the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. meninges protect brain from shock provide buoyancy...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Meninges
Protect brain from shock
Provide buoyancy
Infection: meningitisKW2-5
Meninges (sketch)
• Skull• Dura mater
(tough mother)• Arachnoid layer• Subarachnoid space
filled with CSF• Pia mater
(soft mother)• Cortex (bark)
Ventricles
Cavities in the brain filled with CSF
Hydrocephalus is caused by blockage
KW 2-9
CSF Circulation
• CSF produced in ventricles
• Chorid plexus• CSF circulates thru
ventricles and• Meninges• Brain and spinal
cord• Spinal tap
Hydrocephalus
• Flow of CSF blocked.
• CSF builds up in ventricles.
• Ventricles expand.• Brain tissue
destroyed by pressure.
• Must drain CSF
Lobes of the Brain
KW 1-1Lateral ventricles
Blood Flow to Cortex
Important when determining stroke where flow is blocked or blood vessel ruptures. KW 2-7
Stroke
• Blood clot blocks flow.
• Hypertension• Artery ruptures.• Hemorrhage.• Loss of blood
supply to brain in both cases.
Subdural Hematoma
• Blow to skull ruptures vein.
• Blood collects under dura.
• Displaces brain.• Pressure must be
released.
Brainstem
KW 2-15
Brains from All
Sides
KW 2-6
Reticular Formation
Brain’s arousal center
KW 2-16
Midbrain (Colliculi)
Old sensory centers for vision and hearing
KW 2-18
Cerebellum
Coordination
Planning
Learning
Prediction KW 2-17
Fine motor control
Brainstem structures
• Reticular Formation• Sleep center• Cerebellum• Vegetative centers for
heart rate, breathing, cough reflex, etc
• Cranial Nerves• Summary: basic body
functions• Essential for life
Thalamus
Located in very center of brain. “Inner chamber”
Thalamus and Cortex
Thalamus
Visual Cortex
Eye
Thalamus is a Relay Station for the senses
Hypothalamus
Motivation
Regulates pituitary
HomeostasisKW2-19
Location of the
Thalamus
Below thalamus we find
Hypothalamus
KW 11-9
Motivation-Hunger
• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
KW 11-11
Motivation and the Hypothalamus
• Homeostasis– tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state
• Setpoints for eating and drinking.
• Control endocrine system thru pituitary
Basal Ganglia
Initiates movements like walking.
“Starter Motor”
Gross motor control
Basal Ganglia
KW 2-23
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
Huntington’s Disease: A genetic disorder
Website: www.hdfoundation.org
Nancy WexlerParkinson’s Disease: Loss of dopamine producing neurons.
Website: www.parkinsonaction.org
Michael J. Fox
Limbic System
Emotional Brain
KW 2-20
Limbic System
• Emotional Brain• Negative emotions
like fear and anger• Brain’s “ID”• Animal impulses
and reactions• Balanced in humans
by cortex
KW 11-14
Hippocampus and Amygdala
KW 2-24
Experiencing Emotion
• The Amygdala-• a neural key to
fear learning
Hippocampus
(purple)
Memory components
• Hippocampus: consolidation of new memories
• Movie: Memento
• Amygdala: emotional memory
• Flashbulb memory
• Life-changing experiences
Next: Mapping the cortex