thesis report - rhyl

1

RhylThe eco-IndusTrIal advenTure Park

THESIS DESIGN REPORT

2

Loren DurkinZara MoonDavid Parry

M ArchTutor: Jack Dunne

3

contents Introduction 5• ProjectChronology 7• critpin-ups 8

Chapter 1: study of place 9• Rhyl:background 10• Rhyl:attributes 24

Chapter 2: community involvement 28• Interview:ValeofClwydMP 29• SocialSurvey 32• CommunityProfiles 35

Chapter 3: Concept 37• TheProblem 38• OurResponse 40• Eco-IndustrialTourismforRhyl 44• ProjectBrief 46

Chapter 4: Research: Industries 48• Halophytes 49• Oysters 51• Manufacturing&Upcycling 53• TheThreeIndustrialProcesses 55

Chapter 5: Research: Economics 65• Food 66• Biofuel 68• Manufacturing 69

Chapter 6: Research: Case Studies 70• VivergoFuels 71• RuralStudio 72• RackheathEco-Community 73

Chapter 7: Design: Strategies 74• CreatingaJourney 75• TheInteractiveMachine 76• PluggingintotheTown 77

Chapter 8: Design: Masterplan 78• PhasedDevelopment 79• MasterplanforRhylWest 80• IndustrialTourismforRhyl 81• Thesites 82

Chapter 9: Key Design Areas 86• IndustrialProcess 88• InhabitablePier 95• AmphibiousPark 98

Chapter 10: The Tourist Experience 101• TheJourney 102• ArrivalTower 106• PluginCaravans 110• CrushingMill 114

Chapter 11: Conclusion 1 1 7

ZaraMoon

DavidParry

DavidParry

ZaraMoon

LorenDurkin

LorenDurkin

LorenDurkin

ZaraMoon

DavidParry

LorenDurkin

ZaraMoon

All

4

JackDunne,SchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofLiverpool

PeterFarrall,SchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofLiverpool

MushtaqSaleri,SchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofLiverpool

MelissaClinch,WilkinsonEyreArchitects

JohnThompson,

ChrisRuane,ValeofClwydMP

RaquelQuinta,BangorUniversity

BrainEdmondson,StructuralEngineer,UniversityofLiverpool

RobertHumphreys,DenbighshireCountyCouncil

AntoniVitti,RhylTouristInformationCentre

VivergoFuels,Bio-refinery

Acknowledgements

5

Theaimofthisthesisis

todevelopaproposalto

regeneratecoastaltowns

thathavesufferedasevere

declineintheironceprosperoustourist

industry.

Ouroriginalagendawhendeciding

athesistopicwastoestablishareal,

current,sociallyorientatedsubject

matter,locatedintheUK.Firstlywe

selectedageographicalareathatwas

targetedforregenerationandthathad

highdeprivationlevelsandunusually

highstatisticsforissuessuchas

unemployment,benefits,poorhealthand

education.

TheWelshAssemblyhadhighlighted

fivetownsinNorthWalesinneedof

regeneration;ColwynBay,Pensarn,

Towyn,RhylandPrestatyn.We

selectedRhylasourstudyofplace,

aoncepopularseasidetownthathas

dramaticallydeclinedandrecentlybeen

declaredthemostdeprivedtownin

Wales.

OurproposalproposesRhylasa

prototypewhichcouldbeappliedtoover

fiftyotherseasidetownswhichsuffer

similarproblems.Theschemeinvolves

re-brandingoftheseasidetownwith

eco-industrialtourismtherebycreating

newBritishsustainablegreenindustries.

introduction

6

Theultimateobjective is toprovideemployment, redefinewhat

constitutesthe‘British’seasideholiday,andgenerateinnovative

touristattractionstobringbacktheholidaymaker.

Morespecifically,theproposalachievesthisby:

1. Creating an industrial adventure park incorporating three

new industries; foodproduction,bio-fuelproductionandprefab

manufacturing.

2. Making Rhyl a centre of excellence for sustainability and

sustainableliving.

3.ProvidingemploymenttothelocalareaandtherestofNorth

Wales.

4. Raising awareness of up-cycling, bio-fuel production, oyster

farmingandhalophytegrowingandpersonalcarbonallowances.

5.Providingon-siteresearchpodsforeachofthenewindustrial

technologies,connectingwitheducationalestablishmentsinthe

region.

7

Project Chronology01/02/2013 SendingofquestionnairestoRhylresidents04/02/3013 Sitevisit106/02/2013 Crit1-Context&Brief22/02/2013 Sitevisit222/02/2013 MeetingwithChrisRuane-ClwydMP27/02/2013 Crit2-Concept23/03/2013 Sitevisit317/04/2013 Crit3-Planning02/05/2013 StructuralTutorial-BrianEdmondson02/05/2013 EnvironmentalTutorial-SteveSharples04/05/2013 Sitevisit415/05/2013 Crit4-FinalDesign05/06/2013 Finalthesispin-up

EmailConversations:Name:AntoniVittiPosition:TouristInformationDate:31January2013Subject:TourismData

Name:ChrisRuanePosition:ValeofClwydMPDate:12February2013Subject:Interview

Name:RobertHumphreysPosition:CouncilEngineerDate:13thFebruary2013Subject:Marine/Harbourstructure

Name:NovaMieszkowskaPosition:MBAResearchFellowMarineBiodiversity&ClimateChangeDate:20thFebruary2013Subject:Halophytes

Name:MartinSkovPosition:Lecturer,SchoolofOceanSciences,Ban-gorUniversityDate:21stFebruary2013Subject:Halophytes

Name:RaquelQuintaPosition:PHDStudentDate:04thMarch2013Subject:Halophytes

8

Crit Pin-ups

crit 1: Context&Brief

crit 2: Concept

crit 3: Planning

crit 4: FinalDesign

9

CHAPTER 1:STUDY OF PLACE

RHYL

Crit Pin-ups

crit 1: Context&Brief

crit 2: Concept

crit 3: Planning

crit 4: FinalDesign

10

RhylisaVictorianseasidetownlocatedintheNorthWalescountyofDenbighshire.It

canbeaccessedbytheA55dualcarriagewayfromChestertoHolyhead,therailway

andtheSustransroute5cyclepath.TheA55,railwayandcyclerouteallrunparallelto

thecoastandconnecttheNorthWalestownstogetherfromChestertoHolyhead.

RhylhasbeenhighlightedbytheWelshAssemblyasoneof5townstobeincludedintheNorth

WalesCoastRegeneration scheme. Other towns includeColwynBay, Pensarn,Towyn and

Prestatyn,allwithinan11milecoastalstretch.

LocationBackground

11

Demographics

Rhyl’s population is approximately

25,000. The area of focus is Rhyl

West, which has a population of

4500, with 2060 households. This area

is the most deprived area of Rhyl with

highest unemployment figures, high

levels of houses of multiple occupancy

and benefit claimants.

Rhyl West is the combination of two of

the nine wards; Foryd and Bodfor. The

2008 and 2011 Welsh Index of Multiple

Deprivation names Rhyl West as the

most deprived area in Wales which was

also echoed by the Daily Post’s report in

2011, highlighting that an extreme 68%

of people in the area are unemployed

compared with the national average of

7.7%. With 61% of Rhyl West’s residents

being of working age, this means that

over 1800 people are without work and

almost 2000 people (72%) are claiming

some form of benefit.

Rhyl West has very poor school

attainment levels with 45% of working

age residents possessing no academic

qualifications compared to the Welsh

average of 33%.

12

Rhyl History

railway

Rhylintheearlynineteenthcenturywasa

small village with a population of about

300.Bytheendofthemid1830’sithadbecome

a fashionablewatering place andmany titled

people took rooms formonthsata time.Rhyl

mayboastmodernfacilitiesandattractionsbut

atheartitisaverytraditionalseasideresortand

hasbeenwelcomingvisitorsforover150years.

Asyouwalkalongthepromenade,it’seasyto

imagineVictorian tourists in their top hats or

crinolineenjoying the sameair.These simple

pleasures are what many families are now

rediscovering.

From the 1840’s Britains railway system was

built to transport industrial rawmaterials and

goods.

The Chester and Holyhead Railway was

opened in 1848 and was built to improve

communicationsbetweenLondonandDublin.

Improving the development of North Wales’

coastal resorts, through this Rhyl became a

popularholidaydestination.

13

the pierlodging housesrailwayBy1852Rhylhadover200lodginghousesand

manydelightedvisitors.

“Thisisahealthy[and]isjustlyrankedasthebest

bathingplaceintheprincipality.Ithasgrownin

thelastfewyearsfromasmallvillagetoalarge

andrespectabletown.Thesalubrityof theair,

thebeautyofthescenery,thecontiguityofthe

town to the sea, and theextent and firmness

ofthesands,renderitaplaceofconsiderable

attraction, and it is accordingly patronised by

visitorsfromallpartsofthekingdom.”

Opened on 19th August 1867, the 2355 foot

longRhylpiercost£23,000Admissionswere

3d(11/4p)

Entertainments included the Bijou Theatre,

bands, dance and pierrot troupes, slot

machines, diving competitions and steamer

rides.Thepierhadnumerousaccidentsin1883

theSchoonerLadyStuartrammedit.

In 1909 storms caused part of the pier to

collapse and in 1913 the BojouTheatre was

destroyedbyfireandfollowingdamageinthe

worldwarIitremainedcloseduntil1930.

14

Rhyl History

submarine The Beach

hovercraft

Resurgamistheworldoldestsurvivingpowered

submarine. Invented by Reverend GeorgeW.

Garrettin1879.

In 1880, whilst sailing from Birkenhead to

Portsmouthfortrialsitsankabout5milesfrom

Rhylandremainedundiscovereduntil1995.

Rhyl has hadmany cinemas. the first regular

cinemacalled“Cheetham’sSilvograph”opened

in1906.In1911Kirk’s“Picturedrome”opened

inMay1920thecinemaRoyalopened.

Intheearlytwentiethcentury,thebeachhada

rangeofotherattractionsincludingabiketrack,

rollar skating rink and amechanical elephant

which took children for rides from the clock

towertotheGaietyTheatrefor6d(21/2p).In July1962 theworlds first hovercraft “flight”

wasmadebetweenRhylandWallasey,carrying

passengersandmailforthePostOffice.

Runningof this serviceceased inSeptember

1962due to“technicaldifficulties”andstormy

weather.

15

fairgroundswimmingThe BeachRhyl’soriginalPavilionTheatre,locatedonthe

westpromenade,openedin1908.Inthe1970’s

thetheatrefellintodisrepairandwasdeclared

unsafe.Itwassoondemolished.In1991anew

theatre, of the same name, was built on the

eastpromenadeattachedtotheSunCentre,a

familyswimmingcentre.

Anopenairswimmingpoolwasopenedon5

June 1930.Holding 775,000 gallons ofwater

andaccommodatingseatingforaround2,500

spectators.

During the first season there were 223,000

visitorsandspecialevening rail trips ran from

Chester.

OceanBeachamusementparkbeganoperation

in 1954. Since the 1960’s the fair ground

declinedinpopularitywithlittleinvestmentinto

newridesorattractions.Itclosedin2007with

proposals for a retail and leisure complex on

thesitecollapsing.

16

Rhyl’s key tourist attractions have

traditionallybeensituatedalongthe

promenade and coast road. Even

today,withthefewthatsurvive,thisstillremains

the case.TheSunCentre is currentlyRhyl’s

mostpopularindoorfunattraction,featuringa

number of ‘wave-propelled’ swimming pools

and adventure slides. Alongside the Sun

Centreisabowlinggreen,aSeaLifeCentre

and theChildren’sVillage,which is a raised

amusementpark for children.TheChildren’s

Village is a controversial attraction amongst

the local residents due to the development

cost, obstructing a direct link to the beach,

andbecauseitisgreatlyunderutilised.

Other smaller attractions are common

features that survive within most declining

seaside towns, such as bingo halls and

amusement arcades. These attractions are

largely seasonal, helping to attract around

three million visitors to the Denbighshire

resort eachSummer. It isevident thatRhyl

hasnoclearnicheattractionsthatwillhelpit

todrawthetouristsnumbersitonceenjoyed

init’sheyday.

Rhyl’s current tourism relies on the still

popular caravan parks.There are fivemajor

sites situated in the area. These parks are

typically ‘introverted’, with all major facilities

andamenitieslocatedonsite.

Existing Tourism

18

Currently,RhyliszonedbyseasideattractionsalongtheCoastroad;hotelsattheWestend

ofthecoast,localbusinessesalongWellingtonroad,withcommercialretailbetweenthe

coastroadandtherailwaystation.

TheareaNorthoftherailwaylineistheoldVictorianpartofRhyl,whichisnowpredominantlyhigh

densityhousesofmultipleoccupancies(HMO’s).TheareaSouthoftherailwayislargelysuburban

residentialhousing.ThereisoneremainingstreetdedicatedtotourismnamedRiverStreet.

Zones & Land Use

19

BUSINESS & MIXED USE

RETAIL

eDUCATION

LastremainingTouriststreet

20

The existing urban grain

follows the key spines with

a number of intermediate

routes. A secondary grain following

adiagonalroute linkstheCoastroad

to Wellington road ending at the

Children’s village node. The harbour

wall follows a similar diagonal which

weaimtodevelopthetwourbangrains

intoagridpattern.

Urban Grain

There are four spinal routes within

Rhyl.Three runparallel to theCoast:

CoastRoad,WellingtonRoadandthe

railwayline.Thefourthisperpendicular

tothecoastline,linkingtotheA55.The

A55providesahigh speed link toall

theNorthWalescoastaltowns.

The existing key nodes are the bus

and railway station intersection, the

pointofintersectionbetweentheHigh

streetandtheCoastRoad,thelocation

of the existing Children’sVillage, the

recycling centre and the site of the

previousamusementpark.

Key Routes

22

Rhyl was once a thriving seaside holiday

destination known for its sea-salt bathing

and extensive beach. InMarch 2013,The

Marine Conservation Society downgraded Rhyl’s

beach, saying it failed to meet ‘mandatory bathing

water standards’, with only four other beaches in

Walesfailingtodoso.Weproposetore-connectthe

towntothewaterfrontandpromotethebeachasthe

recreationalassetitoncewas.

TheForyd harbour is a greatly under utilised asset

ofthetown,withonlyasmallamountoffishingtrips

to sustain the industry. In its prime, Rhyl was the

epicentrefor trawlersand largerfishingvessels.We

propose to expand on the existing fishing industry

anddevelopamoresubstantialmarineharbour.

Rhyl has seen its promenade go through decades

of over-development, which has resulted in many

vacant spaces, such as the events arena. A series

ofoverpricedandunderusedprojectsalsolitterthe

promenade,disconnectingthetownfromthebeach,

mostnotablytheSunCentreandtheChildren’sVillage,

whichhaveshorttermsplanstobedemolished.

Duetothedecliningtouristindustry,retailcompanies

andbusinessesarechoosingtomoveawayfromthe

area,suchasMarksandSpencer’s,whohavebeen

presentonRhylhighstreet forover100years.This

alsomeansmoreandmorebuildingsandsitesare

becomingderelictanddormant, suchas thesiteof

thepreviousOceanBeachamusementpark,where

plans for redevelopment have stalled since 2007,

leavinganabandonedconstructionsite.

Current Problems

24

Rhyl is a classic‘180–degree’ town.

Bounded by the sea, theRiverClwyd,

neighbouring towns of Prestatyn and

Kinmel Bay, and the wetland located South of

the railway. Therefore there is little scope for

expansion.

Rhyl was once known for its seaside town

characteristics of clean beaches, saltwater

bathing,seabreezesandit’smarineharbour.The

attributesRhylstillhas toofferare thesaltwater

from the sea, the estuary of the River Clwyd,

mudflats, sites of special scientific interest, a

largetidalrange,theinlandmarinelake,brickfield

pond, nature reserve, the harbour training wall

whichdividesthebeachfromtheharbourandthe

marineharbour.

Rhyl has the largest build-up of driftwood in

Wales,whichgathersat theestuaryof theRiver

Clwyd.Atpresentitiscollectedandburntbythe

localcouncil.

By analysing the nautical chart, the difference

betweenlowandhightideis8m,creatingalarge

beachareaatlowtide.Therearethreekeyvertical

referencepointsvisiblefromtheIrishSea:theSky

Tower,theTownHallandStThomas’Churchspire.

GeographyAttributes

26

Local Points of Interest

There are two off-shore wind

farms located in the Irish Sea,

North from the Rhyl coast.The

RhylFlatsislocatedthreemilesfromRhyl,

the North Hoyle Wind Farm is located

4.5milesawayandtheDouglasComplex

oilrigislocated15milesaway.

RhuddlanCastle is locateda shortwalk

downtheRiverClwydintheneighbouring

village of Rhuddlan. Rhyl College is

locatedclosetoBrickfieldPondandisa

relativelynewdevelopmenttoencourage

students to stay in Rhyl to further their

education.

Rhyl still has five caravan parks in and

around the town which are still very

successful, however their tourism is

‘introverted’, with little or no interaction

withthetown.

27

Press Coverage

Rhyl, in recent years,

has been at the centre

of negative press, in

particularrelationtounemployment

anddeprivationlevels.

Inparticularrelationtoourresearch

area, a lot of press was focussed

around the need to clear up the

‘eye-sore’ created by the former

amusementparksite, locatednext

totheharbour,afterredevelopment

planshadstalledin2007.

Other news highlights Britain’s

dying seaside resorts, and the

effectthatdeprivingsealevelscan

haveonatown.

28

CHAPTER 2:STUDY OF PLACE

CommunityInvolvement

29

‘RhylWest once had over 900 guest houses

andhotels runby families.Now thereareonly

about50left,astheothershavebeenboughtat

auctionby landlordswithnoconnection to the

areaandturnedintoHMO’s.Thelandlordshave

thenallowedpeopleclaiminghousingbenefitto

movein,whichhashadahugeknockoneffect

tothesocialvalueofthearea,andexplainsthe

highfiguresofunemployment.

Ibelievethatthedensityoftheareaistoohigh,

sothenumberofHMO’sneedtobedramatically

decreasedinordertobringbalanceandstability

toWestRhyl.’

Rhyl’s Problems: Rhyl’s Attributes:

Interview: MP Chris Ruane

Wecontacted the Vale of Clywd

MP,ChrisRuane, togaina first-

handinsighttotheproblemsRhyl

faces and how he envisaged potential future

developmentsforRhyl.Theinterviewtookplace

in Rhyl on 22nd February 2013 at his Labour

office, and lasted over an hour. These are

summarypointsfromourdiscussion:

‘Some of Rhyl and Denbighshire’s proudest

features include the Irishsea,water,beaches,

harbour, cathedrals, two castles, the River

Clwyd, the mudflats which is an SSSI (Site

of Special Science Interest), areas of natural

outstandingbeauty,TheBrickfieldpondanda

naturereserveinthesanddunes.Rhyl,andin

particularTheRiverClwyd,hasoneofthelargest

collectionsofdriftwood,whichiscollectedand

burntbythecouncil.

Rhylhasabrandnewroadcyclingcircuitalong

with an Olympic sized BMX track, which is

currentlyunderusedandmostlyunknown.The

roadcyclingnetworkisalsogrowing.’

31

Rhyl’s Future: ‘Thereisaneedforastablecommunity,particularly

inthewestendarea.ThereforeIwouldsuggestthere

needs to be a decrease in the density and for the

streets tobezonedbasedon theirstrengths.There

alsoneedstobeafinebalanceofhousingtenures,

e.g.Rental, council, privateetc.Thiswouldbring in

therightbalanceofpeople.

Rhyl needs to redefine the tourist industry,butalso

addandbuilduponotherindustries,notjustone.At

themomenttourismislimitedtoday-tripperswhose

spendislimited.Weneedtomakethemstayovernight.

With a Bangor University satellite already located

ontheStAsaphbusinesspark, there isscopefora

similar scheme located within Rhyl West. Perhaps

withtheharbour,teachingyoungstersfishingorboat

buildingskills.Fishcouldbelocalisedtothetown,as

mostofthefishiscurrentlysoldoutsideofRhyl.There

needstobegreatercelebrationofthesellingoffish

withinRhyl.

Alloftherawmaterials,suchasthedriftwood,could

beusedtocreateartisticcommunityprojectsforboth

childrenandadults,bringingasenseofpridebackto

thecommunity.Rhylalreadyhasaspecialistrecycling

centre,sosomethingcouldbedonetoconnectwithit.

Ifthereweremoreincentivesandbetterthoughtout

plans,thenthecyclingtrackwillbeinhigherdemand

andcouldbeusedforinternationalevents,withRhyl

itselfbecomingamorecyclingfriendlyplace.’

32

Social SurveyCommunity

As our original agenda was

to address current social

based issues, we contacted

members of the local community, in

particular,peoplelocaltotheRhylWest

area.

Partofourstrategywastoobtainprimary

datatounderstandlocalopinionsabout

what was needed to regenerate Rhyl.

We conducted an online questionnaire

that we distributed to local residents

and businesses . The majority of

participants were contacted through

socialnetworkingwebsites,inparticular

a group called “We Love Old Rhyl” on

Facebook.

In total we had 64 responses to our

online questionnaire which included

both multiple choice and comment

questions,thefollowingisasummaryof

theanswersgivenonthemultiplechoice

questions.

This data can be used to highlight the

positives of the past, future potential

developments and to ensure the past

problems associated with the recent

is rhyl in decline?

job opportunities

residential status

33

education opportunities

most popular years

existing industries

35

Character ProfilesCommunity

vicky roberts, 24

Nicola Johnson, 42

Benjamin Mitchell, 19

Thefollowingareresponses frommembersof thecommunity

onthesocialnetworksite‘WeLoveOldRhyl’onFacebook.

36

helen nelson, 56

Jessica Campbell, 38

derek king, 46

david blakely, 50

37

CHAPTER 3:

Concept

38

The Future without ChangeThe problem

Rhylwasonceavibrantseaside

holiday destination and

prospered during the 1950’s

-60s’. However, tourism declined due to

the riseof inexpensiveair travel tomore

exoticlocations.

This resulted inmany of the hotels and

lodging houses changing into HMO’s

(housesofmultipleoccupancy)forpeople

whoareunemployedanddependanton

benefits. This significantly reduced the

desirability of living or visiting Rhyl and

decreasedthevalueofproperty,attracting

morepeopletoliveinthetownthatdonot

wanttofindworkanddetractinginvestors.

With thedecliningworkingpopulationof

Rhyl,wepredictthatshopsandbuildings

willbecomedormant,peopledependent

onbenefitswillturntocrimeandeventually

rebel against the system that no longer

supportsthem.

With thecollapseof themicro-economy,

andwithnoanchorattractions,therewill

benoreasonfortouriststovisit,andthe

townwillfallfurtherintodisrepair.

39

The Issues• Thereare52principalseasidetownssufferingfromsimilarproblems.

• Abovenationalaverageunemploymentfigures.

• MostdeprivedtowninWales.

• Futureincreaseinflightsabroadwillbringbackthe‘stay-cation’.VacationsintheUK.

• Noanchorattractions.

• Saltwaterfailedtomeetcleanwaterstandards.

• Underexploitedfishingindustry.

• Thebuildingdensityistoohighencouragingsinglepersondwellings.

40

Ouraimsfromthekeyissuesare:

1.CreateIndustriestoprovideemployment

2.Re-definetheBritishSeaside

3.Generatetouristattractions

1. CREATE INDUSTRIES TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENTWeproposethattoreviveRhyl,multipledevelopmentsneedtooccur.Thecatalystdevelopment

willbeanewgreenindustry, localisedtoRhylwhichcouldchangepeople’smindsetsand

inspirethemtotakeprideintheirtownandprovidesubstantialemployment.

Weproposetore-brandtheSeasidewithfoodgrowthandindustry.Weproposethreetypesof

industryforRhyl:FoodProduction,BiofuelProductionandmanufacturing.

An Eco-industrial FutureOur Response:

41

Grow City:Inresponsetothetown’snaturalresourcesofsaltwater,mudflatsand

theestuary,weproposetoproducesaltcropsandoysters.

Power City:Relatingtotheexistingpowergenerationofwindfarms,tidalpowerandoilextractionclosetoRhyl,weproposethesaltcropbeprocessedtocreatebiofuel.

Prefab City: Reflectingthestillpopularcaravanholidayparksinthesurroundingarea,andrespondingtothefuturehousingdemand,andreturnoftourismtothetown,Rhylwill

beamanufacturinghubforproducingeco-prefablivingandholidayhomes–creatinganew

takeonthecaravan.

Upcycle City:BuildingontheexistingethosofupcyclingstatedbythelocalMPandthecurrentrecyclingcentre,weproposethatupcyclingwillbeakeyfeaturewithinRhyl

andthelocalmanufacturingindustry.Thedriftwoodcollectedalongtheestuarywillbeutilised

inthebuildingoftheamphibiousparksandoysternurseries.

42

2. RE-DEFINE THE BRITISH SEASIDE Thefiveneighbouringtownsarepartofalargergovernmentregenerationstrategy.Weproposethat

ourschemeisaprototypeforfurtherstrugglingseasidetownsandbyre-brandingwithfoodgrowthand

manufacturing;thefutureexpansioncouldextendtoincludemoreseasidetownsandneighbouring

estuaries,withRhylattheepicentre.

Weproposetocreateaneco-industrialadventureparkbyrelatingtoRhyl’spastheritageasakitsch

seaside town and amusement park past by integrating playful and interactive elements into the

touristexperience.Theseinteractionswillrequirezeropower,andareself-generatingbygravityand

movementfromtheoperatorlinkingwithRhyl’snewimageasacentreforsustainableexcellence.

43

Green CreditsAs Rhyl develops into the sustainable centre of the UK, we envisage peoples’ personal carbon

allowancebeingthedominantformofcurrencywithinthetown.Wepredictthatasindividuals’carbon

allowancesbecomeamonitoredeverydayasset,Rhylcanbeashowcaseforhowtolivesustainably,

aswellasimprovingRhyl’smirco-economy.

Greencreditscanbeearnedbysustainable living,walking,cycling, recyclingwaste, restoringold

productsbyupcycling,hiringbikes,usingsustainabletransport,leavingcarsontheoutskirtsofthe

town,orproducingpowersustainably.

CreditscanbetradedbypurchasinggoodswithinRhyl,buyingbiofuel,ortradedtopeoplewhoneed

alargerpersonalcarbonallowance.

44

What is Eco-Industrial Tourism?

Eco-industrial tourism for rhyl

Eco-industrial Tourism involves on-

site, operational industries relating to

sustainability, which allow visitors to

view,interactandgainanunderstanding

oftheproductsandprocessesinvolved

givinganareaanindustrialfoundationto

buildupon.

3. GENERATE TOURIST ATTRACTIONSPeoplegoonholidayforthefollowingreasons:torelax,spendtimewiththeirfamily,spend

timeoutdoors, cultural explorationornostalgia.Wepropose to re-introduce theseaspects

byexploitingRhyl’sexistingattributesof thebeech,saltwater,areasofnaturaloutstanding

beauty,sitesofspecialscientificinterest,theinlandmarinelake,naturereserves,theharbour

wallandthemarineharbour.

Industrial tourism can give an area a

distinct identity based on its existing

assetsand infrastructure,withpotential

to strengthen the area’s economic

structure and enhancing employment

opportunitiesforboththeindustriesand

theothersurroundingbusinesses.

45

AttractionsfortouristsvisitingRhylwillinclude:

• Industrialjourneysthroughthefood,biofuelandmanufacturingprocesses.

• Amphibiousparks.

• WindFarmsightseeing.

• Re-commissioningthefuturede-commissionedoilrigasatouristdestination.

• Stayingthenightinaneco-prefabcaravanontheinhabitablemodernpier.

• Underwaterexploration.

• Visitinghistoricmarinewreckages.

46

• The Regeneration of Rhyl through architecture

creating an eco-industrial adventure park by

creating a tourist experience, re-connecting to

thewaterandprocessingon-siteindustries

• ForRhyl tobecomethecentreofexcellencefor

sustainabilityandabeaconforsustainableliving.

• CreatingnewBritishindustries.

• To provide substantial employment to the local

areaandtherestofWales.

• Toraiseawarenessofsustainableliving,personal

carbonallowances,upcycling,biofuelproduction,

oysterfarmingandhalophytegrowing.

• On-site research units for each new industrial

technologyinconnectionwithBangorUniversity.

Project Statement

Project Aims

Project Brief

Theproject is tobedesignedasa flagship

scheme to re-define the British seaside

townasaneco-industrialtouristdestination.

The scheme includes introducing three green

industries to the coastal townofRhyl alongwith a

sustainablemasterplanstrategy tocreateaunique

tourist experience. Features from the scheme can

beexpandedalongthecoastlinetoregenerateother

seaside towns within a larger masterplan strategy

withRhylastheindustrialcentre.

47

Architecture• To create an interactive journey

experiencethroughaseriesofroutes,vistas

andbuildingengagements.

• Playful and interactive elements

will be integrated into the visitor journey.

Theywillbepartofthebuildingdesignand

relate to each industrial process. These

interactionswillrequirezeropower,andare

self-generating by gravity and movement

fromtheoperator.

• To process food production, biofuel

production and manufacturing using

reclaimedmaterials.

• To provide holiday accommodation

intheformofmoderneco-prefabcaravans

fortourists.

• To build upon the existing harbour

wall by creating amodern inhabitable pier

which the density can be increased or

decreasedbasedondemand.

48

CHAPTER 4:Research

Industries

49

What is a Halophyte?

HalophytesGrownin the UK

Why have we chosen to develop this industry?

Halophytes

Ahalophyteisaplantthatgrowsinareasofhighsalinity,particularlywithinestuaries,sandordampenedsoilareas.Thesetypesofplantshaveanextremelyhighsurvival

rate,beingabletowithstandharshweatherconditions,suchasfrostordesertlike

temperatures.Therearearound16differenttypesofhalophytes,with11outofthe13minerals

needed for their growth present in seawater.These plants provide coastal protection and

provide thedeliveryofnutrients tocoastalwaters, theycanbeeatenand theoil fromtheir

seedscanbeusedforcookingoilorusedtocreatebiofuel.Halophytesarecurrentlysoldas

foodinstoressuchasTescoandWaitroseandarecurrentlyimportedfromIsrael.

Ten miles from Rhyl is the river Dee

estuary,wherethereare5differenttypes

of halophytes currently growing, these

areknownassaltmarsh,seapurslane,

red fescue, festuca rubra and sea

couch.Theseplantsplaya crucial role

intheaquaticfoodwebandprovidethe

delivery of nutrients to coastal waters.

These particular salt marshes are

important for the life cycle of fish such

as,seabass,Atlanticherring,European

plaiceandDoversole.

There is an opportunity to expand on

salt-tolerantcropgrowthdueto20%of

theworldsirrigatedlandsbeingaffected

by salinity and halophytes represent

only2%oftheplantspecies.Theycould

create an industry producing locally

sourced food and biofuel. Providing a

healthier way of living and a greener

environment.

50

What is Salicornia?

What is Salicornia used for?

Salicorniaisaparticulartypeofhalophytethat

wepropose to growwithinRhyl, also known

asglasswort,pickleweedormarshsamphire.

Salicorniagrowsapproximately100plantsper

m2,1000seedsperm2andisharvestedevery

3 weeks. Salicornia is cropped from around

7cm above soil level, when the plants have

growntoapproximately15cmintotallength.

Theseplantscanbeeatenraworcooked,they

arecookedbybeingboiledfor30-90seconds

andthenlefttocool incoldwater.Theytaste

likeseaweedwithasaltytasteandlookfamiliar

to asparagus but are much smaller in size.

Peopleofteneatsalicorniawithstir-frydishes

and to accompany fish. Salicornia plants

contain33%oiland79%linoliecacidandthe

seedcontains30%oiland35%protein.

51

An Introduction

Oyster Life Cycle?

Oysters

Oystersareusuallyfoundinlargenumberslivingwithinestuaries,shallowwater,fine

muddysand,andalongtheseabed,growingfromeachother’sshellsorattached

toplantroots.Nearly250differentanimalsandplantshavebeenfoundlivingwithin

oysterbeds,suchascrabs,worms,seasnails,sponges,seaurchinsandseaweed.

Oystersareextremelyeconomicallyviablecostingaround£2.50onaverage, largeoysters

arewortharound£3.50withsmalleronescosting£1.25.Oystersarecurrentlyindeclinedue

tooverfishing.Weproposeasystemwhichstartsthegrowthoftheseshellfishinnurseries

knownasa“flupsy”keepingtheoysterscontained,andprotectingthemfromthedangerof

otherseacreaturesandfishermenuntiltheyarereadyfortrade.

Thegrowthstartsfromlarvaewhichthengrowsintoanegg,fromtheeggthisthendevelops

intoababyoyster.Fromthestartoftheproductionittakesapproximately1yearbeforethe

oysterscanbeharvestedand2-3yearsfortheoystertofullygrow.Afemaleoysterproduces

100millioneggsperyearwhichcanbeharvestedduringtheseason,fromSeptembertoApril.

52

Why have we chosen to develop an industry for oysters?Rhyl was once known for its sea salt

bathingandcleanwaters,howeverthe

water quality standards in Rhyl have

dropped in recent years. Therefore,

oysterswillbe introduced toaidwater

cleansingandactingactasafiltration

system.

The discarded oyster shells will be

recollected after consumption from

businesses trading within Rhyl. They

willbeusedtohelprestorefutureoyster

beds and encourage further oyster

growth.

As a future scenario oysters will be

moved from the nurseries and spread

acrosstheestuaryandseabed,thiswill

happenwhentheyhavereached6mm

in length in order for them to survive

andgrowunaided.

53

An Introductionmanufacturing &

Upcycling

Prefabricationhasbeenaroundforhundredsofyears,concreteandsteelarethemost

commonlyusedformsofprefabrication.IntheUK,thismethodwaswidelyusedpost

WorldWarII,withtheconstructionofprefabricatedhousesreplacingthosedestroyed

duringbombing.

• Reductioninscaffoldingandformwork

• Reductioninconstructiontime

• Minimiseson-sitecongestion

• EasierforQualityControlwithinthefactory

• Minimisestimespentinbadweather

• Lesswaste

• Buildingscanbedismantledandrebuiltelsewhere

• Modularhomescanbebuilt60%fasterandmoreecofriendlythantraditionalmethods

Why have we chosen to construct prefab homes as an additional industry?Due to the increase in demand on the future housing stock, theWelsh assembly have

predictedthat14,000housesperyearwillbeneededinWales,basedonthis100housesper

yearwillbeneededinRhyl.Weproposetoexpandonthestillsuccessfulcaravanparksby

incorporatingamoderneco-friendlytakeonacaravanparkbyconstructingpassivehomes

andholidayhomesthatwillbedesignedwithefficientandcompactspacestoliveandwork

within. These houses will be built from reclaimed and recycled materials. Materials and

productscanbeupcycledonsiteandsoldwithinRhyl’smarket.Inresponsetothehousing

demandinWales,.WeproposetoprovidenewhousingtomeettheannualdemandforRhyl,

andfutureexpansionwillbegintomeetthedemandforWales.Holidayhomeswillbeflexible

andmobiletorespondtoseasonaldemand.Theywillbetransportedviatherailwayandan

internaltramsystemwithinRhyl.

55

the 3 industrial processes

62

1. Food ProductionFood growth starts within the River

Clwydestuaryandlaterexpandsonto

thecoast,asafuturescenariotheindustry

will expand along its four neighbouring

coastaltowns,Colwynbay,Pensarn,Towyn

andPrestatyn.

OystersandHalophytesarecollectedfrom

twogrowingareas; theestuaryandcoast.

The food is then transported to the drop-

offarea,whichislocatedbetweenthetwo

growingareasandisthemainarrivalpoint

forthethreeindustrialprocesses.Thefood

isthenstoredbeforethesortingprocess.

The halophytes are transported from

storage to the sorting area where they

are cleaned, the seeds removed from the

plants and the plants then packaged and

distributed.Theseedsarethenmovedtoa

separateareaforthebiofuelproductionto

commence.

Oystersarealsobecollectedfromstorage

andtransportedtothesortingarea,where

they are cleaned, packaged and then

distributedtolocalrestaurants,fishmarkets

andbusinesses.


63

2. Biofuel Production

Biofuelisproducedusingoilthatisextractedfromthesalicorniaseeds,firstlytheseeds

areremovedfromtheplant.

Theseedsarethencrushedwhichextractsthevegetableoil fromtheseeds,whichisthen

putthroughaseriesofoildriersandcentrifugeswheredirtandwaterisremovedfromtheoil.

Theoilisthenpreheated,beforeitreachesitsfirstchemicalprocess,duringwhichMethanol

andsulphuricacidareaddedtotheliquid.Thisstartstheesterificationprocess.

Themixture of oil and biodiesel is then dried and naturalised before themixture reaches

itssecondchemicalprocessstagewhereMethanolandsodiumhydroxidearedissolvedin

thealcoholandadded to theoil.The temperature is raised to65degrees througha3-bar

pressureprocesstostopanylossofmethanol,thisisknownasthetranserificationprocess.

Afterthecorrecttemperaturehasbeenreached,theprocessorautomaticallymaintainsthis

temperatureduringthechemicalreaction.

Themixtureofbiodieselandglycerol is thenpurged from theprocessor, theseparationof

glycerol and diesel then takes place using setting tanks and centrifuges and glycerine is

removedfromthedieselandtransferredtoawashingstation.Biodieselisthenpassedthrough

acentrifugetoremoveallcontaminants.Themethanolrecoveryunitcompletestheextraction

ofthemethanolandglycerinefromthebiodiesel,Glycerolmustthenbeneutralizedandcan

thenbesoldseparatelyasafeedstock.Thebiodieselisthenfilteredandpolishedproducing

a100%biodieselproductknownasEN14214.


64

3. Manufacturing &UpcyclingThemanufacturingprocessbeginsat the

drop-off area where the collection of

raw, recycled or reclaimed materials will be

unloadedandstored.,Thematerialsthenmove

to the sorting area where the materials are

treatedandprepared.Designstudiosfollowed

by CNC workshops allow the materials to

be upcycled, or manufactured into various

buildingcomponents.

Thefirstsetofworkshopswillmanufacturethe

framework, panels and cladding, the second

workshops manufacture the windows and

doorsandthefinalworkshopswillmanufacture

interiorfittings.

Theprocess is then taken to thefinalstages

wheretheseelementswillbeassembledready

fordispatchbyrailorvehicle.


65

CHAPTER 5:research

economics

66

1. HalophytesFood Production

100 Salicornia plants can

be grown per m2 Within

Rhylandthe5neighbouring

coastal towns, thisamounts

to600,000m2areaallowing

for 60million plants to be

grown.Salicorniaplantsare

harvested15timesperyear

whichamountsto900million

plants tobeharvest in total.

This produces 500 jobs

collecting 60 million plants

every3weeks.

67

2. OystersApproximately 300 oysters

are grown per m2, within

the developed industry

45,000,000 oysters are

grownper150,000m2area.

This growing industry is

situated on the amphibouis

park,estauryandalong the

cut.This produces 200 jobs

perseason.

68

HalophytesBiofuel Production

Salicornia plants will be

grownwithin60,000m2

area,thiswillproduce15,000

gal of biofuel, including the

15 harvets this will amount

to 225,000 gal of biofuel

producedperyear.

69

Permanent & Holiday Homesmanufacturing

Inorder forRhyl tosurvivethehousingcrisis100new

homeswillbeneededinRhyl

per year, this is based on

the figures released by the

welshassemblywhomhave

predicted 14,000 houses

willbeneededinWalesper

year.Basedonthisdemand

around50skilledemployees

willbeneededalongwith20

apprentices.

70

CHAPTER 6:research

Case Studies

71

Bioethanol PlantVivergo Fuels

Case Study 1:Company:VivergoFuels

Location:Saltend,Hull

LocationThe location iswithin theheartof theUK’swheatgrowingbelt,which isoneof the

highest yielding in theworld.Thewheat will be sourced from local farmers in the

YorkshireandLincolnshirearea.

ProductionTheplantuses1.1milliontonnesoffeedwheatonanannualbasis,whichproduces

420 million litres of bioethanol. The bioethanol plant produces Green House Gas

(GHG)savingsinexcessof50%overstandardpetrol,theequivalentofremovingover

180,000carsfromtheroad.

Theprocessattheplantconverts1.1milliontonnesoffeedwheatintobioethanoland

500,000tonnesofproteinrichanimalfeed,inessencegivinghalfthevolumebackto

UKfarmersinamoreefficientanduseableform.

Theanimalfeedwillprovidetheproteinrequirementfor340,000dairycowseachday,

representingalmost20%oftheUKdairyherd.

ProcessThe£350mplantconvertsthefeedwheatwithnowasteintobioethanoland

animalfeed.Thestarchinthefeedwheatisusedtoproduce420millionlitres

ofbioethanoleachyear.This isblendedwithconventionalpetrol tomakea

greener, more sustainable transport fuel. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted

whenthebiofuelisburntinavehicleandisoffsetbytheCO2absorbedduring

thegrowingofthewheatcrop.

72

Architecture by UpcyclingRural Studio

Case Study 2Company:AuburnUniversity,ArchitectureStudio

Location:Newbern,HaleCounty,America

What is Rural Studio?RuralStudioisadesign-buildarchitecturestudio,

whichisrunbyAuburnUniversity,Theschoolaimsto

teachstudentsaboutthesocialresponsibilitiesofthe

professionofarchitecturewhilstalsoprovidingsafe,well

constructedandinspirationalhomesandbuildingsfor

poorcommunitiesinruralwestAlabama.

ProjectsEachyeartheprogrambuildsaroundfiveprojects,a

housebysecondyearstudents,threethesisprojects

bygroupsinfifthyearandoneormoreoutreachstudio

projects.Ruralstudiohasbuiltmorethan80housesand

civicprojectsintotal.

73

Eco CommunityCase Study 3:Location:Norwich,Norfolk

The SiteRackheathislessthanfivemilesfromNorwichcitycentreandhasarangeof

attributeswhichcombinetomakeitanideallocationfortheEco-Community.

Rackheathisperfectlylocatedandfallswithinlocalauthorityplansforthe

futuregrowthoftheNorwichareaandiseasilylinkedtothecityandthereon

totherestofthecountry.

Community StructureTohelpRackheathfunctionasasustainablecommunity,residentswillbe

expectedtoactivelyembracetheprinciplesofalowcarbonlifestyleandbe

awareoftheirpersonalcarbonfootprint.

Eco-friendlylivingwillbeachievedbyofferingeasilyaccessible,user-friendly

alternativestotraditionalnon-sustainingmeansofkeyelements,suchas

energy,travelandfood.

Avisionforthefuture

• Everyresidentwillbewithin300metresofabusstopi.e.walkingdistance

• Cyclewaysandfootways,segregatedfromtraffic,runningdirectlyto

employmentandshoppingareas

• Ahubbuiltclosetotherailstation,providingaconvenientinterchange

betweenrail,bus,cyclewaysandfootways

• Competitivepricing,ensuringpublictransportisanattractivealternativeto

privatecaruse

• CarclubmembershipforallRackheathresidents,includingexisting

homes,encouragingefficientcarshareschemes.

Rackheath

74

CHAPTER 7:design

strategies

75

We envisage the tourist

experience to be a

journey which follows a

specific route of designed educational

interventionsandexperiencesthatrelate

tothegreenindustrieson-site.Theroute

isaneco-architecturalversionofatourist

adventurepark.

Theroutefollowsagridwhichhasbeen

derived from the existing urban grain.

The grid relates to Rhyl’s three spinal

routes,paralleltotheCoastroadaxisand

perpendiculartotheHighStreetaxis.

Thediagonal45degreegridlinerelates

to the existing historical diagonal route

whichlinkstheCoastroadtoWellington

roadandtheexistinglineoftheharbour

wall which flows at a diagonal to the

CoastRoad.

The 45 degree angle also relates to

Rhyl’s art deco heritage from an era

when Rhyl as most prosperous as a

kitsch seaside town, of which some of

theartdecobuildingsarestillevidentin

thetowncentre.

Creating aJourney

76

Weaimtore-definethe‘factory-

image’ into an educational,

interactive series of

processes. The architecture will have an

industrial, high-tech aesthetic to expose

the mechanics and workings of each

processcreatinga theatricalperformance

of moving elements therefore producing

factory-machine-typearchitecture.

The interactive machine

77

Weenvisagethatallofourareas

of focus are not stand-alone

schemes, but all relate to

eachotherfollowingthesamearchitectural

language and overall masterplan strategy.

WeplantorelateRhyl’sexistingattributes,

urban grain and architectural heritage by

plugging elements back into the town.

Potentially by applying a similar approach

tovacantorsitesinneedofredevelopment.

plugging in to the town

78

CHAPTER 8:design

masterplan

79

2013 to 2050

TheinitialstrategyforRhyltakesinaphaseddevelopmentfrom2013-2050.During

thecourseofthe37yeardevelopment,7keystageswillbeachieved,theyare:

• Stage1-2013-DeveloptheStrategyThisincludesthemasterplanlinkinginkeyroutesandestablishingwhichbuildingstokeep,

demolishorexpandupon.Alsocreatingagreencorridorbyreducingthedensityinspecific

areas.

• Stage2-2018-CommenceFoodGrowthThisisthestartofthehalophytesandoysterfarmingprocess,butalsoincludesthe

collectionofmaterials,suchasdriftwoodandrecycledmaterials.

• Stage3-2023-CommenceindustriesHalophytesandoysterscanbeharvestedafteroneyear,thereforeourproposedfood

marketcancommence.Thecollectionoftheseedsfromthe halophyteswillallowthe

biofuelproductiontostartonsite.

• Stage4-2028-ProvideNewHousingWewillretrofitthekeystreetwithournewprefabricatedhousing.Providingpermanent

homesandtemporaryholidayaccommodation.

• Stage5-2035-CommenceEco-TourismTouristswillbeabletotakeajourneythroughtheproposedthreeprocessesandthe

amphibiousparks,includingunderwaterexplorations.

• Stage6-2040-ExpansionontotheSeaAmodernpiewillbebuiltupontheexistingharbourwall,allowingtheprefabhousingto

extentouttothesea.TheDouglasComplexoilrigwillbedecommissionedandturnedintoa

touristattraction.

• Stage7-2050-GreenCityStatusBy2050weenvisageRhylgainingtheprestigiouscitystatus,beingasustainableandcycle

friendlycitywithanicheofresearchandbiofuelproduction.

phased development

80

We have highlighted four

key nodes in Rhyl West.

The transport hub, the

termination point of theHighStreet, the

Harbour and the Recycling Centre. We

feelthesepointsarehighlyimportantyet

under used areas of RhylWest that we

will connect through strategic master-

planning, andwill become integral parts

oftheoverallscheme.

Nodes

Food GrowthTheinitialareasforfoodgrowthwillbethe

RiverClwydEstuaryandtheMarinelake,

before expansion onto the amphibious

parksontheseafront.

Masterplan for rhyl west

Pocket Park /Green Strategy

Twocollectionareaswilltakeplaceonthe

amphibiousparkandtheestuaryandthen

transportedtoachosensite.Theindustrial

process will need to terminate in close

proximitytotherailway,whichisalsothe

dispatchpointfortheproductscreated.

81

Twocollectionareaswill takeplaceon

theamphibiousparkandtheestuaryand

then transported toachosensite.The

industrialprocesswillneedtoterminate

incloseproximitytotherailway,whichis

alsothedispatchpointfortheproducts

created.

Collection toDispatch

Eco-TourismJourneyTourists will arrive to the transport

hub, either by train, or by car, leaving

their vehicleswithin the hub.Theywill

then be free to walk or cycle around

the rest of Rhyl, or use our proposed

sustainable transport system. The

sustainable transport system will run

fromthetransporthub,tothetopofthe

highstreet(foodmarket),thenontothe

chosensiteandcollectpeoplefromthe

endpointtoreturnthemtothestart.

Industrial Tourismin RhylHeritage

Rhylisatownthathasprosperedfromseasidetourismandhassubsequentlydeclined.

Rhylcanberedefinedbyintroducinggreenindustriesandshowcasingtheprocesses

toinvolveandeducatethepublic.Thiswouldresultintheeco-industrialadventure

parkbecomingabenchmarkforsimilarprojectsatotherdestinationsacrosstheUK.

82

Site options

Fromoursocialresearch,threekeyareas/siteswerehighlightedwithinRhyl

Westthatneedredevelopment.Theywere:

• TheChildren’sVillage

• Oldamusementparksite

• Busdepotandoldsupermarket

83

Inordertolocateasuitablesitetoaccommodatethethreeprocesses,itwasnecessarytoestablishthekeyfactorsrequiredforsuchasite:

4. Other transport networks

5. Existing industrial infrastructure

6. Potential for future expansion

Goodroadconnectionsareneededformaintenance, thedeliveryofchemicals,externally

manufacturedcomponents,employeesandtourists.Cycleroutestoandthroughthesiteare

alsoanecessityforthetouriststoexperiencethesite.

Industrial sites are usually positioned to minimise disruption to residential areas whilst

maintainingaccessforgoodsandworkers,howeverweenvisagethedevelopmentwillbe

an integral part of everyday lifewithinRhylwithouthavinga largedisconnectionwith the

residentialareas.

OuraimistoexpandfoodgrowthandbiofuelproductionfromRhyltotherestofNorthWales.

Thereforeasitewiththeroomandinfrastructuretoexpandisanecessity.

1. Proximity to growing areas

2. Proximity to recycling centre

3. Proximity to railway

Thedrop-offpointrequiresalocationtobeincloseproximityandhaveanefficienttransport

linktoallthegrowingareas;theestuary,themarinelake,andthecoast.

A close connection to the recycling centre will ease the collection process of reclaimed

materials.

The biofuel and eco-prefab units will require rail and vehicle dispatch after production,

thereforeintegrationwiththerailwaylinewillberequired.

site requirements

84

Chosen Site

5. Existing industrial infrastructure

6. Potential for future expansion

WellingtonRoadandtheCoastRoadbordertheoldamusementparksiteandconnectwith

othermajorroadsthatlinkwithothertownsandtherestofNorthWales.Thereforeitissuitable

forcaranddeliveryaccesswithoutdisruptingtherestofthetown.

Thissitesitsintheheartofthetwomaingrowingareas.Withtransportandaccesspossible

vialandrailandboat.

IfoursiteistoexpandacrosstheMarineLake,aconnectioncanbemadewiththerecycling

centre,whichissituatedonthesouthoftherailway.

Basedonthesiterequirementsitwaspossibletoidentifythemostsuitablesiteforthe

threeprocessesistheoldamusementparksite.

Thissiteislargeenoughtoaccommodatefutureexpansiontomanagethefoodandbiofuel

processesoncetheschemehasbeenexpandedontotherestofNorthWales.

Thesitepreviouslycontainedtheamusementparkandtheadjacentsitehousedanoilworks

factory.Therefore thesitehasprevious industrial andamusementparkheritagewhichwill

relatetotheproposedarchitecturallanguageoftheindustrialprocesses.Bothofthesewere

locatedinthisareatopreventanydisruptionstotherestofthetown.

1. Proximity to growing areas

2. Proximity to recycling centre

3. Proximity to railway

4. Other transport networks

TherailwaybordersthesouthendoftheMarineLake,thereforethelocationcanaccommodate

aterminationpointattherailwaylinetoallowadispatcharea.

86

CHAPTER 9:design

key design areas

87

inhabitable pier

amphibiouspark

amphibiouspark

Industrialprocess

amphibiouspark

88

The largest part of the scheme is the area for the industrial

processes.Theaimsforthisareaare:

StrategyThe industrial

Process

• To provide the required accommodation to process food, produce

biofuelandmanufacturebothpermanentandholidayhomes.

• Tocreateanexciting,inspirational,educationalandinteractivejourney,

whichtravelsthrougheachindustrialprocess.

• TocreateauniquetouristexperienceforvisitorstoRhyl.

• Toallowvisitorstointeractwithareasoftheprocess.Theseinteractions

will require zero power, and are self-generating by gravity and

movementfromtheoperatorlinkingwithRhyl’snewimageasacentre

forsustainableexcellence.

Industrialprocess

89

growingarea

assembly &dispatch

arrival &drop off coast road

railway

growing

harbour

marinelake

estuary

LocationEachjourneyisalinearprocess;thereforeinitiallyweidentifiedthelocationforthestartend

ofallprocesses.Thestartissimultaneouslythearrivalpointfortouristsandthedrop-offfor

rawmaterials.This is locatedat thekeynodeof theForydHarbour,whichhasvistaalong

theCoastRoad.Thislocationisatthejunctionbetweentheinhabitablepier,theestuary,the

harbourandthecoastroad.Thisistoallowefficientdeliveriesofthehalophytes,oystersand

recycledmaterials,andtouristarrivalbytrain.

Waterisaddedduringbothchemicalandneutralisationstages,asaresultthebiofuelprocess

needstobelocatedwithincloseproximityofwater.Inthislocation,theindustrialprocesshas

accesstothemarinelake,harbour,inhabitablepier,coastroadandrailway.Themarinelake

provideswateratalltimestotheindustry,theharbourprovidesthedeliveryofthefoodbyboat,

thecoastroadprovidescollectionofthefoodbyvehicleandtherailwayprovidesadispatch

areaforthebiofuelandhomes.

90

Theindustrialprocessisaseriesofbuildingsconnectedbythevisitorwalkways.There

arefourmainbuildingsalongtheindustrialprocess:

• Thearrivaltower

• Thesortingmill

• Thecrushingmill

• Theassemblyanddispatch

Design Concept

91

arrivaltower

sortingmill

dispatch

Crushingmill

92

ThemainvisitorapproachtothearrivalpointisalongtheCoastRoadviatrainsystem,therefore

thearrivalpointrequiresavisualreferencepointthatpromotestheeco-industrialamusement

park.

Fromthearrivalpointtherawmaterialsarestoredinandaroundthetower.Therawmaterials

arethentransportedtoasecondbuildingwherethehalophytes,oystersandrawmaterialsare

sorted.Heretheyareseparatedintohalophytesandoystersforfood,halophytesseedsfor

biofuel,andmaterialsformanufacturing.Thisisthebuildingwherethevisitorchoosesaroute

similartohowthematerialsareseparatedforeachprocess.

Thefoodismovedtoanotherbuildingwhereitiscleaned,packagedanddispatchedalong

therailwayalongtheCoastroadtothemarket.

Theseedsarethentransportedtothecrushingmillwheretheoilisextractedfromtheseeds

usingacrushingmechanismwhichvisitorscaninteractwithaspartoftheirroutethrough.The

mechanismallowsinteractionusingbodymovementtopowerthecrushers.

93

Throughout the industrial journey there are

placeswherevisitorscanobserve, interactor

learn.Activities forchildrenare locatedwithin

thesespaces,providingthemwithwaterbased

activitieswhich are propelled using their own

power.Thisalsoallowsvisitorstohaveregular

breaks after viewing each section of the

process.

The manufacturing route runs parallel to the

biofuel route to allow both products being

dispatchedatthesamepointalongtherailway.

The assembly and dispatch building iswhere

the housing components are assembled and

the biofuel or homesare distributedby rail or

94

Structure and MaterialityTheindustrialprocessusesasteelframedstructure.Steel

is durable and can withstand the heat and temperatures

createdwithineach industrialprocess.Wepropose touse

steelasourmainbuildingmaterialasitlastsformanyyears

andcanberecycledandreusedinfuturebuildings,therefore

itisjustifiedaspartofoursustainableapproach.Steelcan

withstand theweightof the liquidsstoredandusedwithin

the biofuel process andwill be galvanised in cadmium to

protectthematerialfromsaltwaterandfuturerusting.

95

The inhabitable pier is modern flexible pier

that houses temporary and permanent holiday

accommodation. The pier allows units to be

addedorremovedviathetramandcranesystem

based on seasonal demand and it provides a

physical and visual connection between the

amphibiousparkandtheindustrialprocess.

Strategy

Chosen Location

Inhabitable pier

It isbuiltupontheexistingharbourtrainingwall

whichseparatestheharbourfromthebeachand

providesaboatnavigationchannelwhenthetide

isout.Theharbourwallprovidesanexistingand

unique infrastructure to build upon mimicking

theoldRhylPier.Themodernpierallowsvisitors

towalkoutonto theseaand lookbackatnew

Rhyl as well as creating unique tourist holiday

accommodation.

96

Asa response from the still popular caravan parks in the

Rhylarea,weproposeamoderntakeonthecaravanpark,

whichwillprovideauniqueexperienceforholiday-makers.

Existingcaravanparksareintrovertedwithallofthevisitor

facilitiesbeingon-site,ourproposalofan inhabitablepier

wouldallowinhabitantstobemoreconnectedwiththetown,

whichinthiscaseisthecleanbeachandendlesscoastline.

Theformandheightreplicatestheexistingbuildingsonthe

CoastRoad.

Wehaveincorporatedrepetitionintothestructuralelements

of thedesign.Repetitionrelatestothegroynesacrossthe

beach. Groynes are lines of timber posts with planks in

betweenthatflowdownthebeachintothesea.Theyarea

wayofdefendingbeachesfromerodingsidewaysandalso

absorbenergyfromincomingwavestopreventflooding.

Design Concept

Structure & MaterialityTheconstructionwillbeasteel framedsystem,connected

to box trusses. These trusses prevent the structure from

racking,whilstdoublingasacranetomanoeuvrethehousing

intoplace.Thehousewouldarriveviathetramsystem,then

liftedbycraneintothedesiredbay.

Recycledandreclaimedmaterialswillbeusedtobuildthe

houses, adding to our sustainable theme whilst keeping

costsdown.Thepierand thecaravanplug-instructurewill

bemadeusingsteel,withreclaimedtimberforthewalkways.

97

amphibious park& Beach

harbour

plugin caravans

coast roadrailway

98

Strategy

Chosen Location

amphibious park

The amphibious park is a series of elevated walkways

along thecoastwhichadjustwith the tide.Thewalkways

accommodate the oyster nurseries and allow salicornia

plants to growbeneath.The perimeterwalkways provide

space to be utilised as a recreational parkspace aswell

as for industrial food growth. The walkways are sized

adequately to accommodate gathering food during each

harvest.

Theoystersandhalophytesbegingrowthalongtheharbour

wall, expanding from the harbour wall onto the sea.The

parkwillalsobelocatedwithinthemarinelake,alongthe

estuary and as part of the landscape strategywithin the

industrialprocess.AspartoftheRhylmasterplanstrategy

to decrease the density of the area, empty sites will be

occupiedbytheparkscapecreatingagreen-watercorridor

alongtheexistingwaterflowofthe‘cut’.Thepocketparks

willalsoincreasethedesirabilityoflivingwithintheseareas

andincreasethepropertyvalues.

99

amphibiouspark

amphibiouspark

amphibiouspark

100

Tourist Experience

Design Concept

Structure and Materiality

The design has been derived from the existing urban grain. A

gridhasbeendevelopedinrelationtoRhyl’sthreespinalroutes.

The walkways are parallel to the Coast Road spine and the

perpendicular to theHighStreetspine.Thediagonal45degree

gridlinerelatestotheexistinghistoricaldiagonalroutewhichlinks

theCoastRoad toWellingtonRoadand theexisting lineof the

harbourwallwhichflowsatadiagonaltotheCoastRoad.

Thewalkwaysaremanufacturedon-sitewithinthemanufacturing

partof the industrialprocess.Thedeckedwalkway isproduced

using reclaimed timber and is supported by steel columns to

prevent horizontalmovement but allowvertical tidalmovement.

Thebuoyancyiscreatedbyusingrecycledtyreswhicharefilled

withtherecycleddriftwoodcollectedintheestuary.Eachgrowing

spacewillbefilledwithhalophytesoroysternurseries,theoyster

nurserieswillneedtobecontainedwithinplasticcontainersfilled

withmesh,thesecontainerswillbereclaimedplasticpackaging

containers.

101

CHAPTER 10: Design

Tourist Experience

102

The tourist journey commences at the transport hub where tourists arrive by car,

coachorrailandleavetheir transportontheoutskirtswhichwillearnthemgreen

credits.TheythentravelbyRhyl’snewsustainable transport railsystemdownthe

HighstreetandalongtheCoastroad.WhilsttravellingalongtheCoastroad,theywillseethe

amphibiousparkalongthesea,theinhabitablepieralongtheharbourwallandthevistaof

theapproachingarrivaltower.Touriststhentravelthroughthestructureoftheplugincaravans

beforearrivingatthebaseofthearrivaltower.

Touristswillenterthetowerandtraveluptothewalkwaylevelwheretheroutescommence.

Thereare threeroutes: food,biofuelandmanufacturing.Theroutessplitat thesortingmill

where the touristwill decidewhich route to take similar to the sorting process of the raw

materials.

the journey

103

InteractionsThe routes consist of primary and secondary

walkways.Thedirectrouteallowsuserstofollowthe

processbytravellingthroughthebuildingswherethe

processeshappenasbothanobserverorengaging

with the process by a number of playful, energetic

interactions.

Thesecondarywalkwaysallowvisitors to leave the

primarywalkwayand investigateotherareasof the

industrialprocesssuchastheamphibiousparkscape,

takeshorterroutes,orinteractandplaywiththewater

orslideelements.

Theinteractionsarealsoeducationalwithanumber

of spaces dedicated to showing how the process

works by replicating the process at a human scale

andembeddingwithinthewalkways.

PrimaryroutesSecondaryrouteReturnRoutePlaypavilions

104

PlayTowertoInhabitablePier

BridgetoTowertoplaytower

Playpavilions

WellingtonRoadtoCrushingmilltoPlayTower

PlayPavilions

105

The routes consist of primary and secondary walkways.The direct route allows users to

followtheprocessbytravellingthroughthebuildingswheretheprocesseshappenasbothan

observerorengagingwiththeprocessbyanumberofplayful,energeticinteractions.

Thesecondarywalkwaysallowvisitors to leave theprimarywalkwayand investigateother

areasof the industrialprocesssuchas theamphibiousparkscape, takeshorter routes,or

interactandplaywiththewaterorslideelements.

The interactionsarealsoeducationalwithanumberof spacesdedicated toshowinghow

theprocessworksby replicating theprocessatahumanscaleandembeddingwithin the

walkways.

Vistas

106

StrategyThe Arrival Tower

Thetowerhasthefollowingaims:

• Thetoweristhepointofarrivalfortourists

and is subsequently the start of the

industrialprocess.

• To act as an awareness beacon to show

Rhylisthecentreforsustainableexcellence.

• TobeabillboardadvertisementfortheEco-

industrialAdventurePark.

• To perform a function at the start of the

industrialprocess.

• To replace the vertical reference point of

theexistingskytower.

Fromourcommunitysurveys,membersofthe

publicfeeltheskytowerisunsightlyhowever

they appreciate how it acts as a vertical

referencepointwhenapproachingRhyl.

“The Sky Tower is an unsightly pole on the

landscapenexttotheChildren’sVillage,apart

fromactingasavisualreferencepointsoyou

can locateRhyl fromadistance; it posesno

function,andislocatedatapointwhichdoesn’t

relatetoanything.”

107

The tower aims to create a theatrical performance

of moving elements creating factory-machine-type

architecture.Thetowerperformsthecollectionprocess

from the drop-off area by picking up the halophytes

from the boats and railway and storing them within

cylinderslocatedinthetower.

Thedesignconcepthasbeenderivedfromanumber

ofRhyl’spastandpresentfeatures;

• Thenewcyclebridgehasamechanicaldraw-

bridge action.The towermimics this action to allow

thestartofthewalkwaytobeclosedoffwhenout-of-

hours.

• Thestoragecylindersforthehalophytesrelate

to thegas cylinders thatwerepreviously locatedon

the same site.The cylinders expand and compress

similartothegascylindersdependingonthecapacity

ofhalophytes.

• Thepickingupcollectionprocesshasanaction

similar to thearcadegrabbergamewhich relates to

Rhyl’samusementparkheritageinaplayfulway.

• One viewing platform is at a lower level and

allowsviewsoverthenaturereserveandtheIrishSea.

• At the highest level, platforms are in every

direction to allow panoramic views of the entire

industrial process from growing to dispatch and the

restofRhyl.

Design Reasoning

108

LocationTheexistinglocationwasalongtheCoastRoadadjacenttotheChildren’sVillage,howeverthetower

failedtorelatetoanyexistingvistasorurbangrain.

WeproposetolocatethetowertotheoneofthekeynodeswithinRhyl–theForydHarbour,witha

keyvistaalongtheCoastRoad.

Thislocationisatthestartoftheindustrialprocessandthearrivalpointfortouristsandissubsequently

thepointatwhichthefoodandrawmaterialsaredroppedoffviarailandboatfromthetwocollection

areas.

railwayroute at gf

new bridge& nature

plugincaravans

harbour

walkwaylevel

storagecylinders

accesscore

movinggrabber

fooddrop-offbyboat

109

Thetoweristheheadquartersandcontrolpointfortheindustrialprocesses.Itprovidesstorage

fortheHalophytes,hasanumberofviewingplatforms,aneducationalresearchfacility,tourist

informationpoint,ashopandcafé.

The structure is steel-framed using reclaimedmaterials where possible for the platforms,

claddedareasand stairs.The tower hasa central steel core to provide structural stability

whichincludesthestairs,liftandservices.Thetoweriselevatedabovethegroundtoenable

thetowercanbeshutoffduringout-of-hours,allowthegrabbermechanismcanmovealong

the primary structure vertically and horizontally, and to allow the rail system can drop-off

passengersatthebaseofthetower.Thereisasecondarysteelstructurewhichhousesthe

storagecylindersandallowsthecylinderstoexpandandcontractsimilartogascylinders.

Structure & MaterialityThestructure issteel-framedusing reclaimedmaterialswherepossible for theplatforms,cladded

areasandstairs.Thetower’smainstructuralelementisasteelcorethatprovidesstabilityandincludes

thestairs,liftandservices.Thetoweriscantileveredoffthecoreandelevatedabovethegroundto

enablethetowertobeshutoffduringout-of-hours.Theelevatedpartofthetowerallowsthegrabber

mechanismtomovealongtheprimarystructureverticallyandhorizontally,andallowstherailsystem

todrop-offpassengersatthebaseofthetower.Thesecondarysteelstructurehousesthestorage

cylindersandallowsthemtoexpandandcontractsimilartogascylinders.

110

StrategyThe Coastal Road

Caravan PluginTheCaravanPluginrelatestothestillpopularcaravan

parksintheareaandthemanufacturingelementto

the industrial process.TheCaravanPlugin has the

followingaims:

• Provide a modern update on the caravan and

compactlivingbynewpassivehouseholidayand

permanenthomes.

• ToextendandmaintaintheexistingCoastRoad

frontage.

• Toimprovetheefficiencyofland-useforacaravan

park.

• Tohaveaself-sufficientcranemechanismtohoist

eachcaravanintoposition.

LocationTheCaravanPlugin follows theexisting lineof the

Coastal road frontage and extends to provide a

backdroptotheharbour.

Traditionally, the hotels and lodging houses were

locatedalongtheCoastalfrontagetoprovideviews

acrosstheIrishSea,beachandharbour.Therefore

the desirability for staying in such locations still

remains.Bylocatingincloseproximitytotheindustry,

thedwellingswhichhavebeenmanufacturedon-site

maintainavisualconnectioncreatinganawareness

ofRhyl’snewindustrialimagealsoinspiringvisitors

totakeatouralongthethreeindustrialroutes.

111

DesignThedesignconcepthasdevelopedtoincorporatethetown’smarineandamusementpark

heritage. Historically, the railway bridge and harbour integrated a series of cranes and

mechanismsduringRhyl’smaritimepast.The industrialandstructuralaesthetic relates to

thefunfairridesoncehistoricallylocatedonthesamesite.

Wehaveincorporatedrepetitionintothestructuralelementsofthedesign.Repetitionrelates

tothegroynesacrossthebeach.Groynesarelinesoftimberpostswithplanksinbetween

thatflowdownthebeachintothesea.Theyareawayofdefendingbeachesfromeroding

sidewaysandalsoabsorbenergyfromincomingwavestopreventflooding.

112

Thebuildingplaniszonedwiththerailwaypassingthroughand

deckaccesstoeachcaravanontheharbourside,thecrane

mechanismontheIndustryside,withthedwellinginbetween.

ThedwellingsareorientatedwiththelivingspaceSouthfacing

providingaccessfromtheNorthwalkwayviathekitchen.Both

South and North sides of each unit have an internal buffer

zone.

Thedwellingscanbepositionedtohavea5mterraceoneither

theNorthorSouthandunitscanbeclosedupwhennotinuse.

Thebuildingisdesignedtocontainonedwellingineach5x

15metrebay,whicharearrangedinbaysof10,withaccess

coresateachend.Openbayswhicharecommunalterraces

alignwithtwokeyvistastomaintainsight-lines.

Thestructureissteel-framedusingreclaimedmaterialswhere

TowerAccess

Cranemechanismrailway

113

railwayTheconstructionwillbeasteelframedsystem,connectedtoboxtrusses.Thesetrussespreventthe

structurefromracking,whilstdoublingasacranetomanoeuvrethehousingintoplace.Thehouse

wouldarriveviathetramsystem,thenliftedbycraneintothedesiredbay.

Structure & Materiality

114

The Crushing MillStrategyTheCrushingMillhousesthemostimportantprocessduring

thebiofuelprocess. It is thepointwhere theoil isextracted

fromthehalophyteseedbyacrushingaction.TheCrushing

Millhasthefollowingaims:

• To perform the crushing process and house a series of

crushingmechanisms.

• Tobethemostcelebratedeventduringthetouristjourney.

• To contain three visitor routes; an interactive route, an

observation route and the route from Wellington road

throughtotheMarineLake.

• Toprovideaninteractiveexperienceusingbodymovement

topowercrushers.

LocationThebuildingislocatedwithintheIndustrialprocess,alongthe

biofuel route anddirectly after the sortingmill. It is aligned

centraltoWellingtonroadtoallowavistaandroutethrough

thecentreofthebuildingthroughtotheMarineLake.

115

DesignTo celebrate the crushing action and relate to the theme of

interactiveplay,themotionmimicsthehammeractiononapiano.

Wehaveadaptedtheactionsothatwhenakeypointexperiences

averticalforcesuchastheweightofapersonjumping,ittriggers

thecrushertomove.

The interactivewalkway isat ahigher level and theobservation

andWellingtonroadwalkwaysareatalowerlevel.

The crushingmechanisms are aligned perpendicular to the two

main routes through the building so people can experience the

crushermovingoverhead.

116

Structure &MaterialityThebuildingis50mx70mx35mhigh,

and isabox-trussed framestructure

topreventtherequirementforinternal

columns.Thebuilding iscladmostly

is glass to allow visual connections

intoseetheglimpsesofthecrushing

process,andouttoseeotherplayful

elements of the site. The crushing

hammersareheldupbyasecondary

steelstructure. Conclusion

117

CHAPTER 1 1:Conclusion

118

Asstatedwithinourintroduction,ouraimatthebeginningof

theprojectwastoestablisharealcurrent,sociallyorientated

subjectmatter, located in theUK.This leduson tochoose

an area that was targeted for regeneration that had high

deprivationlevelsandunusuallyhighstatisticsforissuessuch

asunemployment,benefits,poorhealthandeducation.Asa

resultthisledustochooseRhylasourstudyofplace.

Rhylwasoncea thrivingseasideholidaydestinationwhich

wasonceknownforitsseasaltbathing,arecentreportshows

thatthesestandardshaverecentlydroppedandasaresultthe

‘mandatorybathingwaterstandards’havenotbeenpassed.

TheForydharbouriscurrentlyunderutilisedwithlittlefishing

trips.Initsprime,Rhylwastheepicentrefortrawlersandlarger

fishingvessels.Weproposetoexpandontheexistingfishing

industryanddevelopamoresubstantialmarineharbour.

Rhyl has seen its promenadego throughdecadesof over-

development,whichhasresultedinmanyvacantspaces,such

as theeventsarena.Aseriesofoverpricedandunderused

projectsalsolitterthepromenade,disconnectingthetownfrom

thebeach,mostnotably theSunCentreand theChildren’s

Village,whichhaveshorttermsplanstobedemolished.This

alsomeansmoreandmorebuildingsandsitesarebecoming

derelictanddormant,suchasthesiteofthepreviousOcean

Beachamusementpark,whereplansforredevelopmenthave

stalledsince2007,leavinganabandonedconstructionsite.

Location

Problems

119

At thebeginningof theproject a number of key aimswere

identified, to re-brand the sea-side town, creating a new

industry, providingemployment, redefiningwhat constitutes

theBritishseasideholidayandgenerating innovativetourist

attractionstobringbacktheholidaymaker.

Thecatalystdevelopmentsarenewgreenindustries,localised

toRhylprovidingsubstantialemployment.Resultinginaneco-

industrialadventurepark,focusedonthreemainindustries,of

foodproduction,biofuelproductionandmanufacturing.

Eventually resulting in developing Rhyl as the centre of

excellenceforsustainabilityandsustainableliving.

Theschemeprovidesemployment,raisesawarenessofup-

cycling, bio-fuel production, oyster farming and halophyte

growingandpersonalcarbonallowances.Andprovideson-

siteresearchpodsforeachofthenewindustrialtechnologies,

connectingwitheducationalestablishmentsintheregion.

Now Rhyl has been developed as the initial prototype and

establisheditselfastheWelshindustrialcentreforsustainability.

Weinvisagetheindustriescanexpandtofollowthecoast-line

toregenerateseasidetownswithsimilarproblemsandsimilar

naturalattributes.Rhylcanmaintainitsstatusastheindustrial

centreprovidingthetownsinvolvedadoptsimilarinfrastructure

forgrowingandtransportation.

Aims

The Architectural Response

Future Expansion

120

Bibliography

Printed Sources:DenbighshireCouncil.SunnyRhyl

Digital Sources:24dash.com‘Governmentannouncesgo-aheadforfoureco-towns’http://www.24dash.com/news/

housing/2009-07-16-government-announces-go-ahead-for-four-eco-towns(accessed13thFebruary

2013)

AboutBridlington,http://www.aboutbridlington.co.uk/about.html(accessedFebruary7th,2013)

Architectoo, ‘Container recycling into building children’s playground’ http://www.architectoo.com/

container-recycling-into-building-childrens-playground/(accessed20thApril2013)

BBCNews,‘Rhyl harbour £9.2mplan is councils‘most expensive’ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-

wales-north-east-wales-12381954(Accessed15thFebruary2013)

BBCNews,‘Rhyl’sOceanPlaza‘bomb site’ needs clearing’ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-

north-east-wales-17258121(Accessed15thFebruary2013)

CyclingNorthWales,http://www.cyclingnorthwales.org/coastal.php(Accessed3rdMarch2013)

DailyPost,‘RhylisStilltheUnemploymentCapitalofWales’http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-

wales-news/rhyl-still-unemployment-capital-wales-2698949(Accessed5thFebruary2013)

Denbighshire County Council, ‘Using Marine Lake’ http://www.denbighshire.gov.uk/en-gb/DNAP-

8RYHQF(Accessed19thFebruary2013)

Ecodevelopmentgroup,‘ClayCountry,Cornwall’http://www.eco-development-group.org/exemplars/

clay-country-st-austell.html(accessed13thFebruary2013)

Essentialtravel.co.uk,‘top10UKcoastaltowns’,http://www.essentialtravel.co.uk/magazine/top-10/

uk-coastal-towns.asp(accessedFebruary12th2013)

ETA,‘Don’tscrapyourcar,buildahousewithit’,https://www.eta.co.uk/2012/01/25/dont-scrap-your-

car-build-a-house-with-it/(accessed4thMarch2013)

Euroduna,‘Theexpertforspecialingredients’,http://www.euroduna.com/products-oystershells.0210.

en.html?csid=f183d734cc1a574d242c5cb8234f9674(accessed5thMarch2013)

121

Google,‘artificialreefstructure’,http://www.google.com/patents/EP0747534B1?cl=en(accessed1st

March2013)

Greenfuturesmagazine,‘cansaltlovingcropssavevulnerablecoasts?’http://www.forumforthefuture.

org/greenfutures/articles/can-salt-loving-crops-save-vulnerable-coasts (accessed February 12th

2013)

GreenFuturesMagazine,‘Sherford:oneofanewwaveofUKeco-towns’http://www.forumforthefuture.

org/greenfutures/articles/sherford-one-new-wave-uk-eco-towns-0(accessed12thFebruary2013)

Green FuturesMagazine, ‘Smart solutions for amaterial world’, http://www.forumforthefuture.org/

greenfutures/articles/smart-solutions-material-world(accessed19thApril2013)

GreenerPro,‘BiodieselProcess’,http://www.greenerpro.com/BiodieselProcess.html(accessed27th

March2013)

HullCityCouncil,‘Planning>>Planningapplicationdocuments’,https://planningpublicaccess.hullcc.

gov.uk/publicaccess/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=documents&keyVal=M7YSW1SO05500

(accessed24thMarch2013)

Hunter,angler,gardener,cook ‘sea beans, salicornia, samphire’ http://honest-food.net/2011/07/15/

sea-beans-salicornia-samphire-saltwort/(accessed15thFebruary2013)

LABKULTUR,‘RevivingNewYork’sriverswithoysters’,http://www.labkultur.tv/en/blog/reviving-new-

yorks-rivers-oysters(accessedFebruary21st2013)

LunaPark,‘LunaParkInformation’,http://www.lunapark.com.au/info(accessed18thApril2013)

Mailonline,‘PopulationofEnglandtorise4.5minadecadeasgrowthrate‘getsfaster’’,http://www.

dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2210329/Population-England-rise-faster.html (accessedFebruary 21st

2013)

Modular & portable buildings, ‘contract worker accommodation’, http://www.

modularandportablebuildingshire.co.uk/studentkeyworker/keyworker.html (accessed 26th February

2013)

NaturalEngland,‘Nativeoyster beds’, http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/marine/mpa/mcz/

features/habitats/nativeoysterbeds.aspx(accessedFebruary20th2013)

OfficeofNationalStatistics,‘CensusData2001’http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html(Accessed5th

February2013)

Oysterrecoverypartnership,‘‘WhyOysters?>oystershellsarerecyclable’,limitednaturalresources’

122

http://oysterrecoverypartnership.squarespace.com/why-oysters/single-gallery/10909842 (accessed

21stFebruary2013)

Placetheartofsustainablecommunities,‘wavasustainableartscommunity’,http://www.place.us/?

gclid=COm0_43avbUCFZDKtAodjzcADw(accessedFebruary12th2013)

Rackheatheco-community,‘Rackheath: theperfectenvironmentally-friendlysolution...’ http://www.

rackheatheco-community.com/location.php(accessedFebruary12th2013)

Relaxshacks.com,‘Whataboutotherusesforold tires’,http://relaxshacks.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/

house-built-from-tires-part-two-and-ten.html(accessed22ndApril2013)

Rhyl Life Blog, http://rhyl-life.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/rhyl-pavilion.html (Accessed 12th February

2013)

Scrap car network, ‘scrap metal processing: The next generation of technologies’, http://www.

scrapcarnetwork.org/news/scrap-metal-processing-the-next-generation-of-technologies (accessed

5thMarch2013)

Sustrans, ‘Route Map’ http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/351024,279570 (Accessed 3rd

March2013)

TheGuardian‘shelloutforthisseason’soysters’http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/07/

shell-out-for-seasons-oysters(accessedFebruary19th2013)

Thepovertysite,‘workingageadultswithoutqualifications’,http://www.poverty.org.uk/59/index.shtml

(accessedFebruary8th2013)

TheTelegraph‘Disusedoil rig in thegulf ofMexico tobe converted into luxuryhotel’ http://www.

telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/5163586/Disused-oil-rig-in-Gulf-

of-Mexico-to-be-converted-into-luxury-hotel.html(accessed17thFebruary2013)

Tirelinkfloatingjetties,‘completedprojects’,http://www.tire-link.com.au/projects.html(accessed4th

March2013)

Victoria Nurseries, ‘Samphire plants’, http://www.victoriananursery.co.uk/Home/ (accessed 22nd

March2013)

VisitorUK,‘RhylDenbighshire’http://www.visitoruk.com/rhyl/timeline.html (Accessed7thFebruary

2013)

Vivergofuels,‘homegrownenergy’,http://www.vivergofuels.com/(accessed22ndFebruary2013)

WebUrbanist,‘Artparkcreatedfromrecycledmaterials’,http://weburbanist.com/2008/11/16/

123

adaptive-reuse-recycled-architecture-2/18-art-park-created-from-recycled-materials1/ (accessed

24thApril2013)

Welcome to Yorkshire, ‘Bridlington’, http://www.yorkshire.com/places/yorkshire-coast/bridlington

(accessedFebruary7th,2013)

WelshAssemblyGovernment,‘HowtheNorthWalesCoastisBeingDeveloped’http://wales.gov.uk/

docs/desh/publications/101020regennwalesleafleten.pdf(Accessed13thFebruary2013)

Welsh Assembly, ‘Active Travel’ http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/programme/assemblybills/active-

travel-bill/?lang=en(Accessed20thMarch2013)

YouTube ‘oyster farming in Poole harbour, Dorset, England’ http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=W8htl5UdYuU(accessedFebruary18th2013)

Interview Sources:Ruanne,Chris,22ndFebruary2013,InterviewwithlocalMP

124

crit feedbackone

125

crit feedbacktwo

126

crit feedbackthree

127

crit feedbackfour

thesis report - rhyl

Documents

key design areas

community involvement

biofuel production

case studies

tourist experience