theme 1 intro to theory

8/6/2019 Theme 1 Intro to Theory

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Semester 1

Theme 1

Introduction to Nursing Theories


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Objectives

Define Theory

Identify nursing theories contribution to thedevelopment of nursing

Able to obtain a guideline for nursing careusing nursing theories


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Reading and references

Potter and Perry [1997].Fundamentals of Nursing

Practice.[4th Ed].USA:McMillian

Mariner,A., & Alligood,T.M.R. [2006] Nursing theoristsand their work

Niedringhaus R.[2004] Fundamentals of Nursing Care.

[1sted]New Jersey

Craven Ruth & Constonstance J [2009] 6th Ed

Fundamentals of Nursing Human Health and Function.

Lippincott William and Wilkin. Philadelphia.


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Nursing Theory

Theory - Greek word-VISION

Formal set of ideas that is intended to explain whysomething happens or exists

e.g. according to the theory of relativity nothing can

travel faster than light

An opinion or idea that is believed to be right and yet notproved

e.g. that most people prefer being at work to being at

home.


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Theories

abstractions that are created and invented

by man

represent a theorists best efforts to

describe and explain a phenomena

. Thru research theory is developed or

discarded


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Theory

Nurse theorists

have developed a number of conceptualmodels of nursing

that constitute formal explanations of whatnursing is


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Definitions

Proposition a statement of relationship

between concepts

Concept - a mental idea of a phenomenon Conceptual model-made up of concepts

and propositions

Construct a phenomena that cannot beobserved and must be inferred


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Nursing theory is important

Provide the foundation for nursing

knowledge

Gives direction for nursing practice

Should guide the development and futuredirection of nursing research


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Nursing Theorists

Have specific components that they

identified as;

Meaningful to Nursing

Components are interpreted on thefollowing;


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Meta paradigm of Nursing theory

Man

Health

Society

Nursing

Among the four concepts the Core of the practice of Nursing is Man

It is from the client or patient

that other nursing concepts arise.


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Concept of Theory

Health NursingSociety

EnvironmentMAN


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ComponentsPerson or

client

The recipient of nursing care includes

individuals, families and communities

Health The degree of wellness or

well being that the client experiences

Environment orsociety The internal and external surroundings that affectthe client.

This includes people in the

physical environment such as

families, friends and significant others

Nursing The attritubes,characteristics and action of the

nurse providing care ofbehalf or

in conjunction of the client


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Nursing Theorists

12 Theorists

Florence Nightingale

Dorothy Orem Virginia Henderson

Hilegard Peplau

Faye Abdellah Lydia Hall


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Nursing Theorist

Jean Watson

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Myra Estrin Levirie Martha Rogers

Imogene King

Callista Roy


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1820-1910


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Nursing theorist


Born on 12th May,1820

Parents-Edward and Frances

Named her after the city ofbirth [Florence] in Italy 2 Sisters in the family

Had a broad education-Tutored by father

Developed the sense that her life should become more

useful 1837-she said that she was called by God to do his

service

Nursing theorist


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Training in Germany-3months-Trained

nurse

Back to England examine the hospitalfacilities

1853-Superintendent of the Hospital for

Invalid Gentlewomen in London

1854-Requested from Turkey to provide to

care for wounded British Soldiers


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Florence Nightingale 34 Newly recruited nurses with her

Address the following ;

Environmental problems Lack of sanitation/presence of filth

Soldiers exposed to diseases

Improved these conditions She looked after the wounded soldiers in

the night-provide emotional comfort


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Lady of the Lamp


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After the war Return to England

Greatly acknowledged by the Royals

families /friends of the soldiers who died inthe war

Awarded fund she established teaching

institution for nurses-St Thomas Hospital

and King's college Hospital in London.

Few years receive requests to establish

new schools at hospital world wide


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Devoted her energy not only to nursing

BUT to local/National and international

societal issues-to improve

living environment of the poor

Create social change

Wrote books\matters affecting health Improving sanitation


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Return to England confined herself to her

residence in London

Continued ill health and relapses Work was recognized thru many awards

from own and other countries

Age of 80-wrote letters to friendsallies/others until she lost her vision

She died in her sleep 31/8/1910 at 90


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Theorist Person Environment Health Nursing

Florence

Nightingale

An individualwith vital

reparativeprocesses

to deal withdiseases

External conditionthat affect life

and the individualsdevelopment. focusis on

ventilation,warmth,odours and light

Focus is onthe

reparativeprocess ofgetting well

Goal

is to place the individual

in the best condition

for good healthcare

Nursing theory


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Her theory

Environmental Theory

She linked health with environmental factors

1.Fresh air2.Pure water

3.Efficient Drainage

4.Cleanliness5.Light-Especially Sunlight


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Cont -Theory

Warmth and comfort

Diet

Petty management


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Important practical lesson to the nurse

[Assessment ]

Teach them what to observe

How to observe

What symptoms indicate improvement What the reverse indicate

Which are of importance

Which are not important Which are the evidence of neglect

What kind of neglect


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Nightingale

Identify particular needs and problems

presented by client

Thru observation she was able to givedetails of problems

E.g.

Lack of appetite Difficult breathing

Implementing her theory on environment


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Evaluating

Reassessed and evaluated by

observation

She determined that the evaluation ofclients status

was critical to the process of providing

adequate care

Determine if care should be continued or

altered


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Nursing Model

Provide guideline for practice

Help nurses assess, plan and implementpatients acre by providing a framework

within which to work

They also help nurses achieve uniformity

in the care.


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This Hippocratic Oath

Composed in 1893 [Florence was 73]

By Mrs.Lystra E Gretter

Committee for the Farrand Trainingschool for Nurses Detroit, Michigan

Called the Florence Nightingale Pledge

Token of esteem for the founder ofModern Nursing


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Florence Nightingale Pledge

I solemnly pledge myselfbefore God and in the

presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and

to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from

whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not

take or knowingly administer any harmful drugs. I will do

all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of

my profession, and will hold in confidence all personal

matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs

coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling.With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician in his

work and devote myself to the welfare of those

committed to my care.


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Born in 1820

Died in 1910

100years in 2010

International Year of the Nurse

All over the world


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Ready to go


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Ready to go


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Government House


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Inside


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Tea Time


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Nightingales


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Meet people


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Nurses


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Never forget


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Govt House


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Ready to go


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To go back


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Virginia Henderson

1897-1996 1966 Formulated a definition of Nursing

The unique function of the nurse is to assist theindividual, sick or well the performance of thoseactivities contributing to health or its recovery topeaceful death that he would perform unaided if

he had the strength, will or knowledge.A

nd todo this in such a way as to help gainindependence as rapidly as possible


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Virginia Henderson

Describe nurses role as

Substitutive [doing for the person]

Supplementary [helping the person]

Complementary [working with the person]


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Virginia Henderson

Purpose

To assist the client in gainingIndependence as rapidly as possible


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Her theory

14 Fundamental Needs

Breathing normally

Eating and drinking adequately

Eliminating body wastes

Moving and maintaining a desirable position

Sleeping and resting

Selecting suitable clothes

Maintaining body temperature


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Her theory

Keeping the body clean and well groomed

Avoiding dangers in the environment and

avoiding injuring others

Communicating with others

Worshipping according to ones faith

Working in such a way that one feels a sense

of accomplishment Playing or participating in recreation

Learning and discovering

Her theory


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Dorothy Orem

Born in Baltimore, Maryland in

1914

One of Americas foremost nursingtheorists.

Father was a construction worker

Mother was a homemaker.

Youngest of two daughters.


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Goal of Nursing

To provide care and to assist client toattain total self care


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Orem Self care theory

Nursing care becomes necessary when;

Client is unable to fulfill biological Psychological

Developmental

Or social needs


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Orem

Three nursing systems

Wholly

partially compensatory

Supportive and educative


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Jean Watson

Jean

WatsonAmerican


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Goal of Nursing

To promote health

Restore client to health Prevent Illness

The Philosophy and Science of Caring


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Her Theory

Caring

Is the essence of nursing

Compliments' curative medicine

Gives nursing a unique standing

Relationship occurs when the nurse andpatient come together


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Care and Love

Nurses must treat themselves with

gentleness and dignity before they are

capable of providing the same to others

Care and Love


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Callista Roy

1939-American


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Goal of Nursing

To identify types of demands placed on

client

Asses adaptation to demands

Help the client adapt


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Roys Adaption Model

Model based on;

Physiological

Psychological

Sociological

Dependence

Independence adaptive modes


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Madeleine Leininger

American


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Her theory

To provide care consistent

with nursings emerging scienceand knowledge with caring as central

focus


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Leiningers culture care

Health care personnel

Work towards an understanding of care

values Health beliefs

Lifestyles of different cultures

Form basis for providing culture specificcare


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Hildegard Peplau

Purpose

To develop an interpersonal interaction between

client and the nurse


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NURSING

Interpersonal therapeutic process

that function cooperatively

with other human processes

that make health possible Interpersonal

therapeutic process

for individuals in communities


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Peplau

An educative instrument

A maturing force

That aims to promote forward movement

of personality

F Gl Abd ll h


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Faye Glenn Abdellah

Purpose

To deliver nursing care for thewhole individual


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Nursing

Grouped in 21 problems

Which centered around needs for

Hygiene,comfort,activity,rest,safety,oxygen,nutrition,elimination,hydration,physical,

emotional health promotion, interpersonal

relationship etc

Nursing care is doing something for an

individual


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Imogene King

Purpose

To use communication to help the clientreestablish a positive adaption to his or

her environment


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Imogene King

Nursing is a process that involves;

Action

Reaction

interactions

Transaction


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Imogene King

The nurse operates on the belief that

each person is a open system who

interacts with interpersonal and societal

system

The client and the nurse establish a

relationship to cope with or improve ahealth state


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Dorothy Johnson

Purpose

To reduce stress so the client can

recover as quickly as possible


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Dorothy Johnson

Health

Focus on person not illness. Health is a

dynamic state influenced by:

Biological

Psychological

Social factors


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Objectives

Define theory

Identify nursing theorists contribution tothe development of nursing

Design nursing care using nursing theory


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Activity

In your group;

Explain each conceptof

Nightingales Theory

Guidelines for Nursing Care

Nightingales Theor


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Nightingales Theory

Environment1-Fresh air

2-comfort

3-Efficent Drainage4-Clealiness

5-light and Warmth

6-Diet7-Quietness

8-Petty Management

theme 1 intro to theory

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