The War to End All WarsThe War to End All WarsChapter FourChapter Four

World War I

Why Did War Begin?Why Did War Begin? Reasons for warReasons for war

– Alliance system in EuropeAlliance system in Europe– Imperialistic objectivesImperialistic objectives– MilitarismMilitarism– NationalismNationalism

Devotion to one’s nation and a desire to secure one’s Devotion to one’s nation and a desire to secure one’s national interests over the interests of other nationsnational interests over the interests of other nations

Own national agenda competedOwn national agenda competed– EconomicallyEconomically– DiplomaticallyDiplomatically– MilitarilyMilitarily

Why Did War Begin?Why Did War Begin? Assassination of heir to Austria-HungaryAssassination of heir to Austria-Hungary

– Austria-Hungary blames SerbiaAustria-Hungary blames Serbia– Declares war on SerbiaDeclares war on Serbia

Germany declares war on RussiaGermany declares war on Russia– Germany allied with Austria-HungaryGermany allied with Austria-Hungary– Germany declares war on RussiaGermany declares war on Russia

Russia allied with SerbiaRussia allied with Serbia

– Germany declares war on FranceGermany declares war on France France allies with RussiaFrance allies with Russia

– Britain declares war on GermanyBritain declares war on Germany

Germany invades BelgiumGermany invades Belgium

War BeginsWar Begins

Troops moved by:Troops moved by:Train, truck, car, horse, on footTrain, truck, car, horse, on foot

AircraftAircraftObserved situationObserved situationReconnaissanceReconnaissanceRecorded position and reportedRecorded position and reported

Trench warfareTrench warfare

German Airships & DirigiblesGerman Airships & Dirigibles German ZeppelinsGerman Zeppelins

– Pride of German peoplePride of German people– Mostly reconnaissance, occasionally bombMostly reconnaissance, occasionally bomb– VunerableVunerable

LargeLarge Highly visibleHighly visible Low-flyingLow-flying Slow-movingSlow-moving

German Airships & DirigiblesGerman Airships & Dirigibles Flew about 250 Army missionsFlew about 250 Army missions

– England first bombed 1915 – YarmouthEngland first bombed 1915 – Yarmouth 20- 24-hour round trip20- 24-hour round trip Weather over seasWeather over seas SearchlightsSearchlights Anti-aircraft gunsAnti-aircraft guns AirplanesAirplanes Wire netsWire nets

Weather/ mechanical problemsWeather/ mechanical problems– Downed more than enemyDowned more than enemy

Army dismantled program - 1916Army dismantled program - 1916

German Airships & DirigiblesGerman Airships & Dirigibles Navy continued programNavy continued program

– Over 1,000 reconnaissance missionsOver 1,000 reconnaissance missions– Couple hundred bombing missionsCouple hundred bombing missions– Technology increasedTechnology increased– 6 weeks to build6 weeks to build– CostCost

80 airships to one battleship80 airships to one battleship

– RequiredRequired Large facilitiesLarge facilities Large ground crewsLarge ground crews

German Airship EffectivenessGerman Airship Effectiveness ArmyArmy

– Lost 26 of 52 airshipsLost 26 of 52 airships– 52 men52 men

NavyNavy– Lost 53 of 73 airshipsLost 53 of 73 airships– 389 men389 men

DamageDamage– 52 raids52 raids– 0ver 500 lives0ver 500 lives

Effectiveness?Effectiveness?

Allied Airships & DirigiblesAllied Airships & Dirigibles FranceFrance

– All Army at start of warAll Army at start of war– Reconnaissance/artillery rangingReconnaissance/artillery ranging– Suspended use for awhileSuspended use for awhile

Instances of damage by friendly fireInstances of damage by friendly fire Didn’t recognize nationality of airshipsDidn’t recognize nationality of airships

– 63 missions/ then transferred to Navy63 missions/ then transferred to Navy– NavyNavy

Dirigible divisionDirigible division Protection for naval vesselsProtection for naval vessels 37 when war ended37 when war ended

Allied Airships and DirigiblesAllied Airships and Dirigibles BritishBritish

– Used as naval weaponsUsed as naval weapons– Reconnaissance/surveillance of sea coastsReconnaissance/surveillance of sea coasts– Designs based on down German ZeppelinsDesigns based on down German Zeppelins– 103 airships at war end103 airships at war end

Drachen BalloonDrachen Balloon Kite balloonKite balloon

– Tethered to ground or naval vesselTethered to ground or naval vessel– Direct telephone line with groundDirect telephone line with ground– Very effectiveVery effective

ObservationObservation Sector reconnaissanceSector reconnaissance Battery rangingBattery ranging Artillery spottingArtillery spotting Verification of demolitionVerification of demolition

– Later equipped with parachutesLater equipped with parachutes

BalloonsBalloons Modified Drachen BalloonModified Drachen Balloon

– Barrage BalloonBarrage Balloon Linked by horizontal cablesLinked by horizontal cables Additional cables dangledAdditional cables dangled

Free BalloonsFree Balloons– BombsBombs– BombsightsBombsights– Drift indicatorsDrift indicators

What damage was done?What damage was done?

Shelters For All !Shelters For All !

Raid on Antwerp

Night after night during the bombing raids shleter became very much a necessity.The air raid siren would sound - the children would be woken and hurriedly ushered from their beds, and half asleep they would trudge wearily to the garden to spend yet another night huddled on some make shift bed in a dark, damp cold shelter - waiting for the all clear to sound and praying that the nearby explosions would not come any closer.

Early World War IEarly World War IMilitary aircraftMilitary aircraft

Suitable for reconnaissance and scoutingSuitable for reconnaissance and scoutingBi-planesBi-planesTwo-seatsTwo-seatsLow poweredLow poweredLimited maneuverability/load-carrying capacityLimited maneuverability/load-carrying capacity

AircraftAircraftGermany – 230 airplanesGermany – 230 airplanesRussia – 190 airplanesRussia – 190 airplanesAustria-Hungary – 110 airplanesAustria-Hungary – 110 airplanesGreat Britain – 80 airplanesGreat Britain – 80 airplanesUnited States – 15 airplanesUnited States – 15 airplanes

AircraftAircraftGermanyGermany

15 Army flying schools15 Army flying schoolsGoal of 1,000 airplanesGoal of 1,000 airplanes2 types2 types

Taube - monoplaneTaube - monoplaneArrow - biplaneArrow - biplane

Austria-HungaryAustria-HungaryRelied on German supportRelied on German supportMixture of monoplanes and biplanesMixture of monoplanes and biplanes

AircraftAircraftFranceFrance

4 military airports4 military airports300 airplanes on order300 airplanes on order3,500 military aviation personnel3,500 military aviation personnel

Great BritainGreat BritainBritish Royal Flying Corps – 1912British Royal Flying Corps – 1912Not state-of-the-artNot state-of-the-art63 aircraft sent to France63 aircraft sent to France

AircraftAircraftRussiaRussia

50 airplanes combat ready50 airplanes combat ready

ItalyItalySmall at start of warSmall at start of warDomestic production increasedDomestic production increasedCombat experienceCombat experience

Italo-Turkish WarItalo-Turkish War

AircraftAircraftUnited StatesUnited States

Army/Navy Army/Navy RecruitedRecruitedTrainedTrainedTransported airmen to EuropeTransported airmen to Europe

Canadian Royal Flying CorpsCanadian Royal Flying CorpsBritish Royal Flying CorpsBritish Royal Flying CorpsFrench Foreign LegionFrench Foreign Legion

Lafayette EscadrilleLafayette EscadrilleTransferred to U.S. ArmyTransferred to U.S. ArmyEugene BullardEugene Bullard

First black American military aviatorFirst black American military aviator

Early World War IEarly World War IStrategic Goal - ports on English ChannelStrategic Goal - ports on English ChannelAirfieldsAirfields

Created as they movedCreated as they moved““One night stands”One night stands”

ExpansionExpansionBritain expanded the Royal Flying CorpsBritain expanded the Royal Flying Corps

Wireless officers (Radio operators)Wireless officers (Radio operators)Reconnaissance photosReconnaissance photos

German developmentGerman developmentMaintained dominant aerial positionMaintained dominant aerial position

Pilots carried pistolsPilots carried pistols

Aviation DevelopmentsAviation DevelopmentsAerial CombatAerial Combat

France – first killFrance – first killVoisin biplaneVoisin biplanePivoting Hotchkiss machine gunPivoting Hotchkiss machine gunShot down German reconnaissance airplaneShot down German reconnaissance airplane

BombingBombingConsisted of small pocket bombsConsisted of small pocket bombsEnemy trains were prime targetsEnemy trains were prime targets

Aviation DevelopmentsAviation DevelopmentsCommunicationsCommunications

Dropping message bagsDropping message bagsWireless communication (radios)Wireless communication (radios)

One-wayOne-waySent in codeSent in code

Radio problemsRadio problemsWeightWeightDanger of fire (sparks from equipment)Danger of fire (sparks from equipment)Required radio operatorRequired radio operator

Skilled in Morse CodeSkilled in Morse Code

LampsLampsGrubb reflectorGrubb reflector

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation Developments Aerial CombatAerial Combat

– Pilots carried pistolsPilots carried pistols– Machine guns mounted on planesMachine guns mounted on planes– Hotchkiss Machine gunHotchkiss Machine gun

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation Developments Forward firingForward firing

– French pilotFrench pilot Roland GarrosRoland Garros

– Metal deflector plates to propeller bladesMetal deflector plates to propeller blades– Bullets ricochet off deflector platesBullets ricochet off deflector plates– April 1915April 1915

Downed 5 German airplanesDowned 5 German airplanes First ace of warFirst ace of war

– Shot downShot down Germans captured airplaneGermans captured airplane

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation Developments Forward firingForward firing

– Innovation turned over to Anthony FokkerInnovation turned over to Anthony Fokker– ImprovementImprovement

Machine gun synchronized with propellerMachine gun synchronized with propeller Interrupter gearInterrupter gear

– Fokker scourgeFokker scourge Late 1915/Early 1916Late 1915/Early 1916

– Allies captured German airplaneAllies captured German airplane

Aerial CombatAerial Combat Gentleman’s WarfareGentleman’s Warfare

– Classic dogfightClassic dogfight– Fokker scourgeFokker scourge

Max Immelman – 16 victoriesMax Immelman – 16 victories Oswald Boelke – 40 victoriesOswald Boelke – 40 victories Manfred von RichthofenManfred von Richthofen

– 80 victories80 victories

– AlliesAllies Rene Fonck – France (75 victories)Rene Fonck – France (75 victories) Edward Mannock – Great Britain (61 victories)Edward Mannock – Great Britain (61 victories) United States?United States?

– Eddie Rickenbacker – 26 victoriesEddie Rickenbacker – 26 victories

AceAce

The Red BaronThe Red Baron

AceAceEddie Rickenbacker (American Ace)Eddie Rickenbacker (American Ace)

““Fighting in the air is not a sport. It is a Fighting in the air is not a sport. It is a scientific murder.” scientific murder.”

Aerial CombatAerial Combat Gentleman’s WarfareGentleman’s Warfare

– Pilots dropped messagePilots dropped message News of captured, killed, missingNews of captured, killed, missing Upcoming bombingsUpcoming bombings

Fighter PlanesFighter Planes– Fly higherFly higher– Climb quickerClimb quicker– Turn sharperTurn sharper– Loop, circle, and diveLoop, circle, and dive– Survive and killSurvive and kill

Aerial CombatAerial Combat New tacticsNew tactics

– Formation flying - 1916Formation flying - 1916 Germany firstGermany first Squadrons of up to 10 planesSquadrons of up to 10 planes Mass attacksMass attacks ““Classic” dogfights declinedClassic” dogfights declined April 1917April 1917

– Allies lost 83 planesAllies lost 83 planes

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation DevelopmentsBombingBombing

Artillery spottingArtillery spottingBomber Still Meant…Bomber Still Meant…

Soldier tossing bombs from planeSoldier tossing bombs from planeEnemy Supply Trains main targetEnemy Supply Trains main target

Recon to Bombing MissionsRecon to Bombing Missions

BombersBombersSikorskySikorsky

Ilya Mourometz (S-22)Ilya Mourometz (S-22)Luxury commercial passenger transportLuxury commercial passenger transport4 engine4 engineInternal bomb bayInternal bomb bayBomb sighting deviceBomb sighting deviceArmor added to enginesArmor added to enginesDefensive weaponsDefensive weaponsMythical statusMythical status

First loss to 4 fightersFirst loss to 4 fighters3 of 4 destroyed3 of 4 destroyed

Ilya MourometzIlya Mourometz

German BombersGerman BombersGothaGotha

UniqueUniqueSteel used in constructionSteel used in constructionFuselage, nacelle, landing gear, wingsFuselage, nacelle, landing gear, wings

German GothaGerman Gotha

Allied BombersAllied BombersBritishBritish

Handley PageHandley PageOne of largest in worldOne of largest in worldO/400 ModelO/400 Model

Carry 1,650 pound bombCarry 1,650 pound bombDeployed in forceDeployed in force

Up to 40 in a raidUp to 40 in a raidNight missionsNight missions

Established first independent Air ForceEstablished first independent Air ForceRoyal Air ForceRoyal Air Force

Royal Flying CorpsRoyal Flying CorpsRoyal Navy Air ServiceRoyal Navy Air Service

Allied BombersAllied BombersFranceFrance

Breguet XIVBreguet XIVFirst airplane mass producedFirst airplane mass produced

Metal instead of wood in structureMetal instead of wood in structureFast and agileFast and agile5,500 produced5,500 produced

Allied BombersAllied BombersFranceFrance

Most bombs dropped during warMost bombs dropped during warFlew en masseFlew en masse

V FormationsV Formations3 – 5 planes3 – 5 planesMissions involved hundredsMissions involved hundredsCaudron fighter provided supportCaudron fighter provided supportDaytime raidsDaytime raids

Allied BombersAllied BombersUnited StatesUnited States

None during warNone during warPilots flew French planesPilots flew French planes

Suffered heavy lossesSuffered heavy lossesInexperienceInexperience

Flying Boats/SeaplanesFlying Boats/SeaplanesPatrolled coasts, ports, convoysPatrolled coasts, ports, convoysSubmarinesSubmarinesFranceFrance

Expanded from 8 planes to over 1,200Expanded from 8 planes to over 1,200Deployed aircraft carrierDeployed aircraft carrier

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation Developments

ArtilleryArtillery– Battle of Neuve ChapelleBattle of Neuve Chapelle– Artillery SpottingArtillery Spotting– Wireless MessagesWireless Messages

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation Developments

CommunicationsCommunications– Air to ground communicationAir to ground communication– Wireless equipment was too heavyWireless equipment was too heavy– Danger of fireDanger of fire– Airborne radio operator had to know Morse Airborne radio operator had to know Morse

codecode– Signaling by lamps/Grubb reflectorSignaling by lamps/Grubb reflector

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation DevelopmentsForward firingForward firing

French pilot Roland GarrosFrench pilot Roland GarrosFirst shoot-down by airplane firing through tractor First shoot-down by airplane firing through tractor

propellerpropeller

Fokker impovementFokker impovementSynchronization deviceSynchronization deviceLed to Fokker ScourgeLed to Fokker Scourge

German acesGerman acesImmelmann – 16 killsImmelmann – 16 killsBoelcke – 40 killsBoelcke – 40 killsVon Richthofen – 80 killsVon Richthofen – 80 kills

http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/main.htmlhttp://www.acepilots.com/wwi/main.html

Military Aviation DevelopmentsMilitary Aviation DevelopmentsEarly aircraft resembled Wright FlyerEarly aircraft resembled Wright FlyerFightersFighters

New technologyNew technologyFormation flying -1916 GermansFormation flying -1916 Germans

BombersBombersGerman - GothaGerman - GothaFrench – Breguet XIVFrench – Breguet XIV

Aircraft ProductionAircraft Production War – stimulate to industryWar – stimulate to industry

– Demand exceeded prewar capacityDemand exceeded prewar capacity– Government contracts subsidized expansionGovernment contracts subsidized expansion

Build new wing on factoryBuild new wing on factory

Leading airplane producers?Leading airplane producers?– France 51,700 airplanesFrance 51,700 airplanes– British 55,092 airplanesBritish 55,092 airplanes– Germany 48,537 airplanesGermany 48,537 airplanes– Italy 20,000 airplanesItaly 20,000 airplanes– U.S. 15,000 airplanesU.S. 15,000 airplanes

U.S. ProductionU.S. Production Concentrate on one airplaneConcentrate on one airplane

– De Havilland 4De Havilland 4 British gave free use of licenseBritish gave free use of license French required royaltiesFrench required royalties

– Avoid confusionAvoid confusion– Employed more than 200,000Employed more than 200,000– Run by inept peopleRun by inept people

No experience with aircraftNo experience with aircraft Contract awarded to companies without experienceContract awarded to companies without experience Failed to place orders with established companiesFailed to place orders with established companies Shipped less than 1,400 planes to EuropeShipped less than 1,400 planes to Europe

U.S. ProductionU.S. Production CurtissCurtiss

– Produced 5,221 planesProduced 5,221 planes 1/3 of U.S. production1/3 of U.S. production JN-4 Jenny trainerJN-4 Jenny trainer

Spruce productionSpruce production– Propellers/frameworkPropellers/framework– Lightness and strengthLightness and strength– Allied government relied on spruceAllied government relied on spruce– Wooblies on strikeWooblies on strike– Army established Spruce Production DivisionArmy established Spruce Production Division

Mobilized 25,000 menMobilized 25,000 men

U.S. Engine ProductionU.S. Engine Production Wanted one engineWanted one engine

– Foreign enginesForeign engines Not adaptable to machine tool productionNot adaptable to machine tool production

All American engineAll American engine– Compared designs and performancesCompared designs and performances– First engine completed on 4 July 1917First engine completed on 4 July 1917– ““Free of dependence on foreign engines”Free of dependence on foreign engines”– 24,478 produced/23 engine plants24,478 produced/23 engine plants

6,000 to AEF in France6,000 to AEF in France

PeacePeace Armistice – agreement to stop fightingArmistice – agreement to stop fighting

– Preliminary to peacePreliminary to peace Negotiations followNegotiations follow

– Series of agreements (Treaties)Series of agreements (Treaties) Eastern Front – 8 Nov 1917Eastern Front – 8 Nov 1917 Bulgarian/Macedonian Line – 29 Sep 1918Bulgarian/Macedonian Line – 29 Sep 1918 Austria-Hungary – 3 Nov 1918Austria-Hungary – 3 Nov 1918 Germany – 11 Nov 1918Germany – 11 Nov 1918

Peacetime ProductionPeacetime Production War supplies need disappearedWar supplies need disappeared

– Governments cancelled: Governments cancelled: Existing contractsExisting contracts Pending ordersPending orders High wartime shortage pricesHigh wartime shortage prices Negotiated settlementsNegotiated settlements

– Workers laid offWorkers laid off– Factories closedFactories closed– Companies out of businessCompanies out of business– Liquidating unneeded assetsLiquidating unneeded assets– War surplus equipmentWar surplus equipment

PeacePeace Major peace conferenceMajor peace conference

– Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference– Big Four Nations attendedBig Four Nations attended

FranceFrance United StatesUnited States ItalyItaly BritainBritain Russia—did not attendRussia—did not attend

PeacePeace Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

– Germany June 1919Germany June 1919

Treaty of St-GermainTreaty of St-Germain– Austria September 1919Austria September 1919

Treaty of NeuillyTreaty of Neuilly– Bulgaria November 1919Bulgaria November 1919

Treaty of TrianonTreaty of Trianon– Hungary June 1920Hungary June 1920

Treaties of Sevres and LausanneTreaties of Sevres and Lausanne– Ottoman Empire 1920 and 1923Ottoman Empire 1920 and 1923

Treaty Of VersaillesTreaty Of Versailles 15 Parts15 Parts

– Germany accept responsibility for provoking warGermany accept responsibility for provoking war Public humiliation for GermansPublic humiliation for Germans

– Germany lost:Germany lost: LandLand

– 25,000 square miles25,000 square miles

ColoniesColonies MoneyMoney

– Reparations: 132,000 MarksReparations: 132,000 Marks– Contributed to economic depressionContributed to economic depression

RightsRights FreedomsFreedoms Alsace and Lorraine to FranceAlsace and Lorraine to France

Part V. Air ClausesPart V. Air Clauses Harshest terms of treatyHarshest terms of treaty

– German restrictionsGerman restrictions No naval or military air force of any kindNo naval or military air force of any kind Max size restrictions of military forces and equipmentMax size restrictions of military forces and equipment Reduction of men, supplies, ships, aircraftReduction of men, supplies, ships, aircraft Prohibited conscription/all-volunteer forceProhibited conscription/all-volunteer force

– Inter-Allied Commissions of Control receivedInter-Allied Commissions of Control received 15,000 airplanes/2,500 airplane motors15,000 airplanes/2,500 airplane motors 30% each to France and Great Britain30% each to France and Great Britain 15% each to United States and Italy15% each to United States and Italy 5% each to Belgium and Japan5% each to Belgium and Japan

Aerial Navigation ClausesAerial Navigation Clauses Temporary restrictions on civil aviationTemporary restrictions on civil aviation

– Open airways to aircraft of Allied and Open airways to aircraft of Allied and Associated PowersAssociated Powers

– Enforced until 1 Jan 1923Enforced until 1 Jan 1923

SummarySummary

WW I 1914 – 1918WW I 1914 – 1918 Airships Airships Race to the ChannelRace to the Channel Military DevelopmentMilitary Development Airplane ProductionAirplane Production Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles