1995 INTERNATIONAL INCINERATION CONFERENCE

Thermal Treatment of Radioactive, Hazardous Chemical, Mixed,Munitions, and Pharmaceutical Wastes

Proceedings of the1995 International Incineration Conference

Bellevue, Washington, U.S.A.

Lori M. BarnowConference Coordinator

University of California, Irvine

Clyde R. DempseyTechnical Program Chairman

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

James G. TripodesConference Oversight ChairmanUniversity of California, Irvine

Sponsored by

TECHNISCHEINFORMATIONSBIBUOTHEK

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER

Air & Waste Management Association (AWMA)American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

American Nuclear Society (ANS)American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI)Health Physics Society (HPS)

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) UB/TIB Hannover

113 248 75X89

Table ofContents

SESSION 1—PLENARYChair: Jay Bizarro, Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration;Cochair: Melvin Keener, Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration

The Stakeholders' Views of the Future of Incineration History of the Use ofIncineration and the Outlook for Continued Use in the Future: An InternationalPerspectiveJan C. Ingwersen, Consultant

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SESSION 2 — U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROGRAMSChair: Peter Siebach, U.S. Department of Energy;Cochair: John McFee, International Technology Corporation

EPA/DOE Joint Efforts on Mixed Waste Treatment 7C.C. Lee, G.L Huffman, and R.P. Nalesnik, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; P. Siebach amiW. Prymak, U.S. Department of Energy; P. Williams, EG&G-RF

A Case for Minimum Characterization 19Ronald K. Womack, Retech, Inc.Status of the Department of Energy, Controlled Emissions Off-Gas DemonstrationProject 23Jeffrey W. Ruffner and Dan Battleson, MSE, Inc.; Gary Leatherman, Science ApplicationsInternational CorporationComparison of Integrated Systems for the Treatment of DOE Mixed Waste 27C.R. Cooley, U.S. Department of Energy; W.J. Quapp, B.W. Brown, andK.H. Uebelt, Lockheed IdahoTechnologies Co.; F. Feizollahi, Morrison Knudsen Environmental Services

Comparison of Existing and Future Potential Thermal Treatment Options for Radioactive Wastes at theSavannah River Site 35Howard L. Pope, U.S. Department of Energy; Tom Holm-Hansen, PRC Environmental Management inc.;Marshall Looper, Westinghouse Savannah River CompanyThe Role of Incineration in FFCA Implementation - A Report from Waste Management '95 39Paul W. Hart, U.S. Department of Energy; Lawrence H. Harmon, MACTEC

SESSION 3 — U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMSChair: Eugene Keating, Naval Surface Warfare Center;Cochair: Ashwani Gupta, The University of Maryland

Cofiring of Air Force Solid Rocket Propellants in Industrial Utility BoilersMarkS. Sheldon, Bruce W. Li and Jerald A. Cole, Energy and Environmental Research Corporation

Pilot-Scale Incineration of Ballistic Missile Liquid Propellant ComponentsLarry R. Waterland and Shyam Venkatesh, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Navy Overview on MSO ProcessJohn P. Consaga, Bertram Moy, J. Mark Heslop and William Yates, Indian Head Division Naval SurfaceWarfare Center

Destruction Tests of Surrogate Shipboard Wastes by Hydrothermal Oxidation 63A. Lee, J.D. Allen and A. Macek, National Institute of Standards and Technology

High Temperature Thermal Destruction of Solid Wastes in the 21st Century Shipboard Environment 67E.L. Keating and S. Gill, Naval Surface Warfare Center Environmental Quality Department; A.K. Gupta,The University of Maryland

SESSION 4 — AIR POLLUTION CONTROLChair: Ron Patterson, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems;Cochair: Philipe Goossens, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems

Four Years of Experience at SAKAB, Hazardous Waste Incinerator, Since Upgraded with aFabric Filter Replacing an ESP 73Klas G. Feldt, W.L. Gore & Associates Svenska AB

Incineration Emission Control Using Wet Tubular Electrostatic Precipitators 79D. Meier, Beltran Associates, Inc.

Operating Results of Wet Scrubbers Demonstrating Dramatic Reduction of Particulate, Acid Gas,Heavy Metal, and Dioxin/Furan Emissions from Incinerators 85Dwayne L. Sanders, Andersen 2000 Inc.

Incineration Flue Gas Scrubbing Using Reverse Jet Scrubbers 93Philippe B. Goossens and Wim Kint, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Europe/Africa

Bromine and Chlorine Scrubbing with Lime Using Froth Technology 97Steven F. Meyer and James R. Myers, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.

Hazardous Waste Combustor Gas Cleaning System Upgrade Alternatives to Meet theRequirements of EPA's Combustion Strategy 101James G. Griffith and David M. Pitts, Focus Environmental, Inc.

SESSION 5 — CONTINUOUS EMISSIONS MONITORSChair: Nina Bergan French, Sandia National Laboratory

Continuous Emissions Monitoring Demonstration Program I l lDan B. Burns, Westinghouse Savannah River Company; Marta K. Richards, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency

The Development of FTTR Continuous Emission Monitor for Incinerators 115Zhuoxiong Mao, Jack C. Demirgian and Elizabeth Hwang, Argonne National Laboratory

FT-IR Monitoring of Incinerators 123Peter R. Solomon, Martin D. Carangelo, James R. Markham, Carl R. Brouillette and Robert M.Carangelo, On-Line Technologies, Inc.; Anthony S. Bonanno, Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.

A Continuous Emissions Monitor for Metals: Field Demonstration of a Prototype Probe 131William Flower, Larry Peng, Christine Woods, Nina Bergan French, Ken Hencken,Howard Johnsen, Ron Renzi and Dan Trujillo, Sandia National Laboratories

Tunable Diode Lasers: A New Tool for Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Process Control inThermal Treatment Processes 137Sarah W. Allendorf and David K. Ottesen, Sandia National Laboratories; Michael B. Frish,Spectrum Diagnostix

A Field Evaluation of PMCEMS 141Richard G. Joklik, Energy and Environmental Research Corp.; H. Scott Rauenzahn, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency

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SESSION 6 — REGULATORY ISSUESChair: Morris Trichon, Harding Lawson Associates;Cochair: C.R. Williams, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution

Waste Incineration in the United Kingdom-A Regulator's Perspective 147CliveR. Williams, Philip Burns and Donald D B H Munns, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution

Permitting and Compliance of Thermal Treatment Units Regulated Under SubpartX 153Pamela Rajic and Timothy Tope, Radian Corporation; MacDonald B. Johnson and John Woffinden,U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground

Summary and Proposed NSPS and Emission Guidelines for New and Existing Medical WasteIncinerators 159Brian Strong and David Randall, Midwest Research Institute; Richard Copland, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency

Compliance Strategies for CETRED 165Scott T. Eagleson and Kevin Gilman, Belco Technologies Corporation

Installation of Rotary Kiln Hazardous Waste Incineration System at Eli Lilly Affiliate in BrazilS.A 171AlexJ. Konopka, Francesco A. Camevale and Jorge Sachs, Eli Lilly and CompanyE m i s s i o n C o n t r o l S y s t e m t o M e e t D u t c h S t a c k E m i s s i o n S t a n d a r d s o n T h e r m a l S o i l C l e a n i n g P l a n t s . . . . 1 7 7H.J. van Hasselt, Consulting Bureau Scarabee

SESSION 7 — PERFORMANCE AT ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND REMEDIALACTION SITESChair: Kevin Smith, International Technology Corporation

On-Site Thermal Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Soils at the Coal Creek PCB Remediation Site inChehalis, Washington 183Christopher Young, Roy F. Weston, Inc.; Loren McPhillips, U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe Impact of the BIF Regulations Upon a Transportable Incineration System-A Case Study 189Katherine M. Andrews, Roy F. Weston, Inc.; Kenneth F. Gray, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers;Richard B. Isaac, U.S. Army Environmental Center

SESSION 8 — RADIOACTIVE/MIXED WASTE FACILITIESChair: David Dalton, Scientific Applications International Corporation;Cochair: Josef Neubaur, Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf

Air Emissions Estimate for the Savannah River Site Consolidated Incineration Facility 1 9 3

Michael G. Robinson, James A. Mulholland, Nolan E. Hertel and H. Michelle Coward, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology; Don Burge and Dan Burns, Westinghouse Savannah River CorporationDepartment of Energy Mixed Waste Treatment Operations at the Toxic Substances Control ActIncinerator 1 9 9

Steve Trischman and Vince Adams, U.S. Department of Energy; Fidel Perez, Martin MarriettaEnergy Systems; Pas Sadhukhan, Jacobs EngineeringFurther Development of the Incineration Plant for Alpha-Contaminated Solid Burnable Residues 2 0 5

F. Dirks andR. Miiller, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHIncineration Processes for Radioactive Waste with High Alpha Contamination: New Developments • • • • 209A. Jouan, J.P. Moncouyoux, R. Boen, R. Cartier, J.J. Vincent andT. Longuet, Commissariat aI 'Energie Atomique

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Thermal Oxidation Vitrification Flue Gas Elimination System for Hazardous, Mixed, and TransuranicWaste Processing 211Wilbur Kephart, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp.; Frank Angelo, Resource Energy Corp.;Martin K. Clemens, Argonne National Laboratory

SESSION 9 — COMBUSTION RESEARCH AND RECENT ADVANCES IN COMBUSTIONTECHNOLOGYChair: Thomas Ho, Lamar University;Cochair: Doug Hoffman, Martin Marietta Energy Systems

Fundamental Studies on the Characterization and Failure Modes of Incinerator Afterburners 223Charles Bass, U.S. Military Academy; Robert Barat, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Guido Sacchi,Massachusetts Institute of Technology; PaulM. Lemieux, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Insitu Velocity and Temperature Measurements from an Industrial Rotary Kiln Incinerator 231Allen L. Jakway and Charles A. Cook, Louisiana State University; Vic A. Cundy, MontanaState University; Arthur M. Sterling, Louisiana State University; Alfred N. Montestruc, ElmEngineering Company

Fluid Bed Incineration of Waste Plastic Blasting Media: Stack Emissions and Behavior of Metals 239Larry May, Hazen Research, Inc.; Paul Sadler, Focus Environmental; Lt. Ray Smith, U.S. Air Force

Actively Controlled Compact Waste Incinerator 24777m P. Parr, Ephraim J. Gutmark, Kenneth J. Wilson, Kenneth Yu, Robert M. Smith, Donna M.Hanson-Parr and Klaus C. Schadow, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division

Thermal Treatment of Biological Sludge in a Pilot Rotary Kiln 255Craig A. Shell and Rudy G. Novak, International Technology Corporation; Richard J. Nehrbauer,Merck & Co., Inc.

Mathematical Modeling of Combustion in a Stream of Liquid and Condensed Mixture 265PiotrM. Krishenik, Ali I. Mamedov, Sergey I. Chydayev, Georgiy B. Manelis andGalina V. Shkadinskaya, Russian Academy of Sciences

,„ ^^^^i^^B^^^^Mi^M^K^.———SESSION 10A — VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - PART I

Chair: Victor Engleman, Scientific Applications International Corporation;Cochair: Doug Denne, 3M Company

Catalytic Wet Oxidation for Cleanup of Gaseous Emissions 271Patrick M. Dhooge, Donald T. Robertson and Scott D. Goldblatt, Delphi Research Inc.Catalytic Solvent Abatement (CSA-Process) 275Reinhard Krumboeck, HoechstAG

Catalytic Treatment of Haloginated Compounds and Associated Treatment for Inorganic Acids 279Brett S. Archambeau, Anguil Environmental Systems, IncJGlobal Technologies

Catalytic Destruction of VOC, Halogenated Air Toxics and Odor 281H. Windawi andD. VanBenschoten, Johnson Matthey Catalytic Systems Division

Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer Heat Exchange Material Developments 289Joseph M. Klobucar, Diirr Industries, Inc.

Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers for VOC Laden Exhaust Streams 295Stephen P. Olivier and Martin E. Tellkamp, Tellkamp Systems, Inc.

Economic Screening of Thermal Technologies for VOC Emission Control 297Victor S. Engleman and Linda L. Hunter, Science Applications International Corporation

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SESSION 11 — WASTE CHARACTERIZATIONChair: Joyce Feldman, Independent Consultant;Cochair: C. Suzi Jackson, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Waste Characterization: Where from Here??? 301Joyce Feldman, Consultant

Characterization of Simulated Environmental Waste Glass by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 305James L. Resce and Thomas J. Overcamp, Clemson University; Dennis F. Bickford andArthur R. Jurgensen, Savannah River Technology Center

Waste Characterization in a Small Scale Medical Waste Incinerator 309S.C. Higgins, Merck & Co., Inc.Sampling of Fly Ash for Testing and Compliance Monitoring 313Glenn R. Sprenger and Robert W. Baxter, B3 Systems, Inc.

Development of the Australian Biomass Heater 315Frank Scott, Dalite Holdings Pty, Ltd.; Ralph A. Koenig, Merlin CoJBoulder, Inc.

Operational Experience in the R.O.C 319Y.N. Huang, Asia Kingtec Co., Ltd.; F. Hetzler, EnvikrafiA-S

Process Control System Overview for the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program 323Gary L. Ferentchak, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors

SESSION 12A — DIOXINS - PART IChair: Kevin Bruce, Acurex Corporation;Cochair: Kevin Whiting, Waste Gas Technology Limited

Mechanisms for Formation and Options for Control of Emissions of PCDD's/PCDF's from Incineration . . 331D.I. Townsend, J.D. Wilson and C.N. Park, The Dow Chemical Company

Dioxin Emissions -Effect of Chlorine/Time/Temperature Relationship at 300°C 337Joseph J, Santoleri, RMT/Four Nines

Effects of Staged Combustion on PIC and Potential Dioxin Production During ChlorocarbonCombustion 343Tai-Gyu Lee, Guido F. Sacchi andAdel F. Sarofim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;Joseph W. Bozzelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology

SESSION 13 — ASH AND RESIDUALSCochair: William Bostick, Martin Marietta Energy Systems;Cochair: Garry Briggs, Chem-Security (Alberta) Ltd.

Thermal Treatment of Spent Aluminum Potliner (SPL) Using IGT'sCYCOM® Process 349John C. Wagner, HamidA. Abbasi and Mark J. Khinkis, Institute of Gas Technology

Synthetic Mineral Immobilization Technology for the Stabilization of Incinerator Ashes 355T.J. White, Ian Wark Research Institute; Irfan A. Toor, Texilla Environmental Inc.

SESSION 10B — VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • PART UChair: John Schofield, Andersen 2000 Inc.

Design Considerations for Thermal Fume Incinerators (Non-Catalytic, Non-Regenerative) 361Jack D. Brady, Andersen 2000 Inc.

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Applications of Thermatrix Flameless Oxidation Technology in the Treatment of VOCs andHazardous Wastes 365Robert G. Wilbourn, Marshall W. Allen and Alexander G. Baldwin, Thermatrix Inc.

Thermal Oxidation of Select Compounds in Air 369Stan Norbutas, DuPont Company; Marc Rost, T-Thermal CompanyDesign and Operating Parameters for Thermal Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds 375David A. Lewandowski and Peter J. Waldern, Process Combustion Corporation

SESSION 12B — DIOXINS -- PART nChair: Kevin Whiting, Waste Gas Technology Limited.;Cochair: David Pitts, Focus Environmental

I n h i b i t i o n E f f e c t o f C a l c i u m C o m p o u n d F e d t o F u r n a c e o n P C D D s / P C D F s f r o m I n c i n e r a t i o n P l a n t . . . . 3 8 1S. Matsui, T. Iwasaki, T. Noto, and T. Yokoyama, NKK Corporation

Dioxin Emissions from Full Scale Hazardous Waste Combustion Units Handling Variable ChlorineFeed Compositions 387J.D. Wilson, C.N. Park and D.I. Townsend, The Dow Chemical Company

Evaluation of Carbon Injection for Controlling PCDD/PCDF Emissions at WTI's CommercialHazardous Waste Incineration Facility 393Douglas R. Roeck, ENSR Consulting and Engineering; Alfred Sigg, Waste Technologies Industries

Incineration of Radioactive Residues Reduction of Dioxin/Furan Emissions by Means of anActivated Carbon Filter 397F. Dirks and G. Steinhaus, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

Dioxin and Furan Control with Membrane Filters and Additives in European Incineration Plants 403Glenn A. Brinckman, W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.; Gernot Pranghofer, W.L. Gore & AssociatesGmbH

SESSION 14 — METALS/NUCLIDE PARTITIONINGChair: Bob Gillins, Science Applications International Corporation;Cochair: Mort Wacks, University of Arizona

Behavior of Toxic Metals and Radionuclides in Analytical and Real Thermal Conditions 409H.-C. Yang, I.-T. Kim, K.-H. KangandJ.-H. Kim, KAERI; Y.-C. Seo, Yonsei University

Partitioning of Radionuclide Surrogate and RCRA Metals in the Plasma Hearth Process 417Garth R. Hassel, Raymond M. Geimer, Gary L. Leatherman and Joy M. Wilson, Science ApplicationsInternational Corporation

The Volatility of Hazardous and Radioactive Oxides from Glass-Forming Melts 421James L. Resce and Eric Skaar, Clemson University

Cobalt and Cesium Volatility Test in Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment 427Y. Nakayama, K. Obara and Y. Tsuji, Toyo Engineering Corporation; R. Haun and R. Eschenbach,Retech, Inc.

The Comparison of Element Partitioning in Two Types of Thermal Treatment Facilities and the Effectson Potential Radiation Dose 431RosanneL.Aa.berg, LelandL. Burger and David A. Baker, Pacific Northwest Laboratory;Andrew Wallo III and Gustavo A. Vazquez, U.S. Department of Energy; William L. Beck, Oak RidgeInstitute for Science and Education

The Behavior of Metals During the Thermal Treatment of Mixed Wastes 435Robert G. Barton, Midwest Research Institute; JoAnn S. Lighty, University of Utah; Jack Prendergast,LITCO/Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

SESSION 15 — NOx EMISSION CONTROL IN COMBUSTION/INCINERATION SYSTEMSChair: Prakash Acharya, International Technology Corporation;Cochair: Robert Wilbourn, Thermatrix

Analysis of the NOx Regulation Confusion for Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion Systems 441C.E. Baukal and P.B. Eleazer, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

The Control of NOx Emissions from Waste Incinerators with Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction ProcessUsing Urea 447William H. Sun, Richie D. Pickens and Penelope Stamatakis, Nalco Fuel Tech

Oxidative Aqueous Scrubbing for Simultaneous NOx/SO2 Removal 455Chen-Lu Yang, Dave Meier and Michael Beltran, Beltran Associates, Inc.; Henry Shaw, New JerseyInstitute of Technology

Safe Use of Oxygen in Mobile/Transportable Rotary Kiln-Based Hazardous Waste Incinerators 461Lloyd L Schafer and Mark A. Niemkiewicz, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Prakash Acharya,International Technology Corporation

SNCR Demonstration of Ammonia Injection for Industrial Waste Incinerator 465C.T. Lin, L.C. Chen and C.L. Yang, Industrial Technology Research Institute

SESSION 16 — PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND SITING ISSUESChair: Robert Apa, Morrison Knudsen - Vertac;Cochair: Gary Severson, Ecova Corporation

Building Bridges: Or Moving Beyond Confrontation in the Incineration Arena 469John McCarroll, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

A Literature Review of Human Health Effects Associated with Hazardous Waste Incinerators, RelatedFacilities and Exposures 473Lora E. Fleming and Judy A. Bean, University of Miami School of Medicine

Siting Thermal Treatment Units Under Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund RemovalProgram 481Art Smith and John Gilbert, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Keith Laguaite, Roy F. Weston, Inc.

Evaluating the Human Health Impacts of Hazardous Waste Incinerators: A Florida Case Study 487John D. Schert and Anita M. Kugler, Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Building Public Support for Your Permit and Facility 491Ellen J. Oliver, ENSR

SESSION 17 — MIXED WASTE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIESChair: William McCulla, Los Alamos National Laboratory;Cochair: Nick Orlando, UJS. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Vitrification of Surrogate Mixed Wastes in a Graphite Electrode Arc Melter 497Nick R. Soelberg, Andrea G. Chambers, Lynn Ball and Gary Anderson, Idaho National EngineeringLaboratory; William K. O'Connor, U.S. Bureau of Mines

A Prototype High-Temperature Catalytic Oxidation Process for Mixed Waste in a PharmaceuticalResearch Laboratory 505David C. Hoerr and Larry E. Weaner, The R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute

Evaluation of the Plasma Arc Centrifugal Process for Radioactive Waste Treatment 509Hubert Massit, Gerard Naud and Rosemarie Atabek, CEA; Wolfgang Hoffelner, Moser-Glaser & Co.Ltd.A Double Wall Alloy Construction Vitrification System for Application to Hazardous and RadioactiveWastes 517Kenneth R. Kormanyos and Stephen F. Cox, Stir-Melter, Inc.Diagnostic Studies of a Mixed Waste Vitrification Glass Melter 521P.R. Jang, J.S. Lindner, Y. Xu, R.K. Lengel, D.L. Monts, R.L. Cook and W.S. Shepard, MississippiState University; D.M. Bennert, Clemson University; J.C. Whitehouse, Westinghouse Savannah RiverCompany

SESSION 18 — HAZARDOUS WASTE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIESChair: Chris Leger, Praxair, Inc.;Cochair: Wilbur Kephart, Foster Wheeler Environmental

Development of an Artificial-Intelligence-Based System to Control Transient Emissions fromSecondary Combustion Chanbers of Hazardous Waste Incinerators 527P.M. Lemieux, C.A. Miller, K.J. Fritsky and P.J. Chappell, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Thermoselect - Energy and Raw Materials Recovery Process Foundation for the Continuous ConversionofWastes 535R. Stahlbergand Uwe Feuerriegel, Thermoselect S.r.l; David J. Runyon, Thermoselect Inc.Destruction of Navy Hazardous Wastes by Supercritical Water Oxidation 543Richard E. Kirts, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center

The Plasma Energy Recycle and Conversion (PERC) Process for Processing Materials Resulting fromDemilitarization 549James R. Persoon andMillardM. Garrison, Alliant Techsystems Inc.; John Serino, John VavruskaandAdreas Blutke, Plasma Technology, Inc.Fundamental Studies of Lead Devolatilization Behavior by Using a Laminar Entrained-Flow Reactor . . . 553Yan Lu and Kristiina lisa, Oregon State University

Study of Metal Volatilization From Contaminated Soil in a Fluidized Bed Incinerator 561Hom-Ti Lee, Oak Ridge Associated Universities; T.C. Ho and C.C. Hsiao, Lamar University;W.D. Bostick, Oak Ridge K-25 Site

Transformation of Chromium from Cr(IU) to Cr(Vl) in a Simulated Wet Scrubber 569T.C. Ho, L.F. Tsau and J.R. Hopper, Lamar University; W.D. Bostick and D.P. Hoffmann,Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

Bench-Scale Testing of Sorbent Additives for Trace Metal Capture and Retention 575Shyam Venkatesh, Donald J. Founder, Jr., Gregory J. Carroll and Larry R. Waterland,Acurex Environmental Corporation

SESSION 20A — MULTI-PATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENT - PART IChair: Kathryn Kelly, Environmental Toxicology International, Inc.

Health Risk Assessment for the Savannah River Site Consolidated Incineration FacilityNolan E. Hertel, Thomas M. Evans, H. Michelle Coward, James A. Mulholland andMichael G. Robinson, Georgia Institute ofTechnology; Don A. Burge, Westinghouse SavannahRiver Company

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A Simplified Model to Estimate Radiological Doses from Incineration of Radioactive Waste 593L.E. Stevens, U.S. Department of Energy; C.W. Ma and T. Wheeler, M.H. Chew and Associates, Inc.;M. Nimmagadda, D. LePoire and S.Y. Chen, Argonne National Laboratory; K.W. Owens, ScienceApplications International Corp.

The Health Effects of Medical Waste Incineration: Biological, Chemical, and Radiological Emissions . . . 599Wayne L. Turnberg, Washington Department of Ecology

Sensitivity Analysis of a Hypothetical Fire Scenario 605Sarah A. Foster, Paul C. Chrostowski and James F. Lape, Weinberg Consulting Group Inc.

Evaluating Risks from Incineration Using a Multimedia, Multipathway Model Based on EPA's IndirectExposure Model 611John U. Bell, Holly A. Hattemer-Frey and Gary R. Krieger, Dames & Moore

Alternative Approaches for Evaluating Two Bioaccumulation Pathways in Multipathway RiskAssessments 619Ishrat S. Chaudhuri, Betsy Ruffle, David Heinold and Douglas G. Smith, ENSR Consulting andEngineering

Methodologies for the Assessment of Health Risk and Other External Costs of MS W Incineration 625Michele Giugliano, Stefano Cernuschi, Umberto Ghezzi, Stefano Caserini and Andrea Ferlin,Politecnico di Milano

SESSION 21 — DEMONSTRATED INCINERATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR DESTRUCTION OFHAZARDOUS WASTEChair: H. Nugent Myrick, SARP Industries;Cochair: John Pilney, 3M Corporation

Optimization of Process Performance of a Commercial Hazardous Waste Incinerator Using OxygenEnrichment 631Stephen L. Davidson and Sam R. Fryer, Aptus Environmental Services, Inc.; Min-Da Ho, Praxair, Inc.

Process Challenges in Rotary Kiln-Based Incinerators in Soil Remediation Projects 637Prakash Acharya, Denis Fogo and Chris McBride, International Technology Corporation

SESSION 22 — TRIAL BURNSChair: Catherine Massimino, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;Cochair: John Gilbert, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Designing Trial Bums to Minimize Ongoing Waste Analysis Cost 649Bill Schofield, DRE Environmental Services, Inc.; Maynard Engler, ElfAtochemNAIssuance of Final Permit for Radford Army Ammunition Plant Waste Propellant Incinerator 655Mark Sullivan, Alliant Techsystems, Inc.Status of U.S. EPA Trial Burn Guidance for Completing Multipoint Risk Assessments 661Dwight Hlustick, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Bum Demonstration of Refuse Derived Fuel From Oak Ridge Reservation Sanitary Waste 665L.V. Gibson, Jr., J.K. Prazniak, L.L. Lankfordand T.J. Takacs, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

SESSION 20B — MULTI-PATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENT - PART IIChair: Kathryn Kelly, Environmental Toxicology International, Inc.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Food Chain Pathways in Screening Level Multipathway RiskAssessment 673Shi (Kelly) Zhang, Benjing Sun, Rhonda S. Kaetzel and Gary A. Pascoe, Environmental ToxicologyInternational, Inc.

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Use of Multimedia Environmental Monitoring to Enhance the Accuracy of Risk Assessment forIncineration Facilities 679Gary A. Pascoe, EA Engineering, Science and Technology

SESSION 23 — SYSTEM DESIGN, MODIFICATION & STARTUP EXPERIENCEChair: Kevin Whiting, Waste Gas Technology Limited;Cochair: Max Mihlfeith, EG&G Defense Materials

Pilot Test Work Leading to Design of Batch/Semi-Continuous Pyrolyzer System 683R.L. Mendelsohn, DuPont Company; T.J. Schultz, Surface Combustion, Inc.; V.R. Daiga, Consultant

Waste Liquid Incinerator (Water-Cooled Furnace) 689Yoshinobu Sato and Hitoshi Ota, Tsukishima Kikai Co., Ltd.

Design of a Sorbent-Based Process for Removal and Recovery of Mercury Vapor from IncineratorFlue Gases 693Daryl L. Roberts, ADA Technologies, Inc.Debottlenecking an In-House Liquid Incinerator by Process Analysis and Miniburn Testing 699Bill Schofield and Floyd Pfeffer, DRE Environmental Services, Inc.; Greg Fleming, Fred Kneisler,Connie Harrison and Brent Lents, ElfAtochem NA

The Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes to Energy by the Production of High CV Fuel Gas 705K.J. Whiting, Waste Gas Technology Limited

SESSION 24 — THERMAL TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTAINING MERCURYChair: Pas Sadhukhan, Jacobs Engineering Group;Cochair: David Charlton, University of North Dakota

Thermal Treatment of Mercury-Contaminated Waste: Recent Development and ComparativeEvaluation 709Pasupati (Pas) Sadhukhan and Mike Bradford, Jacobs Engineering Group; Dennis Morgan,Lockwood Greene Technology, Inc.

Performance ofMRS's Commercial Medium-Temperature Mercury Desorption Process 713Thomas E. Weyand, Thomas P. Zugates and Michael V. Rose, Mercury Recovery Services, Inc.

High Temperature Oxidation Process for Decontamination of Mercury Containing Wastes. Resultsof Pilot-Scale Development Tests 717KG. Aurich, Comprehensive Environmental Services; C.P. Broadbent, Wardell Armstrong

High Temperature High Vacuum Rotating Mobile Retort for Recovery of Mercury and Removal ofOrganic Chemicals 723Randy Aulbaugh and Greg Hawk, Scientific Consulting Laboratories, Inc.Removal of Mercury from Lower East Fork Poplar Creek Floodplain Soils by Thermal Desorption 729John A. Lea, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.; Rebecca J. Sams and George A. Gillis, Martin MariettaEnergy Systems, Inc.

Removal of Trace Mercury Contaminants from Gas and Liquid Streams in the Process Industry 733David A. Coyle, Charles A. Durr, Felix F. de la Vega and Brian M. Frankie, The M.W. Kellogg Company

SESSION 25 —SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ~——• -«—Chair: Gene Riley, Triangle Laboratories;Cochair: Larry Johnson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Highlights of Environmental Protection Agency Emission Test Method Development Activities for1994-95 737Peter R. Westlin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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Determination of Total Organic Emissions from Hazardous Waste Combustors 741Larry D. Johnson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Measurements of Ammonia Slippage in the Crude Gas of a Waste Incineration Plant 747R.O. Kageland C. Clements, Techform Engineering USA; S. Horler, Techform Engineering AGImprovement and Testing of the DNPH Method for Aldehydes and Ketones 755Joette Steger, Radian Corporation; Joseph Knoll, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;Michael Hartman, Hartman-Kelly International

Effect of High-Levels of SO2 Emissions on the Analysis of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins(PCDDs) and Chlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from Air Emission Sources 761Hani S. Karam, Triangle Laboratories, Inc.

AUTHOR INDEX 765

ATTENDEELIST f 769

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