thesis preparation draft v1

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H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

Thesis PreparationDRAFT V117 February 2016


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INTRODUCTION

BackgroundLarger context

Local contextProblem and Importance

LITERATURE REVIEW

Current discourseImportant contributions by architects

AIM

Main research questions

METHODOLOGY

Specic architectural meansProgram and site proposed

Projected outcomes and contributions

INTRODUCTIONBackground

Larger contextLocal context

Problem and importance



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Background

By 2050, almost 70% of world’s population is projected to be urban1

. Out of these 6.6 billion of people,about half of them are going to be living in Asia.

Presently, only 2.8% of earth’s total land area is covered by urban sites 2. This poses an unprecedentedchanges to the current earth's land use and area, especially as more people are migrating to cities. Increase ofpopulation may result in cities' agglomeration and expansion, potentially adding pressure to the surroundingrural area and nature. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cities and urban areas to nd ways of keepingthe population contained, yet have a liveable environment for the city dwellers to live in. This also providesarchitects and urban planners to rethink how we plan the city to meet future demands.

Situations of hyper-density, where it is loosely dened as tting in population in a relatively small plot ofland, have been found mainly in cities where land area is limited. In Hong Kong, for example, where 76%of the total land area is mountainous and not suitable for built environment, the population density cango up to 130,000 people per square km 3 in the densest part of the country. This concentration of peoplemust be supported with necessary facilities and infrastructure for them to have a comfortable and liveableenvironment.

Vishaan Chakrabarti of Partnership of Architecture and Urbanism (PAU) said in his lecture A Country ofCities that density leads to sustainability, where the mixed-use and transit-oriented development are largelybeneted from hyper-dense environment 4. Therefore, the thesis will examine the potential of mixed-use

developments in creating a more sustainable and liveable hyper-dense environment.

1World urbanization prospects. (2014). Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2016, from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/highlights/wup2014-highlights.pdf

2Martine, G. (2011). Preparing for sustainable urban growth in developing areas. Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migra-tion and Development: An International Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/PopDistribUr-banization/PopulationDistributionUrbanization.pdf

3http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/the-worlds-most-crowded-place?articleId=USRTR2SRF6

4Chakrabarti, V. (2016, February 16). A Country of Cities. Lecture presented in Harvard University: Graduate School of Design, Cam-bridge.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

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Kowloon Walled City as an example of a compact city 1Tokyo, one of the mega cities in Asia, with population over 13 million 2

Favelas in Brasilia is a testament to an informal and unplanned high-density residential district 3Jakarta traffic jam is due to the inadequate mobility infrastructure 4

Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is a sustainable and self-sufficient master planned city 5


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Larger context

The idea of mixed-use hints a signicant shift from the conventional planning and zoning paradigm duringthe modernist era where land use are segregated based on their uses and functions. As urban settings weregetting more fragmented due to the successful implementation of such regimented zoning, mixed-useprojects started to be developed across the world in both urban and rural areas. However, there is rarely anyin depth explanation and comprehensive research as of what mixed-use development is.

Urban Land Institute (ULI), in their book Mixed-Use Development Handbook, characterizes mixed-use as:• Three or more signicant revenue-producing uses (such as retail/entertainment,

office, residential, hotel, and/or civic/cultural/recreation) that in well plannedprojects are mutually supporting;

• Signicant physical and functional integration of project components (and thus arelatively close-knit and intensive use of land), including uninterrupted pedestrianconnections; and

• Development in conformance with a coherent plan (that frequently stipulates thetype and scale of uses, permitted densities, and related items) .

Another denition of mixed-use development was developed by multiple agencies of the USA back in2006 :

• A mixed-use development is a real estate project with planned integration ofsome combination of retail, office, residential, hotel, recreation or other functions.

It is pedestrian-oriented and contains elements of a live-work-play environment. Itmaximizes space usage, has amenities and architectural expression and tends tomitigate traffic and sprawl .

Although denition is a good step to start understanding the nature and characteristics of a mixed-usedevelopment, there are still several possible congurations of how mixed-use is arranged, consequences ofhow programs benet or lose out from the proximity from other programs and the impact that mixed-usedevelopment has to the city at large.

1Herndon, J. D. (2011). Mixed-Use Development in Theory and Practice: Learning from Atlanta’s Mixed Experiences. Retrieved Febru-ary 16, 2016.

2Niemira, M. P. (2007). The Concept and Drivers of Mixed-use Development: Insights from a Cross-Organizational Membership Sur-vey. Research Review. 4(1): 53-56.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

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Kowloon Station Development is one example of integrated mixed use hyper-density architecture that is transit oriented 1Barcode project in Bjorvika Area, Oslo illustrates a mixed use condition of offices, residential and hotels 2

Raffles City in Singapore is a mixed use development that combines shopping mall, hotel and office tower 3Barangaroo in Sydney Australia is a waterfront mixed use development in which one third of its area is dedicated to public urban park 4

Roppongi Hills in Japan is a mixed use development that consists of office and residential towers, with layers of retail underneath 5


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Local context

Looking back to Singapore, in general, mixed-use developments are commonly seen in the Central BusinessDistrict (CBD) or town centres, where population density is relatively high as compared to the rest of theisland. The mix of programs ranges from office, shopping malls and hotels such as Raffles City to apartmentshopping malls and bus interchange in Bedok Mall. Many of these developments are coming from the privatesectors and largely benets high to middle-class population.

There is a missed opportunity to develop a mixed-use development where the mixed of programs includespublic housing and facilities that can support the residents living in that housing compound. HousingDevelopment Board (HDB) of Singapore has been effective in providing affordable houses to the people,however, only in the last 10-20 years that they have been looking into aspects such as liveability andsustainability. In more recent years, they have been trying to experiment with different typologies of publichousing, starting with Pinnacle@Duxton in 2009, when it becomes the tallest public housing to date.

After that momentous mark in the public housing scene in Singapore, HDB has been actively engaging inthe active discourse of making high-rise living a more desirable and affordable one. With the developmentsof both SkyVille@Dawson and SkyTerrace@Dawson in Queensway, notably one of the oldest housingestates in Singapore, HDB has once again shown its commitment to provide the population with a high-quality high-density living.

Its rst mixed-use development that combines public housing, shopping mall and a bus interchange is

Clementi Mall in 2011. Located in the centre of Clementi district, the development soars at 40 storeys highwith 388 3 to 5 room units . In 2017, there will be another mixed-use development introduced by HDB:Kampung Admiralty. The development is envisioned to become a kampung (village) in the sky, whereintegration of elderly housing with a health-care centre and public facilities is delivered . Therefore, thisthesis will further explore the possibility of designing a new typology of mixed-use, hyper-dense publichousing in Singapore that is sustainable and liveable.

1Fleetwood, C., & Meija, V. (2012). Housing people: Affordable housing solutions for the 2 1st century. Singapore: Surbana Internation-al Consultants.

2Bingham-Hall, P. (2015). WOHA: Selected projects (Vol. 2). Balmain, NSW: Pesaro Publishing.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

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SkyVille@Dawson is one of the latest additions of HDB blocks with sky gardens dividing the block up into multiple sky villages 1Oasis Terrace at Punggol will be integrated community hub that includes polyclinic and community centre 2 Clementi Mall is a mixed use development that combines bus interchange, shopping mall and HDB ats 3

Kampung Admiralty is an integrated mixed use development that caters to elderly residents 4Waterway Terraces at Punggol offers a new typology of HDB with sky gardens at different levels, terracing down the blocks 5


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Problem and importance

Innovations in public housing design in Singapore has been pretty stagnated before 2009, where newtypological changes are barely seen in the designs of the housing estates. However, as Singapore redenesitself into a more sustainable and smart city, it has since looked more closely into ensuring that their publichousing does not only provide roof over their resident's head, but also provide a more liveable and integratedsociety.

I believe that the separate yet inter-related discourse between hyper-density, mixed-use development andpublic housing in Singapore is a very interesting research topic to embark on. As case studies and builtprojects are still very limited, it provides opportunity to explore the subject more in depth, without havinga preconception of answers for the problem at hand. Nonetheless, it denitely poses an unprecedentedbreadth and depth of studies as it can go in multiple ways. Therefore, it is important for an academic thesis tobe able to explore a typology that has not been thoroughly exhausted yet, as it provides ample opportunityto extend this research, within an educational realm, to a more ideal and romantic vision of a mixed-usehyper-dense public housing in Singapore.

Designing mixed-use development is an "enormous logistical jigsaw puzzle," as described by the architectsof Clementi Mall . Not only the different structural requirements, but also the issue with noise and privacy asa residential tower block is involved in the design planning. Ultimately, this thesis is trying not only to designa hyper-dense public housing, but also to nd the balance between convenience and privacy, vibrancy andnoise as well as well-mixed development and fragmented uses.

1Fleetwood, C., & Meija, V. (2012). Housing people: Affordable housing solutions for the 21st century. Singapore: Surbana InternationalConsultants.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

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Sectional cut of Oasis Terrace at Punggol where different programs and amenities are integrated together in one single mixed use development 1Bus interchange at Clementi, showing how the structural needs of such facilities may differ from the needs of residential blocks 2

Kampung Admiralty offers multiple programs and amenities not only for the residents of the development but also for the neighborhood 3Valenton Housing in France by Gelin-Lafon provide open spaces that promote interactions between residents 4


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LITERATURE REVIEWCurrent discourse

Important contributions by architects



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Current discourse

Discourse for mixed use, hyper-density and public housing has been happening separately for the pastdecades. However, there has been limited attempt to discuss them in parallel in a meaningful and usefulways. One challenge of this thesis is to discover what kind of spaces is necessary for a mixed-use, hyper-dense public housing. These spaces must then be incorporated in a sensitive manner to eventually supportthe life of the residents in the public housing.

Mixed useWithin the discourse of mixed-use theory, there are two conceptual model of mixed use which areconsiderably more well-referenced: the rst was developed by Alan Rowley (1996) and the second wascreated by Eric Hoppenbrouwer and Erik Louw (2005), adding on to Rowley's idea. Rowley's model focuseson the urban texture of a settlement as a product of three things: grain, density and permeability 1. The grainof a settlement refers to how various aspects of a settlement are integrated together in space, while densityrefers to how much space or how many units contained within a particular area, sometimes referred to as ameasure of land use intensity. Permeability suggests the number of possible ways a pedestrian can choosefrom as he/she navigates through a given area.

Moreover, he classies four different possible locations where mixed use development can occur:• City or town centres where the commercial and civic core of cities exist;• Inner-city areas where derelict, vacant or built-up land is often found needing

regeneration;• Suburban or edge-of-town locations; and• Greeneld sites where it is located beyond the urban fringe.

Furthermore, Rowley considers three other aspects in his conceptual model:• The form of mixed use development are inuenced by external factors such as

public policy and regulations, property markets, and cultural ideas and values.• Different degrees of vitality is generated from activities and land uses within mixed

use projects• Time dimension is crucial because different programmed spaces produce activity

on varying time schedules and this leads to situations of pop-up uses.The result of the complex interactions of these variables is what he terms a “mixed-use situation.”

1Rowley, A. (1996). Mixed-use Development: ambiguous concept, simplistic analysis and wishful thinking. Planning Practice & Research.11(1): 85-98.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

MIXED USE HYPER-DENSITY

PUBLIC HOUSING

MIXED USEHYPER

DENSITY

PUBLIC HOUSING

Diagram 1 Diagram of how the current discourse is shaped and how it is insufficient to answer the issue of land scarcity and social needs


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As a model that expand on Rowley's idea, Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s model is also organized by function,dimension, scale, and urban texture, but it is developed from a spatial perspective 1. Function here refers tothe different land uses that are being mixed. Although the model uses housing (residential) and working(office) for the sake of simplicity, the model can be extended to other permutations of uses. Moreover,dimension consists of four aspects:

• The shared premise dimension,• The horizontal dimension,• The vertical dimension and• The time dimension.

Additionally, similar to Rowley's model, scale is included in the model, but the method of subdivision isdifferent. Hoppenbrouwer and Louw's scale is broken down into building, block, district and city levels,instead. Also, urban texture is also one of the components of the model, but different from Rowley's model,their model consists of grain, density and the interweaving functions.

As what Rowley has included in his model, Hoppenbrouwer and Louw also recognises the componentsof mixed use development are insufficient if they only measure them in terms of urban design only. Theybelieve that other non-design elements, such as the urban experience, the nature of uses, denition of publicand private as well as conict and security play a part in dening a mixed use development. Nonetheless,it is not entirely necessary to include them in the model as they believe that these software can still exist inparallel, without being part of the model, where they may complicate the model further.

In all, each mixed use development is a unique product that cannot be compared with each other. The

variation is inuenced by nature and combination of uses, the dimension in which the programs are mixed,the scale in which the mix of uses occurs, and the urban texture that results from the development andthroughout the other parts of the site.

Herndon, in his research Mixed-Use Development in Theory and Practice: Learning from Atlanta’s MixedExperiences , discussed the benets of mixed use developments 2. Referring to Coupland's book Reclaimingthe City: Mixed Use Development , he quotes John Gummer, the former U.K. Secretary of State for theEnvironment, on why the U.K. government was getting on board in making ways of more mixed usedevelopments to be realised:

1Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. (2005). Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands. EuropeanPlanning Studies. 13(7): 967-983.2Herndon, J. D. (2011). Mixed-Use Development in Theory and Practice: Learning from Atlanta’s Mixed Experiences. Retrieved February16, 2016.


Diagram 2 Rowley's model of mixed use development (Rowley, A. 1996)


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The emerging consensus is that development is more sustainable if it produces amixture of uses. Segregation of land uses, encouraged in the past, is not relevantnow. The trend back to mixed usage brings a number of potential benets. It ensuresvitality through activity and diversity. It makes areas safer. It also reduces the needto travel, making people less reliant on cars, bringing welcome environmentalbenets. Diversity of uses adds to the vitality and interest of town centres. Differentbut complementary uses, during the day and in the evening can reinforce eachother, making town centres more attractive to residents, businesses, shoppers andvisitors.

Additionally, Jane Jacobs identies four elements that would be necessary to create a great urbanenvironments, and this list has been frequently referenced in the mixed use literature 1:

• The district, and indeed as many of its internal parts as possible, must serve morethan one primary function; preferably more than two. These must ensure thepresence of people who go outdoors on different schedules and are in the placefor different purposes, but who are able to use many facilities in common.

• Most blocks must be short; that is, streets and opportunities to turn corners mustbe frequent.

• The district must mingle buildings that vary in age and condition, including a goodproportion of old ones so that they vary in the economic yield that they produce.This mingling must be fairly close grained.

• There must be a sufficiently dense concentration of people, for whatever purposesthey may be there. This includes dense concentration in the case of people who are

there because of residence.

Hyper-density

Hyper-density implies extreme density of a certain element, whether it is people, dwelling units or activities.It can be measured qualitative or quantitatively. However, there are different ways of dealing with hyper-density and how we can arrive at a more liveable and less intimidating hyper-dense architecture. In his studyDensity, Crowding, and Factors Intervening in their Relationship: Evidence from a Hyper-dense Metropolis ,Chan discovers that occupants of spatially constrained dwellings do not necessarily feel crowded due tolack of space 2. Instead, the paper found that the unsatisfactory quality of physical environment, not quantity1Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, Random House.2Chan, Ying-Keung. (1998) Density, Crowding, and Factors Intervening in Their Relationship: Evidence from a Hyper-dense Metropolis.Social Indicators Research, Springer.


Diagram 3Hoppenbrouwer and Louw's model of mixed use development (Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. 2005)


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of space, is a major cause of the feeling of crowdedness. While privacy is very much related to balancebetween space and crowding, its effect is found to be indirect and very moderate. These ndings implythat architectural designs can be used as a tool to alleviate feelings of crowdedness in situations of spatialconstraint, when they are used appropriately.

Public housing

Singapore's public housing does not only become a place of dwelling for its residents, but also as a tool ofnation building process. It provides its population with safe, vibrant and affordable option for high-densityresidential living, as compared to the old kampungs and landed property. Housing Development Board(HDB) has been trying to provide necessary amenities for the residents, with town centres nearby, in thehope that community-building is forged.

One of the drivers for community in an HDB at is the void decks and corridors. As the most importantpublic space at the ground level, the void deck is a space that is frequently used for rituals such as Chinesefunerals and Malay wedding receptions, where it is impossible to hold within the ats. For most of the time,void deck is a point of departure from the lift lobby or a space for informal gathering where residents canmeet their neighbours for a more lengthy conversation 1.

In the research published by HDB, Social Apects of Public Housing in Singapore: Kinship Ties and NeighbourlyRelations, it is observed that neighbours are 50% more likely to meet one another along the main corridorsof their blocks 2. Additionally, lift lobbies are also the second most likely places where neighbours will meet,

with 23% of the encounters happening there. These "corridors of activities" result in repeated encounters,exchange of greetings and social interactions among residents, which can lead to increase sense ofcommunity and familiarity to the neighbourhood.

Furthermore, the research that HDB undertakes also found that the type of corridor inuences theneighbourly relations that happen within the neighbourhood. Over the years, HDB at access designs havetaken various forms, from internal central corridors to common corridors that have outdoor view on one side,to common lift lobby surrounded by four to ve HDB ats, making access more exclusive with additionalprivacy. It is observed the type of access to the ats' that is more open leads to a more average neighbourknown. This shows that the design of circulation in an HDB blocks can be crucial to the community building.

1Chua, B. (1997). Political legitimacy and housing: Stakeholding in Singapore. London: Routledge.

2Social aspects of public housing in Singapore: Kinship ties and neighbourly relations. (2000). Singapore: Research Section,Research & Planning Dept., Housing & Development Board.H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

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Direct from staircase access where stairwell is shared between two ats directly and corridors only exist at certain heights 1Central corridor where it is anked both sides by ats 2

Lift lobbies of HDB blocks where they often become a meeting place between neighbours 3Ground oor ats allow the occupants to have more exposure to neighbours 4

Corridors that open to the outside are most commonly found in the newer types of HDB blocks 5


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Important contributions by architects

SkyVille@DawsonThe discourse on hyper-dense public housing was started with the competition of Duxton Plain PublicHousing back in 2009. Since the completion of the Pinnacle@Duxton, the public housing scene in Singaporehas evolved to be pushing the boundary of density. SkyVille@Dawson is WOHA's latest addition to thepublic housing scene in Singapore, and the design was inspired by their competition entry for Duxton PlainPublic Housing. The central idea of this high-density housing is to have the entire housing block be brokenup into multiple sky villages of 80 units that share sky gardens as communal spaces. The sky gardens arelocated at every 11th level, so as to closely resemble typical scale of old HDB blocks as seen from the groundlevel. This results in the creation of new ground levels in the sky.

I feel that SkyVille@Dawson has introduced a new typology of public housing in Singapore. It brings a newdiscourse of hyper-dense tropical public housing, with the emphasis on creating communities in the sky.

Kampung Admiralty

Mixed use developments have been present in Singapore for decades, however they are mostly in the realmof private sector. Kampung Admiralty has also brought the discourse of mixed use development and publichousing together. Located next to Admiralty MRT station, the complex integrates elderly housing with ahealth-care centre and public facilities such as hawker centre and supermarket. The integrated developmentcomes with its own natural landscape, placed as a lush tropical forest on the roof. WOHA has brought theidea of aerial communities into a whole new level when they introduced one of the most extensive skygardens they have designed on the level 6 in this project.

Kampung Admiralty marks the breaking point of new typology of HDB block, where it seamlessly integrates,in one plot of land, both residential and retail, with public amenities such as hawker centre and health-carecentre. The process of discussions between the different public sector clientele: HDB, NEA and MOH as wellas the resolution of the structural requirements of this building are also worth studying in order to deliver asuccessful mixed use public housing development in Singapore.


Diagram 4 Section cut of SkyVille@Dawson showing sky gardens at multiple levels (Bingham-Hall, P. 2015)


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Diagram 5 Axonometric view of Kampung Admiralty showing how different programs are layered at different levels (Bingham-Hall, P. 2015)

Diagram 6Ground oor plan of Kampung Admiralty showing the big shaded open plaza as the focal point of the project (Bingham-Hall, P. 2015)


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H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

l i i

Level B2

Level 2

Level B1

Level 3

Level 1

Podium

Tower

ResidentialHotelBusinessOpen/Green SpaceCommercialTransportation

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Kowloon Station

Although this project is not a public housing, nor it is in Singapore, Kowloon Station is denitely an interesting

contributions to the mixed use and hyper-dense discourse. Located in Kowloon district, Hong Kong, thisintegrated development comprises of train station, retail, office tower, hotel and apartment towers, arrangedin a podium tower typology. Despite its relatively common architectural typology, Kowloon Station providesan interesting case study for the thesis as it integrates multiple activities and programs in one area. The natureof the project which is mostly private brings up another layer of complexity of security of the residentialblocks.

Clementi Mall

Clementi Mall development is another interesting contribution to the mixed use public housing discourse.However, what makes it even more distinct is that it combines a shopping mall with public housing, whichintroduces the public-private partnership into the picture. The development itself comprises of shoppingmall, bus interchange , car parks and 40-storey HDB blocks on top of the podium. Located near the ClementiMRT, this development is meant to provide its residents or customers convenience in terms of travelling toand from the development. As Singapore moves towards a car-lite vision, it tries to encourage the use ofpublic transport over private vehicles. Hence, Clementi Mall can be an appropriate model of mixed usepublic housing development that potentially inspires other typologies of public housing.

Diagram 7 Axonometric view of Kowloon Station showing different programs that are layered together (Future Cities Laboratory. 2015)


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H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y H Y P E R - D E N S I T Y

Diagram 8 Section cut of Clementi Mall illustrating the integration of different programs within the development (Fleetwood, C. and Meija, V. 2012)

Diagram 9Plan of the typical 4 and 5 room in Clementi Mall HDB (Fleetwood, C. and Meija, V. 2012)


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AIMMain research questions


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Main research questions

After going through the context of the background research and the discourse in mixed use, hyper-densityand public housing, here are the main research questions I would like to tackle in this thesis:• How can architecture encourage better synergies and symbiosis of multiple

activities and programs in a hyper-dense public housing in Singapore?• How does the word mixed imply a certain level of integration or degree of

compatibility among uses?• To what extent does the manner in which the different uses are combined matter,

i.e. vertically in a single building or horizontally in multiple buildings on a site?• To what extent does high-density mixed use developments promote sustainability

in terms of environment, social and economic?

The aim of the thesis is that by the end of it I will be able to discover, through precise and active researchon mixed use, hyper-density and public housing discourse, new typology of public housing in Singapore,where it integrates multiple activities and programs to support a hyper-dense situation.



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METHODOLOGYSpecic architectural meansPrograms and site proposed




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Specic architectural means

In order to investigate further on the topic of mixed us hyper-dense public housing in Singapore, thefollowing methodology can be utilised:• Analysis of the chosen site:

Site analysis has to be done to integrate the architecture into the context.This includes understanding the ecological aspect of the site, current andfuture social demographics and mobility infrastructure that exist on site.

• Environmental modelling Environmental modelling can be carried out to better understand the

consequences on the level of comfort of the design decisions that are goingto be made. Wind, solar and shading analysis are just some tools that canbe used

• Program analysisOnce the programs are determined, it is necessary to understand thedifferent implications of those programs and opportunities that can becreated between different programs.

• Model experimentationExperimenting with models creates awareness of the spatial implicationsthat occur from certain design decisions, by doing so, it is necessary tochoreograph the different necessary spaces so as to provide a morecomfortable and liveable environment for the occupants of the hyper-

dense architecture


I I

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: ; : :

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Analysis that will be done within the chosen site (Ong, L. Y., Kosasih, C., and Chia, L. 2015) 1Wind analysis of the site (Chao, Y. 2015) 2

Program analysis based on the chosen programs 3Model experimentation 4


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Programs and site proposed

Programs proposed is residential units of public housing in nature, where all public amenities and facilitiesare also accessible to people in the neighbourhood (not only the residents of the development). Otherpublic amenities and facilities can include library, hawker centre, retail shops and communal/public spacesthat permeates through the design.

Site proposed will be of the north-west corner of the Keppel site, covering part of zone 1, 2 and 3 in general.This site is chosen due to its proximity to Labrador Park MRT station, increasing the ease of mobility towardsthe residents and visitors of the development. Additionally, it is also at the junction of Pasir Panjang Road,Telok Blangah Road and Alexandra Road, making it an important node. It is potentially covering the sitewhere high amount of toxic waste and mangrove ecosystem is located, resulting in a complex situation toinvestigate.


I hope that this thesis will be able to produce a well-informed and innovative typology of mixed use hyper-dense public housing, not only for Singapore, but for the other countries in general, with similar issues thatthey need to tackle which is providing an affordable option for hyper-dense public housing that is liveable,comfortable and sustainable in a land scarce situation.

LabradorNature Reserve

Keppel Club

anangr Station

Labrador ParkMRT

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City BeachResort

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Diagram 10 Plan of the proposed site within the Keppel development site (Cher, L., Ng, Y. J., and Chong, A. 2012)


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References

Bingham-Hall, P. (2015). WOHA: Selected projects (Vol. 2). Balmain, NSW: Pesaro Publishing. Chakrabarti, V. (2016, February 16). A Country of Cities. Lecture presented in Harvard University: Graduate School of Design,Cambridge. Chan, Ying-Keung. (1998) Density, Crowding, and Factors Intervening in Their Relationship: Evidence from a Hyper-denseMetropolis. Social Indicators Research, Springer.

Chua, B. (1997). Political legitimacy and housing: Stakeholding in Singapore. London: Routledge.

Fleetwood, C., & Meija, V. (2012). Housing people: Affordable housing solutions for the 21st century. Singapore: Surbana InternationalConsultants. Herndon, J. D. (2011). Mixed-Use Development in Theory and Practice: Learning from Atlanta’s Mixed Experiences. Retrieved February16, 2016.

Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. (2005). Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands. EuropeanPlanning Studies. 13(7): 967-983.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, Random House.

Rowley, A. (1996). Mixed-use Development: ambiguous concept, simplistic analysis and wishful thinking. Planning Practice & Research.11(1): 85-98.

Martine, G. (2011). Preparing for sustainable urban growth in developing areas. Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migra-tion and Development: An International Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/PopDistribUr-banization/PopulationDistributionUrbanization.pdf

Niemira, M. P. (2007). The Concept and Drivers of Mixed-use Development: Insights from a Cross-Organizational Membership Sur-vey. Research Review. 4(1): 53-56. Social aspects of public housing in Singapore: Kinship ties and neighbourly relations. (2000). Singapore: Research Section, Re-search & Planning Dept., Housing & Development Board.

World urbanization prospects. (2014). Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2016, from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/highlights/wup2014-highlights.pdf



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