THE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND

THE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT INDEX (YDI)

UNESCO BRASILIA OFFICE

Youth in UNESCO/BRASILYouth in UNESCO/BRASILl Since 1997, UNESCO-Brazil has carried out a large

number of studies on the theme ‘youth’, focusing on different areas and dimensions currently related to Brazilian youths: education, culture, health, violence, work, poverty, citizenship, identity, polices evaluation and so on.

l The idea to create a Youth Development Index comes from this extensive research, when we felt the need to construct a synthetic indicator in conditions to show the differential situation of youths in the country and to follow the changes in that situation over the time.

GoalsGoalsl To create an analytical framework for mapping

and understanding the well-being of young people in any country;

l To monitor, through studies conducted on a regular basis, how the problems faced by youth evolve;

l To identify the precise localities, aspects and degrees of inequality that affect youth.

l To create an easy-to-grasp indicator that measures the well-being of young people: the Youth Development Index (YDI);

l To follow, by means of periodic studies, the evolution of the problems and the incidence of public policies for youth in the country.

ReportReport StructureStructureBasically, the report have two partsl One, composed by three analytical chapters

3.- EDUCATION

3.1. Illiteracy among Youths

3.2. Schooling: Attendance

3.3. Years of schooling

3.4. Quality of Education

4. INCOME AND ACTIVITIES

4.1. Income

4.2. Activities

4.3. Education, work and income

5. HEALTH

5.1. Violent Deaths

5.2. Deaths from Internal Causes

5.3. Birth Rates for the 11 – 19 age group

ReportReport StructureStructure (cont)(cont)• The second part propose a synthetic

measure of the capacity of young people to access basic social benefits : the Youth Development Index (YDI);

6.1. The YDI6.2. Comparison between the YDI and

the HDIFurther more:• Two technical and conceptual chapters• Final Considerations

TheThe analyticanalytic frameworkframework

* 15/17; 18/19 and 20/24 years ** urban/rural *** black/white

Youth activities by edgeYouth activities by edge

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Edge

%

Only study

Work andstudy

Only work

Do notwork donot studyAge

TheThe YDI YDI componentscomponents: : I. Education- Illiteracy rate: percentage of illiterate persons in

the 15-24 bracket, relative to the total population in that same age (Source: National Household Survey). Why?ü Universal educational indicatorü Youth, as the most literate group, shows the

future of illiteracy rates for all populationü Brazil, despite the low youth illiteracy rates in

2003 (3.4%), still have 1.1 million illiterate young people.

ü Great differences between federative units (from 0.5% to 15.4%) and racial/color discrimination (1.6% for white and 5.1% for black)

- Adequate schooling: percentage of 15-24 year old youths who attend High-schools or Colleges, relative to the total population in that same age bracket (Source: National Household Survey). Why?ü Similar to the HDI combined enrollment, but specific for

youth in an accelerated transformation context.ü Adequate schooling exclude youths still in fundamental level

(1th to 8th year) that characterize delayed areas in Brazil.

Youth Schooling üOnly 32.2% of young people have adequate schooling. 16.8% have late schooling, with extremes going from 10.6% in the south to 26.5% in the northeast.

ü39.3% of white and 24.9% of black youths have adequate schooling

- Quality of education: Standardized mean of the proficiency scales in the 8th grade of Fundamental Education and in the 3rd grade of High schools, in Portuguese and Mathematics subjects (Source: Basic Education Evaluation System).

- Great Regional differences:

II. Healthü Health was one of the most differential youth dimension. If

the global mortality rate of the Brazilian population for every 100.000 inhabitants fell from 633 in 1980 to 573 in 2000, the deaths among the young increased from 128 to 133.

ü Mortality data are more easy to obtain than tables of Life Expectancy for youths, and are highly correlated (r=0.6)

- Mortality rate by internal causes: rate of deaths of 15-24 year old in every 100.000 youths attributed to internal causes, according to the definition adopted in the International Classification of Diseases – ICD10/WHO.-(Source: Mortality Information System)Based on the Ministry of Health conclusions, most of these deaths (92.2%) would be “avoidable” by preventive immunization; adequate pregnancy control; proper attention to labor; preventive action or early diagnosis; by cooperation with other sectors.

- Mortality by violent causes: rate of deaths of 15-24 year olds in every 100.000 youths caused by violence (suicides, transport accidents and homicides, according to the definition of the International Classification of Diseases –ICD10/WHO (Source: Mortality Information System). In 2003 more than 60% of the youth deaths was caused by violence: 41.4% by homicides, 15.7% by transport accidents and 3.5% by suicides. These were the three principal causes of youth mortality.

21,3

30,0

18,1

38,8

20,8

52,1

21,8

54,7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ho

mic

ide

Rat

es

1980 1990 2000 2002

YearNo Youth

Youth

Homicides per 100.000. Youth and

not youth. Brazil: 1980/2002

TheThe YDI YDI componentscomponents (cont):(cont):

III. Income- Per capita family income: amount

of the monthly family income divided by the number of family members of youths between 15 and 24 years of age (Source: National Household Survey).

ProceduresProcedures usedused for YDIfor YDI

l Procedures used for the YDI are similar to those for the HDI

l For the establishment of the YDI, the original rates, averages or percentages of basic indicators were transformed in indexes according to the same procedures used for the HDI:

Value observed – Minimum Value INDEX = ____________________________

Maximum Value – Minimum Value

TableTable of of conversionsconversions

Minimum 0

Maximum 1

EDUCATION 0 1 1/3? Iliterancy 20% 0% 1/3? Adequate schooling 10% 50% 1/3? Quality of education 0 1 1/3

Portuguese, 8th Grade 194,0 277,6 1/4* Mathematics, 8th Grade 200,8 286,4 1/4* Portuguese, Senior Year 213,7 313,9 1/4* Mathematics, Senior Year 219,4 339,9 1/4*

HEALT 0 1 1/3? Internal causes mortality 100 0 1/2? Violent causes mortality 200 0 1/2INCOME 0 1 1/3? Per capita family income 0,5 3,5 1,0

INDICATORS RANGE Weight of the indicator within the dimension

Weight of the dimensIon

within the YDIDIMENSIONS/INDICATORS

TheThe 2005 2005 ReportReport

lWe are concluding the new 2005 report, with the same structure

l The data was updated to year 2003 (the prior report was up to 2001)

lWhat is new? In the new report we compare the situation using the same indicators and indexes and analyze the evolution between the two data.

Compare YDI 2003/2005Compare YDI 2003/2005-- StatesStates

Same 2005 Report FindingsSame 2005 Report FindingsFirst: Income decrease / income concentration fall

Second: A few decades ego, economic discrimination acts hindering access to school. In our days only 1.5% of the young never it entered in a school. Now, economic conditions determine where and until when youth can study.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

first

seco

nd third

fourth fift

hsix

th

seve

ntheig

hth ninth

tenth

Tenths

%

No School

fundamental

high school

university

Last level of youth schooling by tenths of familiar income

Some contributionsSome contributions1. It contributed to give visibility to the problems

of youth and to generate public politics on the subject in Brazil. Constitution of the Forum of State and Municipal Secretaries of Youth.

2. In 2004, the federal government created the Inter-ministerial Group of Youth, integrated by19 Ministries and Secretariats.

3. In February of 2005 a presidential decree created the National Council of Youth, the National Secretariat of Youth and the National Program of Inclusion of Young (ProJovem).

4. In 2005, social mobilization for implantation of a National Politics for Youths (Report of the Special Commission of Public Politics of Youth of the House of Representatives; conclusion of the Project Youth - more than 40 organizations of the society - and the creation of Youth Secretariats in States and Cities of Brazil)

5. The inter-agency consultation on the formulation and development of Youth Development Index of the Commonwealth, held at London in July, 2005, well appreciate our YDI model.