The World 1910-1930’sThe World 1910-1930’s

The Great WarThe Great WarWorld War IWorld War I

Causes, Events, AftermathCauses, Events, Aftermath

Map of Allied and Central PowersMap of Allied and Central PowersALLIED POWERSALLIED POWERS

Major PowersMajor Powers British Empire British Empire

(1914(1914––1918)1918) France (1914France (1914––1918)1918) Italy (1914Italy (1914––1918)1918) Russia (1914Russia (1914––1917)1917) United States (1917United States (1917––

1918)1918)CENTRAL POWERSCENTRAL POWERS

Major PowersMajor Powers Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

(1914 (1914––1918)1918) Germany (1914Germany (1914––1918)1918) Ottoman Ottoman

Empire/Turkey Empire/Turkey (1914(1914––1918)1918)

United United StatesStates

Long-Term CausesLong-Term Causes

New Zealand troops in the Somme and Ancre area

Long-Term CausesLong-Term CausesWWIWWI

Competition over AfricaCompetition over Africa Anglo-German rivalryAnglo-German rivalry Industrial competitionIndustrial competition NationalismNationalism System of alliancesSystem of alliances

AlliancesAlliances

Designed to balance Designed to balance power in Europepower in Europe

Triple Entente: Triple Entente: U.K., France, and U.K., France, and RussiaRussia

Triple Alliance: Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ItalyHungary, and Italy

Alliances assured Alliances assured total peace or total total peace or total warwar “The game of the day,” 1879

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Krupp’s Great Gun

• Changed all aspects of life

• Armies swifter, stronger, more mobile, deadlier

• New military technologies

NationalismNationalism

A uniting A uniting forceforce

Patriotism Patriotism combined combined with a sense with a sense of superiorityof superiority

Called for Called for conquering conquering the inferiorthe inferior

“Ruthlessness means German unity”

Balkan Powder KegBalkan Powder Keg

Nationalist Nationalist feelings divide feelings divide countrycountry

Multiple Multiple languages, languages, religions, and religions, and culturescultures

Each wanted its Each wanted its own homelandown homeland

A battle in the first Balkan War

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand

Ferdinand and his Ferdinand and his wife assassinated, wife assassinated, June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife on the parade route in Sarajevo

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Forces dug in to Forces dug in to

begin trench begin trench warfare along warfare along 475-mile front475-mile front

Plagued with Plagued with disease, lice, disease, lice, water, and mudwater, and mud

German German trenches were trenches were the most the most sophisticatedsophisticated

British trench soldiers in France wait to attack

British battlefield in Belgium, September 1917

Canadians in trench warfare

Global Dimensions of the WarGlobal Dimensions of the War

Former British colonies fought in Former British colonies fought in Europe and the Middle EastEurope and the Middle East

African troops from French & African troops from French & Britain coloniesBritain colonies

Indian sepoys fought in the Indian sepoys fought in the Middle EastMiddle East

Indians at frontIndian soldiers from the so-called warrior castes had long been a critical factor in imperial Britain's global power. These Indian troops, preparing for the Battle of the Somme in 1916 during World War I, ironically appear to be out for a pleasant bicycling excursion. Dispatched to France in October 1914, most Indian soldiers were moved to western Asia in 1915 to fight against the Ottoman Empire. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum)

Most important non-European Most important non-European theater of the war was the theater of the war was the Middle EastMiddle East

T.E Lawrence – Lawrence of T.E Lawrence – Lawrence of ArabiaArabia

11stst 20 20thth century genocide – century genocide – Armenians Armenians

Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide

War’s End: The ArmisticeWar’s End: The Armistice

November 11, November 11, 19181918

Temporary Temporary agreement to agreement to stop fightingstop fighting

Peace Peace negotiations negotiations and treaty and treaty followedfollowed

Crowds of people celebrating the armistice

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

Defeated powers were not invitedDefeated powers were not invited Six months to reach treaty agreement on Six months to reach treaty agreement on

GermanyGermany

The “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference

Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

Treaty of Versailles – Treaty of Versailles – Punitive measures Punitive measures against Germanyagainst Germany• War guiltWar guilt• Loss of territoryLoss of territory• Loss of coloniesLoss of colonies• DisarmamentDisarmament• War paymentsWar payments

Number of WoundedNumber of WoundedCentral Powers Central Powers

Germany - 4,216,000

44%

Austria-Hungary - 3,620,000

39%

Ottoman Empire - 1,565,000

17%

France - 3,600,000

30%

United States - 204,000

2%

Russia - 4,950,000

42%

British Empire - 2,111,000

18%

Italy - 947,0008%

Allied Powers

A British first aid station near Cambrae, 1918

Number of DeathsNumber of Deaths

Ottoman Empire - 725,000

19%Austria-Hungary

- 1,200,00031%

Germany - 1,953,000

50%

Italy - 680,00014%

British Empire - 942,000

20%

Russia - 1,700,000

36%

United States - 116,000

2%

France - 1,368,000

28%

Central Powers Allied Powers

German soldier lies dead next to his machine gun

Long term consequencesLong term consequences

Destruction of eastern and Destruction of eastern and central European empirescentral European empires

Communism in RussiaCommunism in Russia Instability in eastern EuropeInstability in eastern Europe Social and political Social and political

transformationtransformation Further industrialization of Further industrialization of

European economiesEuropean economies

German resentmentGerman resentment Sense of uncertainty and anxiety Sense of uncertainty and anxiety

in European culture in European culture Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage

New Nations: EuropeNew Nations: Europe IrelandIreland

• Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland Division of Austria-Division of Austria-

HungaryHungary1.1. AustriaAustria2.2. HungaryHungary3.3. CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia4.4. YugoslaviaYugoslavia5.5. Other portions Other portions

went to Romania, went to Romania, Poland, and ItalyPoland, and Italy

Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918

New Nations:New Nations:The Middle EastThe Middle East

Sykes-Picot Sykes-Picot AgreementAgreement

MandatesMandates Balfour Balfour

DeclarationDeclaration Anti-western Anti-western

viewsviews

Arab leaders at the Paris Peace Conference (Captain T.E. Lawrence, third from right)

Great DepressionGreat Depression

Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis

Depression DefinedDepression Defined

A long recessionA long recession Recession – High unemployment and Recession – High unemployment and

slow economic growthslow economic growth

CausesCauses

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) collapsed on Oct. 24, 1929collapsed on Oct. 24, 1929

Caused a chain of reactionsCaused a chain of reactions• Consumers cut their purchasesConsumers cut their purchases• Companies laid off workersCompanies laid off workers• Small farms failedSmall farms failed

Run on BanksRun on Banks

Migrant WorkerMigrant Worker

Depression in the Industrial nationsDepression in the Industrial nations

France & England – forced their France & England – forced their colonies to purchase their productscolonies to purchase their products

Japan & Germany relied on exports Japan & Germany relied on exports to pay for imports – suffered to pay for imports – suffered

U.S. New Deal Programs – other U.S. New Deal Programs – other countries did similar programscountries did similar programs

Germany & Japan military build-upGermany & Japan military build-up

Depression in nonindustrial regionsDepression in nonindustrial regions

India & China not affected India & China not affected Countries that depended on Countries that depended on

exports of raw materials were exports of raw materials were devastateddevastated

Military dictatorships took over Military dictatorships took over Latin AmericaLatin America

Southern Africa boomed – Southern Africa boomed – increasing value of goldincreasing value of gold

Mass culture -20’s & 30’sMass culture -20’s & 30’s

Radio- entertainment for everyone, Radio- entertainment for everyone, could be used to mobilize the masses could be used to mobilize the masses politically politically

Film – “Hollywood” movie-making Film – “Hollywood” movie-making capital of the world – synonymous capital of the world – synonymous with vulgarity and decadence- also with vulgarity and decadence- also used for propagandaused for propaganda

Advertising- emerged as a major Advertising- emerged as a major industryindustry

Rise of Extremism:Rise of Extremism:Japan and RussiaJapan and Russia

JapanJapan• Moved to expand Moved to expand

its empireits empire• Extend its Extend its

influence to influence to mainland Chinamainland China

• Rise of Rise of militaristic militaristic extremists extremists

RussiaRussia• Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin• ModernizationModernization• RepressionRepression Joseph Stalin meets Chairman Mao

Rise of Extremism: GermanyRise of Extremism: Germany

Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction with Weimar with Weimar governmentgovernment

HyperinflationHyperinflation Resentment over Resentment over

terms of the terms of the Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty

National Socialists National Socialists (Nazis)(Nazis)

Adolf HitlerAdolf HitlerAdolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal

Rise of Extremism: ItalyRise of Extremism: Italy

Fascist Fascist PartyParty

Benito Benito MussoliniMussolini

Benito Mussolini addresses followers in Colosseum

Post-War EuropePost-War Europe

InstabilityInstability Spread of Spread of

fascismfascism

Map of Europe after World War I, 1919–1926

19111911 Chinese Revolution Chinese Revolution19111911 Chinese Revolution Chinese Revolution

Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed Sun Yat Sen as President. Sun Yat Sen as President. Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)

seeks democratic reformsseeks democratic reforms

Sun Yat-senSun Yat-sen

19121912 Collapse of Democracy Collapse of Democracy

19121912 Collapse of Democracy Collapse of Democracy

Sun Yat Sen steps down - Sun Yat Sen steps down - General Yuan Shi Kai becomes General Yuan Shi Kai becomes

president - president - then dictator - then dictator - seeks to become Emperor.seeks to become Emperor.

1916 Warlord period begins1916 Warlord period begins1916 Warlord period begins1916 Warlord period begins

Yuan Shi Kai dies - Yuan Shi Kai dies - control collapses - control collapses - chaos reigns - chaos reigns - warlords rule countrywarlords rule country

Sun & Nationalists return to ChinaSun & Nationalists return to China Ideas from the Soviet Union influence Ideas from the Soviet Union influence

Chinese Nationalists - Chinese Nationalists - Soviet Union aids the Chinese with Soviet Union aids the Chinese with

money and training. money and training.

19191919 May Fourth IncidentMay Fourth Incident19191919 May Fourth IncidentMay Fourth Incident

Chinese students demonstrate Chinese students demonstrate against Military gov’t - against Military gov’t -

leads to attacks on classical Chinese leads to attacks on classical Chinese culture and Confucianism.culture and Confucianism.

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Nationalists v. CommunistsNationalists v. Communists

19211921 Chinese Communist Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Party (CCP)

19211921 Chinese Communist Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Party (CCP)

Zhou En Lai among founders of the Zhou En Lai among founders of the communist party in Shanghai - communist party in Shanghai -

Mao Zedong a minor member of Mao Zedong a minor member of the party believes in revolution by the party believes in revolution by the masses. the masses.

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

19251925 Sun Yat Sen dies Sun Yat Sen dies19251925 Sun Yat Sen dies Sun Yat Sen dies

Chiang Kai Shek becomes leader of Chiang Kai Shek becomes leader of the Nationalists -the Nationalists -

unites with Communists to attack the unites with Communists to attack the warlords in the north.warlords in the north.

Nationalists attempt rid the Nationalists attempt rid the CommunistsCommunists

Long March 1934-1935Long March 1934-1935

Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi)Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi)

1937 Japan attacks China1937 Japan attacks China Nationalists & Communists fight the Nationalists & Communists fight the

JapaneseJapanese