain begins seizing ships everywhereo a. this “gagged” Germany

F. Sinking of the Lusitania

A. May 7, 1915 B. Lusitania: British ship C. U-Boats sank it D. 1000 killed, 100 Americans E. Later found it had war supplies on it F. American public outraged G. NO WAR YET! Wilson sent letters to

Germany in protest

G. Arabic and Sussex Pledges

A. Wilson sends strong message to Germany 1. U.S. will sail wherever it wants 2. neutrality laws B. Many in U.S. want war 1. Teddy Roosevelt C. The Arabic 1. British ship 2. sunk by U-Boats 3. 2 Americans killed 4. Germany backed down a. they didn’t want war with us b. Arabic Pledge--would not sink any ships

•D. The Sussex• 1. French ship• 2. sunk by the Germans March 1916• 3. May 31, 1916--Sussex Pledge• a. another promise by the Germans

• E. Germans wanted same rules• 1. They killed with their U-Boats• 2. British blockade starved Germans

H. The Zimmerman Note

A. wrote by German Arthur Zimmerman

B. sent to Mexico

1. wants Mexico to

help Germany by attacking

the U.S.

2. this would keep us out of Europe

3. In return, Germany would help Mexico gain

back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

C. British intercepted the note

D. They relayed the message to Wilson

E. Wilson publishes the Zimmerman Note

VIDEO


OGT Multiple Choice

• 1. When World War I first broke out the United States stated they were

• A. on the side of the Allies

• B. on the side of the Central Powers

• C. neutral

OGT Multiple Choice

• 2. During the first 3 years of the war, United States trade

• A. increased with the Central Powers

• B. decreased with the Allies

• C. increased with the Allies

• D. stayed the same with both sides

OGT Multiple Choice

• 3. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of the following is not an example of

propaganda?

• A. A gov. poster to get people to enlist in the military during a war

• B. The listing of names, addresses, and telephone numbers in the telephone directory

• C. An advertisement to convince consumers to buy a particular brand of shoes

• D. A candidate’s campaign slogan to help him or her get elected

OGT Multiple Choice

• 5. America tended to favor the Allies because of all the following except

• A. language and cultural ties to Great Britain• B. reports of German atrocities coming from

England• C. the huge numbers of Irish and German

immigrants in the United States• D. the sinking of ships by the German U-Boats

OGT Multiple Choice

• 6. (Blue Book, 2005) The single most important factor in causing the entry of the U.S. into World War I was

• A. Britain’s naval blockade• B. the assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand in Sarajevo• C. unrestricted submarine warfare by

Germany• D. the sinking of the Sussex

OGT Multiple Choice

• 7. Two ships that were sunk by the Germans and resulted in them sending pledges to not sink any more ships were

• A. the Arabic and Sussex• B. the Maine and the Arabic• C. the Maine and the Sussex• D. the Lusitania and the Andreodorea


List and explain 2 reasons why

the United States became

involved in World War I. (4

points)

III. The U.S. Goes to War April 2, 1917

1. Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War against Germany

2. Wilson: “The world must be made safe for democracy.”

3. Four days later, Congress votes:Senate: 82 to 6 in favorHouse: 373 to 50 in favor

(Read 1st paragraph on right on page 555)

The Sides During World War I

The Allies Great Britain France Russia United States

The Central Powers

Germany Austria-Hungary

*U.S. soldiers during WWI were called DOUGHBOYS.

American Doughboy

When U.S. entered, the Allies were in bad trouble. Central Powers almost had the war won. Submarines had kept everything (food, money, men, ammo) out of the Allied countries.

A. War on the Western Front A. Trench warfare 1. machine guns 2. defensive war 3. stationary war a. front lines changed little for over 3

years 4. Conditions a. front trenches b. behind were supply trenches (5 miles) c. connected by tunnels and railways 5. “trench fever” “trench foot” “trench mouth” --all caused by filth and fatigue 6. isolation, dark, constant firing 7. “shell shock”--mental disorder

FRENCH TRENCHES

War on the Western Front (Cont)

B. The “battle” 1. A group from one trench charges over

to

the enemy trench 2. They fire their machine guns/weapons 3. Try to open up a hole in the line 4. This was tough a. barbed wire b. enemy machine gun

MACHINE GUNS

Trapped in Barbed Wire

B. Early Losses in the War

A. 1914: 500,000 men killed from each side

B. 1915: no advancement over 3 miles

1. French still lost 1.5 million

C. 1916: French lost 1 million

C. The American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

A. The U.S. came in time B. All other sides were tired and weary C. August 1918--U.S. had 500,000 soldiers 1. they pushed the Germans back D. End of Sept. 1918--U.S. had 1.25 million soldiers 1. Pushed Germans further back 2. took over trenches the Germans had for 3 yrs 3. cut the German supply lines 4. French + British also pushing back Germans E. German mistake--they did not believe the U.S.

would be this strong

U.S.: lost only 50,000 men.

Other countries lost millions. We came in late and took care of business.

Nov. 11, 1918: armistice. This ended World War I.

http://www.unitedstreaming.com

Let’s look at a video clip from United Streaming on European Conflict

This clip is 4:48 in length.


OGT Multiple Choice

• 1. World War I was the bloodiest war in history because of

• A. the lack of medical personnel• B. the use of naval blockades• C. the development of new weapons such as

the machine gun• D. its length

OGT Short Answer

• (Blue Book, 2005) Prior to the entry of the United States into World War I, two views prevailed. One favored preparedness, increasing our military strength to be ready for war. The other opposed military buildup and advocated pacifism. Pacifists argued that if the United States prepared for war, it was more likely to use the weapons that had been developed. Choose one of the points of view and write 2 reasons that explains your answer (2 points).

IV. The Home Front

During World War I the U.S. government told everybody what to do:

1. how much and what they could eat

2. what factories could make and buy

A. Mobilization of Men and Women

A. Selective Service Act--set up the draft. 1. Passed: May, 1917 2. By end of war: 24 million drafted

for different areas (army, Nat. Guard, etc)

B. American factories 1. began to make

weapons/ammo/boots/clothes/food rations

B. Mobilizing Money

A. War cost $2.3 billion to U.S.

1. Raised taxes 2. War Bonds

C. The Government Takes Control

A. Railroads B. Farming 1. farmers benefit from war

2. farm prices rose

D. The War Industries Board

A. formed to make war time decisions at home

1. decide what goods should be produced

2. set prices

E. The Labor Force

A. Women had to work 1. mills and factories 2. assembly lines 3. After war, they returned home B. Blacks from the South moved to North to

workin factories

C. There was a shortage of workers during war D. National War Labor Board 1. settled labor disputes during war


Let’s look at a video clip from United Streaming on Women on the Homefront.



http://www.unitedstreaming.com/




Let’s look at a video clip from United Streaming on African-Americans on the Homefront






F. Mobilizing Minds

A. Many didn’t want war 1. German Americans 2. Conscientious objectors 3. Pacifists

G. Germanaphobia

1. People hated Germans 2. No German foods or traditions practiced

in the U.S. (Ex: sauerkraut now is liberty cabbage)

3. German-Americans changed their names 4. Spy scares 5. Could be arrested for making unpatriotic

remarks


Let’s look at a video clip from United Streaming on Fear on the Homefront: The Espionage and Sedition Acts






H. The Attack on Civil Liberties

A. Illegal to speak against the war.

OGT Multiple Choice

• 1. During the war, the right of free speech

• A. became greater• B. became less• C. was unaffected• D. was respected by the United States

government

OGT Multiple Choice

• 2. The war affected farmers by

• A. causing a drop in prices for crops• B. causing a rise in prices for crops• C. making them cut back on their acreage• D. causing a drop in prices for crops and

making them cut back on their acreage

OGT Multiple Choice

• 3. The Selective Service Act of 1917 provided for

• A. the draft of men between ages 21 and 31• B. hiring substitutes to replace those not

wishing to be drafted• C. draft dodgers to be tried for treason• D. drafting of women for medical and clerical

jobs

OGT Multiple Choice

• 4. _____(2005 Practice Test) Charles Schenck was found guilty of violating the 1917

Espionage Act by distributing leaflets through the mail urging men to resist induction under

the military draft for World War I. On appeal, Schenck’s attorneys argued the distribution of

the leaflets was protected by the 1st Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld his

convictions. This case illustrates how individual rights can be balanced against

• A. the rights of other individuals• B. the security of the nation in a time of war• C. The opportunities for people to enlist in the

military• D. the interest of the gov. in keeping courts open to

provide justice


• During World War I, the United States government took away some

rights of the people. (4 points)

• List and explain two of these rights taken away during time of war.

• Is it right that the government took these rights away? Why or why not?

V. The Struggle For Peace

David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain

Georges ClemenceauFrance

Vittorio OrlandoItaly

THE BIG FOURPresident Wilson met with the

other 3 top leaders of the world.

A. The Versailles Treaty

***When Germans lost, they felt the peace would not be bad. They were in for a shock!

***The Big Four wanted to punish Germany and get as much land and money from them as possible.

The Big Four

TREATY CONTINUED• . The Treaty• 1. Not as harsh as G.B., France, and Italy hoped• 2. Not as easy as Wilson hoped (fourteen points)• 3. Each got land• 4. Poland and Czechoslovakia were created

5. Germany lost their colonies (coal fields) in Africa• 6. Reparations--payment for losing the war• a. Germany made to pay the TOTAL

COST ($33 Billion owed, $4.5 billion actually paid)

• 6. Wilson tries to get the League of Nations (fourteen points)

B. The fight over the treaty begins

A. Senate must have 2/3 vote to pass treaty

B. Big debate: Article 10 1. If a country in the League of Nations was attacked, all other nations

would help out

C. The Failure to Enter the League

A. Wilson went to people 1. traveled 8000 miles 2. visited 29 cities 3. gave 40 speeches in 22 days 4. collapsed and taken back to

White House 5. had stroke 6. sick for 8 months

Failure (cont)

B. Election of 1920 1. Wilson wants League a. moral reasons 2. Warren G. Harding a. ran against Wilson b. against the League of

Nations 3. Harding wins a. U.S. did not join League

***The League of Nations never had any power, because the most powerful country in the world did not join!

Military Deaths in World War 1914-1918

Belgium 45,550British Empire 942,135France 1,368,000Greece 23,098Italy 680,000Japan 1,344Montenegro 3,000Portugal 8,145Romania 300,000Russia 1,700,000Serbia 45,000United States 116,516Austria-Hungary 1,200,000Bulgaria 87,495Germany 1,935,000Ottoman Empire 725,000

OGT Multiple Choice

• 1.(Practice Test Booklet 2005) The main purpose of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points at the end of World War I was to

• A. help leaders of Europe gain additional territory at Germany’s expense

• B. assure peace in the future by not treating Germany as a vanquished nation

• C. divide Germany into several parts so it would not be a threat in the future

• D. gain reparations from Germany to help pay for the cost of the war

OGT Multiple Choice

• 2.(Practice Test Booklet 2005) The international organization created to preserve the peace after World War I was the

• A. North Atlantic Treaty Organization• B. United Nations• C. Organization of American States• D. League of Nations

OGT Multiple Choice

• 3. (Blue Book, 2005) Which of the following was a part of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

• A. Allies reparations to the Germans• B. maintenance of national boundaries as

they existed when World War I began• C. a “guilt clause” for Germany• D. the establishment of a League of Nations

OGT Multiple Choice• 4 (Base Test March 2005) The League of Nations was

created after World War I as a forum for resolving international conflicts. However, the League was unable to resolve tensions that led to World War II.

• One factor that contributed to the ineffectiveness of the League was the

• A. breakup of colonial empires in Africa and Asia• B. decision of the United States not to join the League• C. opposition of League members to the Treaty of

Versailles• D. rise of the Cold War between the United States and

the Soviet Union.

OGT Multiple Choice

• 5._____ (Blue Book, 2005) Which of the following statements is most accurate?

• A. The U.S. Senate approved the Versailles Treaty with some hesitation.

• B. The U.S. Senate rejected the Versailles Treaty.• C. The U.S joined the League of Nations after the

Versailles Treaty was rejected.• D. Wilson’s Fourteen Points rejected the idea of a

League on Nations.

OGT Multiple Choice

• 6. “The Big Four” were the leaders of the countries who won World War I. They included

• A. France, Spain, Germany, and England• B. France, Germany, Italy, and the United

States• C. France, England, Italy, and the United

States• D. the United States, England, France, and

Austria-Hungary

OGT Multiple Choice

• 7. The major reason for American opposition to the League of Nations was

• A. fear of being required to get involved in future European wars

• B. Wilson’s failure to promote the League to the public• C. the desire of Americans to punish the Central Powers• D. the high financial costs of joining the League


• (Base Test March 2005) Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the eventual outbreak of World War II. Summarize two provisions of the Versailles Treaty relating to Germany and discuss how each helped lead to World War II.

• (4 points)

the united states and world war i ogt benchmark: connect developments related to world war i with...

Documents

great war

declaration of war

causes of world war

onset of world war

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war france great britain

treaty of versailles