Theoretical Models of SIFUNCTION• Ayres1979, 2005

– Classic Model of Sensory Integration and typical development

• Smith Roley, 2006– Analysis of Sensory Integration Functions

• Smith Roley & Spitzer, 2001– Model of SI and development relative to occupational science and therapy

DYSFUNCTION• Bundy, Murray, & Lane, 2002; in press

– Patterns of SI and praxis deficits

• Smith Roley, 2006; revised 2011 based on Mailloux, et al., 2011– Analysis of Patterns of SI Dysfunction

• Miller et al., , 2007– Sensory Processing Disorder proposed nosology

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

Sensory Integration

Functions

Sensory Integrative Processes

The senses Integration of their inputs End products

Auditory (hearing)

First level Second level Third level Fourth level

Vestibular (gravity & movement)

Proprioceptive (muscles & joints)

Tactile (touch)

Visual (seeing)

Speech

LanguageEye movements

Posture

Balance

Muscle tone

Gravitational security

Sucking

Eating

Mother-infant bond

Tactile comfort

Body perception

Coordination of two sides of the body

Motor planning

Activity level

Attention span

Emotional stability

Eye-hand coordination

Visual perception

Purposeful activity

Ability to concentrate

Ability to organise

Self-esteem

Self-control

Self-confidence

Academic learning ability

Capacity for abstract thought and reasoning

Specialization of each side of the body and the brain

© WPS 1979, 2005

Model of Sensory

Integration

(c) 2020 Smith Roley Smith Roley & Spitzer, 2001

Analysisof Sensory Integrative Functions

Visual-Praxis

Vestibular Bilateral Integration

Proprioception TactileSomato-

dyspraxia

Sensory Reactivity(Modulation)

Visual motor Posturalcontrol

Grossmotorskills

Praxis ArousalAffectActivity LevelAttention

Visual construction

Bilateral coordinationSequencing

Fine motor skills

Auditory -LanguageOrganization of behavior

State/Self Regulation

Sensory Integration

Dysfunction

Sensory Integrative Dysfunction

• 50 years of research• Patterns identified through

Factor Analyses using SIPT and related measures

• Factor Analyses– Ayres, 1965-1989– Mulligan, 1998– Mailloux et al., 2011– VanJaarsveld et al., 2015

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

Typesof Assessment Data

Between 1965 & 1989, Ayres conducted 7 Factor Analyses which revealed the following patterns

• Tactile & motor planning deficits (1965, 1966, 1969,1972,1977 & 1989)

• Visual perception/visual praxis deficits(1965, 1966, 1969,1972,1977 & 1989)

• Vestibular, postural & bilateral deficits(1965, 1966, 1969,1972,1977 & 1989)

• Tactile defensiveness & hyperactivity/distractibility (1965, 1966, 1969,1972)

• Other factors (auditory language; somatosensory perception) seen in some studies

(1969, 1972, 1977,1989)

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

Mulligan (1998)found similar patterns:

N = 10,475

• Bilateral integration & sequencing• Somatopraxis• Visuopraxis• Somatosensory perception• Postural/ocular

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

Mailloux, Mulligan, Smith Roley et.al. 2011found similar patterns

N=273

• Visual and Somatodyspraxis• Vestibular Bilateral Integration and Sequencing• Tactile & Visual Discrimination• Tactile Defensiveness and Attention

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

(c) 2020 Smith Roley Schaaf & Mailloux, 2015

Indicators of poor sensory integration and

praxis

Indicators of poor

modulation

Sensory related

challenges with

attention, regulation,

affect, activity

•Withdrawal•Avoidance•Seeking

Poor self esteemO

ccup

atio

nal E

ngag

emen

t Cha

lleng

es Occupational Engagem

ent Challenges

Poor visual motor

performance

Poor body percept

Poor postural-

ocular control

Autonomic Limbic Cerebellum Basal Ganglia CortexReticular Thalamus

VBIS

Somato-dyspraxia

Sens

ory

resp

onsiv

ity

Visual

Vestibular

Proprioception

Tactile

Auditory

Olfactory

Gustatory

Inadequate CNS Integration and

Processing of Sensation

Sensory discrimination and perception

Over reactivity• Gravitational

insecurity• Defensive and

aversive reactions

Under reactivity• Poor

registration

Fluctuatingreactivity

Behavioral consequences

Poor self efficacy

Clowning

Avoidance of engagement

in motor activities

Sensation seeking

Poor gross, fine, and

visual motor coordination

Behavioral consequences

(c) 2020 Smith Roley Bundy & Lane, 2020

Sensory Reactivity (one of the SI patterns):Dunn’s model, emphasizing the interplay between neurological threshold and behavior

(c) 2020 Smith Roley

Seeking/Seeker

Registratio

n/byst

ander

Avoiding/A

voiderSensitivity/sensor

RG SK

SN AV

Self regulation continuum

Neu

rolo

gica

l thr

esho

ld c

ontin

uum

High

Low

Passive Active

Sensory Modulation Disorder

Proposed Nosology, Miller et al, 2007, no empirical support

SORSensory

Over-responsivity

SURSensory Under-

responsivity

SS

Sensory Seeking/craving

Sensory Discrimination

Disorder

Sensory Based Motor

Disorder

Vestibular Proprioception

TactileAuditory visual

OlfactoryGustatory

Posture Praxis

Sensory Processing Disorders

Steps in Data Driven Decision MakingIdentifying the Child’s

Strengths and Participation Challenges

Conducting the Comprehensive

AssessmentGenerating Hypotheses

Developing and Scaling Goals

Identifying Outcome Measures

Setting the Stage for Intervention

Conducting the Intervention

Measuring Outcomes and Monitoring

Progress

M1focuses on ASI theory

as a foundation for practiceSchaaf & Mailloux, 2015