The War to End All WarThe War to End All War

1917-19181917-1918The World must be The World must be made safe for made safe for

democracydemocracy. Its peace must be planted . Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political upon the tested foundations of political

liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We We desire no conquest, no dominion. We

seek no indemnities for ourselves, no seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for sacrifices we material compensation for sacrifices we

shall freely make.shall freely make.Woodrow Wilson, War Message, April 2, Woodrow Wilson, War Message, April 2,

1917 1917

Germany moves America to Germany moves America to WarWar

Jan. 22, 1917- Wilson reaffirmed US neutrality Jan. 22, 1917- Wilson reaffirmed US neutrality rights & declared a negotiated “rights & declared a negotiated “peace without peace without victoryvictory” would work.” would work.

Jan. 31, 1917- Germany announced that they Jan. 31, 1917- Germany announced that they would would resume “unrestricted” sub warfare-resume “unrestricted” sub warfare- sinking all ships in the war zone.sinking all ships in the war zone.

Wilson broke all diplomatic relations with Wilson broke all diplomatic relations with Germany- refused to go to war unless Germany Germany- refused to go to war unless Germany took “overt” acts against the UStook “overt” acts against the US

Why would Germany insist on unrestricted sub Why would Germany insist on unrestricted sub warfarewarfare??

1.1. Germany had been fighting to a bloody Germany had been fighting to a bloody stalemate for 3 long years- stalemate for 3 long years-

2.2. Hoped to make Britain submit before the US Hoped to make Britain submit before the US could intervene could intervene

Germany Provokes WarGermany Provokes War

Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm US merchant ships Mid-West Senators (“little group of willful men”) filibustered= demonstrated US isolationist tendencies.

•**The Zimmermann Note (Telegram)- March 1, 1917- German foreign secretary (Arthur Zimmermann) secretly proposed a German-Mexican Alliance & hinted that if Mexico allied with Germany it could recover Texas, New Mexico, & Arizona. • the note was “intercepted” & published in US PAPERS= angered US citizens.

• Oct 1917- communist Bolsheviks held a revolution & overthrew the tsars – Russia will pull out of the war•Early March 1917- German U-Boats sank 4 unarmed US merchant ships• April 2, 1917- Wilson asked Congress for war declaration• 6 Senators & 50 representative (including the 1st woman in Congress -Jeanette Rankin) voted against going to war.

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Czar NicholasCzar Nicholas

Czar Nicholas and the Romanov Family would be overthrown by Lenin who eventually would start

the first CommunisticCommunistic state……

CAUSESCAUSES•Food and fuel shortages

•Striking workers•Terrible loses in WWI •Czar was a weak ruler•Marxist (communistcommunist)

propaganda spread by Lenin

EFFECTSEFFECTS•Czar overthrown

•Russia pulls out of the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)

•Russia becomes a communistic countrycommunistic country

•Germany sends Zimmerman Zimmerman NoteNote to Mexico

battle frontsbattle fronts

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

congress congress actionsactions

General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks. 2 million in

France by Sept. 1918

pershingpershing

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

Was America dragged into the war Was America dragged into the war by War industries & Moneyed by War industries & Moneyed

Interests?Interests? Weapons merchants & US banks were Weapons merchants & US banks were

thriving before we entered the warthriving before we entered the war POST WWI, a Congressional investigation POST WWI, a Congressional investigation

((TheThe Nye CommitteeNye Committee) will determine ) will determine otherwiseotherwise

Wilson showed reluctance in entering such a Wilson showed reluctance in entering such a war-broke with American tradition of avoiding war-broke with American tradition of avoiding European warsEuropean wars

Wilson’s goal- “Wilson’s goal- “make the world safe for make the world safe for democracydemocracy””

Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson became the moral leader of the Allied causeWilson became the moral leader of the Allied cause Jan. 8, 1918- delivered his *Jan. 8, 1918- delivered his *Fourteen Point PlanFourteen Point Plan to to

CongressCongress PurposePurpose- keep Russia out of the war; also inspired the Allies, & - keep Russia out of the war; also inspired the Allies, &

demoralized the enemies. demoralized the enemies. 1.1. Abolish secret treatiesAbolish secret treaties2.2. Freedom of the seas (appealed the Germans & US)Freedom of the seas (appealed the Germans & US)3.3. Removal of barriers to trade (tariffs etc.)Removal of barriers to trade (tariffs etc.)4.4. Reduction of militarization (pleased all) Reduction of militarization (pleased all) 5.5. Adjust colonial claims- in the interest of colonizers & those Adjust colonial claims- in the interest of colonizers & those

people who were colonized people who were colonized Helped destabilize old empires= national independence for Helped destabilize old empires= national independence for

millionsmillions Independence for oppressed minorities (self-determination)Independence for oppressed minorities (self-determination) 1414thth Point- Point--- called for -- called for an international body for collective an international body for collective

securitysecurity (LATER CALLED the (LATER CALLED the League of NationsLeague of Nations))• Groups not applauding Wilson’s plan- Allied leaders & Groups not applauding Wilson’s plan- Allied leaders &

RepublicansRepublicans• The World was hopefulThe World was hopeful

America “Sells” the WarAmerica “Sells” the War Committee on Public Information-Committee on Public Information- headed by headed by

GeorgeGeorge CreelCreel; purpose- sell the war to the ; purpose- sell the war to the American people.American people.

GOALGOAL: PUSH Wilson’s war aims to the world using: PUSH Wilson’s war aims to the world usingPropagandaPropaganda Employed 150,000 at home & overseasEmployed 150,000 at home & overseas TacticsTactics: “: “Four minute menFour minute men” (75,000) delivered ” (75,000) delivered

propaganda speeches at movie houses etc.propaganda speeches at movie houses etc. Posters, leaflets, pamphlets, movies “The Kaiser, Posters, leaflets, pamphlets, movies “The Kaiser,

the Beast of Berlin” & “To Hell with the Kaiser”the Beast of Berlin” & “To Hell with the Kaiser” Music of Music of George M. CohanGeorge M. Cohan “Over There”- patriotic “Over There”- patriotic* Creel over sold Wilson’s ideals-the world expected * Creel over sold Wilson’s ideals-the world expected

too muchtoo much

Committee on Public Information

Creel CommitteeCreel Committee, headed by , headed by George CreelGeorge Creel,, told Americans told Americans what the war was about and to what the war was about and to publicize the American aims.publicize the American aims.

Propaganda posters to get Propaganda posters to get Americans to support the war Americans to support the war

effort.effort.

Committee on Public Committee on Public InformationInformation

presidents presidents actionsactions

Enforcing Loyalty & Stifling Enforcing Loyalty & Stifling DissentDissent

German-American = 8 million out of 100 million; one German-American = 8 million out of 100 million; one parent was foreign-bornparent was foreign-born

Most were loyal to the USMost were loyal to the US Americans targeted German-Americans during the war Americans targeted German-Americans during the war

(tar & feathered, beaten)(tar & feathered, beaten)1.1. German books were banned, German-composed music German books were banned, German-composed music

banned, German classes canceledbanned, German classes canceled2.2. *The Espionage Act*The Espionage Act & & Sedition ActsSedition Acts 1917-1918- 1917-1918-

made it possible to arrest anyone suspected of made it possible to arrest anyone suspected of espionage & outlawed anyone speech that seemed espionage & outlawed anyone speech that seemed treasonous.treasonous.

1,900 convictions ( targeted anti-war Socialists & radical 1,900 convictions ( targeted anti-war Socialists & radical union members)union members)

Industrial Workers of the WorldIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW) “Wobblies”; leader (IWW) “Wobblies”; leader William “Big Bill” Haywood arrested with 99 associates.William “Big Bill” Haywood arrested with 99 associates.

Eugene V. Debs-Eugene V. Debs- sentenced to 10 years; pardoned 1921 sentenced to 10 years; pardoned 1921

congress congress actionsactions

•Provided for up to $10,000 in fines and 20 years in prison for interfering with the war effort or using disloyal

language.

•At least 1,597 persons were arrested, and 41 received prison sentences;

newspapers criticizing the government lost mailing privileges.

•Congress and President Wilson enacted this law to promote

patriotism, nationalism and protect the National Security of the US during

WWI.

Espionage & Sedition Act, Espionage & Sedition Act, 19181918

National Security vs. Civil National Security vs. Civil LibertiesLiberties

It was a crime to speak against the It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or purchase of war bonds or willfully willfully utter, print, write or publish any utter, print, write or publish any disloyal,disloyal, profane, scurrilous, orprofane, scurrilous, orabusive languageabusive language about this form of US about this form of US Govt., Govt.,

the US Constitution, or the US armed the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to forces or to willfully urge, incite, or willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of productionadvocate any curtailment of production of things of things necessary or essential to the necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the warthe US in the prosecution of the war..

Sedition Act – 1918Sedition Act – 1918

*Schenck v. United States*Schenck v. United States 19191919

Charles Schenck-Charles Schenck- Secretary for the Socialist Party Secretary for the Socialist Party issued pamphlets to men of draft age urging issued pamphlets to men of draft age urging resistance to the draft. He was arrested under the resistance to the draft. He was arrested under the Sedition Act.Sedition Act.

Supreme Court affirmed the legality of laws passed Supreme Court affirmed the legality of laws passed by arguing that freedom of speech could be curbed by arguing that freedom of speech could be curbed when it posed “ when it posed “ a clear and present dangera clear and present danger” to the ” to the nation. nation.

i.e. “ yelling fire in a crowded theater”i.e. “ yelling fire in a crowded theater”

Voluntary Methods: Factories Voluntary Methods: Factories & War& War

There was very little preparation before the war.There was very little preparation before the war.

1.1. 1915- Council of National Defense created- to 1915- Council of National Defense created- to study problems of economic war mobilization. study problems of economic war mobilization.

No one knew how much steel or powder the No one knew how much steel or powder the country could produce country could produce

1.1. Shipbuilding program- of little military Shipbuilding program- of little military consequence consequence

2.2. Beefing up the army with 100,000 regulars (ranked Beefing up the army with 100,000 regulars (ranked 1515thth in the world) in the world)

Obstacles:Obstacles: States-rights DemocratsStates-rights Democrats Business peopleBusiness people

*The War Industries Board- *The War Industries Board- 19181918

Led by Led by Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch The Board had few powersThe Board had few powers Disabled within days of the armisticeDisabled within days of the armistice

(cease fire)(cease fire)

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Labor & the War EffortLabor & the War Effort1.1. Work or Fight LawWork or Fight Law (1918)- any unemployed man could be (1918)- any unemployed man could be

immediately drafted- kept labor strikes to a min. immediately drafted- kept labor strikes to a min.

2.2. The National War Labor Relations Board-The National War Labor Relations Board- led by Taft; led by Taft; mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes= higher wages mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes= higher wages & 8 hour days& 8 hour days

AFL- led by Samuel Gompers supported the war- AFL- led by Samuel Gompers supported the war- “Labor“Labor will will win the war”win the war”

6,000 strikes 1914-1920 (including the largest in US 6,000 strikes 1914-1920 (including the largest in US history)history)

** ** 1919 Steel Strike-1919 Steel Strike- largest; 250,000 Pittsburgh steel largest; 250,000 Pittsburgh steel workers & involved government clashes with workers.workers & involved government clashes with workers.

Steel company refused to negotiate- brought in AA strike Steel company refused to negotiate- brought in AA strike breakers.breakers.

* Steel strike collapsed= set labor back a decade* Steel strike collapsed= set labor back a decade

Wages rose 20%- inflation doubled pricesWages rose 20%- inflation doubled prices

*The Great Migration*The Great Migration Beginning 1915- millions of African-Beginning 1915- millions of African-

Americans fled the South & moved north to Americans fled the South & moved north to take jobs in war factories.take jobs in war factories.

EffectsEffects: changes the make up of cities like : changes the make up of cities like Chicago, lead to racial unrestChicago, lead to racial unrest

Riot- East St. Louis, Missouri (July 1917)- 9 Riot- East St. Louis, Missouri (July 1917)- 9 whites; 40 blacks dead.whites; 40 blacks dead.

Chicago Riots- African-Americans moved to Chicago Riots- African-Americans moved to Chicago; used as strike breakers & moved Chicago; used as strike breakers & moved into working class white neighborhoods= into working class white neighborhoods= racial unrest .racial unrest .

July 1919- 2 week race riot= 15 whites & 23 July 1919- 2 week race riot= 15 whites & 23 blacks dead.blacks dead.

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Chicago Race Riots 1919

Women Suffrage & The WarWomen Suffrage & The WarWomen flooded into factories & fields during the war.Women flooded into factories & fields during the war. The war split the women’s movement deeplyThe war split the women’s movement deeply Progressive era feminist opposed the war= Progressive era feminist opposed the war= Alice PaulAlice Paul

organized the organized the National Woman’s PartyNational Woman’s Party & demonstrated & demonstrated against the war with marches & hunger strikes.against the war with marches & hunger strikes.

The National American Woman Suffrage AssociationThe National American Woman Suffrage Association ((NAWSANAWSA) – led by ) – led by Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt held most held most members- supported the war. members- supported the war.

If women support the war-they can help shape peaceIf women support the war-they can help shape peace Wilson noticed women’s support as vital & finally Wilson noticed women’s support as vital & finally

endorsed suffrage.endorsed suffrage. 1919thth Amendment Amendment (1920) gave all women the right to (1920) gave all women the right to

vote.vote. Most women workers gave up war jobs-after the warMost women workers gave up war jobs-after the war

19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage (1920) Women won the right to vote….Called the

“Susan B. Anthony” amendment.

The War EconomyThe War Economy Voluntary Programs-Voluntary Programs- successful= food production successful= food production

increased by 25%, food exports to Allies increased increased by 25%, food exports to Allies increased times 3.times 3.

US issued no ration cards (done in Europe)US issued no ration cards (done in Europe)

1.1. The Food Administration-The Food Administration- led by led by Herbert Herbert HooverHoover; urged food conservation.; urged food conservation.

Used propaganda pamphlets & programsUsed propaganda pamphlets & programs ““wheatless Wednesdays” , “meatless Tuesdays”wheatless Wednesdays” , “meatless Tuesdays” “ “victory gardensvictory gardens”- ”- Congress restricted foodstuffs that would be used Congress restricted foodstuffs that would be used

to manufacture alcohol= only helped the wave of to manufacture alcohol= only helped the wave of prohibition in the country.prohibition in the country.

1919- 1919- 1818thth Amendment- Amendment- prohibited all alcoholic prohibited all alcoholic drinks. drinks.

U. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food Administration

U. S. School Garden U. S. School Garden ArmyArmy

U. S. School Garden U. S. School Garden ArmyArmy

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

The War EconomyThe War Economy

2. 2. The Fuel Administration-The Fuel Administration- called on called on Americans to save energy; “heatless Americans to save energy; “heatless Mondays”, “lightless nights”Mondays”, “lightless nights”

3. 3. Financing the War-Financing the War- headed by headed by Dept. of Treasury Dept. of Treasury

Victory Loan Drives, Liberty Loan Victory Loan Drives, Liberty Loan Drives = $ 21 BillionDrives = $ 21 Billion

Increased taxes ($112 billion)Increased taxes ($112 billion)

U. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel Administration

congress congress actionsactions

Financing the war:

•Sale of war bonds.

•Liberty and victory loans raised $21 billion.

•Raised income taxes

Government Forced Actions of the Government Forced Actions of the WarWar

1.1. 1917- US government took control of the nation’s 1917- US government took control of the nation’s Railroads.Railroads.

Seized enemy merchant ships in US ports Seized enemy merchant ships in US ports 2. 2. Draft/Conscription Act-Draft/Conscription Act- registration of all males registration of all males

aged 18-45 (exempted key industrial workers only)aged 18-45 (exempted key industrial workers only) Army grew from 100,000 to 4 millionArmy grew from 100,000 to 4 million 337,000 “slackers” escaped draft; 4,000 337,000 “slackers” escaped draft; 4,000

conscientious objectorsconscientious objectors Women admitted into armed forces for 1Women admitted into armed forces for 1stst time= time=

11,000 in the navy, 269 in Marines11,000 in the navy, 269 in Marines African-Americans served in segregated units led African-Americans served in segregated units led

by white officers; not allowed to fight early onby white officers; not allowed to fight early on US troops (‘US troops (‘doughboysdoughboys”) supposed to get 6 ”) supposed to get 6

months training in US & 2 overseas=most did not. months training in US & 2 overseas=most did not.

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Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the

Economy Economy

Is it a move towards Is it a move towards socialism?socialism?

1.1. Unemployment virtually Unemployment virtually disappeared.disappeared.

2.2. Expansion of “big government.”Expansion of “big government.”

3.3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.Excessive govt. regulations in eco.

4.4. Some gross mismanagement --> Some gross mismanagement --> overlapping jurisdictions.overlapping jurisdictions.

5.5. Close cooperation between public Close cooperation between public and private sectors.and private sectors.

6.6. Unprecedented opportunities for Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.disadvantaged groups.

Fighting in FranceFighting in France 1918- Russia pulled troops out of the war (due to 1918- Russia pulled troops out of the war (due to

Bolshevik Revolution & Bolshevik Revolution & Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk).). Germany pulled troops from the eastern front to Germany pulled troops from the eastern front to

the western front in France.the western front in France. Hoped to knock Britain off in 6 months before the Hoped to knock Britain off in 6 months before the

US could get troops over (took US 1 year to get US could get troops over (took US 1 year to get troops over)troops over)

Allies had trouble shipping as wellAllies had trouble shipping as well American troops fought in France, Belgium, Italy, & American troops fought in France, Belgium, Italy, &

RussiaRussia 5,000 US troops to northern Russia (Archangel), 5,000 US troops to northern Russia (Archangel),

10,000 US troops to Siberia & 70,000 Japanese 10,000 US troops to Siberia & 70,000 Japanese soldiers= prevent Japan from getting control of soldiers= prevent Japan from getting control of Siberia, rescue 45,000 Czech troops, take military Siberia, rescue 45,000 Czech troops, take military supplies from Bolsheviks supplies from Bolsheviks

* Bolsheviks resented American intrusion* Bolsheviks resented American intrusion

America Helps Fight the HunAmerica Helps Fight the Hun Spring 1918- Germany launched attack on the Western Spring 1918- Germany launched attack on the Western

Front (500,000 troops)Front (500,000 troops) Supreme Allied Commander-Supreme Allied Commander- Ferdinand FochFerdinand Foch May 1918- the German army was within 40 miles of ParisMay 1918- the German army was within 40 miles of Paris US troops (less than 30,000) newly arrived- helped stop US troops (less than 30,000) newly arrived- helped stop

an advance atan advance at Chateau-ThierryChateau-Thierry (1 (1stst significant significant engagement of US troops on foreign soil) engagement of US troops on foreign soil)

July 1918- the German advance had ground to a haltJuly 1918- the German advance had ground to a haltSecond Battle of the Marne-Second Battle of the Marne- Foch launched a Foch launched a

counteroffensive (counteroffensive (begins German withdrawalbegins German withdrawal). ). Sept. 1918- 9 US divisions joined 4 French divisions to Sept. 1918- 9 US divisions joined 4 French divisions to

push the Germans back at push the Germans back at St. Mihiel St. Mihiel Gen. John Pershing-Gen. John Pershing- assigned a 85 mile area to assigned a 85 mile area to

Swiss border- Swiss border- Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Sept. 26-Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Sept. 26-Nov. 11, 1918Nov. 11, 1918 (47 days battle; 1.2 million US (47 days battle; 1.2 million US troops) troops)

battle frontsbattle fronts

•German offensive in the summer of 1918

to capture Paris, France and win the

war.

•With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to

stop the German advance.

•Germans surrender and sign an armistice

on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.

troop troop buildupbuildup

American HeroesAmerican Heroes

Alvin York- former conscientious Alvin York- former conscientious objector; captured 132 Germans & objector; captured 132 Germans & killed 20 at Meuse-Argonne Forest killed 20 at Meuse-Argonne Forest battle.battle.

Eddie Rickenbacker- American flying Eddie Rickenbacker- American flying Ace; 26 verified kills.Ace; 26 verified kills.

Germany SurrendersGermany Surrenders Oct. 1918- negotiated with Wilson to arrange an Oct. 1918- negotiated with Wilson to arrange an

armistice (cease-fire) based on his 14 Point armistice (cease-fire) based on his 14 Point Plan.Plan.

US demands- Kaiser must be deposed (died in US demands- Kaiser must be deposed (died in Holland 23 years later) Holland 23 years later)

Armistice signed November 11, 1918 (today Armistice signed November 11, 1918 (today celebrated as Veteran’s Day) celebrated as Veteran’s Day)

US ContributionsUS Contributions:: Food, munitions, oil, credit, manpowerFood, munitions, oil, credit, manpower Prospect of endless US troops boosted morale of Prospect of endless US troops boosted morale of

AlliesAllies US not the main supplier like WWII. US not the main supplier like WWII.

PeacePeace What form would it take (idealized peace-14 Points) or What form would it take (idealized peace-14 Points) or

a return to colonialism?a return to colonialism? Wilson seen as the moral leader of the world (Moral Wilson seen as the moral leader of the world (Moral

Diplomacy)Diplomacy)Wilson Stumbled at HomeWilson Stumbled at Home: : Wilson campaigned for Democrats in the Wilson campaigned for Democrats in the

congressional elections of 1918= voters gave congressional elections of 1918= voters gave Republicans a majority in Congress.Republicans a majority in Congress.

Wilson goes to Europe personally (seen by Wilson goes to Europe personally (seen by Republicans as grandstanding- Republicans as grandstanding- 11stst president to travel president to travel to Europeto Europe))

Wilson did not include a single Senate Republican in Wilson did not include a single Senate Republican in the European peace trip (snubbed the European peace trip (snubbed Henry CabotHenry Cabot Lodge Lodge Republican Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Republican Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeCommittee) )

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•When President Wilson went to

Paris, France, he was welcomed

like he was a God.

•Countries were convinced that his

14 points could “end all war”.

•But, the hatred of the Allied

nations led to the Treaty of

Versailles to be a “Treaty of

Revenge” against Germany.

Wilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign PolicyWilson’s Foreign Policy Wilson was obsessed with Wilson was obsessed with

establishing a establishing a new world ordernew world order..

He believed the US should promote He believed the US should promote democracy around the world in order democracy around the world in order to insure peace.to insure peace.

Believed that all nations could work Believed that all nations could work together to together to end warend war

ANDAND, a country’s foreign policy , a country’s foreign policy decisions should be based on decisions should be based on honesty honesty and unselfishnessand unselfishness… …

Events around the world, however, Events around the world, however, kept him from ever realizing his kept him from ever realizing his dream.dream.

Wilson was obsessed with Wilson was obsessed with establishing a establishing a new world ordernew world order..

He believed the US should promote He believed the US should promote democracy around the world in order democracy around the world in order to insure peace.to insure peace.

Believed that all nations could work Believed that all nations could work together to together to end warend war

ANDAND, a country’s foreign policy , a country’s foreign policy decisions should be based on decisions should be based on honesty honesty and unselfishnessand unselfishness… …

Events around the world, however, Events around the world, however, kept him from ever realizing his kept him from ever realizing his dream.dream.

President Wilson’s 14 Points14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”.“end all war”. These are a summary of his ideas for world peace. Are they realistic or based on Are they realistic or based on

idealism?idealism?

14 pts14 pts

•Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

•Freedom of the seas.

•Free trade.

•Countries reduce colonies and weapons

•International control of colonies…..

•Formation of new countries with self-

government as a goal.(DemocracyDemocracy)

•A “league of nationsleague of nations” to guarantee peace among

nations.(Collective SecurityCollective Security)

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty““The Big FourThe Big Four” met in France to negotiate a ” met in France to negotiate a

peace.peace. Vittorrio Orlando – Italy Vittorrio Orlando – Italy Georges Clemenceau – FranceGeorges Clemenceau – France David Lloyd George- BritainDavid Lloyd George- Britain Woodrow Wilson- USWoodrow Wilson- US Germany not allowed to particpateGermany not allowed to particpate• Starting point- 14 Points Plan & “peace without Starting point- 14 Points Plan & “peace without

victory” was the starting pointvictory” was the starting point• 1414thth Point – Point –League of NationsLeague of Nations (created by (created by

treaty Feb. 1919- without US joining) treaty Feb. 1919- without US joining)

David Lloyd George Vitorio Orlando George Clemeneau Woodrow Wilson Great Britain Italy France U.S.

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Wilson Forced to Compromise•Although Wilson claimed that he was not interested in the spoils, or rewards, of war, his Allied colleagues were interested in making the Central Powers pay for war damages.

•Wilson was forced to compromise on his 14 Points so he could negotiate for the League of Nations.

One of Wilson’s ideas, the formation of a League of NationsLeague of Nations. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world

together to ensure peace and security.Collective Security of larger nations to keep world peace.

Outcome of the Versailles Outcome of the Versailles TreatyTreaty

1.1. Resorted to prewar colonialism- victors could Resorted to prewar colonialism- victors could claim conquered territories (“claim conquered territories (“protectoratesprotectorates”) ”) as as “trustees”“trustees” of the League of Nations. of the League of Nations.

* Syria went to France* Syria went to France * Iraq went to Britain * Iraq went to Britain

2.2. New European mapNew European map

3.3. Germany forced to pay huge “Indemnity” Germany forced to pay huge “Indemnity” payments for starting the war; lost colonies, payments for starting the war; lost colonies, had to admit guilt for the warhad to admit guilt for the war

* Treaty was not an idealistic success- only 4 of * Treaty was not an idealistic success- only 4 of 23 Wilson ideas adopted. 23 Wilson ideas adopted.

New New CountriesCountriesCzechoslovakiaAustriaHungaryYugoslaviaPolandLithuania FinlandLatvia Estonia Turkey Iraq

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•Wilson believed he could “end all war” with his 14 points for world

peace.

•But, Allied countries had their own self-interest and

agendas in mind.

•Wilson had to compromise most of his 14 points to get his “league of

nations”

•Wilson warned Allies not to be to harsh on Germany

because it could lead to future problems.

Ratifying the Treaty at Ratifying the Treaty at HomeHome

US Senate must approve the treaty for the US Senate must approve the treaty for the US to participate (65 votes)US to participate (65 votes)

*Irreconcilables*Irreconcilables (the Battalion of Death)-led (the Battalion of Death)-led by Republican by Republican Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge & core & core group of isolationists.group of isolationists.

William Borah-William Borah- Idaho Idaho Hiram Johnson-Hiram Johnson- California California Mainly concerned about Mainly concerned about Article XArticle X of the of the

League- US morally bound to aid any League- US morally bound to aid any member of the League of Nationsmember of the League of Nations

Congress wanted to reserve its war powers, Congress wanted to reserve its war powers, avoid foreign entanglements avoid foreign entanglements

•President of Princeton

•Democrat

•Believed in the League of Nations as the only way to

end all war

•Would only accept his ideas and not Congress’s

•President of Princeton

•Democrat

•Believed in the League of Nations as the only way to

end all war

•Would only accept his ideas and not Congress’s

•Graduate of Harvard

•Republican

•Believed League of Nations would take away Congress’s

power to declare war

•Made additions to the League of Nations, Wilson

would not accept them

•Graduate of Harvard

•Republican

•Believed League of Nations would take away Congress’s

power to declare war

•Made additions to the League of Nations, Wilson

would not accept them

wilson vs lodgewilson vs lodge

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ARTICLE 10ARTICLE 10The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial

integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall

advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Problems Senator Lodge Had With LONProblems Senator Lodge Had With LON•Power of Congress to declare war

•Get US involved in a war with no self-interest•How would it effect the Monroe Doctrine Policy?•Will the LON guarantee a just and lasting peace?•Goes against our policy of no “foreign alliances”

ARTICLE 10ARTICLE 10The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial

integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall

advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Problems Senator Lodge Had With LONProblems Senator Lodge Had With LON•Power of Congress to declare war

•Get US involved in a war with no self-interest•How would it effect the Monroe Doctrine Policy?•Will the LON guarantee a just and lasting peace?•Goes against our policy of no “foreign alliances”

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Wilson Promoted the Treaty in Wilson Promoted the Treaty in the USthe US

Wilson returned to the US July 1919- to promote Wilson returned to the US July 1919- to promote the Treaty & Leaguethe Treaty & League

Cabot Lodge hoped to “Americanize” it-used Cabot Lodge hoped to “Americanize” it-used delay tacticsdelay tactics

Wilson traveled the US to promote the League= Wilson traveled the US to promote the League= had a stroke (paralyzed the left side of his had a stroke (paralyzed the left side of his body-blinded in left eye- for 7 months did not body-blinded in left eye- for 7 months did not meet with anyone)meet with anyone)

Senate voted no on the Versailles Treaty (twice)Senate voted no on the Versailles Treaty (twice) Wilson told Democrats to veto the Treaty Wilson told Democrats to veto the Treaty

because of Lodge amendments that weakened because of Lodge amendments that weakened itit

Afghanistan—1934 Luxembourg--1920Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy Mexico--1930in 1939) NetherlandsArgentina New ZealandAustralia Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)Austria (taken over by Germany NorwayIn 1938) PanamaBelgium Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)Bolivia PersiaBrazil (withdrew, 1926) Peru (withdrew,1939)Bulgaria---1920 PolandCanada PortugalChile (withdrew, 1938) Romania (withdrew, 1940)China SiamColombia Spain (withdrew, 1939)Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925 SwedenCuba SwitzerlandCzechoslovakia Turkey--1932Denmark Union of South AfricaDominican Republic—1924 USSR—1934, expelled, 1939Ecuador—1934 United KingdomEgypt—1937 UruguayEl Salvador (withdrew, 1937) Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)Estonia—1921 YugoslaviaEthiopia—1923Finland—1920France

Germany—1926, withdrew, 1933GreeceGuatemala (withdrew, 1936)Haiti (withdrew, 1942)Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939IndiaIraq—1932Ireland—1923Italy (withdrew, 1937)Japan (withdrew, 1933)Latvia—1921LiberiaLithuania—1921

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Significance of US failure to Significance of US failure to sign the Treatysign the Treaty

US failed to join the LeagueUS failed to join the League US made separate peace treaties with US made separate peace treaties with

belligerent nations belligerent nations Weakens of the League of Nations & Weakens of the League of Nations &

Treaty of Versailles led to WWIITreaty of Versailles led to WWII

•Without the assistance of

the of the United

States the League of

Nations was doomed to

failure.

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•Was Wilson’s League of Nations and his belief in “ending all war”

based on idealism or reality?

•Could the world eliminate war?

Election of 1920Election of 1920 11stst election in which women can vote election in which women can vote RepublicansRepublicans (united again)-nominate (united again)-nominate Warren G. Warren G.

HardingHarding (Ohio) & VP running mate (Ohio) & VP running mate Calvin Calvin CoolidgeCoolidge

Platform: appealed to pro-League & anti-league Platform: appealed to pro-League & anti-league Republicans (“would work for a league but not Republicans (“would work for a league but not thethe League”) League”)

Advocated for a “Advocated for a “RETURN TO NORMALCYRETURN TO NORMALCY”” DemocratsDemocrats (met in San Francisco) nominated (met in San Francisco) nominated

James M. CoxJames M. Cox (Ohio) & (Ohio) & Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt as VP. as VP. Platform- pro-League of NationsPlatform- pro-League of Nations Socialist Eugene V. Debs (imprisoned) garnered Socialist Eugene V. Debs (imprisoned) garnered

919,000 votes 919,000 votes

Return to a peacetime industry and economyReturn to a peacetime industry and economy War boosted American economy and industry.War boosted American economy and industry.

United States became a world power, largest creditor and wealthy United States became a world power, largest creditor and wealthy nation.nation.

Soldiers were hero’s but found that jobs were scarce.Soldiers were hero’s but found that jobs were scarce. African American soldiers, despite their service returned to find African American soldiers, despite their service returned to find

continued discrimination.continued discrimination. The Lost Generation of men who were killed in WWI.The Lost Generation of men who were killed in WWI.

US returned to US returned to neutralityneutrality and i and isolationsolation.. Did not accept the responsibility of a world power that President Wilson Did not accept the responsibility of a world power that President Wilson

believed the US should takebelieved the US should take on. on.