the,tirupur area development pxogram - world...

E-121VOL. 5

The,Tirupur Area Development Pxogram:

.~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..

. .-- -- , - . .

Project Documentation,- Envir'onmental & Social;Assessment Repoprt

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Environmental and Social Assessment Report

Tirupur Area Development Project

Prepared for

Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd.

Prepared by

Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, ChennaiTamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, Coimbatore

October 1998

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project

Table Of Contents

Chapter Title PageNumber Number

List of AnnexuresList of AcronymsList of TablesList of FiguresEXECUTIVE SUMMARY i-xvi

1.0 CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Background 1-11.2 Situation Analysis 1-1

1.2.1 Population of Tirupur 1-31.2.2 Industrial Scenario 1-31.2.3 Existing Water System 1-31.2.4 Existing Sanitation Facilities 1-41.2.5 Existing Domestic Wastewater System 1-41.2.6 Existing Industrial Wastewater System 1-4

1.3 Need for the Project 1-51.4 Project Scope 1-61.5 Approach to Project Implementation 1-61.6 Objective of the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) 1-71.7- Methodology 1-8

1.7.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) 1-81.7.2 Social Assessment (SA) 1-9

1.8 Organisation of the Environmental and Social Assessment Report 1-10(ESAR)

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION2.1 Preamble 2-12.2 Water Supply System 2-1

2.2.1 Water Source 2-12.2.2 Intake Works 2-12.2.3 Raw Water Main 2-32.2.4 Water Treatment Plant 2-32.2.5 Treated Water Pumping Station and Transmission Main 2-32.2.6 En-route supply 2-32.2.7 Master Balancing Reservoir (MBR) 2-42.2.8 Feeder Mains 242.210 Local Water Distribution Station Outside TM 2-42.2.9 Water Distribution Stations (WDS) 2-42.2.11 Water Distribution System with TM 2-4

2.3 Sewerage System 2-52.3.1 Sewers 2-52.3.2 Sewage Pumping Station 2-52.3.3 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 2-5



2.4 Low Cost Sanitation 2-72.5 Construction Schedule 2-7

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 Preamble 3-13.2 Surface Water Quality 3-1

3.2.1 Cauvery and Bhavani Rivers 3-13.2.2 Surface Water Quality - Noyyal and Nallar Rivers and 3-6

S.Periyapalayam Lake3.3 Ground Water Quality in and around Tirupur 3-83.4 Ecological Assessment 3-11

3.4.1 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 3-123.4.2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 3-13

3.5 Summary 3-14

4.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1 Preamble 4-14.2 Identification of Strategic Alternatives for Source of Water Supply 4-1

4.2.1 Analysis Of Alternatives for Source of Water 4-24.3 Analysis of Alternatives for Siting the Project Components and 4-3

Routing

5.0 PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 5-1

5.1 Pre-construction Phase Impacts 5-15.1.1 Impact on Vegetation 5-15.1.2 Noise and Dust 5-25.1.3 Other Impacts 5-2

5.2 Construction phase Impacts 5-25.2.1 Impact on Air Quality 5-25.2.2 Noiselmpacts 5-45.2.3 Other Impacts 5-5

5.3 Operation Phase Impacts 5-65.3.1 Noise Pollution 5-65.3.2 Reduction in the downstream of the river 5-75.3 3 Sludge generation from the water treatment plant 5-75.3.4 Sludge generation form sewage plant5.3.5 Sludge disposal 5-8

5.4 Summary of Adverse Impacts 5-85.5 Project Benefits 5-12

6.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)6.1 Preamble 6-16.2 EMP for the Construction Phase impacts 6-1

ii

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Pmject


6.2.1 Managing Impact on Vegetation 6-16.2.2 Management of Noise Impacts 6-26.2.3 Managing Impacts due to Movement of Construction Machinery 6-36.2.4 Managing Impact on Air Pollution 6-46.2.5 Managing Impact due to Labor Camps 6-4

6.3 EMP for the Operation Phase Impacts 6-56.3.1 Disposal of sludge from Water Treatment Plant 6-56.3.2 Sludge Generated from Sewage Treatment Plant 6-66.3.6 Overall environmental management plan 6-6

6.4 Envirornmental Monitoring 6-106.4.1 Infrastructure requirements 6-116.4.2 Institutional Arrangement 6-11

7.0 SOCIAL SETTING AND LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE 7-1

7.1 Introduction 7-17.2 Distribution of Project Components 7-27.3 Constitution of TLPA 7-47.4 Decadal Growth of TLPA 7-47.5 Socio-Economic Profile 7-47.6 Projected Occupational Pattem of TLPA - 2001 7-67.7 Social Amenities 7-6

7.7.1 Water Supply 7-67.7.2 Drainage and Sewerage 7-77.7.3 Health 7-7

7.8 Land Use Pattem of TLPA 7-87.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern 7-9

7.9.1 Residential Use 7-97.9.2 Commercial Use 7-97.9.3 Industrial Use 7-97.9.4 Land Values and Ownership 7-107.9.5 Social Attitude towards Possession of Land

7.10 Land and Property Acquisition Procedures 7-117.11 Acquisition of Other lands 7-13

8.0 PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS - IDENTIFICATION, 8-1MINIMIZATION AND PROFILE

8.1 Introduction 8-18.2 Definitions 8-1

8.2.1 Project Affected Persons 8-28.2.2 Project Affected Families 8-2

8.3 Identification of PAPs at Sites for Project Components 8-28.4 Identification of PAPs along the Water Transmission Main 8-4

(WTM)8.5 Identification of PAPs along the Feeder Main Routes 8-58.6 Identification of PAPs along the Sewer Lines 8-6

iii



8.7 Categories of PAPs 8-78.7.1 Land Owner PAPs 8-78.7.2 Encroachers PAPs 8-78.7.3 Partially Affected Persons 8-8

8.8 Detailed Identification 8-88.8.1 Land Holder PAPs 8-88.8.2 Encroacher PAPs 8-11

8.9 Socio-Economic Profile of Squatters PAPs 8-118.9.1 Social Structure 8-118.9.2 Demographic Features 8-128.9.3 Special Population 8-128.9.4 Economic Condition 8-12

8.10 Assessment of Structures Owned by PAPs 8-138.11 Common Infrastructure Facilities and Living Conditions 8-138.12 Housing Condition 8-148.13 Housing Size and Surrounding Area 8-148.14 Infrastructure Facilities Available for PAPs 8-158.15 Preference of PAPs for Compensation 8-158.16 Minimization of Social Impacts 8-16

8.16.1 Minimization of Social Impacts at Sites for Project Components 8-168.16.2 Minimization of social impacts along WTM routes 8-178.16.3 Minimization of social impacts along the Feeder Mains routes 8-19

8.17 Impact on Host Communities 8-19

9.0 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP) 9-1

9.1 Introduction 9-19.2 Approach for Mitigation of Social Impacts 9-19.3 Assessment of Compensation 9-2

9.3.1 Water Intake Well 9-29.3.2 Raw Water Transmission Line and Water Treatment Plant 9-39.3.3 Water Transmission Line and Feeder Mains 9-49.3.4 Master Balancing Reservoir 9-49.3.5 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main 1 9-59.3.6 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main II 9-69.3.7 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main II 9-89.3.8 Sewage Treatment Plant - East 9-89.3.9 Sewage Treatment Plant - West 9-99.3.10 Sewage Pumping Stations 9-99.3.11 Booster Pumping Stations 9-10

9.4 Resettlement Action Plan 9-119.5 Rehabilitation 9-13

9.5.1 Budget for Training 9-139.5.2 Placement 9-14

9.6 Community Development 9-149.6.1 Balwadi 9-14

iv



9.6.2 National Literacy Mission Unit 9-149.6.3 De-addiction Center 9-149.6.4 Convergence Efforts 9-149.6.5 Public Information and Consultation 9-17

9.6 Institutional Arrangements for RAP 9-179.6.1 Implementation Responsibility 9-179.6.2 Project Level R&R Implementation and Monitoring Committee 9-189.6.3 Structure of RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee 9-189.6.4 Tasks for the NGO/Consultant 9-199.6.5 Implementation Schedule 9-209.6.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) 9-209.6.7 Budget for the NGO and M&E Agency 9-209.6.8 Monitoring by IL&FS 9-21

9.7 Overall Budget for RAP 9-21

10.0 RISK MANAGEMENT 10-1

10.1 Introduction 10-110.2 Public Resentment to Compensation Related to LA 10-110.3 Uncertainty in Assured Off-takes from the Water Source 10-210.4 Contamination of Water at the Intake Works 10-410.5 Closure of Industries due to Environmental Non-compliance 10-510.6 Conclusion 10-7

v


List of Annexures

Annexure 3A Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at KodumudiAnnexure 3B Surface Water Quality in Bhavani River at SavandapurAnnexure 3C Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at UrachikkottaiAnnexure 3D Test Characteristics for Drinking WaterAnnexure 3E Water Quality of Tirupur Municipal Water Supply Source from

Bhavani River at MettupalayamAnnexure 3F Characteristics of Water in Bhavani and Cauvery Rivers (as on

8.6.96)Annexure 3G Characteristics of Water in River Bhavani (18.6.96)Annexure 3H Chemical Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (2.6.96)Annexure 31 Characteristics of Water in Nallar River at Nallathupalayam

(19.6.96 and 20.6.96)Annexure 3J Bacteriological Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (MPN/I 00 ml)Annexure 3K Ground Water Quality in TirupurAnnexure 3L Koilvazhi Bore Well Water QualityAnnexure 3M Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan AreaAnnexure 3N Sampling location for ground water quality in and around TirupurAnnexure 30 Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96 and 10.6.96)Annexure 3P Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (28.7.96 and 29.7.96)Annexure 3Q Color Intensity of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96 and 10.6.96)Annexure 3R Bacteriological Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (MPN/I 00 ml)Annexure 3S Aquatic and Shoreline Macro Faunal Composition in Cauvery River

SystemAnnexure 6A Details of Labour CampsAnnexure 8A Squatter PAFs- Identification, Assets and IncomeAnnexure 9A Minutes of PIC MeetingAnnexure I OA Stage Discharge Data of Cauvery System

vi


List of Abbreviations

ASP Activated Sludge ProcessBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandBOOT Build Own Operate and TransferBPS Booster Pumping StationsCO Carbon monoxideCA Concession AgreementCES Centre for Environmental StudiesCWC Central Water CommissionCETPs Common Effluent Treatment PlantsCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCPHEEO Central Public-Health and Environmental

Engineering OrganizationESR Environemental Social ReportEA/ SA Environmental and Social AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanESR Environmental and Social ReportEWS Economically Weaker SectionsFM Feeder MainsGol Government of IndiaGoTN Government of Tarnil NaduHIG High Income GroupHC HydrocarbonsICB International Competitive BiddingIETPs Individual Effluent Treatment PlantsIL&FS Infiastructure Leasing & Financial Services

LimitedKm KilometreLpcd Litres per capita per dayLIG Low Income GroupLA Land AcquisitionMm MilimetresMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingM MetresMLD Million Litres DayMIG Middle Income GroupMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMBR Master Balancing ReservoirMg/it Milligrams/litreMPN Most Probable NumberNGO Non Government OrganizationNTADCL New Tirupur Area Development Corporation

LimitedNOx Nitrogen Oxides

vii


PM,0 Particulate matter less than 1 OgPAPs Project Affected PersonsPIC Public Information and ConsultationPHL Public Health LaboratoryPb LeadROW Right of WayRGSFs Rapid Gravity Sand FiltersSq.km. Square kilometressox Sulphur OxidesS02 Sulphur dioxideSRs Service ReservoirsSP Sewage PumpSTP(E) Sewage Treatment Plant (East)STP(W) Sewage Treatment Plant (WestSTP Sewage Treatment PlantsSPV Special Purpose VehicleTACID Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure

Development LimitedTLPA Tirupur Local Planning AreaTM Tirupur MunicipalityTNIUS Tamil Nadu Institute for Urban StudiesTNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control BoardTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTEA Tirupur Exporters AssociationTADP Tirupur Area Development ProgrammeTWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and DrainageTACID Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial

Infrastructure DevelopmentTADP Tirupur Area Development ProjectTC Total ColiformsTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTEA Tirupur Exporters AssociationTLPA Tirupur Local Planning AreaTM Tirupur MunicipalityTNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control BoardTWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage BoardWTP Water Treatment PlantWDS Water Distribution SystemWC Water Closet

viii


List of Figures

Figure No. Description Page No.

1.1 Locational Map of Tirupur 1-22.1 A Line Diagram Representing Water Supply System 2-22.2 Line Diagram Representing Sewerage System for 2-6

Tirupur Municipality2.3 Construction Schedule 2-83.1 Surface water sampling 3-33.2 Chemical Profile of Cauvery River water at different 3-4

stations3.3 Surface water sampling locations in Tirupur 3-73.4 Location of industrial clusters and areas of High TDS 3-106.1 NTADCL Contractual Structure 6-138.1 Private Land Under SF no. 200 A and Encroachments 8-18

on SF No. 187 at Chnnandipalayam

ix


List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Bacteriological Analysis of Water 3-53.2 Status of critical environmental components 3-15

4.1 Rise and Fall Situation of Water Table and Trend of 4-2Fluctuation in Tirupur Taluk

4.2 Data on Ground Water Potential at Tirupur (as on Jan 1992) 4-34.3 Alternatives Examined for Minimization of Social Impacts 4-4

5.1 Construction Material Required for the Project 5-35.2 Number of trips required for transportation of construction 5-3

material5.3 Noise Level of construction machinery 5-55.4 Sources of noise 5-65.5 Predicted ambient noise levels 5-75.6 Construction Phase Impacts 5-95.7 Operation Phase Impacts 5-115.8 Positive Impacts during construction and operation phases 5-14

6.1 Notional Cost Estimates for Tree Planting 6-36.2 Environmental Management Plan 6-8

7.1 Distribution of Project Components in TLPA 7-27.2 Decadewise Population Growth and Variation of TLPA 7-47.3 Occupational Characteristics of Population in Tirupur 7-57.4 Occupational Pattern of TLPA Excluding Tirupur Town 7-57.5 Estimate Occupational pattern of TLPA in 2001 7-67.6 Water Distribution Connections in Tirupur 7-77.7 Health facilities 7-87.8 Existing land use pattem 7-87.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern of TLPA - 2001 7-97.10 Break-up of industrial area into different categories of 7-10

industries7.11 Proposed Land Use Pattem in TLPA in 2001

8.1 Initial Estimate of Degree of Social Impacts due to Land 8-3Acquisition

8.2 Distribution of PAFs at Sites for Project Components 8-88.3 Land Holdings and Assets of Land Owner PAFs 8-98.4 Present indebtedness of the PAFs 8-138.5 Housing Size of the PAFs 8-158.6 Surrounding areas held by PAFs 8-158.7 Desirable Locations for Resettlement of Squatters 8-168.8 Desirable locations for resettlement of Squatters 8-16

x


Table No. Title Page No.

9.1 Abstract of Compensations (Excluding Resettlement) 9-129.2 Estimated Budget for Training Component of Rehabilitation 9-139.3 RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee 9-199.4 Break-up of RAP Budget 9-21

10.1 Reliability of Flow (m3/sec) at Various Confidence Levels 10-310.2 Status of Industrial Units with respect to Construction of 10-5

IETP/CETPs

xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 Preamble

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of January, 1994 and itssubsequent amendments of the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India,does not require Environmental & Social Assessment (ESA) for project category such asTirupur Area Development Project (TADP). New Tirupur Area Development CorporationLimited (NTADCL) however undertook the ESA study in keeping with the requirementsof the IL&FS's Environmental and Social Report (ESR) as well as the World Bank'sOperational Directive 4.01, 4.20 and 4.30.

A Comprehensive Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study was carried out bythe NTADCL in the year 1997 through the Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) atAnna University in association with Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, Coimbatore asper IL&FS's and World Bank guidelines.

The objectives of the ESA were:

e identification and assessment of all the likely environmental and social impacts of theproject components;

- analysis of alternatives for various project components for minimizing environmental andsocial impacts and drawing recommendations thereof;

* development of an environmental management plan and resettlement action plan formaking the project environmentally sound and socially acceptable and

* recommendation of an appropriate institutional framework and monitoring mechanismsfor the environmental management and resettlement action plans.

In essence, the ESA enables maximization of the benefits of the project and minimization /mitigation of the environmental and social risks due to the project. The ESA thus aims toensure that the TADP is developed as an enviromnentally compatible and sociallyresponsible venture.

2.0 Existing Water Supply And Sewerage Systems

2.1 Existing Water Supply System

Domestic

Tirupur town is supplied water from 2 existing schemes, which source water from riverBhavani, a tributary of river Cauvery. Scheme-I was commissioned in 1965 and currentlysupplies 8.6 MLD water to TM. Scheme-II was commissioned in 1992 to supply 42 MLDwater to TM and en-route villages. Under the latter scheme, abstraction of water is donefrom river Bhavani at Mettupalayam, which is pumped and conveyed to water distributionstations in TM, 4 town panchayat and 44 wayside villages after treatment. Distribution toconsumer, for domestics and commercial use, is effected from the existing 11 reservoirsand 7 water supply zones. Presently water is supplied for only two hours on daily basisthe service level being approximately 105 lcpd.

Environmental and Social Assessment RepornTirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary

Industrial

Tirupur is India's leading cotton hosiery centre. At present, nearly 2500 knitting andstitching units, 579 dyeing and / or bleaching units, 300 printing units, 150 embroideryunits and nearly 200 ancillary process units such as raising, compacting, mercerizing etcare located in TLPA. Other supporting service units for the manufacture of cartons, labels,polyethene bags, elastic tapes, etc. are also present in TLPA.

Water is an essential commodity in the cotton knitwear production process. The existingwater supply system does not provide any water to the dyeing and industrial units.Consequently, the industrial units have largely relied on their own resources to watersupply. Private water suppliers abstract ground water and supply it to the industriesthrough tankers. According to the present estimates, around 30 MLD water is abstractedby the industries from the ground, and 50 MLD is supplied through the tankers, which inturn abstract from the ground water in the surrounding areas.

2.2 Existing Wastewater Systems

At present there is no underground sewerage system in TM. Until recently, dry latrineswere used within the municipal area. However, these are being gradually converted toflush latrines with septic tanks. The effluents of septic tanks are being discharged to soakpits and partly to surface drains. The economically weaker population is only partlycovered by these facilities. TM has already taken up a "Low cost. sanitation" programmeinvolving conversion of existing dry latrines into flush type. It is estimated that about 62% of the total population is covered with low cost sanitation facilities (septic tank / soakpits).

Some of the main streets have permanent surface drains while the rest of the lanes haveonly temporary surface drains. The total length of the drains is about 80 km out of thetotal length of 400 km of roads maintained by TM. Domestic sewage, sullage, effluentfrom commercial establishment and industries including bleaching and dyeing factoriesand storm water are discharged in these open drains. Finally, these wastewaters aredischarged into the Noyyal and Nallar rivers which flow through the town.

As far as industrial wastewater is concemed, about 238 industrial units have already plannedto provide effluent treannent through five Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs),which are under various stages of completion. The remaining industrial units (about 500) arein the process of either joining the CETPs or they are constructing on their own IndividualEffluent Treatment Plants (IETPs). The effluent after treatment will comply with effluentstandards prescribed by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), except in the case ofTotal Dissolved Solids (TDS).

3.0 Need For The Project

Drawing from the existing situation, it is evident that there is a lack of proper environmentalinfiastructure viz., inadequate and low quality water supply, absence of sewerage systemsetc. in the TLPA.

ii

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary

In the absence of any intervention, the per capita supply, that is already inadequate, willreduce further due to increase in population and the ground water reserves will furtherdeplete. Additionally, the ground water contamination will continue to increase, due to highTDS in the industrial effluents. Population pressure on the sanitation facilities will result infurther deterioration of the existing system leading to serious issues of public health, land andground water contamination.

It is in this milieu, that a need for developing the infrastructure for water and wastewatermanagement in Tirupur was realized and the TADP proposed by TACID.

TADP is an environmental management and social improvement project, which wouldsignificantly improve the environmental and social conditions in the project area. This isexpected to be achieved through provision of potable piped water supply, facilities forsanitation, domestic wastewater collection, treatment and disposal including sludge treatmentand disposal.

3.1 Project Coverage

The proposed TADP aims to provide water supply to industries and households in TLPA,which comprises TM and 16 adjacent village panchayats admeasuring 217 sq.km.

In addition, water supply would be provided to villages in the four wayside unions ofPerundarai, Uthukuli, Chenimalai and Tirupur, which lie along the water transmission linecorridor. These Panchayat Unions comprise area admeasuring approximately 780 sq.km.

TADP's scope covers within its arnbit following two phases described below:

Phase I: Water supply; sewerage system (within Tirupur Municipal area), sewagetreatment and low cost sanitation for slums (within Tirupur Municipal area).

Phase II: Common facility for sludge collection treatment and disposal mainly to addresssludges arising from operation of industrial effluent plants.

4.0 Baseline Environmental Conditions

The program for conducting baseline environmental studies was designed after scoping. Thishelped to identify the critical environmental components that are likely to be impacted by theproject activities. Hence, the focus of baseline studies was on. monitoring of surface andground water bodies. Observations on local ecology were also made during the baselinesurvey for environmental quality in the project area.

Surface Water

Surface water quality of river Cauveri was established using both primary and secondarydata. Primary data obtained from the analysis of collected samples as well as the availablesecondary data indicated that the chemical and bacteriological quality of the river watermeets the requirements for selecting it as a source of drinking water supply after conventionaltreatment.

iii

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Execuitve Summary

With respect to the quality of surface waters within the TLPA, the chemical andbacteriological analysis of samples as well as the secondary data collected indicate a verypoor water quality in both the Noyyal and Nallar rivers and the Sarkar Periyapalayam lake.This is probably due to the indiscriminate discharge of domestic sewage as well as industrialeffluent into them. Neither of these rivers is perennial and for most of the year there is noflowing water in them. Further the stagnation of the effluent in these rivers is contributing tothe ground water contamination in the region.

Ground Water

To establish the groundwater quality, samples were collected for analysis from both borewells and dug wells. The values for TDS, hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulphate were foundto be exceeding permiissible standards. The bacteriological quality was also found to be poor.

Specifically, high TDS values were observed in dug wells near the rivers which normallyreceive effluents from the dyeing units. Chloride levels were in the range of 70 to 4500mg/I. Dug wells close to the course of Noyyal river in the lower stretches uptoChennaimalai reservoir had high levels of chloride at 2500-4000 mg/l. Hardness values inthe range of 90 to 1750 mg/I. Nitrate values ranged from 0 to 18.5 mg/I. Fluride valuesranged from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/I. Sulphate levels ranged from 30 to 850 mg/I. Five dug wellsclose to rivers Noyyal and Nallar had high colours.

The baseline data thus shows a widespread contamination of the ground water bodies in andaround TLPA.

Further, due to over-exploitation of the ground water, a fall of 8.85 m in the ground watertable has been recorded in Tirupur Block between 1982 and 1993. The ground waterresource is thus under severe stress, arresting further possible utilization. Lack of reliablewater supply, in termis of both quantity and quality, has inhibited the growth of industriesand has slowed down the flow of new investnents into the area.

Ecology

The project area is characterized by undulating rocky zones. The terrestrial ecology of the,area is suggestive of dry deciduous or semidry deciduous and thorny dry land conditions.The major aquatic component of the project area represented by the river Cauvery is richin floral and faunal diversity. There is a diversity of residential and migratory birds in thestudy area. The aquatic and shoreline macro faunal composition in Cauvery river indicatesthat the system supports a rich variety of aquatic life. The water intake area at Cauveryriver is rich in vegetation and approximately 36 varieties of plants comprising herbs,shrubs and trees are present here. A few varieties of terrestrial fauna have also beenrecorded at sites for Water Treatment Plants (WTP), Booster Pumping Stations (BPS),Master Balance Reservoir (MBR) at Pulavapatty and Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) atSarkar Periyapalayam and Sultanpet. However, none of the flora and fauna recordedbelong to endangered category.

iv


5.0 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

The ESA study identifies various environmental and social issues associated with theproject during the construction and operation phases. Most of the impacts have beenassessed as minor, short term and mitigable. To minimize the impacts further, optionshave been explored in terms of alternate sites and pipeline routes etc. In this manner, theESA study has significantly influenced the engineering design and planning of the project.

The ESA has also identified the positive impacts due to the project. It has been found thatthe positive impacts far outweigh the any negative impacts arising during construction andoperation of the project.

The main issues arising in the construction phase are generation of noise, loss of vegetation,traffic disruption especially during the laying of sewers, dust release and accumulation ofdebris near the major construction areas. Some of the issues common to most of theconstruction sites are the depletion of resources (construction materials), increasedcongestion and impact on air quality and noise levels as well as stress on local utilities.

The assessment of construction phase impacts of the project indicates that all of theseimpacts are only short term and possible to be contained near to the sites of construction.These can be further mitigated by following proper planing and good construction practices.

Many of the operational phase impacts are rather minor and confine to issues such asreduction in the down stream flow in the river, disposal of sludge from water and sewagetreatrnent plants and noise due to operations of pumps etc. These impacts can be mitigatedby following the recommendations made in the EMP.

The ESA identifies two major issues in the operation of the project such as disposal of thesludges from treatment of industrial effluents and meeting the TDS standard in the industrialeffluents. The EMP discusses possible solutions to these issues and makes specificrecommendations to this effect. The NTADCL has already taken a note of theserecommendations and have included in the scope of the project, (viz Phase II) developmentof a conmmon facility for secured disposal of the effluent sludges. In addition, severalinitiatives regarding the management of TDS in the industrial effluents are presentlyunderway. These include use of low salt dyes, dye bath segregation and management, use oflow liquor ratio dyeing machines, substitution of hypochlorite bleaching by hydrogenperoxide etc.

The project will have considerable positive social impacts as a result of assured, adequateand safe water supply and sanitation in the region. These benefits include:-

* Overall improvement in the health of the community especially the children,* Enhanced opportunities for employment due to additional investments in the region,* An opportunity to utilize the time and energy, presently spent in fetching water for the

household by the women, for other beneficial purposes.

v

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary

6.0 Environmental Management Plan

A plan for the management of the various environmental issues has been identified anddeveloped. All the moderate to major issues are fully addressed to ensure that any residualimpacts would be minor and confined to a short period. Specifically, the EMT proposesguidelines and standard operating procedures to be used by the contractors during theconstruction and operation phases to minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts during theproject. Table 0.1 summarises various impacts and EMP in the format of issues, action tobe taken as well as the responsible agency.

6.1 Environmental Monitoring

The environmental monitoring activity in the context of the project would be at threelevels:

* Routine monitoring of the performance of the water supply system up to the point ofbulk off-take by the Operator to ensure that the system is being operated andmaintained in conformity with the applicable water quality standards.

* Compliance monitoring by the NTADCL to ensure that the proposed environmentalmanagement plan is being implemented during both construction as well as operation.

* Monitoring the performance of the project in terms of the services committed byNTADCL to the beneficiaries as well as the monitoring of the environmental quality inthe project area. This monitoring will be done by NTADCL in consultation with theCitizens' Committee and would attempt to evaluate the extent of benefits that accrue tothe consumers from the project

The monitoring plan is described in Table 0.2. The estimated cost of the environmentalmonitoring is Rs. 2.558 Million per year during the construction phase and Rs. 2.676Million per year during the operation phase. These costs have been fully integrated in theoverall financial planning of the project.

6.2 Institutional Arrangement

For the recommended compliance and monitoring, NTADCL would hire the services of asenior expert. The expert will be on a retainer basis and the responsibilities will include:

* Hiring a monitoring agency to monitor the environmental quality,* Review the outputs of the monitoring agency,* Rationalise the environmental monitoring process,* Preparation of an annual environmental and social audit report for NTADCL,* Preparation of an environmental compliance report, to be used by NTADCL for

communicating the progress of the project to the financing institutions providingassistance. NTADCL would provide a specific format to the consultant for this report

Separate citizens' committees would be formed to monitor implementation of EMP duringconstruction and operation phases of the project .

vi

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Executive Sumimnry

7.0 Social Assessment

Socio-economic impacts of the proposed TADP over the habitants in the project area willbe both positive and negative. On the positive side the project will bring in assured andadequate water supply of clean and potable water to the residents as well as the industrialusers in the TLPA. The project will also provide safe wastewater collection, treatment anddisposal system. The negative socio-economic impacts include dispossession of watertanker owners and employees property and economical assets on lands to be acquired tohouse the project components and their probable displacement and/or impoverishment

According to the feasibility study for TADP, approximately 28 hectare of land area isrequired to house the project facilities. In order to minimise the social impacts due to theacquisition of lands, as far as possible, the facilities are sited on the government lands. Theacquisition of private lands for the project thus is limited to less that 10 hectares.

As a result of land acquisition for the project, the economic losses of Project AffectedPersons (PAPs), besides loss of lands, may include loss of house, business and access toeconomic opportunities

The social assessment study has been undertaken with due consideration to public opinionand sensitivities. The entitlement packages and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) havebeen prepared according to the principles and processes contained in the Environmentaland Social Report (ESR) of IL&FS and the World Bank's policies (OD 4.30 and 4.20)

8.0 Project Affected Persons

The initial estimates indicated displacement of families at three sites. These included 50families with legal titles at Puluvarpatty (MBR site), 20 families residing on governmentland at Thiruvalluvar Nagar (Service Reservoir site) and 57 families residing ongovernment land at Chinnandipalayam (STP site)

The treated water transmission main would mainly be laid within the Right of Way(ROW) of NH-47 and the state highways. The social issues due to the laying of thetransmission line, therefore, arise only in those sections where either the ROW issignificantly encroached or is too narrow to allow passage of the pipeline

9.0 Minimisation of Social Impacts

One of important finding of the social survey among the landowner PAPs was thatmajority of the landowners were absentee landlords and did not depend on the lands underinvestigation for their livelihood. For landowners engaged in agriculture, the landsrequired by the project form a small part of their land holdings and thus do notsignificantly affect their earnings. The identification of private lands for the project wasthus optimal from the point of view of minimisation of rehabilitation related issues

The minimisation of social impacts focused at the three sites that required majorresettlement efforts for mitigation of impacts and to minimise the social impacts at thesesites, following decisions were taken:

vii

Environmental and Social Assessment Report7irupur Area Development Project Executive Summary

The location for MBR at Puluvarpatty was shifted by 500 m to a new site at Neruparichal,that did not involve acquisition of any homestead lands. A resettlement site for PAFs atThiruvalluvar Nagar was identified within 500m of the Service Reservoir (SR) site tominimise the impacts on the host community as well as the resettling families. Later, afterdiscussions with project engineers, it was observed that the site for resettlement, whichwas a government land without any encroachments, could be also suitable to house theSR. The new site has been recommended to house the SR, thus eliminating theresettlement entirely'.

At Chinnadipalayam, the STP (west) layout has been modified so that the communityresiding on the site is not affected

The congested portion along the pipe line route between km 77.6 and km 79 would bebypassed by following Erode-Perundurai road up to the Perundurai junction, to minimisesocial impacts

Some road sections with approximate overall length of 1000m along the feeder mains haveconsiderable settlements on both sides of the road. Project implementation along thesesections will not have any negative social impacts if the pipe lines are laid below thepaved surface of the road. Otherwise, it will be necessary to acquire a 5m wide strip ofagricultural lands behind the road side structures. Such acquisition due to its very smallarea falling under individual field will not have a significant impact on agriculturalincome from the fields. The cost of acquisition of these lands is included in project costs

10.0 Final Estimates of PAFs

As a result of project modifications towards minimisation of social impacts, the number ofPAFs has been restricted to 74 from 107. The break-up of PAF's falling under variouscategories viz. Land owners, Encroachers and Partially affected families is given in Table0.3.

11.0 Participation of PAPs

The general principles for determining the entitlement package for the PAPs werediscussed with the affected persons by way of focus group meeting during the course ofsocial survey and later before finalisation of the RAP recommendations. A formal PublicInformation and Consultation (PIC) meeting was also conducted in the project area toappraise the village representatives and general public about the project and policiestowards social issues

12.0 Resettlement Action Plan

Land Value

The land value within the town fluctuates according to its usage and location. Due to anincreased demand of land for industrial and commercial activities an appreciation in landvalue has occurred. The value of land along the Avinashi road is about Rs. 2400 per sq. mat one of the proposed reservoir sites. The land values in the outskirts of TLPA are in the

'The SA, as a precautionary measure, also provides RAP if the community needs to be resettled.

viii


range of Rs. 2-2.5 Million per hectare. The land value in Bhavani area, near intake andwater treatmnent plant sites is about Rs. 1.5 Million per hectare

Valuation of other assets

The assets that could be dismantled for clearance of the area for project construction arestructures of different types and varying plinth areas and construction material and trees.In case of structures, assessment is based on the plinth area and valued at suitable rates,subtracting depreciation there on. The process to value the trees is based on the age, heightand its girth

Estimation of Compensation

Considering above factors, RAP has worked out detailed compensation for lands andassets of PAPs and is summarised in Table 0.4.

13.0 Resettlement & Rehabilitation Needs

The findings of SA bring out that it is feasible to minimise the resettlement to only at oneof the sewage pumping station location. There may however be a need to resettle 21 otherfamilies at one of the service reservoir location. The social assessment has howeverincluded the larger requirement for budget estimates. The total cost of the resettlementneeds for the project area estimated at Rs. 3.38 Million. NTADCL will have the over allresponsibility to construct and allot the housing at the resettlement sites.

The project does not have any rehabilitation needs as such. However suggestions are givenfor training the youths for possible employment in the textile industries.

14.0 Institutional Arrangements

NTADCL will be responsible to ensure successful implementation of RAP for the project.However, there will also be close involvement of district authorities in the implementationprocess.

The SA recommends formation of Project Level R&R Implementation and MonitoringCommittee for effective implementing the RAP. The primary responsibility of thecommittee will be to implement the recommendations of the social assessment withrespect to further minimisation of R&R issues and firm up the actual entitlement packagesfor individual PAPs based on the guidelines presented in the ESA.

In this context, it is necessary that a NGO experienced in Land Acquisition (LA)procedures and in implementing income generation schemes work closely with NTADCLand government. Thus the implementation responsibility through an institutionalarrangement will need to be developed around the SPV, GoTN representatives and NGOinvolvement.

ix

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Erecutive Summary

The NGO selected will be a member of the monitoring committee of RAP to be headed bythe District Collector as Chairman. The other members of the committee will be drawnfrom NTADCL, different Government departments that are concerned with the RAP andthe senior project staff of the BOOT operator.

The activities to be taken on an immediate basis as a part of initiating the implementationof the RAP are as follows:

* Issue of notification u/s 4(1) of the LA Act for acquiring private properties* Selection and appointment of NGO* Identification of all the landowners through the NGO and detailing of their entitlement

package and* Constituting and operationalising Project Level Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Monitoring Committee

NTADCL would appoint an independent consultant conversant with R&R planning andimplementation to review the progress of RAP implementation

The overall budget for implementation and monitoring of RAP progress is estimated at Rs.44.54 Million and includes costs of compensation for land acquisition (Rs. 37.87 Million);resettlement and rehabilitation (Rs. 4.17 Million) and hiring of NGO and monitoring andevaluation agency (Rs. 2.50 Million). The cost towards RAP has been included in theproject cost while undertaking the financial analysis of the project.

15.0 Identification & Management of Risks

The various environmental and social risks associated with this project, that may affect itstechno-commercial viability, include public resentment to compensations related to landacquisition, uncertainty in assured off-takes from the water source, contamination of waterat the intake works and closure of industries due to environmental non-compliance.

The EMP and RAP proposed in ESA bring down most of the risk identified above,considerably. In addition, the ESA has developed a risk management plan to address anyresidual risks so as to keep them within the acceptable limits

x


Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan

No. Issues I Action to be taken I Responsible EntityA. Construction Phase Impacts1. Clearing of vegetation A minimum level of tree plantation to Prospective Operator

be undertaken as documented in the (PO)ESAR

2. Dust contamination at Construction sites / haul roads near / POconstruction sites and passing through residential andalong haul roads commercial areas to be watered twice

a day. Trucks carrying constructionmaterial to be adequately covered

3. Air Pollution Construction machinery and vehicles POto meet relevant emission standardsand to be maintained adequatelyMonitoring of NO., HC, PMIo, SO2 NTADCLand CO at sensitive/ residential areasnear major construction sites as perTable 6.3. _

In the event of violation of 24 hourly POaveraged Indian Standards for any ofthe parameters activities to berestricted between 6 AM to 9 PM.

4. Noise Pollution and Definite construction operations in POVibrations residential and sensitive areas should

be restricted to between 6 AM and9PM.

Provision of ear plugs to operators ofheavy machinery and workers in nearvicinity

Provision of encasement togenerators and concrete mixers at thesite of the service reservoirs atAndipalayam and ThiruvalluvarNagar

During the night, material transportshould be uniformly distributedduring the night to minimize noiseimpacts

Prior information to be provided ifblasting is significant

Blasting to be in accordance with theExplosives Act, 1884 and ExplosivesRules, 1983 to be restricted between16am & 9am

xi

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Excecutive Sunmmary

Table 0.1 Environmental Management Plan (Cont.)

No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity5. Disposal of Daily inspection at haul roads and PO

construction debris sites for construction debris for safecollection and disposal to landfillsitesCollection and disposal of refuse and POdebris generated during siteclearance.Minimising construction debris by PObalancing cut and fill requirements

6. Diversion of Traffic Adequate and safe measures for POand Congestion in diverting the traffic to be providedTransportation during construction across National

Highway, district roads and roadswithin Tirupur.

While planning alternate routes, careto be taken to minimize congestion POand negative impacts at sensitivereceptors such as schools andhospitals

Traffic controls and diversions POmarked with signs, lights and othermeasures (flags) should be providedPrior to creating diversions and Citizens Committeedetours the citizens should be NTADCLconsulted well in advance throughcitizens' meetings. It should be aninformed decision taken throughpublic participation.

Diversion works to be dismantled to POrestore the area after completion ofconstruction

7. Construction labour Planning of labour camps needs to be POdone to ensure adequate watersupply, sanitation and drainage etc. inconformity with the Indian LabourLaws and specific section forconstruction labour

8. Procurement of Procurement of construction material POconstruction material only from permitted sites and

quarries9. Laying of Water Pipeline route should be realigned PO

Transmission Lines where possible, to minimize treefelling and need for resettlement.

xii



No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible EntityPipelines to be provided external POcasing while crossing effluentchannels and passing throughinhabited areas prone to waterlogging

10. Laying of Water Adequate precaution should be taken PODistribution System while laying the lines to avoid

possibility of cross connection withthe sewer lines

B. Operation Phase Impacts1. Impact on water Regular monitoring of water quality PO

quality and therefore upto the bulk offtake point followedto public health due to by immediate measures to remedy thetreatment deficiencies situation if there is a impairment ofor contamination of water quality.water.

Regular monitoring of water quality TMduring distribution at the consumerend followed by immediate measuresto remedy the situation if there is aimpairment of water quality

2. Disposal of treatment Adequate facilities for disposal of NTADCLplant sludge and WTP and STP sludge, should beresidues at WTP and provided as per EPA 1986 andSTP. subsequent relevant rules.

3. Construction of Sewer While placing the vent shafts, POSystem, Low Cost precautions to minimize odorSanitation and Sewage nuisance to residents should bePumping Stations undertaken, and careful transfer of

solid wastes from sewage pumpingstation site should be ensured.Septic tanks and soak pits should not TM / POcause ground water contamination,odor or fly nuisance.

4. STPs Adequate precaution should be made POto prevent ground watercontamination from the wet wells atpumping stationOpen areas surrounding the STPs and POWTPs should be covered byplantation.

Effluents from STPs should be POconveyed to the rivers by closedconduits.Adequate bank protection measures POshould be provided near the disposalsites in the river.

xiii



No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity5. Surface water Adequate precautions to be taken PO

contamination during the operations to avoidcontamination of surface waters dueto spillage/leakage of oils, fuel orchemicals.

6. Transportation and Guidelines and procedures in Motor POstorage of hazardous Vehicle-Act 1986 for transportation;chemicals and in Manufacture, Storage and

Import of Hazardous ChemicalsRules 1989 for storage to be strictlyfollowed. Insurance covers to betaken for accidents and cost of clean-up operations

7. Generation of sludge's A common facility should be GoTN/lndustries operatingat the IETPs and developed for the secured disposal of CETPs/IETPsCETPs the sludge's following the guidelines

laid down by the MoEF

8. Release of high TDS Technical assistance to the industries TEA and NTADCLlevels from industrial to implement measures for reducingeffluents TDS at source through use of low salt

dyes, reuse of dye bath etc.

xiv

Lnviroinmentafl an(/ dSocial AssessmeentTirupur Area Developieiitt Project Executive Suntnmary

Tahle 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

S. No. | Monitoring Requirement | Specifications* Responsible Entity Total costsX l l o (Per year)

Construction Plase ImpactsI Ambient air quality at fixed stations at 3 locations to NO,, SO., PM,O, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly NTADCL 10,00,000

understand the impact of change in traffic pattern due to monitoring for three days once every monsoon &the project. summer and two times during the winter season

Moving stations (3 nos.) at the construction sites (only NO,, SO,, PM,,, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly 10,00,000during construction period). To understand the impact of monitoring for three days once every monsoon &construction operations. summer and two times during the winter season

2 Noise levels at the construction sites Fortnightly monitoring at 3 locations on hourly NTADCL and 1,44,000(only during construction period) basis for 24 hour period Citizens' committee

3 Disposal of construction debris Periodic inspection at haul roads and sites for NTADCL andconstruction debris for safe collection and disposal Citizens' committeeto landfill sites

4 Traffic and Transportation Measures for diverting the traffic during NTADCL with theconstruction across National Highway, district traffic police androads and roads within Tirupur, to be monitored. the Citizens

Committee.Public consultations should be conducted well inadvance in order to take an informned decision onthe proposed detours and diversions.

5 Domestic sewage and refuse management at the labor Check for adequacy of sanitation arrangements at NTADCL andcamps and construction sites. the labor camps. Citizen's committee

xiv - a

Enviro,t,,e,,ttIl and Social AssessmentTirupur Area Development Project EIxecutive Summnry

Table 0.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (Cont.)

S. No. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Entity Total costs____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ___ (P er year)

7 Water Pollution Check for: NTADCL andPublic Health

* Blockage of flowing water which may Department of TMlead to stagnation of water;

.* soil erosion due to construction activitiesleading to contamination and siltation ofwater bodies.

* water contamination due to use of fueland lubricants at the construction sites

8 Procurement of construction material. Check that procurement of construction material NTADCLshould be only from permitted sites and quarries

Sub total 21,44,000

xiv - b

invironhiiental ando .ocial Assessment

Tirupur Area Developmenmt Project Executive Sunttary


S. No. |MntrnRqren Specifications* Responsible Entity | Total ~costsI Moiorn Reurmn | (er year)

. Operation Phase Impacts2 Water quality at intake point Chemical quality', seasonally for 3 locations (@ 3 NTADCL 3,000

(throughout the project) samples per location)Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 locations.Grab samples thrice a day (covering the diurnal 2,70,000cycle)

2 Water quality at the outlet of the WTP Chemical quality', seasonally for I location (@ 3 NTADCL 36,000grab samples)Residual chlorine and bacteriological quality, 72,000monthly for I location (@ 3 samples)

3 Water quality at the two MBRs Chemical quality, seasonally for 2 locations (@ 3 NTADCL 96,000samples / location)Residual chlorine and bacteriological quality, 1,80,000monthly for 2 locations (@ 3 samples)

4 Water quality at the consumer end Bacteriological quality, and residual chlorine daily NTADCL 9,00,000one sample(@ one sample / month for a population of10,000). For a population of 3 lakhs - 30 samplesper month

5 Surface water quality at the point of treated effluent Chemical quality', seasonally for 2 locations @ 3 NTADCL 96,000discharge (at Sarkar Periyapalayam lake and at river grab samples per locationNoyyal). Bacteriological quality, monthly for 2 locations @ 1,80,000

3 grab samples per location.7 Surface water quality at the point where the river Noyyal Chemical quality', Seasonally for I location @ 3 NTADCL 48,000

leaves the TLPA. grab samples.Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 locations 90,000

S Ground water quality at 16 locations in the high TDS belt, Ground water level, TDS and color seasonally for NTADCL 64,000(> 4000 mg/I) that was determined during the baseline 16 locations, one sample each.studies.

xiv - c

Environmenrtatl aid Socia l AssessmentTirupur Area Developmenit Project Executive Summtary


S. No. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* I Responsible Entity Total costsI,I I I (Per year)

Operation Phase Impacts9 Ground water quality, at sludge disposal sites Ground water level, Chemical quality, NTADCL and PO

Bacteriological quality, annually for 3 locations,one sample each per site.

10 Soil quality, at sludge disposal sites Soil characteristics annually for 3 locations, one NTADCL and POsample each per site

I I Transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals, e.g. To check whether guidelines and procedures in NTADCL andchlorine at water treatment plants Motor Vehicle-Act 1986 for transportation; and in Traffic police.

Manufacture, Storage and Import of HazardousChemicals Rules 1989 for storage are beingfollowed.

12 Consultancy fees @Rs. 5 lakhs / year 5,00,000Sub total 26,76,000Total 48,20,000

The chemicalparameters recommendedio be monitoredare: pH temperature, tirbidity, totaldissolvedsolids. total suspendedsolids, hardness, alkalinity, acidity fluorides, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides,nitrates, BOD, DO, iron and manganese.

* Theffrequency of sampling and the parameters recommendedfor analysis in the above table must be rationalized by the consultant to NTADCL and suitable modiflcations made wvith respect to locations, frequency ofsampling andparameters monitored.

xiv - d

Environmental and Social Assessnent ReportTirupur Area Development Project Executive Summary

Table 0.3 Distribution of PAEs at Sites for Project Components

SI. Component Land Encroachers PartiallyNo. Holder affected1. Intake well 12 Nil Nil2. Raw water main 2 Nil Nil3. Water Treatment Plant I Nil Nil4. Clear Water Transmission main 1 Nil Nil5. Booster Pumping Station Nil 4 16. Master Balancing Reservoir 6 Nil _

7. Services Reservoirsa) Municipal limit 3 212 2b) Outside-Municipal limit Nil 2 3

8. Sewage pumping stations Nil 6 1 +Temple and aschool

9. Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 8 Nil ITotal 32 33 9

2 applicable if altemnate govermment lands are used for housing the Service Reservoir at ThiruvalluvarNagar

xv


Table 0.4 Abstract of Compensations (Excluding Resettlement)*

S. Project Component Details of compensation CostNo. Rs. in lakhs

1) Water Intake well

a) Loss of land S.F.No.39 - 0.256 Ha 5.12S.F. No.137/9 - 0.06 Ha 1.20

b) Loss of trees (approx) S.F.No. 13719 1.80

2) Raw Water Transmission main & Water Treatment Plant

a) Loss of land S.F.No.50/6 - 0.00675 Ha 0.14S.F.No. 21, 22 - 1.22 Ha 24.40

3) Master Balancing Reservoir

a) Loss of landOptionl S.F.No. 135 - 4.0 Ha 120.00Option 2 S.F. No. 135 - 2.5 Ha

S.F.No.140 - 1.5 Ha4) Service Reservoir at Feeder Main U

Kuppandapalayam 2 bathrooms 0.16New 12 seat latrine 2.00

Sakthi Nagar Barber shop 0.25CPI Office 0.50

Relocation of temple 1.00

Kanian Pundi New 12 seat latrine 2.00

Notchipalayam pirivu Fence 0.15

Thiruvalluvar Nagar 2 doors 0.10

S) STP (east)

a) Loss of land S.F.No. 122 - 2.05 Ha 119.55

S.F.No. 124/1 - 1.16 Ha

S.F.No. 39 - 0.775 Ha

b) Loss of structure One tiled shed 1.50One well 1.00

6) SPS - Mannarai Loss of Structure 0.75SPS - Kuttai near Nataraj Relocation of Temple 1.00

Theatre Loss of Structure 0.10

7) Feeder Mains-' - Sm wide Agricultural lands 15.00strip of approximately I 000min length _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I ITotal 377.72

* The land cost is taken as Rs. 20 lakhs per hectarefor areas outside TLPA and Rs. 30 lakhsfor areaswithin TLPA (including solatium)

Acquisition required only if perrnission to lay the pipe lines under the paved surface of the road is not given

xvi

CHAPTER 1

CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Background

Tirupur is an industrial town located about 50 km east of Coimbatore, off the NationalHighway No. 47 (connecting Trichur and Salem). It is geographically located between11.7°-north latitude and 77.5°-east longitude.

Tirupur Municipal town is spread over an area admeasuring approximately 27 sq.km.Tirupur is known for textile processing and allied industrial activities and for itscontribution to the national economy by way of cotton knitwear exports, accounting forover 90% of the country's exports in this sector. Exports have risen from marginal levelsin 1980-90 to US$ 1 billion in the year ending March 1998. With its geographic location(refer Figure 1.1) in the Cauvery and Bhavani river basin and being on the transportationcorridors of western part of the Tamil Nadu State, the town has a good growth potential.

1.2 Situation Analysis

Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development Limited (TACID), aGovenmuent of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) undertaking, is responsible for the development ofinfrastructure for industrial areas within the State. As per statutory requirements, watersupply, sanitation and sewage management within the urban areas of the State areimplemented by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board andmanaged by the local bodies like municipalities and Town Panchayats and VillagePanchayats.

TACID has taken a lead role in developing infrastructure facilities primarily for theindustries within Tirupur Local Planning Area (TLPA), which comprises TirupurMunicipality (TM) and adjacent 2 Town Panchayats and 14 Village Panchayats extendingover an area of 217.38 sq.km.

Due to the industrial expansion of Tirupur town, which has contributed to the development ofadjoining areas, this area has been identified as TLPA to facilitate planning. TACID hasdeveloped a comprehensive plan called as the Tirupur Area Development Project (TADP).The TADP addresses the infrastructure bottlenecks in Tirupur town, local Town Panchayatsand Village Panchayats and for the industries located in the TLPA. The impetus for theimplementation of TADP is largely from a local industry group, the Tirupur ExportersAssociation (TEA), formed by Tirupur knitwear exporters.

1-1

TO EANGALORE

\ NCRTH

.~~ S \ /\ \ i ~~~DHARMiAP I

/ OrTOPC) PONDICHERRY

r-j

: I I . ,, . VL - . a~c

TO MADRAS'4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I; V lUCHCHiR PPALLIy

: hCtI *UP i' f'r.si' ' j

A .. RIV(RAl

ll.?', ~ ~ ~ ~ Fi 1? .1 :=s- NAIOA HIGWA

*'e* RAMESHWARAE

TO TRIVANDRUh. TO TRIVANDRUTI. TO ANYAKUMARI_NATIONAL BOUNDARY

!°1.1 22 33 44 - STATE E'OU DAPY

g s , 14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AJDR RZOADS

K_S, RrVEP

SCAL ~~~~~~Fig 1.1I NATtONL HG8A

t_RAILWAY UNE

LiDCATIONAL MAP OF TILUVPUR DAM o

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Context of the project

1.2.1 Population of Tirupur

The population of Tirupur municipal town was 2,35,661 as per 1991 census. The populationof 2 Town Panchayats and 14 Village Panchayats as per the 1991 census was 35,502 and83161 respectively.

1.2.2 Industrial Scenario

Tirupur has hardworking entrepreneurs and workers who have made knitting a householdindustry. It is aided by the availability of ample quantities of yarn at competitive prices inthe nearby city of Coimbatore, low cost labour and access to special fabrics in the southernpower loom centers of Salem, Erode, Karur and other cities. Today Tirupur houses about5000 units, which directly or indirectly contribute to the export earning of the town. Ofthese 5000 units, about 2500 are into knitwear, 625 are dyeing units, 325 bleaching unitsand the balance are in ginning, spinning, steamn calanering, printing, packaging. Since1985, the exports from Tirupur have witnessed a meteoric rise both in value terms as wellas the number of pieces.

1.2.3 Existing Water System

Tirupur town is supplied water from two existing schemes and river Bhavani as source,which is a tributary of river Cauvery. Scheme-I was commissioned in the year 1965 tosupply water to TM and 7 wayside villages, which has a design capacity of 7.0 MLD. TheScheme-II has a design capacity of 32 MLD and was commissioned in the year 1992,which supplies treated water to TM, four Town Panchayats and 44 wayside villages

The consumers receive an average 31 MLD water from these two schemes afteraccounting for the transmission losses. Presently water is supplied for two hours onalternate days and is grossly inadequate.

TM is vested with statutory powers for the operation and maintenance of the water supplysystem within .municipal limits. The water distribution system within TM limits istherefore operated and maintained by TM. In addition, TM at present maintains theScheme-I from source to distribution and is responsible to supply bulk water to 7 waysidevillages covered under this scheme. However, TWAD Board is responsible for operationand maintenance of the Scheme-II, which is outside TM limits.

1-3


The industries in TLPA area including TM area do not have access to the reliable pipedwater supply. Water is an essential commodity in the cotton knitwear production process.The existing water supply system does not provide water to the dyeing and bleachingindustries. The industries have largely relied on their own resources to access watersupply. Private water suppliers abstract the ground water and supply it to the industriesthrough tankers, which generally have high concentration of Total Dissolve Solids (TDS).

Lack of reliable water supply has inhibited the growth of industries and has slowed downthe flow of new investments into the area.

1.2.4 Existing Sanitation Facilities

About 62 % of the total population are covered with sanitation facilities comprising ofseptic tanks and soak pits. Community facilities in the form of 36 community toilets havebeen provided by the TM for about 8,113 households belonging mainly to theEconomically Weaker Sections and Low Income Group. The slurn area within TMcurrently does not have access to any sanitation facilities including toilets. The total slumpopulation of Tirupur town as per the 1991 census was 57,780 (about 25 % of thenTirupur population) distributed in 88 notified slum areas.

1.2.5 Existing Domestic Wastewater System

Currently, Tirupur town does not have a sewerage system or an organized open drainagesystem. Surface drains constructed in rubble masonry cover about 80 km of the roadlength of TM, out of which about 50 km road length have well constructed drains (puccadrains). The sewage, industrial effluent and storm water flows through the open drains tothe river. In case of some houses, the sullage is collected in soak pits.

1.2.6 Existing Industrial Wastewater System

About 288 industrial units had already planned to provide effluent treatment through 8Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), which are under various stages ofcompletion. Around 309 industrial units are in the process of setting up Individual EffluentTreatment Plants (IETPs). The effluent after treatment would meet the effluent dischargestandards prescribed by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), except thestandards for TDS.

The rapid growth of industry has led to a serious deterioration in the environmental qualityparticularly surface and ground water quality. This is due to the fact that the entire productionis through multitudes of small units and there has not been any concerted effort till recently,on comprehensive planning for industrial effluent treatment and disposal. The ground waterquality over the years has been impaired by TDS in the industrial effluents to such an extent

1-4


that the industry today finds it impossible to utilize the ground water as a source for processwater.

1.3 Need for the Project

The industrial sector at Tirupur mainly comprises dyeing and bleaching units. Due to therapid expansion and development of these industries, the infrastructure facilities at Tirupurhave always been inadequate. At present the water supply is inadequate for domesticusage and no water is being supplied to the industrial sector. The industrial water demandis being met through ground water resources and by tankers brought from other places.

The town does not have a sewage collection, treatment and disposal facility. The industrialeffluent treatment is being implemented through IETPs in some industries and throughCETPs in others. The sewage and industrial effluent are disposed off in open drains thatultimately join Nallar and Noyyal rivers passing through the town. These two water bodiesare basically natural drainage courses, which carry water only during the monsoons. Duringthe remaining period of the year, these rivers carry only the industrial effluents, which getstagnated in the natural depressions in the riverbed and percolate into the groundwater. As aresult, the groundwater quality around the cluster of bleaching and dyeing units is found to bepolluted, mainly by TDS, to such a level that it is unfit for domestic, industrial andagricultural activities.

Low cost sanitation facilities presently provided by TM were found to be inadequate tocater to the present levels of the population section comprising of slum-dwellers and theEconomically Weaker Sections or the Low Income Group. Also, most of the facilitiesprovided are not connected to any proper drains or septic tanks. It is necessary to extendlow cost sanitation facilities to the slums in TM.

In the absence of any intervention for remedying the above conditions, the followingconsequences are anticipated:

(a) Increase in health related hazards due to the prevailing unsanitary conditions;(b) Widespread environmental degradation due to discharge of untreated effluents;(c) Overexploitation of ground water by industries;(d) Impairment of ground water quality and(e) Deterioration of infrastructure due to increase in population caused mainly by

migration from surrounding areas in search of employment.

1-5

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Contex of theproject

It is in this context that the need for developing the infrastructure for water and wastewatermanagement in Tirupur was realized and the Tirupur Area Development Program (TADP)was proposed. Details of the proposed infrastructure development program have beendiscussed in Chapter 2.

1.4 Project Scope

TADP is an environmental management and social improvement program, which wouldsignificantly improve the environmental and social condition in the project area, throughprovision of potable, piped water supply, facilities for sanitation and domestic wastewatercollection, treatment and disposal and sludge treatment and disposal.

The proposed TADP aims to provide water supply to industries and households in TLPA,which comprises TM and 2 Town Panchayats and 14 Village Panchayats. In addition,water would be supplied to the four wayside unions (Perundarai, Uthukuli, Chenimalaiand Tirupur) and a Model township at Mudalipalayam, which lie enroute on the watertransmission system corridor. The Project would provide for the collection, treatrnent anddisposal of domestic wastewater generated within TM.

The Project would provide for the collection, treatment and disposal facility for the sludgegenerated from industrial effluent treatment plants in Phase-II.

The Project beneficiaries can be categorized as follows:

(a) Domestic consumers within Tirupur Municipality who would be provided watersupply and sewage collection service

(b) Industrial consumers within Tirupur Municipality who would be provided a watersupply service and sludge disposal facility in Phase-II

(c) Industrial consumers outside Tirupur Municipality but within TLPA who would beprovided a water supply service and sludge disposal facility in Phase-II

(d) Enroute Village Panchayats Unions on the transmission main route who would beprovided a water supply service

(e) Panchayats adjoining Tirupur Municipality who would be provided a water supplyservice

(f) Residents in notified slums within Tirupur Municipality who would be providedon-site sanitation facilities linked to the sewerage system

1-6

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirnpur Area Development Project Contert of theproject

1.5 Approach to Project Implementation

The existing institutional set-up in Tamil Nadu vests the responsibility of development ofwater supply and sewerage facilities with the TWAD Board. The onus of providing watersupply and sewerage rests with the Municipalities, Panchayats and other local bodies. TheTWAD Board functions with limited financial allocations from the GoTN and externalfunding institutions. As on date, its coverage for water supply for major municipalities (likeTirupur) is reasonably high, though not complete, while its coverage of sewerage isnegligible. The dependence of Tirupur solely on TWAD Board, for the development of watersupply and sewerage sector would result in considerable time lag, which would bedetrimental to the industrial development of Tirupur area. The Tirupur Exporters'Association (TEA) along with TACID therefore decided to implement the Project on acommercial basis. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by TEA andTACID with Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS) on August 25,1994 for developing the Project.

To implement the Project on a commercial format, a special purpose vehicle with thename New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited (NTADCL), was incorporatedas a public limited company under the Companies Act, 1956. NTADCL has beenpromoted jointly by Government of India, Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN), TirupurExporters' Association (TEA) and IL&FS. NTADCL has entered into a concessionagreement with GoTN for implementation of the Project.

The scope of TADP posed for commercial development under present concessionagreement is limited to implementation of facilities envisages under the Phase I. Theproject is conceived on a Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) basis. NTADCL wouldenter into a Concession Agreement with GoTN and TM as the BOOT Operator andthereafter be responsible for implementation of the projects.

The Project would be bid out on an International Competitive Bidding (ICB) basis to inductan experienced and suitably qualified Private Sector Partner (PSP). The PSP would beresponsible for the design, construction and operation and maintenance of the facility for theperiod of the concession.

1.6 Objective of the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of January-1994 and its subsequentamendments of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of India, donot require ESA for project category such as TADP. NTADCL however undertook theESA study in keeping with the requirements of the IL&FS's Environmental and SocialReport (ESR) as well as the World Bank's Operational Directive 4.01, 4.20 and 4.30

1-7


A comprehensive ESA study was carried out through the Center for EnvironmentalStudies (CES) at Anna University, Chennai. Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies(TNIUS), Coimbtore, supported CES in conducting the social assessment

The main objectives of the ESA study are:

(a) Identification and assessment of the likely environmental and social impacts andanalysis of alternatives to minimize them;

(b) Development of an environmental management plan and resettlement action planfor making the project environmentally sound and socially acceptable and

(c) Recommendation of an appropriate institutional framework and monitoringmechanisms for the environmental and resettlement action plans

The ESA study is designed to:

(a) Ensure mitigation of potential environmental issues and community concerns earlyin the implementation of the proposed project by incorporating necessarysafeguards in the design;

(b) Minimize risk to the project proponent and the consumer;

(c) Avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequently arise due to unanticipatedenvironmental and social problems; and

(d) Ensure that the concems of residents and communities are addressed and plansmade for the rehabilitation and resettlement of those likely to be affected.

1.7 Methodology

1.7.1 Environmental Assessment (EA)

As a first step, secondary data was collected from GoTN and other agencies. Details oftopography, hydrology, surface and ground water quality were obtained. The currentservice levels of water supply and sanitary conditions as well as land requirements forwater supply and sanitation projects were studied. Data on soil quality, land use pattern,climate and meteorology was also obtained. A detailed project description was obtainedfrom NTADCL for understanding the likely impacts.

1 -8


Following this, field investigations were carried out to establish baseline environmentalconditions. Surface water samples were collected from selected locations on the riversBhavani, Cauvery, Noyyal, and Nallar. Samples were also collected from SarkarPeriyapalam lake. Ground water samples were collected from both dug and bore wells.The collected samples were analyzed for various biological and chemical parameters.

For studying the ecological status of the region, inventorization and characterization of theflora and fauna was done.

The above data collection was supplemented by interaction with the local people throughlocal bodies, Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and peoples' representatives.

The primary and secondary data were used to predict the impact of the project on theexisting environmental conditions. An analysis of alternatives was done for the variousproject components. Alternatives most favorable to the environment were thenrecommended.

The environmental issues arising from the project were identified and appropriatemitigation measures suggested in an Enviromnental Management Plan (EMP). Theinstitutional arrangements required for monitoring the project were identified. This isnecessary to ensure that the mitigation measures suggested in the EMP are implemented.

1.7.2 Social Assessment (SA)

As a first step towards the study, the project documents and maps provided by NTADCLwere carefully studied. To facilitate an understanding of the project, its parameters and thesocio economic setting, field visits to all project facilities were undertaken. After the sitevisits, a reconnaissance survey was planned and executed with the objective to gain firsthand information about the probable PAPs and their socio-economic profile, awarenessabout the project and concerns. This information was later used to develop detailed surveyplans for their firn identification, to brief the local government about the dinensions andareas of land acquisition, and to mobilize their support for authentication of ownershiprecords. The findings of the reconnaissance survey were extensively used for identificationof project alternatives for the project components that gave rise to significant social issues

Following liaison with the local government at the level of the District Collector, the taskof detailed investigation on socio-economic profile of PAPs and adjoining population wasinitiated. The questionnaire prepared for the purpose was first field tested with 5%coverage. Based on the field experience and the feedback, the questionnaire was revised.Under the supervision of an experienced sociologist, a team of investigators was thenmobilized to carry out the survey.

*1-9

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Context of theproject

Secondary data on ownership of lands required for the project was obtained. Following theanalysis of these records with reference to layout maps of the proposed project facilities,physical demarcation of project sites in the presence of revenue officials was carried out tothe extent possible. In order to minimize further encroachment of sites, administrativesteps as well as support from local residents were sought. These steps led to actualidentification of PAPs of the project.

The data on assets and belongings of PAPs, extent of their losses due to the project andtheir preference for resettlement and rehabilitation were then collected which formed thebasis for developing the Resettlement plan and the Entitlement package. While developingthe same, IL&FS guidelines, prescribed in the form of ESR, were followed. In order toensure timely implementation of the recommendations, a schedule of work integrating theresettlement and rehabilitation needs with the project execution was developed. Thebudgetary requirement for the package, based on the guideline value of land prices andassets, was then worked out.

1.8 Organization of the Environmental and Social Assessment Report (ESAR)

The ESA report is organized in ten chapters. Introduction and project description arepresented in Chapters 1 and 2 respectively. The introduction provides a background to theproject and identifies the need for the project. The objective of the ESA study togetherwith the methodology adopted is also presented in this chapter.

Chapter 2 presents the Project Description, which contains a detailed description of thevarious proposed elements of the project viz, water supply, sewerage and sewagetreatment.

The Environmental Setting, Analysis of Alternatives, Prediction and Assessment ofImpacts and the Environmental Management Plan are presented in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6respectively.

Chapter 3 describes the environmental components in the project area. The focus of thischapter is primarily on the existing physical, chemical and biological status of the surfaceand ground water sources. In addition, the status of the terrestrial flora and fauna in theproject area has also been described.

An analysis of the various alternatives in project design at both strategic and projectcomponent level, has been carried out in Chapter 4. The various issues and impactsassociated with the proposed project are assessed together in Chapter 5

1-10

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Conrexr of the project

In Chapter 6, an EMP for the project has been detailed. The suggested measures tomitigate the issues arising out of the impact assessment together with the institutionalarrangements are provided in this Chapter. To ensure that the management plans are fullyimplemented, Environmental monitoring requirements are also provided

The social setting and procedures used in the social assessment study are described inChapters 7, 8 and 9. The detailed information on the PAP is provided together withidentification, measures undertaken for minimization of negative social impacts andprofile of the PAPs. Mitigation measures to alleviate the social impacts together with aRAP are also provided in this section.

Chapter 10 presents an assessment of the various environmental and social risks associatedwith this project. Suitable management plans for mitigation of these risks are alsopresented.

1-11

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Preamble

This chapter gives an overview of the Project in terms of technical description of thevarious water supply and sewerage system sub-components as for Phase I. The scope ofwork would cover the following:

(a) A bulk water supply system consisting of abstraction of 185 MLD of raw waterfrom river Cauvery, treatment and distribution to bulk industrial consumers, TMand wayside villages

(b) A water distribution system to store and distribute treated water to domestic andindustrial consumers within the jurisdiction of TM

(c) A sewage collection, treatment and disposal system for the TM, including onsitesanitation facilities for the slum areas within TM

2.2 Water Supply System

The system is designed to abstract 185 MLD of raw water from river Cauvery, treat it at awater treatment plant about 1.4 km away and transmit treated water to a master balancingreservoir, 54 km from the water treatment plant. From the master balancing reservoir,treated water is pumped to 35 water distribution stations through three trunk distributionmains, hereinafter termed as feeder mains. Treated water from the 35 water distributionstations would then be distributed to individual consumers through local distributionnetworks. A line diagram representing the water supply system is attached as Figure 2.1.

2.2.1 Water Source

River Cauvery, which is a perennial river, is proposed as a source of raw water abstractionfor the project. The Water Allocation Committee of Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN),has permitted abstraction of 185 Mld water from river Cauvery at the proposed abstractionpoint about 55 km from Tirupur vide Government Order No. 391 dated 27 May 1996.

2.2.2 Intake Works

The intake on river Cauvery would be constructed on the Right Bank of river Cauvery. Itis proposed to create a channel within the riverbed to improve water availability at the

2-1

3.9 PLO CHENRNAIU (2.7 WlD.)(P.4 UUIWU O

tO MIODEL 6t; TPM W AtR PA Wt AIlR

3.4 MUD. (1400m a T0IS9MSSION MAAIN) 1 MD M

rm &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ommKK

42.6 A, bI § * PSt4 $C. WATER PS 1On PS

'1 0

4GA-

A.

Figure :2.j A LINE DIAGRAM REPRESENTINGj VIATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Project Description

intake well throughout the year. The intake would be RCC structure with manuallycleaned coarse screens.

2.2.3 Raw Water Main

The raw water, abstracted at the intake would be pumped from the intake to the WaterTreatment Plant (WTP), near the Vasavi College compound, through a 1.4 km longpumping main. The raw water main would be constructed in mild steel of 1400-mmdiameter with a wall thickness of 12 mm

2.2.4 Water Treatment Plant

The water treatment plant would have a capacity to treat 185 MLD of raw water. Thewater treatment process would consist of a single stream with pre-chlorination facility, 3hydraulic flocculators, 3 lamella clarifiers and 10 conventional rapid gravity filters. Thesludge treatment process would include the return of backwash water to main processclarifiers and the transfer of sludge from the clarifiers to a single polymer sedimentationthickener and centrifuge. The disinfection process would be based on breakpointchlorination.

2.2.5 Treated Water Pumping Station and Transmission Main

Treated water will be pumped from the treated water tank of 4000 m3 capacity, located atWTP, to a Master Balancing reservoir (MBR) at Neripperichal through a 54 km longtransmission main. One booster pumping station is planned en-route at Erukattuvalasu(about 14 km from WTP). The transmission main would be 1400mm diameter up to km-49 and 1200mm diameter beyond km-49

2.2.6 En-route supply

Four tapping points with meters and flow regulation valves would be provided ontransmission main at convenient locations to supply bulk water to enroute villages withmaximum allocated quantity as per details furnished below:

Kanjikoil Union : 2.7 MldPerundurai & Chennimalai : 8.4 MldUthukali : 3.9 MldModel township : 3.4 Mld

The water distribution system for the enroute villages will be designed, implemented,operated and maintained by the respective unions through State Agencies like TWAD

Board

2-3

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirmpur Area Development Project Project Description

2.2.7 Master Balancing Reservoir (MBR)

The MBR would be constructed in RCC of capacity 23 million liters, which is equivalentto about three hour's storage. The water supply pumping station would pump the water tothe distribution system from MBR with desired pressure in the supply main.

2.2.8 Feeder Mains

It is proposed to supply water to various areas through 3 Feeder Mains (FM) of Cast Ironmaterial. The FM-I (about 18.65 km long) will supply water to TM. The FM-II (about40.42 km long) will supply water to I town panchayats and 9 village panchayats includingindustries. The FM-III (about 36.73 km long) will supply water to I town panchayat, 5village panchayats and SIDCO township at Mudalipalayam. The FM-I, FM-II and FM-IIIare proposed to feed 9, 17 and 9 water distribution stations respectively.

2.2.9 Water Distribution Stations (WDS)

The WDS would consist of a ground level storage tank to receive the water from thefeeder main, an elevated service reservoir and a pumping station to lift the water from theground level storage tank to elevated service reservoir.

2.2.10 Local Water Distribution Station outside TM

Treated water would be distributed by gravity from the water distribution stations toindividual bulk consumers through a local distribution system. The minimum pipe size inthe local distribution system would be lOOmm. The length of a new water distributionsystem in TLPA area would be 120 km. Bulk consumers would be provided withindividual consumer connections with bulk meters. Suitable tap off points and flowregulating valves would be provided for supplying bulk water to the adjoining Panchayats.The concerned State agency would implement the water distribution scheme for eachadjoining Panchayats and connect to NTADCL's local distribution system

2.2.11 Water Distribution System within TM

Treated water will be supplied to individual domestic and industrial consumers within TMfrom the Water Distribution Station through a local distribution system by gravity. Thepipe material for the distribution system would be Cast Iron, HDPE and PVC. The existinglocal distribution system would be integrated with the new local distribution system.Existing consumer connections on the old system would be transferred to the newpipelines wherever required. TM would be responsible for providing new consumerconnections for the consumers within TM area. The length of existing local water

2-4

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Project Description

distribution system in TM area is 137 km and the length of additional pipelines would be227 km.

2.3 Sewerage System

Domestic wastewater from individual properties would be collected through a sewagecollection system and conveyed by gravity to five sewage pumping stations, from wheresewage would be pumped to two sewage treatment plants outside the east and westboundaries of TM. Treated wastewater would be disposed off in adjacent surface waterchannels. Industries within TM would not be connected to the sewage collection systemproposed under this Project. A line diagram of the domestic wastewater system is attachedas Figure 2.2.

2.3.1 Sewers

Gravity RCC sewers would be provided to collect domestic wastewater from TirupurMunicipal area. The sewers would have diameters varying from minimum 150 mm tomaximum 800 mm with a total length of approximately 288-km. Average depth ofexcavation is expected to be3-4 m

2.3.2 Sewage Pumping Stations

To facilitate gravity collection of domestic wastewater, the sewage collection system isorganized into five zones. Sewage from each individual zone would be collected at aSewage Pumping Station (SPS). Sewage collected from Zone 1 at SPS-1 (KangeyamRoad) will be pumped to SPS-4 (at Banakarrawtherthottam) and from SPS-4 it will bepumped to SPS-5 (at Mannarai). SPS-4 & SPS-5 will also have their own contributoryarea from the respective zones. The sewage collected from Zone 3 at SPS-3(Murugandapuram) will also be pumped to SPS-5. The sewage from Zone 2 will becollected at SPS-2 near Natraj Cinema. All the sewage pumping stations would be fittedwith submersible pumps

2.3.3 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

From SPS-5, sewage will be pumped to ST? (East) at Sarkar Periyapalayam. The sewagecollected at SPS-2 will be pumped to STP (West) at Sultanpet. Primary and secondarytreatment would be effected at both sewage treatment plants. Primary treatment comprisesof screens, flow measurement and grit removal arrangements. The secondary (biological)treatment comprises of extended aeration process. The sludge would be disposed off afterthickening and dewatering in sludge drying beds. The treated effluent from SarkarPeriyapalayam ST? will be discharged to the river Nallar and that from Sultanpet STP toRiver Noyyal.

2-5

s-

NORTH \-

8 ~~~SEWERAE ZONE-3 |t -?STP(ART

PEARYAPAZAYAJI

SEWERAGE ZONE-4 SPS-5

SEWERE SEWERAGE ZONE-5

C ' t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EL

SEWERAGE ZONE-2 SEWERAGE ZONE-2 SPS -SEWA PUMPI S_ATI_

| 1(PMt-l) E I SPSEA RFigure\2.2; Line Diagram Representing Sewerage Sys.tem For Tiruour Municiouy.S.

- /Z5PS-2 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~K^NEYAM4 ROAD 1STP(WEST) - ,'NE NAMM TWA^E

SEWERAGE ZONE-2 SPS -SEWAGE' PUMPING STATION(PART-2) SE5WERAGE ZONE-1t STP -SEWAGE TREATMENT Pt-ANT

Figure 2.2: Line Diagrarn Representing Seweragg Systern! For T;ruDur Municivality,

Environment and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Project Description

2.4 Low Cost Sanitation

The project scope provides for provision of onsite Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) facilities tothe residents of 99 notified slum areas within TM.

The LCS facility would be provided by way of water closets (WC), septic tanks and soakpits. Two types of WC units would be provided to serve a population of about 320 and 160each. Type-I WC unit would consist of 8 latrines and Type-11 would consist of 4 latrines.

The latrines would be of pour flush type requiring about 2.5 liters of water for every flush.Every WC unit would be provided with a water storage tank and water taps in each latrine.The LCS facilities would be connected to the sewage collection system wherever it isfeasible to do so.

2.5 Construction Schedule

A broad Project Construction Schedule is given in Figure 2.3. Construction of watersupply facilities including distribution system in TM and TLPA would be completed in allrespects within three years of award of Construction Contract

Construction of sewerage facilities would be divided in 3 Phases. Areas on Northeast sideof Tirupur would be taken up in first Phase, which would be completed, in the first 3 yearsfrom the award of contract. The area on the North side between two major roads would becovered by sewerage system in the second phase, which would be completed in five yearsfrom the award of contract. In the third phase, westem and southern area, mainlycomprising industrial clusters, would be covered. Phase III works would be executedconcurrent to Phase I and II and would be completed within six years of award ofConstruction Contract.

All slum areas in Tirupur would be covered by on-site sanitation facilities in the first phaseof 3 years and would be connected to the sewerage system as when it is developed inrespective areas. In the interim period, the areas not connected -with the sewerage systemwould be provided with septic tanks and soak pits etc. which would be by-passed whileconnecting to sewerage system

The project will commence commercial operation at the end of third year when watersupply facilities would be completed

2-7

FIgure 2.3Construction Schedule

Si. Tasks _ _ _ Schedule for Implementation |No. Year I Year 2 Year 3 _Year 4 Year 5 Year 6_. i?;~iJ~~~ir~;I,t,~: triri ~ Ia i Q1|Q2|Q3 Q4 G11Q21Q31 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 QI Q2 Q3 Q4 01 Q21Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 03 Q4

iiVaI! 5 I 1k ri. )!.A \lvlxl.f In i -I 'ea lcrf Il 41

(1) Intake Pumping Stalior7 n(2) Raw Water Main(3) Transmission Main(4) Booster Station .(5) Master Bal.Reservoir & Feed Pumping Stn.(6) Wale, Treatment Works(7) Feeder Mains & Storage Reservoirs

11*A T I*)! !:.ii;II i) li si.?.ztsiII &l ,\j 'po'JTla TSrT IT E1'15zJi

. rric) cIrtIrfll?I 3E

(1) Tirupur M/unicipality Area 1(2) Tirupur Municipality Area 2(3) Tirupur Municipality Area 3(4) Tirupur Municipality Area 4(5) TLPA outside Tifrupur Municipality - West - -(6) TLPA outsitle TirIpur Municipality - East

Figure 2.3 (Contd.)Construction Schedule

Si. Tasks Schedule for ImplementationNo. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6

. _____________________ QI Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q31Q4 Q11Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q41 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

(a) Tiripur Municipality Area I(b) Tirupur Municipality Area 2(c) Tirupur Municipalily Area 3(d) Tirupur Municipality Area 4

'.'' c:t(;)ping Soations on am MEI0fl11

(a) SPS-3: Murtugandapuram(h) SPS-4: Barakarra(c) SPS-5: Mannarai(d) SPS-1 Kangayam(e) SPS-2: NatraJ Cinema

f t o tP i_ _ ._I n t r It it

(a) STP: Sarkar Peripalayamn-- - - m mm (h) STP: Sultanpet

iv. 15w Gust ';~i,iit.ntf.iw ut 3y531elu -' : I i fl il .1 I 1 'i s ! [ [i I ¢ !14l:l i l

CHAPTER 3

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 Preamble

The program for conducting baseline environmental studies was designed after a detailedscreening and scoping exercise that comprised visits to all proposed sites of the projectcomponents. This helped to identify the critical environmental components, which arelikely to be impacted by the project activities. Hence, the focus of baseline studies was onmonitoring of surface and ground water bodies. In this study, both primary and secondarydata sources were used to understand the baseline environmental conditions.

3.2 Surface Water Quality

3.2.1 Cauvery and Bhavani Rivers

The surface water quality information was collected for the following four locations, usingsecondary data.(a) The present municipal water supply source on river Bhavani at Mettupalayam(b) Bhavani at Savandapur, located 6 km above influence point,(c) Cauvery at Urachikottai, this point is approximately 6 km above confluence point(d) Cauvery at Kodumudi, 9 km below confluence point

The secondary data on surface water quality in River Bhavani/ Cauvery upstream anddownstream of the proposed headwork site, obtained from Central Water Commission inCoimbatore, is presented in Annex 3-A to 3-C. The data shows that the values for pH,conductivity, hardness, nitrate., chloride and sulfate are within the permissible limit fordrinking water (refer Annex 3-D for drinking water quality standards). The temperature ofthe river water was in the range 25.3-32.8°C. The BOD values were in the range of 0.2-2.2mg/I. The dissolved oxygen content of the river water varied from 5.1 to 7.7 mg/l. Thevalues indicate that the river is a good drinking water source.

The present municipal water supply source for Tirupur is river Bhavani at Mettupalayam.The water quality of this source for the period Jan 1991 to Feb. 1996 was also collectedfrom Public Health Laboratory, Coimbatore. The data is presented in Annex 3-E.

The above data indicates that the values for pH, TDS, hardness, nitrate, chloride and sulphateare within limits prescribed for drinking water. However, the water is colored with a highturbidity value. Bacteriologically, the water appears to fall under Category C waters' and can

' Scheme for Zoning and Classification of Indian Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Waters, Central Board for thePrevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi, 1978-79.

3-1

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Environmental Settings

achieve the drinking water standards only after being subjected to conventional treatmentfollowed by disinfection.

Since the Cauvery river water is one of the main sources being considered for use as a sourceof drinking water in the present project, the quality of the water at the intake-point needs tobe assessed. To deternine the quality of water in the Cauvery river, samples from six stationsin and around the intake point over a stretch of about 5 km were collected on three differentoccasions during May-June, 1996. The samples were collected as per Standard Methods2

with due precautions taken to avoid recontamination. The samples were analyzed for relevantphysico-chemical and biological parameters.

Sampling and Analysis

A reconnaissance water quality survey was conducted on May 19, 1996. During the survey,water samples from eight stations on Bhavani-Cauvery rivers were collected. The sampleswere analyzed for physico-chemical and biological components. Based on the results, twostations were dropped for further sampling and it was decided to collect three more batches ofsamples on different occasions from the remaining six stations. Figure 3.1 indicates theselocations.(a) Left bank of river Cauvery above the old bridge at Kumarapalayam(b) Right bank of river Bhavani above the old bridge at Bhavani on the main stream(c) Left bank of river Cauvery below the new bridge(d) Right bank of river Cauvery below the new bridge(e) Right bank of river Cauvery near the intake well of the TWAD Board(f) Right bank of river Cauvery at the intake well of Narmada process

Physico- Chemical Quality of Water

The river water samples were analyzed for turbidity, pH, alkalinity, suspended solids,BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, hardness and chloride and the results arepresented in Annex 3-F. The turbidity of the water samples was less than five NormalTurbidity Unit. Hardness values varied from 70 to 113 mg/I. Chloride and Sulphate valueswere relatively low at 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l respectively. The nitrate levels were less than15 mg/I. The BOD values ranged from 5 to 10 mg/I. The COD levels were low at 40 mg/l.

The chemical quality of the river water meets the prescribed requirement of a source fordrinking water supply after conventional treatment. The profile of the chemical quality valuesof the river water samples is depicted in Figure 3.2.

2Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater analysis, APHA-AWWA, 17th Edition, 1992.

3-2

URACHIKOTTAI /N\ TITLE Surface water sampling

Locations in ahavni -CouveryRivers

VAN, SCALE: NOT TO SCALE

2\ / £/ KtMARAPALAYAM TIRUPWR INTEGRATED AREA. HAYV8 OL' BRIDGE CAUVERY OLn 8¢IflE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

8HAVAM\

CAUVY NcW ROSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

ASSESSMENTPOSD SITE FR PUDUPPALA YAM

Client Infrostructure Leasing and

Financial Services Ltd, Mumbal

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESANNA UNIVERSITY

MADRAS 600 025.

\ '\.

60

50

40 -

20 - -

30

20

2 3 4 5 e

Stations

Phosphate Nitrate 1 COD Chlotide

FIGURE 3.2. CHEMICAL PROFILE OF CAUVERYRIVER WATER AT DIFFERENT STATIONS


To analyze the variation in water quality over the day, further data was collected in site No.2Bhavani River near old bridge on 18.6.96. Samples were collected at four-hourly intervalsand analyzed for pH, conductivity, TDS, BOD, COD and chloride (Annex 3-G). Concurrentflow measurements were also made that ranged from 19 to 20 m3/sec. The TDS content wasfound to vary slightly between 10.30 am. and 2.30 p.m. at 300 to 220 mg/l. A slight variationin the COD and pH was also noticed.

Bacteriological Parameters

A detailed bacteriological survey of Cauvery River at four stations covering a stretch of 10Km around the proposed intake well was conducted during October 1996 to March 1997.The following stations were selected.

(a) Station I - 500-600 m downstream Urachikottai Barrage and 5 Km upstream theconfluence or 7 Km upstream the proposed intake well site along the Right Bank ofthe river.

(b) Station n - 200 m upstream the proposed intake well location, 30 m from the RightBank of the river.

(c) Station Im - 200 m upstream the proposed intake well location, 50 m from the RightBank of the river.

(d) Station IV - downstream Rananathapuram Pudur, which is about 5 Km downsteam,the confluence and 3 Km from the proposed intake well site.

The results of the bacteriological analysis of water at these sites are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Bacteriological Analysis of Water

Station Range (MPN/100ml)Total Coliforms Non fecal Coliform E.Coli

Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom

Station I 130-1400 220-1100 30-780 50-1207 20-490 40-490Station II 1700-24000 2100-22000 1440-19100 300-21070 140-4900 61-2100

Station III 460-13000 NA 120-10300 NA 20-270 NAStation IV 330-130,000 790-79000 110-116000 697-30000 140-27000 92-49000

The results shown in Table 3.1 indicate that the water samples at all sampling locations have

bacteriological contamination.

3-5


It may therefore be surmised from the results above that the water from the sourcesconsidered is unsuitable for direct consumption, with respect to the bacteriological quality,unless suitably treated. The TWAD Board supplies water from the same source after propertreatment for domestic purposes. No outbreaks or epidemics have been reported so far due tothe consumption of this water. It therefore appears that after proper treatment, this water canbe used as potable water.

3.2.2 Surface water Quality - Noyyal and Nallar Rivers and S.Periyapalayam Lake

To monitor the surface water quality in TLPA, samples from eight stations (refer Figure 3.3)were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. The details ofthe sampling sites are given below:

(a) Nallar River near Nallathupalayam bridge(b) Nallar River near Pichampalayam bridge(c) Noyyal River near Nataraj Cinema Theatre(d) Chinnakarai River near Mangalam Road bridge(e) Odai River near Kangeyarn road bridge(f) Noyyal River near Kasipalayam bridge(g) Noyyal River near Kangeyam - Uthukuli road bridge(h) Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake

Physico- Chenucal Quali1y of Water

The results of the analysis of the physico-chemical quality parameters are presented in Annex3-H. The TDS levels were high ranging from 5000 - 7000 mg/l; chloride values were alsohigh ranging from 2500 - 3500 mg/l. The COD and BOD values were high ranging from360-800 mg/I and 35-100 mg/l respectively. The COD, BOD ratio is about 10. Theseobservations suggest that these two rivers function mainly to convey wastewater.

To assess the water quality profile of the discharge into the Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake, four-hourly water samples were also collected for deternining pH, TDS, BOD, COD and chlorideat Nallathupalayam. Concurrent flow measurement was also made. The results are furmishedin Annex 3-I. The COD levels ranged from 200-470 mg/l, BOD from 16-30 mg/l, while TDSand chloride levels were of the order of 6570 mg/l and 3000 mg/l respectively. The flow ratewas about 0.02 m3/sec.

The water quality at Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake was quite similar to those in the rivercourses. This is presumably due to the fact that the lake receives its flow from the NallarRiver.

3-6

' LEGEND Figure t o. 3.3

7 N ROAD (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fius o\ / N RALWY L TITLE: SURFACE WATER

P, r[ I, RAIWAY LtIME E1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS

ROVER IN TIRUPURi \rE ePW %'Ir lA E eSCALE Hot to sce

- f7; ! <;,~~~~~~~ a=9 npundl 4 X l ~~~~~~~FEEDeH mA m

j / sgbty pm X 11- - ~~~~~~~~~ -\( '$ Te~~T Erode

[ \. d LOCATION 7 IS OUTSIDE

BOUNDARY

am ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TIRUPURt INTEGRATED AEI DeVELOPMENT PRtOJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

) VIlqyepc.~L~/ ASSESSMENT

Cileil Infrastructure LeasinIg and8

W ( )> jL l1deltwpm (t l i Finoncii, Servies Ltd.ttumbal

.i 2 r-NJ sa *- .. ;g \ .. . ....... / . Per unrotuvl:

_ ,.- .,, 8 b Z CEIITRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUIOiES

. o^At9 \ J MADRAS 6OO 025

a . ' -*--- , -


Bacteriological Parameters and Phytoplankton Diversity

To assess the bacteriological quality of the river waters within Tirupur, seven water sampleswere collected and analyzed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E coli and S. fecalis. Theresults of the analysis are shown in Annex 3-J. The four-hourly samples collected at Nallarfor total Coliforms, fecal Coliforms, E. coli and S fecalis showed levels ranging from 17,000- 1,30,000/100 ml, 2,000 - 13,000/100 ml, 2,000 - 13,000/100 mnl and 5 - 13/100 ml,respectively. The sample collected at Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake, where the Nallar Riverjoins it, was found to be heavily polluted and accounted for fecal contamination.

The water sample of Sarkar Periyapalayam lake also supported rich phytoplanktonpopulation of which Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlorella pyrenoidosa,

Cosmarium sp., Scenedesmus armatus, S. bijugatus, S. quadricauda Euglena pisciformis,

Fragilaria sp., Navicula cryptocephaIa, Navicula sp., Nitzschia palea, Synedra sp.,

Anabaena sp., Merismopedia sp., Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria limosa were found

commonly. The presence of some of these phytoplankton and algae is indicative of pollutedwaters.

3.3 Ground Water Quality in and around Tirupur

Past data on the chemical quality of ground water in Tirupur was collected from PublicHealth Laboratory (PHL), Coimbatore and Public Works Department (PWD) for the periodJanuary 1990 - Febrary 1996 for the following stations.

(a) Tirupur market and Taluk office area;(b) Present municipal supply source at Koilvazhi;(c) 13 local wells.

The ground water quality of wells in market and Taluk office areas in Tirupur collected forthe period January 1990- August 1994 is presented in Annex 3-K. The values of TDS,hardness, chloride and nitrate exceed the pernissible limits for samples collected inmarket area and the values show an increasing trend. The water quality in taluk office areaalso exceeded the limits for drinking purpose with high values of TDS, hardness, nitrateand sulphate.

3-8


The present ground water source for TM supply is Koilvazhi bore well. The quality of thissource for the period May 1991 to Februar 1996 is given in Annex 3-L. Data on groundwater quality of 13 local wells in various parts of Tirupur area are presented in Annex 3-M.The values for pH chloride, nitrate, fluoride and iron are within acceptable limits3. Thoughthe TDS and hardness values exceed the acceptable limits of 500 and 200 mg/l it is stillwithin the tolerable limit4 of 1500 and 600 mg/l respectively.

As seen from Annex 3-M, the turbidity of water samnples ranged between I and 40 NTU witheight samples exceeding the permissible limit of 2.5 NTU and one samnple having a value of40 NTU. Three sources had color. The TDS of water samples ranged from 1956 to 6750mg/I.

Out of 13 sources collected, 7 had TDS levels exceeding the permissible limits of 500 mg/I.Out of these; four samples had values above 1500 mg/I. The number of samples withhardness exceeding the acceptable limit of 200 mg/I was 10. Out of these ten samples, threehad values of 600-mg/I. Similarly chloride in seven sources exceeded the permissible limit of200 mg/I, with three sources having chloride concentration above 1000 mg/I.

To assess the ground water quality in Tirupur master plan area and its suburbs, samples werecollected from 56 locations consisting of 21 bore wells and 35 dug wells, for chemicalanalysis. Eleven ground water samples were analyzed for bacteriological parameters. Thesampling location details are provided in Annex 3-N.

Physico- ChemicalAnalysis

The water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters on two differentoccasions with a gap of six weeks and the results are presented in Annex 3-0 and 3-P.The TDS values ranged from 465 to 10,400 mg/l (refer Figure 3.4). Generally, high TDSvalues were observed in dug wells near the rivers, which normally receive effluents fromthe dyeing units. The TDS values in dug wells close to the course of Noyyal River up tothe Chennimalai Reservoir were relatively high at 6000 mg/I. Chloride levels were in therange of 70 to 4500 mg/I.

Dug wells close to the course of Noyyal River in the lower stretches up to Chennimalaireservoir had high levels of chloride at 2500-4000 mg/I. Hardness values were in therange of 90-1750 mg/I. Generally wells close to the course of Noyyal River in the lowerstretches up to the Chennimalai reservoir had high hardness at 500-1000 mg/I.

Nitrate values ranged from 0 to 185 mg/I; majority of the wells had about 100 mg/l. Fluoridevalues ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/I; majority of the wells had about 0.5 mg/I.

3 The limits up to which water is generally acceptable to the consumers.4 The limits up to which water is tolerated in the absence of altemative and better source.

3-9

-lo Nil 4-7

j% <. X 9,, e 0 NORTH |'J~~~~~

} .\\ \46 40>/zy 9 e ~~~~~~~~~To Erode , Pudu Polyam i Thottipoloy-

'k . 4/ -( , qrplln o Uthukuli 4i

|~~ ~ ~~~~~~ . -_ 'elompaioyam\

raorinor = X Meets River Cauvery '-|\ MouIoA o ;(!)Manikkopurompudur

To Coimbotore

T To Kongeyom

To Coimba1ore...

* tX cl, A; ~~~~~~~~~~~LEGEND

* Master Plan Boundary/ J ~ s \'Muncipiol Boundary

-I tn n ci (lnlnpyorn / RoadRailway Line With

(i) \ .Station

880 0 880 1760 2640 Rhirnernrnit - lmmmml Areos of high TDS(>4000mg/1) /

MetresIndustrial Clusters

Fig -3.4 LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS & AREAS OF HIGH TDS (>4000 mg/1)


Sulphate levels ranged from 30 to 850 mg/l. Wells close to the course of Noyyal river in thelower stretches up to the Chennimalai reservoir had generally high values at 230 - 600 mg/i.

The five dug wells close to river Noyyal and Nallar wells had high colors. The absorbancevalues were of the order of 0.04 - 0.4 absorbance units (Annex 3-Q). The same wells alsoshowed high TDS (refer Annex 3-P) indicating that they are polluted by wastewaterdischarged from the dyeing industry into them.

A review of the past records, and the results of the analysis of primary data described aboveindicate that the ground water quality in Tirupur is severely impaired.

Bacteriological Parameters

Eleven ground water samples collected from the area were analyzed for bacteriologicalcomponents (Annex 3-R). Among the 11 stations from which samples were collected,except the sample at station 25, remaining stations were found to have poor bacteriologicalquality (Total Coliforms ranging from 41 to 33 x 103 MPN/ 100 ml). Generally, the dugwell water samples were more polluted compared to bore well water samples. Shallowbore well waters accounted for higher bacterial concentration than the deep bore wells. Insummary, the ground waters from both dug and bore wells in Tirupur and suburbs arepolluted.

3.4 Ecological Assessment

The project area is characterized by undulating rocky zones. The terrestrial ecology of thearea is suggestive of dry-deciduous or semi-dry-deciduous and thomy dry land conditions.The major aquatic component of the project area represented by the River Cauvery is rich infloral and faunal diversity.

The secondary data on avian fauna in the project area was collected from the followingsources:

(a) Salim Ali Center for Omithology and Natural History, Kalampalayam P.O(b) Institute of Nature Studies, Erode

There is a diversity of residential and migratory birds in the study area. About 128 species ofbirds belonging to 43 families have been recorded in the area.

The rapid floral and faunal survey was carried out at the following sites:

3-11


(a) Confluence zone of River Bhavani and River Cauvery(b) Stretch between the confluence point and Cauvery Bridge(c) Water intake point(d) Vasavi College Campus - proposed site for WTP(e) Clear water transmission corridor including proposed sites for booster pumping

stations(f) Selected service reservoir sites(g) SPS site at Kuttai near Nataraj Cinema Hall(h) Sarkar Periyapalayam - STP (E) site(i) Sultanpet Chinnandipalayam - ST? (W) site0) Noyyal River(k) Nallar River

At all the study sites cast-net (mesh size: I cm) was used to catch the aquatic animals. Aftereach cast the number and species composition of macro aquatic animals caught wererecorded. The animals were put back into the watercourse after recording the observations. Ateach sampling site the net was cast at least 5 times. Major shoreline species sighted atsampling sites were noted and recorded. At each sampling site approximately 20-sqm areaabutting the water line was covered. Strip - count method was followed to study the fauna inthe clear water transmission corridor. At regular intervals of 5 Km a sample stretch of 100m x 10 m was demarcated and the major faunal species, if any, in the area were enlisted.

3.4.1 Aquatic Flora and Fauna

Aquatic: Cauvery River System

Macro faunal composition in the Cauvery river system at confluence zone of RiverCauvery and River Bhavani, stretch between confluence point and Cauvery Bridge, waterintake area is presented in Annex 3-S.

From the data it is evident that the systern supports a rich variety of aquatic life. The range offauna recorded includes the benthic, column and surface feeders. Representatives from allmajor invertebrate phyla and chordate classes were recorded during the survey. The dominantfish fauna included the following. Catla catlt, Tilapia mossambica, Puntius malus, Anabas

scandens and Labeo calbasu. The major crustean recorded during the survey wasMacrobrachium sp. The dominant molluscan fauna included Melania sp. and Carbiculastriatella.

3-12


Aquatic: Noyyal and Nallar rivers

Survey for macro aquatic fauna was carried out at 20 stations in Noyyal and 10 stations inNallar rivers. No fish / prawn life was evident in both these watercourses. In fact, in severalstretches the water almost remained stagnant. In some places a few molluscan shells andaquatic insects were observed. In their present condition these two rivers carry effluents frombleaching and dyeing units located in Tirupur.

3.4.2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

The water intake area is rich in vegetation and approximately 36 varieties of plantscomprising herbs, shrubs and trees are present here. The canopy of the region is formed bytrees of the genera Cocos, Areca, Mangifera, Ficus etc. There are nearly 17 varieties of

plants, which are economically valuable in terms of their medicinal and food values. Arecanut trees form the largest number in the area, approximately 85, followed by 25 Coconuttrees, 20 Neem trees, 15 Jackfruit trees, 8 Guava trees, 8 Palm trees, 5 Mango trees and 2Fig trees. Penniserum typhoides (americanum) and some grass varieties such as Scirpus

sp. are also found.

Some of the plants of medicinal value include Acalypha indica and P.amarus. Otherswhich are known for their economic value are Azadirachta indica, Ficus recemosa,Artocarpus heterophullus Musa sapientum, Saccharum officinarum, Cucurbita peop,

Oxalis carniculata Areca catechu, Pongamia pinnata, Physalis minina, Scirpus sp. andPennisetum typhoides.

The proposed clear water transmission corridor is characterized by the presence of a varietyof economically important trees along the sides. Among these, about 260 are Azadirachtaindica which is known for its medicinal value.

Tamarindus indicus, another economically useful tree is the dominant species in the corridor.There are about 800 trees on the stretch up to Perumanalor. Each tree is known to produceabout 100 to 150 kg of pods every year fetching Rs.500 to 1000/tree to the Government.Acacia nylotica is known for its tannin yielding bark. Besides,.there are a few mango,gulmohr and fig trees all along the stretch.

Sites of booster pumping stations, raw water treatment plant and the sewerage pumpingstation at Kuttai are marked by scrub vegetation represented by Prosopis specigera.

3-13


3.5 Summary

Environmental status of the Tirupur area in terms of surface and ground water quality aswell as ecological assessment has been detailed in the present chapter. Table 3.2 highlights

the observations made with respect to the critical components.

Table 3.2 Status of critical environmental components

Component Location Observation

Surface Cauvery and Bhavani pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, nitrate, chloride andWater Rivers Sulphate are within limits prescribed for drinking water.Quality

The water is colored with high turbidity value.

Bacteriologically, the water can achieve the drinkingwater standards only after being subjected toconventional treatrnent followed by disinfection.

Noyyal and Nallar Rivers Observations on TDS, Chloride, COD, BOD andand S.Periyapalayam Lake bacteriological parameters suggest that these two rivers

and the lake, function mainly to convey /holdwastewater.

Ground Water Present municipal supply pH chloride, nitrate, fluoride and iron are withinQuality in and source at Koilvazhi; permissible limits. Whereas, the TDS and hardnessaround values exceed the acceptable limitsTirupur

Tirupur market and Taluk The values of TDS, hardness, chloride and nitrateoffice area exceed the permissible limits for drinking water and

the values show an increasing trend at the market area.

The water quality in taluk office area also exceededthe limits for drinking purpose with high values ofTDS, hardness, nitrate and Sulphate.

13 local wells Out of 13 sources, 7 had TDS levels exceeding thepermissible limits

Seven sources exceeded the pernissible limit forchloride.

Flora and Cauvery river system No rare or endangered speciesFauna Noyyal and Nallar rivers

Terrestrial Flora & Fauna.Water intake area.

Transmission corridorPumping stations. Water &Sewage Treatment Plants

3-14

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1 Preamble

Analysis of alternatives is an essential step towards development of environmentally soundand socially acceptable project design.

In this project, the alternatives were examined at two levels viz.

(a) Strategic, encompassing the project components(b) Project specific, which consider issues related to siting, routing etc.

The strategic level altemative for the project pertains to the selection of the water source forthe project and evaluates the alternatives based on their reliability and water quality. Theproject specific alternatives consider the environmental and social impacts of siting theproject components and routing of the water transmission lines and identifies the alternativeswhich are environmentally and socially most acceptable.

The technical detailing of the project, in terms of finalization of sites for project components,have been done concurrent to evaluation of environmental and social impacts. The approachfor selecting the alternatives, therefore, has been to examine the initial proposed scheme andseek alternatives for those components that give rise to significant environmental or socialrisks.

4.2 Identification of Strategic Alternatives for Source of Water Supply

Alternatives for the source of water included the following:

(a) Surface water options

* River Noyyal* River Bhavani.* River Cauvery

(b) Groundwater options

4-1

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Analss of Alternatives

4.2.1 Analysis of Alternatives for Source of Water

Amongst the surface water options of abstraction from rivers Noyyal, Bhavani and

Cauvery, river Noyyal is not a perennial river and has water for only about three to four

months a year. For the rest of the year, it serves as a drainage channel for sewage and

industrial effluent. Currently since the sewage and industrial effluents are not treated, the

quality of water in the river is very poor and not suitable as a source of water.

River Bhavani has been presently utilized as a source for the first and second water supply

schemes for Tirupur. Besides, river Bhavani also serves four adjoining town panchayats

and several rural panchayats. Discussions with State irrigation department confim that the

Bhavani River System is designed for full utilization. Based on above, river Bhavani may

not serve as a dependable source of water considering the projected water demand at

Tirupur.

Ground water available in the area does not meet the requirements of the project, both in

terms of both quality and quantity. The quality related data presented in Annex 3-K clearly

shows a steady increase in the level of average TDS concentrations. Data on the fluctuations

in the water table in Tirupur taluk are presented in Table 4.1. Table 4.2 summarizes the

ground water potential in Tirupur.

Table 4.1 Rise and Fall Situation of Water Table

and Trend of Fluctuation in Tirupur Taluk

SL Location Depth of Water (m) Fluctuation (m) Trend and TypeNo.

Jan '82 Jan '93 + (Rise)Jan_'82_J___ (-) Fall

1. Tirupur 6.15 15.00 (-) 8.85 Declining Steeply

2. Nachchipalayam 2.19 7.10 (-) 4.91 - do -

3. Perwmanallur 15.00 15.90 (-) 0.90 Decliningmoderate

The data presented in Table 4.1 indicates a significant decline of about 9 meters in the water

table, over the last decade.

Also the data shown in Table 4.2 on ground water potential indicates over-ufilization of the

groundwater in the taluk. Groundwater as a source of water for Tirupur is therefore not

feasible.

4-2

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Analysis of Alternatives

Table 4.2 Data on Ground Water Potential at Tirupur (as on Jan 1992)

SL Taluk Ground Utilizable Net Balance Stage of Ground ProbableNo. water Ground Ground Ground water development number of

Recharge water water water wells(ha.m) Recharge Draft available feasible

(ha.m) (ha.m) for dev.(ha.m)

as on at Yeardate % -5%

1. Tirupur 2874 2443 3005 -562 123 126 =

In view of the above, the water supply requirement of TLPA is best served by the river

Cauvery which is a perennial river. The Mean Annual Run-off (MAR) from the entire

Cauvery basin is 20.7 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) from a study of 38-year record. The

utilizable flow is 19 BCM, i.e., 92% of the Mean Annual Flow (MAF). Further, according

to the decision of the Water Allocation Committee of GoTN, abstraction of 185 MLD ofwater from river Cauvery will be permitted for the TADP. Hence, Cauvery River isconsidered as the most feasible and reliable source of water amongst other possible water

source options.

4.3 Analysis of Alternatives for Siting the Project Components and Routing

During the project development, there has been a continuous effort to integrate the

findings of ESA with the technical considerations in siting of project components to

minimize the negative environmental and social impacts. Whenever, negativeenvironmental and social issues for a project component were observed to be significant,alternate location for its siting were examined.

The findings of ESA indicated that the siting and routing of the project components did

not have any significant negative environmental impacts that entailed selection of

alternatives. The details of these investigations are presented in Chapter 5.

However, some of the project sites gave rise to moderate to significant negative social

impacts. Due to the very nature of a water supply and wastewater management, the

alternatives for siting the project components are limited to alternative locations within ashort distance of the originally selected sites. Notwithstanding this constraint, the ESA

considerations resulted in modifications for those project components that had moderate to

significant associated social risks. The outcome of selection of alternatives for project

components, influenced by the social considerations, is listed in Table 4.3. It is observed

that all major social impacts were effectively addressed by siting and routing

4-3

Environment and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Analysis of Alternatives

modifications. The details of social aspects considered in this process are presented in

Chapter 8.

Table 4.3 Alternatives Examined for Minimization of Social Impacts

Pre-ESA Selection | Social Issues Post-ESA Residual Social_7 .Alternative Issues

Project Component1. MBR at Puluvarpatty 102 houses to be MBR site shifted to Impacts limited to 6

demolished Neruparichal landowner PAPs2. SR at Thiruvalluvar 20 families to be SR shifted to alternate Nil, alternate site at

Nagar resettled location in Government land freeThiruvalluvar Nagar of squatters

3. STP at 57 squatter families STP site boundaries NilChinnandipalayam to be resettled modified to exclude

the squattersPipelines X_==

4. WTM at About 500 m A few residential and Alterate routing Negligiblelong stretch along commercial along Perundurai-NH-47 near structures, increased Erode highwayPerundurari town con-gestion on NH

during construction5. NH47 to MBR at A large number of Permission to lay the Negligible

Neruparichal residences and pipeline below thecommercial road surface obtainedstructures will bepartially affected

44

CHAPTER 5

PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

This chapter focuses on the prediction and assessment of impacts on the variousenvironmental components due to the project activities. The exercise of prediction andassessment of impacts is then used to formulate and implement the EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) during and after the implementation of the project.

The environmental impacts have been identified for the following stages of the project:

* Pre-construction phase* Construction phase* Operation phase

5.1 Pre-construction Phase Impacts

During the pre-construction phase, in addition to land acquisition, land clearance and sitepreparation for the proposed facilities are the main activities. Most prominent of theseimpacts are social impacts related to acquisition of lands and private properties and arecovered under separate sections (chapters 8-9) of the report. The imnpacts of site clearance andpreparation are in the formn of impacts on vegetation, community severance and generation ofnoise and dust The magnitude of these impacts are site specific and depend on the exitingenvironmental conditions and the location of sensitive receptors with respect to the projectsites

5.1.1 Impact on vegetation

Most of the project sites of TADP are to be located in banren areas where site clearance doesnot have any impact on local vegetation. Only at the water intake site which is proposed to belocated downstream of the confluence of the river Bhavani and Cauveri, raw water main, andthe water transmission line along NH47, will require felling of some trees and shrubs forlocating the project facilities. However, based on the existing information, apparently no treefelling is required at the site proposed for Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and SewagePumping Stations (SPS).

With respect to water intake facility, total area required is limited to 0.316 ha. Out of this area0.256 ha is covered under paddy crop and the tree cover, comprising prominently bettle-nut,guava, coconut and a few mango trees, is limited to 0.06 ha. The construction of intake wellwill require felling of about 20-30 trees. Considering a moderately dense belt of vegetationall along the banks of river Cauveri in the vicinity of the project area, this tree felling will

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Assessment of Impacts

constitute a marginal impact on the enviromnent. It is, however, desirable that the impact isfully mitigated by compensatory plantation of trees.

At the remaining two sites, the vegetation clearance is considerably less than water intakesite due to low existing vegetation density and the impact on the environment is negligible.

Some clearing of vegetation (felling of a few trees) may also be required along the route ofthe clear water transmission line along the NH-47. These impacts, however, are low andcan be further minimized by minor adjustments in pipeline alignment.

5.1.2 Noise and Dust

The project sites can be categorized as sites within TM and outside TM area. The sites, whichare within TM, have been originally earnarked for developing municipal facilities and areready for construction. These sites do not require site clearance.

The sites located outside TM require certain degree of leveling etc as pre-constructionactivities. These sites are however are located away from habitation and therefore the pre-construction activities do not have any significant impacts in terms of noise and dustpollution

5.1.3 Other Impacts

The project sites for water treatment plant, STP and MBR are the only large sites whereseverance related issues may be of significance. However, no cart tracks or foot-trails havebeen observed at the sites for water treatment plant and the STP.

Amongst the project sites, the site for MBR is the only site that is close to agricultural landsand habitation. Further, there only a few hutment and houses near to this area. Since the areaof this site is limited to only 4 ha (about 200m x 200m), and that the neighboring areas aresparsely inhabited, development of this site does not involve any significant severance relatedissues.

5.2 Construction phase Impacts

5.2.1 Impact on Air quality

(a) Impact due to transport of construction material

The construction materials required for the project are presented in Table 5.1. It is observedthat during most of the construction period, on an average the vehicular movement will beabout 20 truck loads per day distributed over a number of roads with a peak of 60 trucks

5-2

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Developmen Project Assessment of Impacts

(Table 5.2). This will lead to only a marginal increase in dust and air pollutants like NOX,

Pb, SO, SPM and CO due to transportation of construction materials in the project area.Further, movement of trucks are not expected to cause a significant rise in existing trafficon any of the haul routes passing through the inhabited areas

Table 5.1 Construction Material required for the ProjectSl. Description Material Required Total Required

No. Material No. of

MBR and Water Wastewater TripsService Treatment Treatment

Reservoirs Plant Plant1. Bricks (Number in 70 100 60 230 77

thousands)

2. Steel (M.T) 1200 1350 2200 4750 4753. Coarse aggregate 7200 9250 16000 32450 3245

(M.T) __ _ __

4. Sand (M.T) 24500 28500 450001 98000 98005. Cement (M.T) 5600 6400 11000 23000 2300

Total 15897

M.T. = Metric tons

Table 5.2 Number of trips required for transportation of construction materialSl. Construction Project component Distance

No. material from TM

MBR and Water WastewaterService Treatment Treatment

Reservoirs Plant _Plant1 Bricks 23 _34 _20 _5

2. Steel 120 135 220 15_30_km

3. Coarse aggregate 720 925 1600

4. Sand 2450 2850 4500 8- 70 km5. Cement 560 640 1100

Total 3873 4584 7440

Duration for 20 24 38completion(Months)'

Average daily trips 6 6 . 7

(a) Impact due to construction activities

It is estimated that the fuel consumption for various construction machinery will notexceed 1000 liters/day during the peak construction period at any of the majorconstruction site. The air quality impacts due to combustion of diesel at such quantities isnot expected to lead to any significant impacts on the air quality of the neighborhood.Further, all the major construction sites are located in sparsely inhabited areas.

as per project implementation sceule

5-3


(b) Impact due to traffic diversion

Traffic diversion will need to be done during construction activities mainly duringconstruction of water distribution system and sewerage system. Traffic diversion will lead tocongestion of main roads. It is expected that due to closer of selected sections, the traffic onalternate routes will increase by 1.5 to 2 times. The average speed of traffic thus is expectedto reduce from present 30 km/hr to about 15-20 km/hr. The changes in traffic flow will thusgive rise to increased air pollution In addition, at the intersections there could be more ofidling emissions. These impacts will however is short term and limited to the traffic diversionperiod.

5.2.2 Noise Impacts

(a) Noise impacts on residents of TM area

The major sources of noise pollution are vehicles transporting the construction material to thevarious sites and noise generating activities at construction sites.

Minor short-term impacts are envisaged at Avinashi road, Bharatiya complex, Rayapuram,Puchchkadu, Dharampuram road, Peripchipalayar, Thennampalayam and Vinbaji nagarsites where service reservoirs are proposed. Moderate, short-term impacts are expected atErukattavalasu where booster-pumping station is located and Neripperichal where masterbalancing reservoir is located. Additionally, during construction of all the sewage pumpingstations, STP and sewer lines there will be moderate increase in the noise levels. Minorshort- term noise impacts are envisaged at the construction sites for low cost sanitationfacilities.

Concreting, mixing and material movement are the primary noise generating activities at thesite and would have impacts in populated areas.

(b) Noise imRacts on construction workers

Equivalent sound level averaged over 8 hours, (Lcq (8hr)), is used to describe exposure ofnoise in work places. The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA) and other organizations to reducehearing loss, stipulates that noise levels up to 90 dBA are acceptable for eight hoursexposure (Lq (sh,)) per day. Whereas ACGIH (American Conference of GovermmentIndustrial Hygienists) proposed an (Lcq (ghr)) limit of 85 dBA. Exposure to impulses orimpact noise should not exceed 140 dBA (Peak acoustic pressure). Exposure to 10,000impulses of 120 dBA is permissible per day.

5-4


The Director General of Mines Safety in his circular No. DG (Tech)/18 of 1975 hasprescribed the noise level in mining occupations (TLV) for workers, in an 8 hour shiftperiod with unprotected ear as 90 dBA or less. Although, some construction activities arelikely to exceed the limit, they are not expected to produce sound levels above 90 dBA formore than 2-5 hours per shift reducing (Leq (8h,)) to be well within the limits.

Heavy machinery drivers and personnel working very near to generator sets are likely to getexposed to higher levels than the prescribed limits if the exposure is continuous and shouldtherefore be provided with protective gear. Noise level due to various constructionmachinery is presented in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Noise level of construction machineryConstruction Machinery dB(A) (at 2 m distance)Truck 85Generator 96Concrete Mixer 89Tilling Mixer 85Vibrators 86Batching Plant 86Crane 85

5.2.3 Other Impacts

(a) Water Oualitv Impacts

The only construction occurring near the river is the intake well. This is not likely to causeany adverse impact provided good engineering practices are followed.

(b) Imnact due to Labor Camps

Impacts due to the labor camps and migrant labor, if used, entail stress on local utilitiesand services such as water supply, sanitation etc. Induced impacts due to migrant labormay be in the form of stress on the local resources such as water supply and sanitation.Approximate number of construction workers involved in the project will be 112.Assuming four members per family, the total number of persons will be around 450.Camps for migrant laborers are proposed to be established in uninhibited area. Therefore,the impact due to labor camps and migrant laborers will be minor.

5-5


5.3 Operation Phase Impacts

There are very few adverse impacts of the project in the operational phase. The infrastructureimprovement due to this project will lead to improved water supply and sanitation asmentioned earlier.

5.3.1 Noise Pollution

The various sources of noise during the operation of the project are given in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Sources of noise

Source Estimated Noise Level(dBA)

I. Water supply head-worksHead works entrance 63-64Water pump 200-300 hp 85-86

2. Water Treatment plantPlant entrance 54-55Water pumps 200-550 hp 82-86Aeratorpumps 10 hp 83-86Mechanical filter 74-75

3. Sewage pumping stationPumping station entrance 69-70Sewage pumps 40 hp 91-92

4. Sewage Treatment plantPlant entrance 52-53Sewage pumps 40 hp 76-77Treatment units 83-86

Source: Environmental assessment of Second Madras Water Supplyand Environmentl Sanitation project.

The sound pressure level generated by a noise source decreases with increasing distance fromthe source due to wave divergence. Noise levels at various distances from the point source,assuming there is no sound attenuation and that noise is hemispherically propagated, can becalculated using the following-formula.

Lp = Lw -20 log r - Ae -8

where,

Lp sound pressure level at a distance 'r' from the source,Lw sound pressure level at the source,Ae attenuation due to atmospheric effects or interaction with the objects in the

transmission path

5-6

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Assessment of Impacts

Further, sound pressure level at various distances can be calculated using the followingformulaLp, = Lp2 - 20 log (rI/r2) - Ael,2

where,

Lp1 sound pressure level at a distance ri from the source,Lp2 sound pressure level at a distance r2 from the source,Ael,2 attenuation due to atmospheric effects or interaction with the objects along the

path ri - r2.

Table 5.5 Predicted ambient noise levels

Source Estimated Noise Level (dBA)Water supply head-worksHead works entrance 63-645m away from the Head works entrance 41.5Water Treatment plantPlant entrance 54-555m away from the Plant entrance 32.5Sewage pumping stationPumping station entrance 69-70Sm away from the Pumping station entrance 47.5Sewage Treatment plantPlant entrance 52-53Sm away from the Plant entrance 30.5

(Permitted noise level is 55 dBA)

These calculations indicate that the noise levels will not have any significant impacts outsidethe plant premises, since even at a distance of 5 m from the plant entrance, the levels are wellbelow the pernitted level of 55 dBA which is prescribed for night time (Table 5.5).

5.3.2 Reduction in the downstream flow of the river

The water will be withdrawn from the river Cauvery at a rate of 2.1 m3/s. Since the flow ofthe river ranges from 16.82 m3/s to 18.13 m3/s at Urachikottai and Kodumudi respectively(refer Annex I 0-A), at 99% confidence levels, the impact of the withdrawn water on the flowis negligible

5.3.3 Sludge generation from the water treatment plant

About 42 tons of inorganic sludge is expected to be generated every day from the WTP. Asthe sludge from WTP do not contain harmful or toxic substances, its disposal does not posesignificant environmental risks. However, indiscriminate disposal of this sludge could lead toaesthetic impairrment and poor sanitation due to unavoidable co-disposal of municipal solidwaste at these sites.

5-7


5.3.4 Sludge generation from sewage treatment plant

The proposed STP are of the conventional type and would adopt biological treatment tomeet the effluent disposal standards prescribed by TNPCB. The Extended Aerationvariation of Activated Sludge Process is proposed to be adopted for Tirupur for treatmentof sewage.

The quantity of sludge expected to be generated from STP(E) and ST? (W) is 11.4 tonsper day and 7.6 tons per day respectively. The volume of sludge to be taken out of thesludge drying beds will be about 11.2 m3 and 7.6 m3 per day respectively, at STP(E) and

STP (W)

Estimated quantities of screenings from sewage from STP(E) and STP(W) are 0.45 m3/dayand 0.3m3/d respectively. About 3.0 m3 and 2.0 m3 of grit is expected to be collected perday from STP(E) and STP(W) respectively. The grit will be washed to remove allputrisible organic matter in the grit removal system before disposing.

Sludge, screenings and grit from STP could result in soil, surface water and ground watercontamination if disposed off indiscriminately.

5.3.5 Sludge disposal

The CETPs / IETPs are expected to generate large quantities of chemical sludge containingspent dye stuffs and the coagulants used for effluent treatment such as alum / MSS, lime,polyelectrolytes etc. Based on the expected industrial demand of 100 MLD, the estimate ofsludge generated at the primary sedimentation tanks of CETPs and IETPs is around 300tons/day on dry basis. Improper management of this sludge may result in contamination ofsoil, surface water and ground water.

5.4 Summary of Adverse Impacts

The negative environmental impacts of the project during the construction phase and

operational phase are presented in Tables 5.6 and 5.7, respectively.Table 5.6 Construction Phase Impacts

Major Activity Issue Degree of Impact- ActivityWater Construction of Accumulation of debris Minor, provided site for disposal ofSupply intake well and spillage debris is identifiedSystem

Minor, short duration, noise levels dueNoise Levels to construction activities are falling

within standards. Also, impact will be

5-8

Environmental and Social Assessment ReponTinipur Area Development Project Assessment of Impacts

Major Activity Issue Degree of ImpactActivity

only within a distance of lOOm or so,which is uninhabited.

Laying of 1.4-km Traffic disruption at Minor, as the activity is of shortlong Transmission pipeline crossings at State duration and traffic diversion isline to water and National Highway feasible.treatment plant.Construction of vater Dust and noise due to rock Minor as the construction site is awaytreatment plant. blasting. from habitation

Laying 54 km long Disruption to traffic Generally minor. Moderate at theclear crossings at National Highway.water transmissionlinesConstruction of Dust and noise due to rock Moderte; at construction sites inbooster station and blasting. downwind regions, for a short durationMaster Balancing onlyReservoirLaying of feeder Dust and noise due to Moderate, site specific, only for a shortmain pipelines and construction activities timeconstruction ofservice reservoirs- 35in numberLaying of distribution Traffic disruption and Minor, limited to a few congested areasSystem congestion also short term.

Collection, Laying of sewage Traffic disruption and Moderate; along haul roads and enrouteTreatment collection system congestion alignmentandDisposal of Vibrations in the MinorDomestic surrounding areasWastewater

Dust and noise generation ModerateLoose soil generation

Construction of Dust and Noise due to Moderatesewage pumping construction activities

_station ._.

Laying of sewage Traffic disruption and Moderate; haul roads and en routepumping main Congestion alignment.

Dust and noise due to Minorconstruction activities

5-9


Major Activity Issue Degree of ImpactActivty

Construction of Dust and noise due to Minor, as sites are largely uninhabited.sewage treatment o construction activitiesplantConstruction of Dust and noise Minor as STP are very close to ultimateeffluent disposal disposal locationsworks

Low Cost Construction of septic Dust and noise MinorSanitation tank and soakage pitsFacilities

Overall Quarrying Depletion of resources at Minor, gravel requirement are veryImpacts the site. low

Transportation Increased congestion andimpacts impact on air quality (due Moderate, only in Tirupur Municipal

to generation of pollutants Arealike NO., SPM, CO andSO.,) and noise levels

Effect on severance Throughout the project sitetelephone lines, Minor, dislocations only at a few placeselectric transformers,electric poles, canals(Kalingarayanirrigation canal forraw water conveyingmains), railway lines,Crossing of riverbed)

Impact due to migrant Stress on local utilitieslabor Minor as the construction sites are

distributed over large physical area and.__________ _________are located at remote places

5-10


Table 5.7 Operation Phase Impacts

Major Activity Activity Issue Degree Of ImpactWater Supply Operation of Intake well Reduction in the down stream flow in Minor; only 2.1 ms/s being

the river. withdrawn. Flow of river is 18.13m3ls

Operation of water Disposal of generated inorganic ModerateTreatrnent plant sludge and backwash water.

Operation of Booster Noise Minorstation andMaster BalancingReservoir.

Collection, Operation of sewage Noise and odor MinorTreatment and Punping stationDisposal ofDomesticWastewater

Operation of sewage Noise and odor Minor as STPs are located intreatment plant. uninhabited areas

Low Cost Operation of septic tanks Odor MinorSanitation and soakage pitsFacilities ____

5-11

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupuir Area Development Project Assessment of Impacts

5.5 Project Benefits

(1) TADP is the first integrated water supply project of its kind in India whichcomprehensively regenerates the environment while bringing positive benefits tothe populace and commercial environment. After its implementation, theconsumers in Tirupur Municipality (TM) would have access to a reliable source ofpiped drinking water as well as a sewerage system, which would have beendifficult to provide from government budgetary resources. TADP being a self-sustaining commercial venture and is a bench marks for future projects in India forsustainable development combined with industrialization.

(2) Considering the present inadequacies in water supply and sewerage facilitieswithin the local planning area of Tirupur, implementation of TADP would,therefore, bring about significant improvement in the environment and sanitation.Overall socio-economic improvement would also result due to associateddevelopment and industrialization due to reliable water supply. Several benefitsaccruing directly from the project are:

(a) Provision of reliable and adequate water supply for domestic consumptionis expected to result in improvement in ground water table of the region.Implementation of the project would result in reduced abstraction fromground water sources and regulation of ground water utilization forindustrial purposes.

(b) Tirupur Municipality and en-route Panchayat Unions, which currently havean unreliable piped water supply once every alternate day for two hours @a per capita supply of 46 lpcd, would receive an assured water supply @140 and 70 Ipcd respectively, at a subsidized rate. This would considerablyenhance the quality of life of consumers within Tirupur and en-routevillages.

(c) Tirupur Municipality xvould receive a comprehensive sewerage system aspart of the project. Currently, domestic wastewater. is discharged untreatedinto open channels which has led to contamination of ground and surfacewaters.

(d) Betterment of health and improved community hygiene would be facilitatedthrough provision of low-cost sanitation facilities for slums. Presently thereare limited facilities for residents in the slum areas in Tirupur whichprovide for only 8% coverage of slum population. All slums within themunicipal area have been proposed to be covered under TADP. This would

5-12


therefore improve sanitary conditions and considerably enhance aestheticquality of the region.

(e) Industries within TLPA would have access to common collection,treatment, and disposal facilities for industrial effluents on completion ofthe Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), which are currently underconstruction. Considerable quantities of effluent sludge, which would begenerated by the CETPs in Tirupur, would be treated and disposed at acentral facility to be created under TADP. This would facilitate safe andorganized management and disposal of effluent sludge in a remote areaaway from Tirupur, control over localized disposal, reduced humanexposure and control over contamination by toxic substances etc.Cumulatively, this would also enhance the quality of local environment.

(3) TADP is expected not only to benefit the existing residents and industries ofTirupur, but is also expected to create an economically sustainable environment forfuture commercial expansion. The very existence of an efficient and assuredsupply of water and offtake of fluid wastes would provide a multiplier effect to theneighboring region, in the form of additional investments in industry and trade.

(4) Presently, the industries use ground water having a TDS of 2000 to 4000 mg/l. Afterthe inception of the project, the treated water supply will have TDS concentrationsaround 300 mg/l. This is expected to lead to a reduction of effluent TDSconcentration by an average of 2500 mg/I. This will intern improve the ground waterquality since substantial quantity of industrial effluent is presently contaminating theground water.

(5) A large number of the social impacts are beneficial in nature and these includeimproved water supply, sanitation, public health, employment opportunities andground water quality. This will result in enhancement of economic growth of theregion and thereby improve the quality of life. Detailed discussions on the socialimpacts due to land acquisition and their mitigation are provided in chapter 9 of thisreport. Table 5.8 gives the summary of positive impacts of the project.

5-13

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Depdopment Project Assessment of Impacts

Table 5.8 Positive Impacts during construction and operation phases

Project Component Issue Impacts

Construction activity * Employment Local persons should be preferably employed forand operation of opportunities for the construction work, which will result in anvarious project local population improvement in local economy.components

Some of the locals could be given specializedtraining for operating and maintaining the watersupply and sewerage components, which will resultin upgradation of skills of local persons therebycontsibuting to improvement of their socio-economic status.

Water Supply - * Supply of 185 MLD This satisfies the water requirements of the area.Quantity of water to the area, Therefore, it will result in improved public health as

including 100 MLD well as standard of living. Local economy will alsofor industrial use improve because of improved infrastructure.

Presently the textile units have to bring watertankers from far off places. They will get resourceslocally leading to greater cost effectiveness as wellimproved production due to greater reliability of thewater availability.

Improvement in the emergency services, thereforegreater safety.

* Additional watersupply for fireprotection works

Water supply - Quality * Supply of adequate, Insufficiencies such as inadequate and low qualitypotable water to the water supply have resulted in wide spread impairmentpublic and industries of surface and ground water in the region. In general,

unhealthy living conditions are prevailing in the area.The living conditions are bound to improve followingthe projectThere will be a decrease in water borne diseases andimprovement in public health.

Industrial effluent will consequently have a lower- Water supplied will TDS thereby significantly reducing the contamination

have low TDS (300 of soil, surface and ground water. This improvementmg/l) as compared to will result in long term restoration of ground waterthe present level quality(1000-4000 mg/l)

Low cost sanitation * Proper sanitation Will lead to better public health and livingfacilities facilities conditions.

Domestic Sewage * Proper sanitation Will lead to better public health and livingcollection system facilities conditions.

* Digested sludge canbe used as manure orlandfill

5-14

CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Preamble

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) addresses the requirements for successfullymitigating the likely adverse impacts and identifies the post project monitoringrequirements needed for the successful implementation of the suggested mitigationmeasures. The institutional arrangements needed for implementing the mitigationmeasures and conducting post project monitoring have been identified in the form of amonitoring plan.

In this Chapter, the EMP for TADP is presented which maps on to the impacts identifiedin Chapter 5 for the construction and operation phases of the project. Mitigation measuresare being suggested for those project activities, which have been found to have major ormoderate environmental impacts. The recommended mitigation measures are to beimplemented by the Prospective Operator (PO) and NTADCL in close coordination withTM, Tamil Nadu PWD, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) and public utilityservices.

6.2 EMP for the Construction Phase Impacts

The following section recommends the measures needed to minimize and mitigate theconstruction phase impacts. Detailed assessment of these impacts has been carried out insection 5.1 and 5.2. The approach adopted has been to recommend mitigation measures oftwo types, (i) precautionary measures and (ii) compensatory measures, whereverapplicable. In most of the cases however, the recommended mitigation measure isprecautionary in nature.

6.2.1 Managing Impact on Vegetation

Clearing of vegetation, restricted to a few trees, is envisaged primarily at the site proposedfor the water intake well and raw water main at Anainasuvampalayam; water transmissionline and feeder mains.

Precautionary Measures

The precautionary measures suggested to mitigate the impacts likely due to clearing of

6-1

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTirupur Area Development Project Environment Management Plan

vegetation during the construction phase include:

* Locating structures at all project sites (e.g., water intake site), so as to minimize fellingof trees, to the extent possible.

* Adjusting the alignment of mains and pipelines to the extent feasible so as to minimizedamage to the root systems.

It is recommended that the compensatory plantation that would require to be done by thePO, in keeping with the mandates of the Tamil Nadu Tree Felling Act.

Compensatory Measures

It is recommended that commercially and aesthetically important plants such as Cocosnucifera (coconut), Tamarindas indica (Tamarind), Delonix regia (Gulmohar) and

Bougainvillea be planted along the area.

In some stretches of the transmission line corridor, the sides of the highway are barren.The aesthetic value and the biological diversity along the water transmission corridor canbe enhanced by planting trees. Trees that provide good shade and large canopy such asDelonix regia can be planted at a distance of about 3m away from the edge of the road.Planting of trees such as Azadirachta indica will attract nesting birds.

The barren land area at Erukattuvalasu can be made greener by planting suitable plantspecies as suggested, so as to form a canopy at the site for the booster pumping station.

Species such as Bombax malabaricum and Anthocephalus kadamba can be planted.

Some notional cost estimates for landscaping at the various sites in the project area arepresented in Table 6.1.

6.2.2 Management of Noise Impacts

Following Precautionary measures are recommended for the management of noiseimpacts.

* To minimize the impact, construction operations in residential and sensitive areasshould be restricted to between 7.30 a.m. and 6.00 p.m. Prior information should beprovided if the blasting is significant.

6-2

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTirapurr Area Development Projecr Environment Management Plan

Table 6.1 Notional Cost Estimates for Tree Planting

Location No and type of Area Cost of planting Cost oftrees/shrubs required (not including maintenance

(ha) cost of land) (Rs/Year(Rs.) up to 3 years)

Near Intake Local species such as 0.24 3,900 6,000point prominently Bettle-nut,

Guava, Coconut, MangoNeem, Jack fruit etc. (30)and shrubs (in betweentrees)

Raw water Local species such as Along the 3,250 3,500transmission Amaltas, Gulmoar, routeline (1.5 km) Mango (SO)Treated water Local species such as Along the 97,000 76,000transmission Amaltas, Gulmoar, routeline (43km) Mango (1500) where the

space isavailable

MBRs Local species such as 0.55 2,300 2,000Neem (20) _ _

Feeder mains Local species such as Along the 32,000 26,000(total length= Amaltas, Gulmoar, route51 kcm) Mango (500) where the

space is_______________ available _

STP (West) at Local species such as 0.66 1,430 2,100Sultanpet Neem, (20-24) and shrubs

such as Tulsi (in between______________ trees) _ _

STP (East) at Local species such as 1.025 3,900 4,000Sarkarperiyapa Neem, (60) and shrubslayam) such as Tulsi (in between.

trees)

Total cost 1,43,780 1,19,600

Grand Total = (Capital cost + Maintenance Cost for 3 years) + 10% (as replanting cost)Grand Total = Rs. 0.54 Milion

* Noise level should be reduced by provision of encasement to generator sets andconcrete mixers at the service reservoirs at Andipalayam and Thiruvalluvar Nagar.

* Operators of heavy machinery and workers in near vicinity should be provided withear plugs and other protective measures for safety.

6.2.3 Managing Impacts due to Movement of Construction.Machinery

Precautionary measures, in order to avoid adverse impacts due to traffic-congestion are as

6-3


follows.

* The most suitable route for delivery and haul equipment with due consideration for

load limits, traffic pattern, and the character of the area traversed should be selected.

* Traffic controls and diversions, marked with signs. lights and other measures (flags)

should be provided. This is necessary to minimize confusion and ensure public safety.

Police and fire departments should be informed before any route is closed. Also, routes

should not be closed until an alternate road is identified.

* The prospective operator should follow the prescribed safe, legal load limits of all

bridges and surface roads that may be traversed by the heavy equipment used at the

project sites.

6.2.4 Managing Impact on Air Pollution

Construction activities and the consequent transportation activities add to the air pollution

in the region. Impact of the air pollution will be moderate and short term at booster

pumping station, MBR, feeder mains, service reservoirs, sewage pumping stations, STPs

and while laying sewer lines.


* It is recommended that construction equipment, machinery and diesel engines be

maintained in good condition so as to reduce emissions.

* Dust. should be controlled by sweeping and sprinkling with water. Mud should be

washed from all construction equipment and vehicles prior to hauling on roads.

* Trucks carrying dirt and sand to and from the construction site, should be covered or

wetted, in accordance with the construction specifications prescribed by the local

corporation, to minimize release of dust.

6.2.5 Managing Impact due to Labor Camps

Considering the long construction period of the project, the local and migrant laborers will

pose some stress on utility services such as water supply and sanitation.

6-4



* Planning of labor camps needs to done along the lines of the suggested design in Annex

6-A

* Adequate water supply, sanitary facilities and drainage in temporary colonies of the

construction workers should be provided.

Other Recommendations

In order to minimize the construction phase impacts, a few construction site practices arebeing recommended.

* Deep resurfacing scars on the pavement may cause tripping, falls, and added liabilityto the authority. This should not be permitted.

* When pipelines are laid or subsurface excavations are made in existing streets, cuts inthe paving are unavoidable. Best construction practices should be applied to ensurethat repaved trench areas, blend with the existing pavement to the extent possible.

* Pedestrian bridges with handrails should be provided at all intersections when trenchesremain open. Steel plates over trenches should be provided at driveways and

intersections.

6.3 EMP for the Operation Phase Impacts

The mitigation measures for the various operation phase impacts identified in section 5.3are listed below.

6.3.1 Disposal of sludge from Water Treatment Plant

It is estimated that about 42 tons/day of alum sludge (Al(OH)3), will be generated from theWTP. It has to be ensured that this sludge is disposed off suitably.


* Possible uses of alum sludge are,* as a plasticizer in ceramic industry;

6-5

Environmental and SocialAssessmentReportTirupar Area Development Project Environment Management Plan

* as constituent of high alumina refractory bricks;

* as a part of the mixer with fly-ash for road stabilization;* as an ingredient for the preparation of building bricks;* as soil conditioner for heavy clays and* as fill material for low lying areas and abandoned quarries

These options should be examined and a suitable one selected for management of thesludge by the NTADCL.

6.3.2 Sludge Generated from Sewage Treatment Plant

The sludge, screenings and grit generated from the sewage treatment plant requireadequate disposal (refer to section 5.3.4). The screening and grit can be washed and thensend to landfill for disposal. The wash-water can be treated in the sewage treatment plantfor removal of organic load. As the STPs are designed as extended aeration systems, thesewage sludge is expected to be well stabilized and can be used as soil conditioner in areasearmarked for greenbelt development. This sludge can also be used in the agriculturalfield. However, the precautionary measures for management of sewage treatment plantsludge are presented below.

* Land application, if considered an option, should be attempted only after analyzing thesludge to ascertain the safety of this option from the point of view of public health.

D High ammonia concentration in the sludge might inhibit seed germination. As thesludge is high in nitrogen, the nitrate-nitrogen is not readily retained in most soils,crops that have a relatively high demand for nitrogen should be planted. Usually, soilsthat have had prolonged application of sewage sludge will become acidic and requireperiodic liming.

6.3.6 Overall environmental management plan

The environmental management plan providing the mitigation actions to be taken for eachissue together with the responsible agency for each action is presented in Table 6.2.

6-6

Environmental and Social AssessmentReponTarupur Area Development Project EnvironmenJ Management Plan

Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan

No. -Issues Action to be taken Responsible EntityA. Construction Phase ImpactsI. Clearing of vegetation A minimum level of tree plantation Prospective Operator

to be undertaken as documented in (PO)the ESAR

2. Dust contamination at Construction sites / haul roads near / POconstruction sites and passing through residential andalong haul roads commercial areas to be watered twice

a day. Trucks carrying construction

material to be adequately covered3. Air Pollution Construction machinery and vehicles PO

to meet relevant emission standardsand to be maintained adequately

Monitoring of NOx, HC, PM1 o, NTADCLSOx and CO at sensitive/ residentialareas near major construction sites asper Table 6.3.In the event of violation of 24 hourly POaveraged Indian Standards for any ofthe parameters activities to berestricted between 6 AM to 9 PM.

4. Noise Pollution and Noisy construction operations in POVibrations residential and sensitive areas should

be restricted to between 6 AM and9PM.

Provision of ear plugs to operators ofheavy machinery and workers in nearvicinity

Provision of encasement togenerators and concrete mixers at thesite of the service reservoirs atAndipalayam and ThiruvalluvarNagar

During the night, material transportshould be uniformly distributedduring the night to minimize noiseimpacts

Prior information to be provided ifblasting is significant

Blasting to be in accordance with theExplosives Act, 1884 and ExplosivesRules, 1983

6-7

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTirnpur Area Development Project Environment Management Plan

No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity5. Disposal of Daily inspection at haul roads and PO

construction debris sites for construction debris for safecollection and disposal to landfillsites

Collection and disposal of refuse and POdebris generated during siteclearance.Minimizing construction debris by PObalancing cut and fill requirements

6. Diversion of Traffic Adequate and safe measures for POand Congestion in diverting the traffic to be providedTransportation during construction across National

Highway, district roads and roadswithin Tirupur.

While planning alternate routes, careto be taken to minimize congestion Traffic Policeand negative impacts at sensitivereceptors such as schools andhospitals

Traffic controls and diversionsmarked with signs, lights and othermeasures (flags) should be provided PO

Prior to creating diversions and POdetours the citizens should beconsulted well in advance throughcitizens' meetings. It should be aninformed decision taken throughpublic participation.

Diversion works to be dismantled to POrestore the area after completion ofconstruction

7. Construction labour Planning of labour camps needs to be POdone to ensure adequate watersupply, sanitation and drainage etc.in conformity with the Indian LabourLaws

8. Procurement of Procurement of construction material POconstruction material only from permitted sites and

quarries9. Laying of Water Pipeline route should be realigned PO

Transmission Lines where possible, to minimize treefelling and need for resettlement.

6-8


No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible EntityPipelines to be provided external casing POwhile crossing effluent channels andpassing through inhabited areas prone towater logging

10. Laying of Water Adequate precaution should be taken PODistribution System while laying the lines to avoid

possibility of cross connection with thesewer lines

11. Location of vents on While placing the vent shafts, POSewer System, Low precautions to minimize odor nuisanceCost Sanitation and to residents should be undertakenSewage PumpingStations

B. Operation Phase ImpactsI. Impact on water Regular,monitoring of water quality PO

quality and therefore upto the bulk offtake point followed byto public health due to immediate measures to remedy thetreatment deficiencies situation if there is a impainnent ofor contamination of water quality.water.

Regular monitoring of water qualityduring distribution at the consumer end TMfollowed by immediate measures toremedy the situation if there is aimpairment of water quality

2. Disposal of sludge and Adequate facilities for disposal of WTP NTADCLresidues at WTP and and STP sludge should be providedSTP. based on recommendations of EMP

(sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2)3. Operation of Sewage careful transfer of solid wastes from NTADCL

Pumping Stations sewage pumping station site should beensured.

Adequate precaution should be made to POprevent ground water contaminationfrom the wet wells at pumping station

Operation of Low Septic tanks and soak pits should not TMCost Sanitation cause ground water contamination, odorFacilities or fly nuisance.

4. STPs Open areas surrounding the STPs and POWTPs (within the premises of theplants) should be covered by plantation.Effluents from treatment plants should PObe conveyed to the rivers by closedconduits.Adequate bank protection measures POshould be provided near the disposalsites in the river.

6-9

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTirupur Area Development Projec Environment Management Plan

No. Issues Action to be taken Responsible Entity5. Surface and ground Adequate precautions to be taken PO

water contamination during the operations to avoidcontamination of surface and groundwaters due to spillage/leakage of oils,fuel or chemicals.

6. Transportation and Guidelines and procedures in POstorage of hazardous Motor Vehicle-Act 1986 forchemicals transportation; Manufacture,

Storage and Import of HazardousChemicals Rules 1989 to befollowed for storage and handlingof hazardous chemicals: Insurancecovers to be taken for accidentsand cost of clean-up operations

7. Generation of sludge A common facility should be GoTN/Industriesat the IETPs and developed for the secured disposal operatingCETPs of the sludge following the CETPs/IETPs

guidelines laid down by the MoEF

8. Release of high TDS Technical assistance to the TEA and NTADCLlevels from industries to implement measuresindustrial effluents for reducing TDS at source

through use of low salt dyes, reuselof dye bath etc.

6.4 Environmental Monitoring

The monitoring activity in the context of the project would be at three levels:

routine monitoring of the performance of the water supply system up to the pointsof bulk off-take supply to the TM will be by the PO to ensure that the system it isbeing operated and maintained in conformity with the applicable water qualitystandards.

II compliance monitoring by the NTADCL to ensure that the proposed environmentalmanagement plan is being implemented. In the event of any violation of standards

observed, it would the responsibility of the NTADCL to ensure immediaterectification.

III monitoring the trend in the performance of the project in terms of the services

committed by NTADCL to the beneficiaries as well as the environmental quality ofthe project area. This monitoring which would be done by NTADCL in

6-10

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTiripur Area Development Project Environment Management Plan

consultation with the Citizens' Committee and will attempt to evaluate the extent

of benefits that the consumers have accrued from the project. Additionally, if thismonitoring reveals that any modifications are required in the project design tomaximize the benefits, NTADCL would implement them.

Monitoring at this level, would also be a form of disclosure monitoring used to keep thebeneficiaries of the project informed about its progress.

Implementation of mitigation measures may also sometimes give rise to impacts, whichwill be recognized early, if rigorous monitoring is ensured. The monitoring plan shouldalso provide for periodic revision of the measures. The plan is described in Table 6.3 andfully covers the monitoring requirement at level II and III defined above. It provides themonitoring requirement for each impact/ issue identified earlier, the responsible agenciesand the estimates of the costs involved.

The estimated cost of the environmental monitoring is Rs. 2.558 Million per year during theconstruction phase and Rs. 2.676 Million per year during the operation phase and has beenfully integrated in the overall financial analysis of the project

6.4.1 Infrastructure requirements

In order to implement the monitoring requirements recommended in Table 6.3 above,certain infrastructure requirements, have been identified.

The operator should provide facilities at the WTP, STP and ETP for monitoring andregulating performnance of these treatment facilities. In addition, provision should be madefor one centralized laboratory for sampling and analysis of all relevant parametersincluding heavy metals in influents, effluents and sludge to confinm compliance withTNPCB standards.

6.4.2 Institutional Arrangement

For the compliance and trend monitoring recommended above, NTADCL would hire theservices of a senior expert in the form of a consultant. The consultant will be on a retainerand the responsibilities will include,

* hiring a monitoring agency to monitor the environmental quality,* review the outputs of the monitoring agency,* rationalize the environmental monitoring process,* preparation, of an annual environmental and social performance report for

6-11


NTADCLpreparation, of an environmental and social perfornance report, to be used byNTADCL for communicating the progress of the project to the financinginstitutions providing assistance. NTADCL would provide a specific format to

the consultant for this report.

Separate citizens' committees should also be formed for monitoring of construction andoperation phases of the project. During the construction phase, both the NTADCL and thecitizens' committee should monitor the implementation of the mitigation measuresparticularly for land acquisition and related compensation and air and noise pollution.

At this point, a schematic of the proposed project implementation structure, showing thecomposition of the NTADCL is shown in Figure 6.1 to facilitate greater understanding ofthe involvement of the various organizations in the project.

The State Department of Environment and Forests should periodically review and monitorthe project. The groundwater cell of PWD should monitor groundwater quality, levels andtrends in the project area.

Steps have to be initiated to identify and train necessary manpower required for theoperation and maintenance of the proposed, water and wastewater treatment plants. Actionhas to be taken at the earliest so as to associate the identified staff right from the initialstages of construction and commissioning of the plants.

The existing capacity of the TM may be strengthened in terms of increased and trainedmanpower as well as improved inforrnation management systems especially related tobilling. This capacity building and strengthening would assist in the mitigation of theinstitutional failure risks.

6-12

GoTNConstruction TMHContractor . Contrcoi

Concessio i Agreement

Constructio ntract & C tract

Equity NTAD Debt(SPV)

Shareholdeers Lender,sAareement Agreement

Service gareement Bulk Wate Supply and Bulk W ter SupplySewage ake Agreement Agreen ent

Industrial Tirupur Wa sideUnits Municipality Villages

Figure 6.1

NTADCL Contractual Structure

Table 6.3 Environmental Monitoring PlanSi. | Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costsNo. T g . | Entity (Per year)

Construction Plhase ImpactsAmbient air quality at fixed stations at 3 locations to NOx, SOx, PMIo, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourly NTADCL 10,00,000understand the impact of change in traffic pattern monitoring for three days once everydue to the project. monsoon & summer and two times during the

winter seasonMoving stations (3 nos.) at the construction sites 10,00,000(only during construction period). To understand the NOx, SOx, PM I o, CO, HC and Pb. 24 hourlyimpact of construction operations. monitoring for three days once every

monsoon & summer and two times during thewinter season

2 Noise pollution at the construction sites Fortnightly monitoring at 3 locations on NTADCL and 1,44,000(only during construction period) hourly basis for 24 hour period Citizens'

committee3 Disposal of construction debris Periodic inspection at haul roads and sites for NTADCL and

construction debris for safe collection and Citizens'disposal to landfill sites committee

4 Traffic and Transportation Measures for diverting the traffic during NTADCL withconstruction across National Highway, the traffic policedistrict roads and roads within Tirupur, to be and the Citizensmonitored. Committee.

Public consultations should be conducted wellin advance in order to take an informeddecision on the proposed detours anddiversions.

5 Domestic sewage and refuse management at the Check for adequacy of sanitation NTADCL andlabor camps and construction sites. arrangements at the labor camps. Citizen's

committee

6-14

Environmental and Social AssessmentReportTirupur Area Developmenit Project Eu ivirontmeit Mmauuge'neu,t Plan

Si. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costsNo. _ Entity (Per year)

7 Water Pollution Check for: NTADCL andPublic Health

* blockage of flowing water which may Departmentlead to stagnation of water;

* soil erosion due to construction activitiesleading to contamination and siltation ofwater bodies.

* water contamination due to use of fueland lubricants at the construction sites

8 Procurement of construction material. Check that procurement of construction NTADCLmaterial should be only from permitted sitesand quarries

Sub total 21,44,000

6-15

En viroilinentll alid Socital AssessittentReportTirupitr Area Developittelt Project Enviroinm,ent Maitagennte Plany

SI. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costsNo. l Entity (Per year)

Operation Plhase Impacts

Water quality at intake point Chemical quality#, seasonally for 3 locations NTADCL 1,44,000(throughout the project) (@ 3 samples per location)

Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3locations. Grab samples thrice a day 2,70,000(covering the diurnal cycle)

2 Water quality at the outlet of the WTP Chemical quality#, seasonally for I location NTADCL 36,000(@ 3 grab samples)Residual chlorine and bacteriological quality, 72,000monthly for I location (@ 3 samples)

3 Water quality at the two MBRs Clhemical quality, seasonallyfor 2 locations NTADCL 96,000(@ 3 samples /location)Residual chlorine and bacteriological quality, 1,80,000monthly for 2 locations (@ 3 samples)

4 Water quality at the consumer end Bacteriological quality, and residual chlorine NTADCL 9,00,000daily one sample(1 one sample / month for a population of10,000). For a population of 3 lakhs - 30samples per month

5 Surface water quality at the point of treated effluent Chemical quality#, seasonally for 2 locations NTADCL 96,000discharge (at Sarkar Periyapalayam lake and at river ( 3 grab samples per locationNoyyal). Bacteriological quality, monthly for 2 1,80,000

locations @ 3 grab samples per location.7 Surface water quality at the point where the river Chemical quality#, Seasonally for I location NTADCL 48,000

Noyyal leaves the TLPA. @ 3 gtab samples.Bacteriological quality, monthly for 3 90,000locations

6-16

E,,vironmentall arnd Social AssessmteitReportTirupur Area Developmzent Project Environment Atanageineit Plan

8 Ground water quality at 16 locations in the high TDS Ground water level, TDS and color seasonally NTADCL 64,000belt, (> 4000 mg/I) that was determined during the for 16 locations, one sample each.baseline studies.

Si. Monitoring Requirement Specifications* Responsible Total costs

No. Entity (Per year)

9 Ground water quality, at sludge disposal sites Ground water level, Chemical quality, NTADCL and POBacteriological quality, annually for 3locations, one sample each per site.

10 Soil quality, at sludge disposal sites Soil characteristics annually for 3 locations, NTADCL and POone sample each per site

Transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals, ro check whether guidelines and procedures NTADCL ande.g. chlorine at water treatment plants in Motor Vehicle-Act 1986 for transportation; Traffic police.

and in Manufacture, Storage and Import ofHazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 for storageare being followed.

12 Consultancy fees @Rs. 5 lakhs / year 5,00,000

Sub total 26,76,000

Total 48,20,000

# The chiemical parameters recommended to be monitored are: pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, hardness, alkalinity, acidity,

fluorides, sulphates, phosphates, clhlorides, nitrates, HOD, DO, iron and manganese.

* The frequency of sampling and the parameters recommended for analysis in the above table must be rationalized by the consultant to NTADCL and suitable modifications made with

respect to locations, frequency of sampling and parameters monitored.A The locations-recommended are:Tiruppur Master Plan Area SuburbsKuppandapalayam Uthukuli-Kangeyam RoadKaruppakavundampalayam KaraipudurKasipalayam Salamedu ThottamSarkar Periyapalayam Thangamman KoilAthupalayam Orathupalayam-Oorvazhi ThottamAlankadu Orathupalayam - Maniankadu ThottamKangeyam Road

AnapalayamKombaithottamWell at Attavampalayam is recommended as a baseline station since TDS levels are low (-500 mg/I).

6-17

CHAPTER 7

SOCIAL SETTING AND LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE

7.1 Introduction

According to the feasibility study for TADP approximately 28 hectares of land area isrequired to house the project facilities. In order to minimize the social impacts due to theacquisition of lands, as far as possible, the facilities are sited on the government lands. Theacquisition of private lands for the project thus is limited to less that 10 hectares.

As a result of land acquisition for the project, the economic losses of Project AffectedPersons (PAPs), besides loss of lands, may include loss of house, business and access toeconomic opportunities. Therefore, while implementing the project, it is necessary toconsider all disturbances and losses and their impact on the socio-economic status of thePAPs while planning for the mitigation measures to minimize the negative/adverse impacts.Also, the rnitigatory measures should be evolved through a participatory process with thePAPs and the final plans should have their agreement and approval.

The main objective of the social assessment, therefore, is to assess the social impact of theproject due to acquisition of land and assets and outline a Resettlement and Rehabilitation(R&R) measures to mitigate the negative impacts and consequent risks to the project. Theremedial measures suggested in the mitigation plan must ensure that all the PAPs have theirincome levels after the project implementation improved or at least restored to the pre-project levels.

Social assessment study for the project, therefore, aims at identifying the PAPs, analyzingtheir socio-economic status, assessing losses due to project implementation and proposeResettlement and Rehabilitation Plan (RAP) which ensures that PAPs do not suffereconomic losses. The environmental and social assessment study is expected to prepare awell researched and documented environmental and social assessment report (ESAR) withdue consideration to public opinion and sensitivities. The ESAR is prepared according to theprinciples and processes contained in the Environmental and Social Report (ESR) of IL&FSand the World Bank's policies (O.D. 4.30 and 4.20).

7-1

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Social Setting and Land Acquisition Procedure

This chapter describes the social setting of the project and also gives the legislative and

procedural requirements on which the recommendations of the social assessment study are

based. The areas covered include:

* information on past and projected trends of population and economic growth,

* immigration and its impact on demographic features,

* land use pattem,

* land values and social attitude of people towards landholdings in the project area and

* legislative and procedural aspects of land acquisition.

7.2 Distribution of Project Components

The TADP, primarily being a water supply project, covers all the Town and Village

Panchayats within the TLPA and the villages enroute the water transmnission line. The TLPA

consists of one urban local body - Tirupur Municipality, one Town Panchayat -

Velampalayam and three Panchayat Unions, namely - Tirupur, Avinashi and Uttukuli. The

total geographical area under TLPA is about 218.28 sq.km. The Panchayat Unions consist

of fourteen Village Panchayats each of which houses some of the project components. The

distribution of project components is presented in Table 7.1.

The project also includes laying of 1.4 km of raw water mains, 54 km of treated water

transmission mains, 97 km of feeder mains and 288 km of sewer lines.

Table 7.1 Distribution of Project Components in TLPA

Si. Project Component Location of the SiteNo.

1 Intake well Anaina Suvampalayam2 Raw Water Pumping Station Anaina Suvampalayam3 Raw Water Pumping Main Suriam Paliyam4 Water Treatment Plant Suriam Paliyam5 Treated Water Pumping Main Suriam Paliyam6 BPS at Erukattuvalasu Thiruvachi7 Master Balancing Reservoir Neruperichal

7-2


Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main-I8 Avinashi road Tirupur Municipality9 Bharathiyar complex Tirupur Municipality10 Rayapuram Tirupur Municipality11 Puchakkadu Tirupur Municipality12 Tennampalayam Tirupur Municipality13 Perichipalayam Tirupur Municipality14 Vinobaji Nagar Tirupur Municipality15 New R K Puram Tirupur Municipality16 Shakthi Nagar Thottipalayam

Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main- 217 Indira Nagar Tirupur Municipality18 Velampalayam Velampalayam19 Kariampoondi Kariampoondi20 Pudupalayam Pudupalayam21 Samundipuram Velampalayam22 Chettipalayam Mangalam Chettipalayam Mangalam23 Chinnandipalayam pirivu Chinnandipalayam pirivu24 Andipalayam Andipalayam25 Iduvampalayam Iduvam palayam26 Iduvai Iduvai27 Murugampalayam Veerapandi28 Kuppandam palayam(school site) Veerapandi29 Kuppandam palayam(school site) Veerapandi30 Veerapandi Veerapandi31 Avarapalayam Veerapandi32 Thiruvalluvar Nagar Tirupur Municipality

Service Reservoirs on FM 333 Pandian Nagar Neruperichal34 Neruperichal Neruperichal35 Mannari Mannari36 Mudalipalayam Mudali palayam37 Nallur Nallur38 Kaliappa Nagar Nallur39 Kaliapalayam Nallur40 Muthampalayam Mutham palayam41 Ponkoil Nagar Ponkoil Nagar42 Koil vazhi Mutham palayam

Sewage pumping Stations43 Mannarai Mannarai44 Kongu main road Kuttai Tirupur Municipality45 Kangayam road Kuttai Tirupur Municipality46 Natraj theatre Kuttai Tirupur Municipality47 Vanakkara rawther thottam Tirupur Municipality

Sewage Treatment Plants48 Sewage Treatment Plant - East Sircarperiapalayam49 Sewage Treatment Plant - West Chinnandi palayam

7-3


7.3 Constitution of TLPA

The Tirupur Local Planning Authority for Tirupur was constituted under section 11 (1) (3) ofthe Town and Country Planning Act, vide G.O. MS. NO. 1138 R.D. & L.A. Dt. 07.06.76,

with the Chairman of Tirupur Municipal Council as the Chairman and the Town Planning

Officer as the Member Secretary.

7.4 Decadal Growth of TLPA

The total population of TLPA area is 364504 as per 1991 census. Prior to 1950 Tirupur wasbasically an agrarian society with its major crop being cotton with a few handlooms in andaround it. In the course of time the failure of rains and decreasing water level in Noyyal ledto lower agricultural production and people tumed their attention on knit wearmanufacturing. Sustained winds with low ambient moisture, availability of labor andproduction of cloth in nearby industrial center of Coimbatore have been conducive for rapidgrowth of dyeing and bleaching operations at Tirupur. Table 7.2 gives decadal populationgrowth of TLPA since 1951.

Table 7.2 Decadewise Population Growth and Variation of TLPA

Year Population Variation Per centage

1951 1,00,7301961 1,32,853 32,132 31.891971 1,73,924 41,071 30.911981 2,30,000 56,076 32.241991 3,64,504 1,31,504 57.17

7.5 Socio-Economic Profile

Out of the population of 2,35,661 in 1991, in Tirupur, the male and female populationconstitute 1,22,394 (51.90 per cent) and female population is 1,13,267 (48.10 per cent)respectively. The literacy rate of Tirupur town is 66 per cent comprising 91,807 men and63,860 women literate. The population in the working age group in 1991 was 118000.

The occupational characteristics of population in Tirupur town and TLPA excluding Tirupurtown are presented in Tables 7.3 and 7.4 respectively.

7-4


Table 73 Occupational Characteristics of Population in Tirupur

Occupation Workers Percentage of total Percentage ofPopulation (Working total Workers

Age Group)

1. Primary SectorI. Agriculture 1357 1.2 3.12. Mining, Livestock, Quarrying etc. 52 0.05 0.1

nI. Secondary Sector3. Household Industry 18385 15.6 42.24. Manufacturing other than household 3793 3.2 8.7

Industry5. Construction 4416 3.7 10.1

IIL Tertiary Sector6. Trade & Commerce 7873 6.6 18.17. Transport and Communication 2103 1.7 4.88. Other Services 5619 4.5 12.9

Total 43598 36.65 100.00

Table 7.4 Occupational Pattern of TLPA Excluding Tirupur Town

Occupation Workers Percentage of total Percentage of totalPopulation (Working workers

Age Group)

1. Primary SectorI. Agriculture 10,309 13.1 30.02. Mining, Livestock, Quarrying etc. 302 0.4 0.9

II. Secondary Sector3. Household Industry 12,811 16.4 37.24. Manufacturing other than household 6,782 8.7 19.7

Industry5. Construction 605 0.8 1.7

Ill. Tertiary Sector6. Trade & Commerce 1,536 1.9 4.57. Transport and Communication 301 0.4 0.98. Other Service 1,743 2.2 5.1

Total 34,389 43.9 100.00

Tirupur town area three major occupational sectors can be identified viz. primary, secondary

and territory sectors. The major workforce is found to be occupied under manufacturing

sector, which constitutes around 50.9 per cent to the total workforce. The other major

workforce comes under trade and commerce sector.

7-5


The occupational pattern in TLPA excluding Tirupur town also shows similar pattern.Manufacturing sector employs the largest number of persons followed by the agriculturalsector.

7.6 Projected Occupational Pattern of TLPA - 2001

The total number of persons in the workable age group in 2001 are projected to be 3,20,000comprising 64 per cent of the total population and will be equally divided among male andfemale workers. The total workers is estimated at 208000 comprising of 144000 males and64000 females, constituting 41.6 per cent of the projected total population of 5.00 lakhs and65 percent of the population in the working age group. The estimated occupational pattern ofTLPA in 2001 is presented in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5 Estimated Occupational pattern of TLPA in 2001

SL Occupation Workers Per centage of Percentage ofNo total Population total Workers

(Working AgeI Group)

I Agriculture non-urban user 31800 9.9 15.3

2 Manufacturing 109200 34.1 52.5

3 Trade and commerce 26400 8.3 12.7

4 Transport & communication 4260 1.3 2.0

5 Construction 5800 1.8 2.8

6 Service and others 26000 9.6 14.7

Total 208000 - 65.01 100.0

7.7 Social Amenities

7.7.1 Water Supply

Tirupur town is served by a system of two protected water supply schemes using Bhavaniriver near Mettupalayam as the source. The system also serves the needs of the waysidevillages and the net quantity released at Tirupur reservoir is about 33 MLD with a per capitaconsumption of 46 litres.

The water supply is through house connections in well-developed localities and throughpublic standposts in slums and under-developed areas. In addition there are connections for

7-6

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Social Selling and Land Acquisition Procedure

commercial and drinking purposes in industrial premises.

The broad breakup of water distribution connection in Tirupur is presented in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6 Water Distribution Connections in Tirupur

Nature of Connections Number

Public standposts

1. Single Tap 1392. Double Tap 14

House Connections 7477

on-domestic Connections 132

In addition to the distribution system, water is also supplied from 57 open wells and 7 bore

wells located in various parts of the town through lorries to unserved and high level areas of

the town.

7.7.2 Drainage and Sewerage

There is no underground drainage system in this town at present and only open drains are

available. The total length of drains is 80 km. out of the total length of roads about 110 km.

The sullage water flows from the drains are discharged into the Noyyal river. *** Most of the

houses have only dry type latrines and some have septic-tanks. The rubbish taken out of

drains is collected in dustbins and removed by carts and trucks to the compost yard situated

on the southern outskirts of the town.

7.7.3 Health

There are 3 Hospitals, 1 Dispensary, 3 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre, 1 Family

Welfare Centre and 5 Private Nursing Homes, to take care of the health needs of the public.

Table 7.7 give the break up of health facilities available in Tirupur Town.

7-7


Table 7.7 Health Facilities

S.No. Classification Ownership Number BedStrength

1. Hospital Government 1 110ESI 2 -

2. Dispensary Municipality 1 23. Nursing Home Private 6 112

4. Clinic Private 10 -

5. Maternity and Municipality 3 52Child Welfare

6. Family Welfare Municipality 1 -

7.8 Land Use Pattern of TLPA

TIhe industrial development has occurred mainly along the railway line, the Noyyal river and

important roads viz., Avanashi road, Palladam road and Perumanallur road. A major part of

the residential development has occurred on the northern side of the railway line and Noyyal

river. The residential development accounts for 72 per cent of the developed area.

The Commercial part of the town is mainly concentrated around the Municipal Office.

However, in the older part of the town i.e. in the southern side of the Noyyal river, some

parts of the residential have been invaded by commercial development. The wholesale and

retail warehousing activities are more around the present Bus-stand which lies on the

meeting point of Dharapuram road, Kangeyam and Palladam Roads. There is a Cotton

Market nearby the Bus-stand. Retail commercial outlets are distributed along the important

roads of the town and Commercial uses occupy 6.00 per cent of the developed area. The

existing land use pattern is presented in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8 Existing land use pattern

Si. Usage Total area in

No. hectares

I. Residential 1997.082. Commercial 167.233. Industrial 423.654. Educational 130.075. Public and Semi-Public 68.756. Agricultural 19041.22

Total 21828.00

7-8


7.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern

The TLPA master plan describes a proposed land use of TLPA by 2001 AD. About 31 per

cent is set apart for residential activity and 55.52 per cent for agricultural activity. About 8.5 per

cent is intended for industrial activity.The detailed proposed land use pattern is presented in

Table 7.9.

Table 7.9 Proposed Land Use Pattern of TLPA - 2001S. No. Usage Total area in Ha.

I . Residential 6672.982. Commercial 418.413. Industrial 1837.654. Educational 631.765. Public and Semi-Public 148.656. Agricultural 12119.45

Total 21828.00

7.9.1 Residential use

The spatial requirements for residential use in the year 2001 for the TLPA have been

assessed on the basis of 75 persons per hectare. The residential area requirement will be

6673.00 ha for the projected population of 5.00 lakh in 2001. It includes the land required

for local roads and streets, local shopping centre, primary schools, open space etc. The

residential area has been divided into primary residential zones and mixed residential zones.

7.9.2 Commercial Use

The commercial use include all commercial and business use, financial institutions, cinema

theatre, and other conmmercial entertainment centres, warehouses and automobile repair

shops etc. The space need at the commercial use in the TLPA for the year 2001 will be about

418 hectares.

7.9.3 Industrial Use

The total estimated working force in the Planning area by the year 2001 is expected to be

208,000. Further division of this working force among service industries, light industries and

heavy industries is expected to be in the ratio of 4:3:2 viz. 92,445 in service industries 69,330

in light industries and 46,225 in heavy industries. The area requirement for different

categories of industries and the planning norms used are presented in Table 7.10.

7-9


Table 7.10 Break-up of industrial area into different categories of industriesSlNo. Planning Norm Required Area

Area requirements for service Industries at a 370 hectares.standard of 250 workers/hectare:

2 Area requirement for light Industries at a 695 hectaresstandard of 100 workers/hectare

3 Area requirement for heavy Industries at a 772 hectaresstandard of 60 workers/hectareTotal 1837 hectares.

Thus the total area under industrial use in the year 2001 is expected to be 1837 hectares.

The occupational pattem of the Tirupur town shows major contribution to the work force of

the knit wear industry which accounts for 80 per cent of Indian cotton knitted garments

(Hosiery). There are about 2500 Hosiery units and 500 processing outs employing over

2,00,000 workers. The export accounted for Rs. 1150 crores in 1991. It has also recorded a

major foreign earning in the country contributing 2.7 per cent of country's exports in 1991

with growth potential of 23 per cent per annum.

The TLPA has regulated the land use dividing it into a number of zones. Exemption needs to

the obtained from the Government and/or Director of Town & Country Planning, as the case

may be, in case any deviation is to be made against this regulation.

7.9.4 Land Values and Ownership

Nearly 90 per cent of the lands in the TLPA are privately owned while the municipal and

government lands account for 2.5 per cent and 7.5 per cent respectively. The land value

within the town fluctuates according to its usage and location. Due to an increased demand

of land for industrial and commercial activities an appreciation in land value has occurred.

For example, the value of land along the Avinashi road is around Rs.720/- per Sq.ft. (Town

S.F.No.39/7/K) or Rs.3 crores per acre at one of the proposed Service Reservoir site. The

land values in the outskirts of TLPA are in the range of Rs. 20-25 lakhs per hectare. The

land values in the areas near Bhavani at the site for intake well and water treatment plant are

about Rs. 15 lakhs per hectare.

However, the registered price of land in the area which normally form the basis of

calculating the market value by the revenue department during the land acquisition, are many

times lower the market price. Although, the registered value of land vary for different

transactions, the average value in the project at the time of social assessment (1996) was

7-10


estimated to be R. 2.8 lakhs per hectare. It is thus seen that the market value for the lands is

up to 5 to 10 times of the guideline value of the Registration department.

7.9.5 Social Attitude towards Possession of Land

Due to the vast difference between the guideline value and the actual market price of the

lands, the general tendency among the landowners is to go to court to get a stay order, the

moment the owner of private land or an encroacher/occupier of government poromboke'

lands comes to know about the probable eviction or acquisition. Similarly there is a tendency

of demanding a high rate of compensation based on the market price of the piece of land to

be acquired for any government/public purpose.

In general, the people living in Tirupur and nearby villages where the components are

designed were found to be more attached to whatever little piece of land they owned,

occupied or encroached. In some areas they have been living in poromboke lands for more

than 15-20 years and have electricity, water supply and road facilities but with only 'B'

memos' issued by the Revenue Authorities.

Since they have been living in their respective places for more than 15-20 years they have

established a cultural bond with surrounding areas, besides a trader customer linkage.

7.10 Land and Property Acquisition Procedures

Procedure for Land Acquisition

The Land Acquisition Act (1 894) amended in 1984 as a National Act extends to the whole of

India except for the State of Jammu & Kashmir. This Act empowers any State Government

to acquire compulsorily any land (not owned by it) which is required for a public purpose. In

the present case the land is required for the TADP. The provisions of the Act focus on the

procedures of acquisition and payment of compensation for land and other immovable

properties.

Prior to initiating any land acquisition, an officer (mostly from revenue department) is

I The lands belonging to Government are classified as Poromboke lands. Government can consider allotmentof these lands as per certain norms for Schedule Castes I Tribes.

2 'B' Memo :This is notice served on the encroacher of a government land. This indicates that he would beevicted at any time without prior notice. A penal tax is also levied on the encroacher which is revisable upwardsyearly.

7-11


designated to perforn the finctions of a Collector under this Act who receives requisition

from the concerned project authorities to acquire land for the project. In the case of TADP

the requisitioning authority is New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited(NTADCL). The requisition is submitted to revenue departmnent. The requisitioning officersubmits to the Collector the details of land (called land plan schedules) to be acquired. The

details provided are the land owner's name, survey number and extent of land to be acquired.

For any land acquisition (LA), the amended LA Act of 1984 under section (u/s)- 4(1)

stipulates publication of a notification to that effect in the Official Gazette and in two dailynewspapers circulated in the locality (in which land is to be acquired) of which at least one

shall be in the regional language. In the case of TADP it should be in Tamil. Such a

notification enables the concemed LA authorities to enter upon the land, make preliminary

survey, ascertain its suitability and detemine the exact portion of the land to be acquired.

The substance of this notification is given as public notice at a convenient place in the

locality in which the land to be acquired is located. Such a notification provides an

opportunity to the parties interested in the land to file objections, if any, u/s-5A to the

proposed acquisition.

In order to proceed with the acquisition of the notified land or any portion of it, a declaration

u/s-6 of the LA Act specifies the precise boundaries of the area of the land to be taken. This

declaration is made within one year from the date of publication of the notification u/s 4(1).

Every such declaration is published in the Official Gazette, as well as in two daily

newspapers, one of which should be in the regional language. With the appearance of this

declaration as an office notification, Government issues directions to the Collector u/s-7 of

the LA Act to take order for acquisition of land.

Thereafter, section-8 of the Act requires land to be marked out, measured and planned, whileu/s-9 notices are served to concerned persons (owning land) stating the intention of the

Government to take possession of the land and that any claims for compensation should be

made to the Collector. Such notifications are given as public notices on or near the land to betaken. Any other claimant to the property as co-proprietor, sub proprietor, mortgagees, tenant

or otherwise, u/s 10 is required to submit a statement to that effect to the Collector. Finally

the award of compensation is made by the Collector u/s- I I of the LA Act after inquiring into

objections (if any), pursuant to the notice given u/s-9 to the measurements made u/s-8 and

into the value of the land fixed as on the date of the publication of the notification for

acquisition of land uls4(1). Section 11-A of the Act stipulates that the award u/s-Il shouldbe made within a period of two years from the date of publication of the declaration and if no

award is made within that period, the entire proceedings for the acquisition of the land stands

lapsed.

7-12


Once the award is made u/s-I1, the Collector u/s-1 6 may take possession of the land whichthere upon rests absolutely with the Government, free from all encumbrances. In urgent caseswhen land is required on immediate basis for a public purpose, the Collector, as directed bythe Government, may take possession of land where no award has been made, on the expiryof fifteen days from the publication of notice u/s-9(l). Such lands there upon are vested

absolutely in the Government, free from all encumbrances. However, before takingpossession of such lands, the Collector u/s-17 (3-A) is required to tender payment of 80 per

cent of the compensation for the land to the person(s) entitled.

However, any person, who does not accept the award, or accepts compensation under protest,

is required uls- 18 to apply to the Collector to refer his case to the court for its determination

with regard to the measurement of the land, amount of compensation or apportionment ofcompensation among the persons interested. This has to be made within six weeks from thedate

of the Collector's award. Section- 18 to 28 detail out the procedures involved in settling thecases referred to the court.

Section-3 1(1) of the LA Act, 1984 stipulates payment of compensation to the awarders.However, if they do not accept the compensation or there is a dispute with regard to the titleto receive the compensation, the Collector u/s-3 1(2) is required to deposit the compensationamount to the court.

Also, the amended LA Act, 1984 has provision for acquiring land through direct negotiation

between the project affected families and the concerned government authority. In this case,the government authority will be the Revenue Authority.

7.11 Acquisition of Other Lands

Acquisition of government land does not involve any difficulty as LA is done by theGovernment itself. For such lands no compensation is due to any body. However, requisitionis made to the concerned Department for alienation of land.

According to resettlement and rehabilitation policy of IL&FS, if there are encroachments onsuch lands, they need to be provided dwelling units near the place of their livelihood.

7-13

CHAPTER 8

PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS - IDENTIFICATION,MINIMIZATION AND PROFILE

8.1 Introduction

All development projects, unless located in remote and thinly populated areas, involveconsiderable displacement of the local population. The degree of displacement may bemuch higher if the project has a semi-urban setting, as is the case with TADP. The pastexperience of project implementation in India with respect to the rehabilitation of thedisplaced people has not been good. Many displaced people have protested against suchprojects, causing delays and cost escalation. It has been observed that in a number ofprojects, no serious effort was done to assess the degree of displacement during the projectplanning stage. The issues related to displacement were thus invariably underplayed tillpublic pressure and outcry revealed the true dimensions of the problem.

The solution to the problem of displaced persons lies in careful assessment of extent ofdisplacement during the initial stages of project development itself, minimizing it throughproject modifications and providing adequate compensation where the displacement isinevitable.

As per the environmental and social policy of IL&FS, as the first step towards assessmentof social impacts, a rigorous study for the identification of project affected persons inTADP together with identification of options for minimization of negative social impactswas attempted. This chapter describes the methodology and findings of theseconsiderations. The chapter begins with definitions of project affected persons andfamilies, describes the secondary and primary data collection effort in their physicalidentification, presents their socio-economic profile and highlights the efforts undertakentowards minimization of PAPs and their influence on the project design.

8.2 Definitions

The field survey of the project sites indicated that majority of the displaced persons areadversely affected either due to loss of land or loss of structures like housing. In bothcases, according to entitlement framework of IL&FS social assessment policy, the familiesof the displaced persons need to be treated as unit for compensation and/or resettlementand rehabilitation.

A minority of those affected however may be categorized as project affected person wherethe loss is confined to the structure for shops. In such case, only the earning member(s) of

8-1

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profile

the family is affected directly. If through compensation, the income levels are restored, the

family as such is not affected by the project.

8.2.1 Project Affected Persons

Project affected persons (PAPs) are those, who are:

* physically displaced or economically adversely affected as a result of physicalrelocation and/or

* economically affected but not physically relocated and/or* loose access to community amenities and resources due to the project.

8.2.2 Project Affected Families

Project Affected Families are all families (a family is defined as two or more or group ofpersons related by birth, or marriage or adoption who reside in the same household andshare the common kitchen) that are

- physically displaced or economically adversely affected as a result of physicalrelocation and/or

* economically affected but not physically relocated and/or* loose access to community amenities and resources due to the project

8.3 Identification of PAPs at Sites for Project Components

The first step towards identification of the PAPs is to compare the Survey Field (SF)number of plots of lands required by the project with the revenue records, which containthe latest land ownership information. At the commencement of social assessment, theinformation on project profile and project sites layout was scanned to identify the SFnumbers of plots of land required by the various project components. During the initialstages of the social assessment, the project profile was still being firmed up. So, theinformation for some of the project sites was only partially available or was under review.The initial fieldwork, therefore, was planned as reconnaissance survey for familiarizationwith the project sites and the probable social issues.

During this survey, each of the areas belonging to the project components was visited. Itwas observed that most of PAPs were residing at three sites proposed for the projectnamely Puluvarpatty, Thiruvalluvar Nagar and Chinnandipalayam. Minor social issues inthe form of loss of one or two houses and a few minor structures were perceived withrespect to Kanianpundi, Murugandampalayam, Pappananickenpalayam, Avaraipalayam

8-2

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- identification and Profile

Pirivu, Indira Nagar, Anainasuvampalayam, Sakthi Nagar, and Kuppandapalayam,. Restsof the sites on Municipal land were observed to be free from PAPs and consequently noadverse social impacts were anticipated for these components. The initial estimates ofdegree of impacts related to PAPs for various components of the project during thepreliminary survey are summarized in Table 8. 1.

Table 8.1 Initial Estimate of Degree of Social Impacts due to Land Acquisition

Degree of Impacts Project Sites ProjectComponent

Major impacts Puluvarpatty MBRThiruvalluvar Nagar SRChinnandipalayam ST? (West)

Minor impacts Kanianpundi SRMurugandampalayam SRPappananickenpalayam SPSAvaraipalayam Pirivu SRIndira Nagar SRAnainasuvampalayam Intake wellSakthi Nagar SRKuppandapalayam SR

MBR: Master Balancing ReservoirSTP: Sewage Treatment PlantSR: Service ReservoirBPS: Booster Pumping Station

These findings were discussed with the district authorities of Coimbatore and PeriyarDistrict with the objective of obtaining their support for the physical verification of PAPs.The District authorities deputed their town level revenue officials with instruction to laysurvey stones in the. project area and scan the sites for the verification of PAPs and thestatus of their land ownership.

The reconnaissance survey, indicated that from the point of view of land acquisition for the project,the site for Master Balancing Reservoir (MBR) at Puluvarpatty was the most sensitive. A socio-economic survey was carried out among the potential PAPs in the area A census count of thestructures within the area required for the project indicated that 102 houses required demolition forclearing the site. The results of the survey highlighted that most of the land holdings in thearea (50 per cent of total PAPs) were legal with valid titles or pattas and lived in puccahouses with well laid road and public facilities. The community expressed deepapprehension towards land acquisition in this area, which was also reflected, during the

8-3


visit of the survey team.

Thiruvalluvar Nagar, the proposed site for a Service Reservoir was found to be the secondmost sensitive area from the point of view of land acquisition. The reservoir site atThiruvalluvar Nagar is located within a cluster of 150 families belonging to scheduled

castes. All of these families have occupied Government poromboke land and do not hold alegal title to the land. These families however, have been residing on these lands for thelast 15 to 20 years and are 'B' memo holders.

The land ownership records indicated that the project site was located at survey fieldNo.T.S.5. With the help of local revenue official survey stones were laid demarking the

project site. The demarcation enabled exact identification of PAPs and probable loss of

their housing and associated disturbances in their area. It was observed that 20 familiesrequired resettlement at this site.

Chinnandipalayam, the site for Sewage Treatment plant (West) was found to be the thirdmost critical site during the initial assessment. This site is part of lake poromboke and hasbeen considerably encroached in roadside. Approximately 60 encroachments wereidentified within the land required for treatment plant. The encroachments at this site,

however, were of relatively recent origin of about 5 years or less.

Meanwhile, appropriate steps were taken to authenticate the records by laying surveystones or making demarcations at all project sites. It was observed that many small hutshave developed in the project sites after the preliminary survey. Hence the DistrictRevenue authorities were approached for minimization of further encroachments and they

served a suitable order, which helped in controlling the further encroachments at almost allthe sites.

The aforesaid order also facilitated to seek the assistance of town and village revenueofficials not only for demarcating the sites but also settling the local issues that arose after

informal discussion with the community about the objective of the project and its demandfor the site.

8.4 Identification of PAPs along the Water Transmission Main (WTM)

The WTM that carries the treated water from WTP at Suriampalayam to MBR atNeruparichal will mainly be laid within the right of way (ROW) of NH47 and the statehighways. The social issues due to the laying of the transmission line, therefore, will ariseonly in those sections where either the ROW is significantly encroached or is too narrowto allow passage of the pipe line. During the ESA the entire road stretch was studies

8-4

Environmental and Social Assessment RepoHTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profde

carefully and following road section were identified where social issues requiredmitigation

(a) Road Stretch Passing through Perundurai Town

At km 77.6-79.0, the highway passes through Perundurai, where at a narrow stretch ofabout 500 m between km 78.0-79.0, the available ROW width from center of the roadincluding the BT and berm reduces to about 7.0m which leaves inadequate width fordigging the trench. The highway through Perundurai is a fairly busy stretch and there arepermanent shops/structures on either side at distance of about 1-5m from the BT edge.Also, there is considerable encroachment of the free available NH land along the roadthrough Perundurai. At least a few permanent structure located at 1.0 m from the BT andsome temporary businesses are likely to be affected by the proposed water mainalignment. The construction will also cause significant congestion on the NH at thisstretch

(b) WTM section along the State Hinhwav from Perumanallur iunction to MBR

At km 106 on the NH47, the WTM alignment turns right and runs along the state highwayto Tirupur till the MBR location via the Puluvapatty junction. Along this 7 km long stretchthe total available road width is limited to BT of 7.0m and berm width varying between0.5m in considerable portion and about 1.0 m at few points. Considerable sections alongthis stretch have ribbon development along the road that a number of houses andcommercial structures are located along the road.

8.5 Identification of PAPs along the Feeder Main Routes

Three feeder mains have been proposed to carry water from MBR up to the servicereservoirs within TLPA. The feeder mains are proposed to traverse along the statehighways and ring road sections within TLPA. From the MBR site, two feeder mains (FMI and III) are proposed to be laid along the ring road on the right of the MBR upto thePuluvapatty junction while one feeder main is proposed to be laid along the ring road onleft from the MBR. The proposed feeder mains are expected to be of 0.3-0.6 m dia, whichwould entail a trench width of about 1.2-1.8 m.

The ring road has an overall width of the 4-5 m with a BT of about 2.5-3.0 m and berm ofabout 0.5-1.Om. Most of the feeder mains alignment along the ring road passes throughareas where a lands adjacent to the road are not fully occupied and it is possible to lay thepipeline without any social impacts. However, there are a few sections (total length about

8-5


1000 m) where considerable roadside development has taken place and no space isavailable beyond the berm. In these sections it will be necessary to take the pipelinebehind the row of structures through the agricultural field. In this context the sectionsrequiring special attention are the following

* 200 m long distance in stretches close to Puluvapatty junction and on the road toNeruperichchal village (FM III);

* in stretches ( about 200 m) along the road to Attupalaiyam (about 10-15 structuresincluding one road side temple) and through Anuppapalaiyam (about 40-48 houses, 10

business establishments, 4-5 boundary walls requiring partial demolition) along FeederMain II route in the region from MBR and prior to crossing Avanashi road.

* a narrow stretch of about lOOm on the ring road near Solipalaiyam (FM II) whereabout 11-13 houses will be partially affected (walls will have to be demolished asthese fall within the berm and are close to the BT);

- on the route to Pudupalaiyam (about 50-lOOm overall stretch) on FM II,

* moderate to major impacts along the stretch of ring road from Velampalaiyam toChamundipuram (about 100 m)

For the entire feeder main length, the social impacts can be fully eliminated by laying thepipe line below the BT top in the critical stretches described above.

8.6 Identification of PAPs along the Sewer Lines

In city area the sewers are generally laid at the center of the road to facilitate the house

connection by gravity at a short distance from the houses located on either side. Thealignment of the sewer will have to be deviated from the center of the road due to otherunderground services like electricity, telephones, water distribution etc. The houseconnections are joined to the manholes on the sewer, which are provided at a distance of

about 3045 m depending on the size of the sewer.

For wide roads, like state or national highways the sewers are provided on one side of the

road. To avoid road crossings for connections at short intervals, a rider line is provided on

the other side of the road that is joined to the main sewer at suitable intervals. In Tirupur

area the sewers will be laid underground along the center of the road in almost all parts of

the city. Therefore, no displacement of the people is expected due to laying of the sewer

lines.

At 2 locations, sewers are crossing the railway line through the existing underpasses. In

such case, the sewer alignment will have to be slightly deviated, as the sewer lines can not

be laid through these narrow underpasses. Railway authorities generally carry out the

8-6


railway crossing works themselves with minimum disturbance to railway movements.

More often construction techniques like pipe jacking are adopted to minimise the

disturbance. The ROW of railways near the underpasses are free from encroachments andno social issues are expected in construction of the sewers lines.

8.7 Categories of PAPs

After completing the reconnaissance survey and establishing links and support from local

administration, detailed socio-economic surveys were planned at all project sites. These

surveys were conducted by a team of investigators trained locally under the guidance of an

experienced sociologist.

The affected families identified in the surveys belong to the following three categories:

* Land owners

* Squatters

* Partially affected families

8.7.1 Land Owner PAPs

Those families who possess valid titles to the land required by the project fall under this

category. For compensation of the loss, the landowner is considered as a unit or family and

is entitled to choose between a land of equal productive potential or cash compensation.

Due to paucity of land, compensation in the form of alternate land is rarely feasible in

India and hence compensation is mostly in the form of cash compensation. For those

families who have considerable negative impact on their income due to LA, however, it is

desirable to provide advise/training/financial assistance to commence alternate means for

income generation.

8.7.2 Encroacher PAPs

Squatters are defined as the people with no legal holding or ownership of the land undertheir occupation.

Generally people encroach the land near the place of their work for dwelling purpose and

also for small temporary shops to earn for their livelihood. They also encroach land for

putting up religious structures. These squatters are considered for compensation, as family,

and are provided with a basic dwelling unit according to certain norms and also cash

compensation, if applicable.

8-7


8.7.3 Partially Affected Persons

Those persons who are not directly affected due to loss of major assets and only face

marginal loss or discomfort due to project implementation fall under this category. This

category of PAPs is represented by family head as individuals while being considered for

cash compensation.

Based on the above categories the breakup of PAPs identified with respect to the project

sites is given in the Table 8.2.

Table 8.2 Distribution of PAFs at sites for Project Components

S. Component Land Squatters Partially affectedNo. Holders persons

I. Intake well 12 Nil Nil

2. Raw water main 2 Nil Nil

3. Water Treatment Plant I Nil Nil

4. Clear Water Transmission main I Nil Nil

5. Booster Pumping Station' Nil 4

6. Master Balancing Reservoir2 6 Nil

7. Services Reservoirsa) Municipal limit 3 21 2b) Outside-Municipal limit Nil 2 3

8. Sewage pumping stations Nil 6 1+ Temple and aschool

9. Sewage treatment plant (STP) 8 57 I

Total 32 90 9

One of them is thatched roof structure for National Literacy Mission where no persons stay as such.

8.8 Detailed Identification

8.8.1 Land Holder PAPs

According to the Revenue records and relevant registered documents, that were available

with the village administrative officer, land holdings of PAPs have been ascertained. The

' BPS earlier planned at Sarlai and Kanakkaampalayam were dropped which eliminates PAPs under thiscategory. The analysis, however, retains the observations during SA.2 The original site for MBR was changed to a new site as a measure towards minimization of social impacts(refer section ***)

8-8

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identifcation and Profile

other assets of PAPs have been identified by social surveys. Based on these observations,the details of aggregated loss of each PAP under this category are provided in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3 Land holdings and assets of land owner PAFsName of the PAF & Address S.F.No. Total Extent of Kind of Other assets Remarks

Extent o land to be landland acquired(in Hec.) (in Hec.)_

Anainasuvampalayam Village

1. I.Ramasamy Chettiyar 137/9 0.625 0.06 Wetland Bettlenut Ownershiptrees Guava undertrees conditionalCoconut pattatrees andMango Trees

2. V.Venkataraman Chettiyar

3. V.Karuppana Chettiyar

4. V.Perumal Chettiyar

5. Rajamani

6. C.Angalamal 39 0.805 0.256 Wetland Paddy crop

7. K.Cheeniamalai Gounder

8. R.Muthu Gounder

9. Maariayi

10. P.Kandasamy

11. Devayaniammal

12. L.Rangasamy

Suryamapalayam Village

13. S.Marimuthu 50/6 0.020 0.00675 Wetland Paddy crop

14. Velappa Chettiar

15. Loganathan 21&22 4.925 1.22 Dry land Nil

Neruparichal Village

16. K.Palanisarny 140/1 0.060 0.060 Rocky Nil

17. Heir of Alagiri Boyar 14012 0.120 0.120 Barren Nilland

18. Natarajan 140/3 3.045 1.320

8-9


Name of the PAF & Address S.F.No. Total Extent of Kind of Other assets RemarksExtent of land to be landland acquired(in Hec.) (in Hec.)

19. N.Ramasamy one full and 135-1-A 5.490 4.000 Dry land Entireone Share in 135-1-C Tiled S.F.No. 135

house has a landarea of 5.490hectare.

20. N.Swaminathan one full 135-1-D Welland One share in 135-1-B (JointOne share in 135-1-C ownersh

ip)

21. R.Swaminathan one share 135-1-Bin

Sarkarperiapalayam Village(Perunthurai T.K.)

22. K.Balasubramanian lyvar 122 2.050 2.050 Dryland Nil23. K.Subba Rao

24. Viswanathan Chettiar 124/1 1.160 1.160 Dry land Nil25. Paramasivamn Chettiar

Sarkarperiyapalayam (Neruparichal Village)

26. Chennimalai Gounder 39/2 0.405 0.405 Dry land Tiled housecattle shed

27. Mayangathal alais 39/1 0.370 0.370 Dry land WellRangathal

Chinnadipalayam Village

28. K.Nachimuthu Gounder 200A/I 0.065 0.065 Dry land

29. K.Subbia Gounder 200A/2 0.170 0.170 Dry land Homestead_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jW eaving unit

Note: 3 PAFs namely Mr.Nachimuthu Gounder and his 2 sons have ownership in the revenue records for theSR site at New R.K.Puram which they should have transferred to muniicipality in lieu of developmentand sale of adjoining lands owned by them.

While compiling this information, it was observed that for a number of land holdings,ancestral ownership has not been updated. In such cases the social survey has attempted to

find the details of all heirs to the property and has assumed equal distribution of land

among them (for want of more information).

Of the total 32 landowners, 21 are absentee landowners who do not stay at the project site.

It has been gathered that the absentee landholders are staying at different places in Periyar

8-10

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Ident!fication and Profile

and Coimbatore Districts. Out of the 11 landowners who stay in the area, only 9 live near

the project sites with their families and could be contacted during the field visits.Addresses of remaining two were obtained from the village assistants and theirwhereabouts were determined.. However, addresses of the absentee landowners were notknown by any one and they could not be contacted.

8.8.2 Encroacher PAPs

Due to rapid urbanization, there has been a steady increase in the number of poor,unskilled and vulnerable groups who migrate and settle down in and around Tirupur. Newcolonies of these people have emerged as unplanned settlements in many areas around

Tirupur. Majority of these settlements is coming up on lands owned by the Governmenti.e. Poromboke lands. Based on their designated use the lands occupied by the squatterscan be classified as:

- River Poromboke

- Lake Poromboke

- Natham Poromboke

- PWD Poromboke

- High ways Poromboke

- Cart Track Poromboke

The detailed social survey has revealed that there are 98 encroachments in all the projectsites excluding Water Transmission line. Of these encroachments, there are 87 residentialsettlements, 3 shops, one residence cum shop, 1 vacant piece of land, one fence, one semi-

metal road, one thatched structure for Adult Education and 2 bathrooms. The project areawise details of the encroacher PAPs, their assets and annual incomes are provided in

Annex 8-A.

8.9 Socio-Economic Profile of Squatters PAPs

8.9.1 Social Structure

All PAPs, except for two Christian families, are Hindus. All the Hindu PAPs belong to thelower strata of community structure. Eighty per cent of these PAPs belong to Schedule

Caste and 20 per cent to Most Backward and Backward communities. The family structure

8-ll


among PAPs is predominantly nuclear, with less than 10 per cent families being joint.

Probable reasons for such observations may be:

(1) The male workers migrate with only their spouses to the urban area and leavebehind their parents with their relatives.

(2) The cost of living in Tirupur is so high that the PAPs are unable to provide for their

parents. Even in the joint families, it has been observed that parents and married

sons with separate kitchens share the dwellings.

8.9.2 Demographic Features

Out of the total number of 344 persons comprising the PAPs there are 174 males and 170females. The male female ratio among the PAPs thus works out to be more or lessequivalent. The average family size of PAPs is 4. More than 42 per cent of the population

is in the active age group of 18 to 40 years. The overall literacy level among the PAP is 45per cent but it is considerably lower among the women (30 per cent). Only five per cent of

the population is educated up to Matric. Among the PAPs, no person have done graduation

or attained a formal technical training.

8.9.3 Special Population

During the survey 7 pregnant women and 13 children below one year of age were

identified among the PAPs. The number of children below 5 years, aged persons above 60

years and mentally retarded were found to be 12, 14, and 1, respectively.

8.9.4 Economic Condition

In terms of their occupation, 50 per cent of the adult population are laborers in Banian(Vest) Companies, 20 per cent are self employed such as barbers, carpenters, vendors,

cycle shop owner, astrologers and Government Pensioners. The agricultural coolies are 7per cent. Others belong to construction coolies, masons etc. or are not employed in anyeconomically gainful activity. The dependent ratio is 56 per cent and the working

population constitutes 44 per cent only.

The days of employment for seasonal and non seasonal workers varies from 6-9 months as

12 per cent of them are semi skilled and 88 per cent are unskilled.

8-12


For most of the families, labor in knitwear companies is the main source of income. Theannual income ranges from below Rs.5,000 to above Rs.30,000 per year. Among thePAPs, 50 per cent (40 families) of the families are below poverty line ie. earning about11,850 per annum. Five families in the project site earn more than Rs. 30,000 per year.Child labor is also seen in the area but respondents were reluctant to provide informationon extent of the practice.

Sixteen per cent of the families have an annual expenditure of less than Rs. 10,000, 57 percent spend between Rs. 10,001 and 20,000 per year and twenty two per cent of PAPfarnilies spend Rs. 25.000 per year. The remaining five per cent of the PAPs, spend morethan Rs. 30,000 per year. It was observed that the PAPs do not save much and spendwhatever they earn and take additional loan for emergencies The data on present indebtednumbers of PAPs indicate that there are only 8 families free from loans (Table 8.4).

Table 8.4 Present indebtedness of the PAFs

Indebtedness No. of families

Nil 81 - 5000 25

5000- 10000 3310001 - 15000 1215001 -20000 620001 - 25000 325001 - 30000 1

8.10 Assessment of Structures Owned by PAPs

Housing needs are the prominent cause of encroachment among the PAPs. It is observedthat a majority of houses are kutcha houses (55 per cent huts and 30 per cent with tiledroof and mud walls) and only 5 per cent of the houses are pucca.

It is further observed that out of 50 project sites, temples exist at 6 sites. However, only attwo sites namely Mannarai and Thiruvalluvar Nagar the temples are pucca built upstructures. Some of the PAPs also own makeshift shops. In a few places, abandonedcommunity latrines have also been observed. The details on structures owned by PAPshave already been presented in Annex 8-A.

8.11 Common Infrastructure Facilities and Living Conditions

The infrastructure facilities are easily accessible in those areas where the project

8-13


components fall within the municipal limit. But these facilities, including essentialamenities are not accessible to the PAPs residing outside the municipal area. At most ofthe sites, drinking water, sewage, drainage, street light, toilet, Balwadi, antenatal care,primary school, housing and facilities for non-formal education are lacking.

If the comparison is made between 'B Memo' paying community and non-payingcommunity, there is a vast gap in access to basic services. 'B Memo' paying dwellingspossess amenities like electricity, ration card, semi-pucca and pucca housing structures.These facilities are not found in non-B-Memo areas. Though, most of the sites encroachedby the poor PAPs are rocky and barren in nature, they are located on the main roads,leading to Avinashi and Tirupur. Thus, these groups enjoy bus facilities, health carethrough primary health center, education, Balwadi and ration card, They also have accessto the Post Office which exists within 3 km. Most of the PAPs, however, consider thatschool, PHI and the workspace are far away.

In terms of the local community structure, it is seen that there are mostly opinion leadersand caste leaders who head the community structure. Besides, another informal structureexists in the form of loosely run welfare societies. If any serious community problemarises, the PAPs seek the help of local political leaders, who often guide them. There is noparticipation of women among the community leadership.

8.12 Housing Condition

All 97 PAPs (l-Arivoli Iyakkam Structure) live in their own shelters. As shown in Annex

8-A, 54 families live under thatched roof with either mud walls or brick walls or thatched

walls. Among the remaining, 40 live under tiled roofs with either mud or concrete walls.

Three live in their bunk shop. 15 per cent of the houses are electrified, none have

individual drinking water. or sewage or toilet. Around 44 per cent of the working

population has to commute more than 5 Km. both ways every day to attend their dailywork. Thirty eight per cent of them have their working place within 5 Km distance and the

remaining within 3 Km distance.

8.13 Housing Size and Surrounding Area

The people who encroached the sites at the initial stage played the role of opinion leaders

and developed political contacts. They possess relatively spacious, semi pucca housingstructures. They have also occupied the surrounding sites for their children. The details ofHousing size and surrounding sites held by the PAPs are given in the Tables 8.5 and 8.6.

8-14


Table 8.5 Housing size of the PAFs

SI. No. Size in Sq.ft. No. of families Per cent of total

1. 1 -200 13 13

2. 201 -400 16 16

3. 401 - 800 43 44

4. 801 - 1200 20 20

5. >- 1200 6 7

Table 8.6 Surrounding areas held by PAFs

SI. No. Size in sq.f% No. of families Per cent of total

1. Nil 18 182. 1 - 200 21 213. 201 -400 22 224. 401 - 800 24 255. 801-1200 8 8

1200 3 6

8.14 Infrastructure Facilities Available for PAPs

Fifty six per cent of the PAPs live in houses, which have only one room. About 35 per

cent have two room dwellings. Very few houses i.e. 6 per cent possess more then two

rooms. Around 68 per cent have individual kutcha bathroom, three per cent own concrete

bathroom and 29 per cent have no bathroom. Less than 21 per cent of families have a

separate kitchen. Few of them only have cattle and cattle sheds. The PAPs have common

drinking water supply once in 34 days. No one has toilet in their house while 10 per cent

of the PAPs have electrical connections in their houses. Heads of 38 families say that they

have their name in the voters list. Forty-eight families have access to distribution of food

supply under civil supplies through their ration cards.

8.15 Preference of PAPs for Compensation

During social survey the emphasis has been in ascertaining the willingness of encroacher

PAPs to move on to an alternate site. For each group of squatters their opinion on the

preferred options for alternate site and compensation have been ascertained. It was

observed that all PAPs who will loose their dwelling due to the project have requested for

alternate housing. Some partially affected families have made requests for reasonable

compensation for their loss. The social assessment thus attempted to identify desirable

sites for resettlements at each site group of squatters albeit with partial success. The

desirable locations for resettlement of PAPs are presented in Table 8.7.

8-15


Table 8.7 Desirable locations for resettlement of squatters

Si. Locality of squatters Alternate SiteNo.

1. Thiruvalluvar Nagar Ward-A, Block-5, TS-14

2. Chinnandiapalayam No altemate site is available at Chinnandipalayam

3. Mannarai Only four PAFs are eligible for dwelling units,which should be provided in the near vicinity.

It is observed from the Table 8.7 that only four PAPs are eligible for dwelling units which

should be provided in the near vicinity.

8.16 Minimization of Social Impacts

During the project development, there has been a continuos effort to integrate the findingsof SA with the technical considerations for project design to minimise the negative socialimpacts of the project. As a result a number of modifications have been affected.

8.16.1 Minimization of Social Impacts at Sites for Project Components

(a) Site for MBR

As recorded in section 8.3, 102 houses were required to be demolished to construct the

MBR at the originally selected site at Puluvarpatty. Immediately after the reconnaissance

survey at the site, the information about large number of PAPs and possible significant

impacts of land acquisition at Puluvarpatty was passed to the sponsors for the

reconsideration of sites. Based on these findings and some technical considerations, a new

site at Neruparichal about 500 meters from the original site was identified for Master

Balancing Reservoir. As a result, the number of PAPs from 50 legal titleholders and 52

squatters was reduced to 6 landholders and 1 partially affected PAP (Table 8.2).

(b) Site for SR at Thiruvalluvar Nagar

The construction of SR at this site requires that 20 squatter families be resettled to a newlocation. During the course of SA, inquiries for identifying a possible resettlement in thevicinity revealed that at about 500 m from the original location, unoccupied government

lands (T.S. No. 14) were available which can be used for housing the SR. The technical

considerations indicate that alternate site adequately meets the site criteria for housing the

SR, eliminating the need to resettle the 20 families.3

3The RAP, however, provides for budget for resettling these families as a precautionary measure

8-16


(c) Site for STP (W) at Chinnandipalavam

The STP(W) site, predominantly comprises of the S.F.No. 187 (Lake poromboke) alongthe main road to Mangalam. The site area adjacent to the road is heavily encroached. Asmany as 57 families reside in this area, the details of which are already provided in Annex8-A. A layout map of the encroached area with respect to overall dimension ofS.F.Nos. 187 and 200A is presented in Figure 8.1. Considering the difficulties of resettling

57 PAFs if the encroached sites are taken for the project, as also the availability of morethan 20 hectare land in S.F.No.187 against the project requirement of 6.6 hectares, theproject layout has been modified to leave the encroached areas and S.F.No.200-A

undisturbed.

This recommendation has saved the project authorities purchase of one alternative site ofat least 0.50 hectare and construction of resettlement colony at an approximate total cost ofRs. I crore. Also, PAFs have also been spared the physical and psychological hardships ofresettlement and rehabilitation

8.16.2 Minimization of social impacts along WTM routes

During the social assessment studies for the route of WTM from the WTP to MBR ( 54

kim), two critical regions with significant social impacts were identified.

* About 500 m long stretch oh NH-47 near Perundari town

* Stretches along the 7 km long section of SH-6 and Major District Road (MDR) leading

to MBR at Neruparichal

In was found necessary to consider alternate alignment for the WTM near Perundari townto minimize the social impacts that would have arose due to passage of the mains throughcongested sections of NH47.

Two alternative alignments were considered. The first option was to take the water mainalong a road connecting to the Perunduari-Erode highway and continuing along either theleft or the right of the road till Perundurai junction. The second alternative was to turntowards east, north of road km 78 into the weekly market place (government land) beforethe congested portion of the NH and continue along the Erode-Perundurai road up to thejunction. The currently laid TACID main also follows the second alternative and cuts

8-17

Fig No. 8.1

/ PRIVATE LAND UNDER S.F. NO. 200 A AND- *ENCROACHMENTS ON SF. NO. 187 AT.Ca-INNANDIPALAYAM

r 7 ;tF r\

%,, / ENCROACHMENTS

\a<s / ~~~~~~~PRIVATE LAND \\>\ X ~~~~~~~~(S.F.NO. 200A) \

_ WUr^Cvn~~Lft~~~~~1 ni _, _Go....._.

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project PAPs- Identification and Profde

across to the left of the Erode-Perundurai road till the junction beyond which it turns ontothe road to Uttukuli.

The Erode-Perundurai and the parallel road are dual undivided carriageways with a BTabout 7.0-8.0 m wide including the berm and free available land alongside of about 3-5mwidth. The stretch after the market plot along the road is relatively free of encroachments;as the TACID main is being laid across the left of the road, it would be feasible to considerthe road stretch on the right of the Erode-Perundurai road for the proposed TADP main.The Second alternative, therefore, is the most suitable alignment from the point of view ofsocial assessment. The residual impacts with the proposed alternative are practically nil.

For minimization of social impacts for WTM route along the SH-6 and MDR, permissionfrom the state authorities have been obtained to lay the transmission main below the BTportion of the road. No demolition or acquisition of private property is thus required in thissection.

8.16.3 Minimization of social impacts along the Feeder Mains routes

It has been observed that about 1000 m long stretch of the total length of 95.80 km of the

three feeder mains pass through areas where development along the road does not allow

adequate space for laying the pipeline. The only possible way to lay the pipeline alongthese stretches is either to lay it below the BT or through the agricultural field behinf the

structures adjacent the road. With the view to minimize the social impacts, permission forthe relevant authorities is being sought to lay the feeder mains below the BT.

8.17 Impact on Host Communities

For successful integration of resettled population with the host community it is essential to

fulfill the interest of the host community while planning the RAP. As per the original

proposal for TADP, the resettlement of 57 families at Chinnandipalayam and 24 families

at Thiruvalluvar Nagar could have give rise to significant impacts for the host

comnmunities. However, as has been explained in the section 8.16.1, by modifications in

the project design, the resettlement needs at both of these places were fully eliminated.The project therefore does not need the consideration of impacts on the host communities.

8-19

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Resettlement Action Plan

CHAPTER 9

RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

9.1 Introduction

The process of mitigation of social impacts of any development project is an exerciserequiring a careful and concerned execution of a series of steps. After identification ofPAPs, the first important task under mitigation of impacts is to identify the extent of lossof physical assets and means of livelihood for each PAP. It is necessary that at this stagethe impact of loss is ascertained keeping in view the capacity of PAPs to earn an adequatelivelihood with the assets remaining after the acquisition.

All PAPs need to be provided adequate compensation for their losses in such a way thatthe living standard of each PAP is at least maintained to the pre-project level. It is alsonecessary to ensure that PAPs do not suffer from a permanent psychological impairmentand during the post project phase have adequate opportunities to achieve the same level ofeconomic progress, which would have, been otherwise possible. For adequate mitigationof social impacts, it is necessary that the resettlement and rehabilitation plan recommendedby the SA, is implemented in a systematic and time bound schedule.

While developing the resettlement and rehabilitation plan for TADP, the SA has attemptedto capture the above elements. This chapter detail the procedures followed to developmitigation plans for negative social impacts, presents action plans for resettlement andrehabilitation and concludes with recommendations for monitoring their implementation.

9.2 Approach for Mitigation of Social Impacts

As a result of land acquisition, the affected population is subjected to a wide range ofsocial impacts. Most severely affected families are those, which loose all their assets,including the homestead land, to the project. The fundamental objective of SA, therefore,is to minimize the number of such families.

The families which loose only partial assets may continue to live at the original place. Themitigation measures for such families involve a fair assessment of their losses andprovision for timely and adequate compensation. A number of possibilities exist whiledeciding the mechanism of compensation. A cash compensation for the loss of land andassets is desirable only in those cases where the PAPs have the capacity to use thecompensation productively and where the loss does not entirely eliminate their capacity toearn a livelihood with the remaining available assets.

9-1


In other cases, the mitigation measures need to strike a balance between immediate cashcompensation, a cash compensation leading to a fixed regular earning and a compensationfor lost earning capacity by providing alternate means of livelihood through training and

rehabilitation.

One important category of PAPs, however, is of those families, which do not have any

legal rights to the land they occupy for their homestead and commercial activities. TheGovernment in a way recognizes the rights of those PAPs who continue to occupy thepiece of land for substantial past by levying a penalty for occupying Government land.

For recent encroachments, the PAPs do not have a locus standi and determination of

compensation for their loss requires a humanitarian and sensitive outlook. Mostly, PAPsunder this category are marginalized people, who follow menial occupations to earn their

livelihood, the opportunities for which exist in the near vicinity of their place of living.These PAPs are normally worst affected due to the project development as they are left to

fend for themselves with depleted possessions and an inadequate capacity to find analternate source of livelihood. The fundamental challenge with the mitigation of socialimpacts of a development project lies in adequate consideration of the resettlement andrehabilitation of these PAPs. A successful consideration of resettlement and rehabilitation

needs of such PAPs is possible only if the proposed development shares the benefits of theproject with the affected families.

9.3 Assessment of Compensation

A detailed description of loss of land and other assets of all PAPs have been presented inthe previous chapter. Based on that information, this section evaluates the loss andprovides estimates for compensation to each PAP. The description is sequenced as per theproject components.

9.3.1 Water Intake Well

Water intake well and allied pumping station are to be located in S.F.No.137/9 and 39.The project requires only 0.06 hectare from S.F.No.137/9 out of the total area of 0.625

hectare. The plot is owned by 5 individuals as described in Table 8.3 under conditionalpatta. The extent of land acquisition thus is only 10 per cent of the landholdings of PAPsand would not impair continuation of horticultural activities by them. At this site, thesefive individuals need to be given compensation for the loss of lands and the trees which isestimated for Rs.1000 per Jack fruit tree and Rs.500 per tree of other types. As per the

ESR the PAPs need to be given 12 years earnings from the trees owned by them as the

compensation for their loss. The total compensation for land required from S.F.No.137/9,

9-2


therefore, works out to be approximately Rs. 0.121 Million for the land and 0.18 Million

for the loss of 20 trees.

The S.F.No.39 has a total area of 0.805 hectare and is under agricultural use by 7

individuals. Out of this land the project requirement is of 0.256 hectare, which leaves only0.549 hectare with the PAPs after acquisition. Since these PAPs have not been living at the

site and even the total land under this SF number is not sufficient to provide sustainedlivelihood to the owners, it was assumed that in addition to this land, the PAPs must haveother means of livelihood. In view of the above, cash compensation for the acquired land

is considered appropriate. The total compensation for the land of 0.256 hectares thusworks out to be Rs. 0.512 Million. This compensation should be given to the PAPs in

cash, in proportion to their landholding, only after ascertaining their capacity forproductive utilization of the amount. Otherwise, only a part of the compensation should be

paid directly and the remaining should be kept in fixed deposits to provide a regularearning to PAPs.

9.3.2 Raw Water Transmission Line and Water Treatment Plant

After originating from intake pumping well in S.F.No.39, the raw water transmission linepasses through SF numbers 40 (Canal poromboke), 50, 46, 30 (NH 47), 29, 28 and 27,

before it reaches the S.F. No.21 and 22 earmarked for water treatment plant.

The land requirement for the pipeline route through S.F.No.39 has already been

considered while arriving at the compensation for intake well. For the S.F.No.50/6 from atotal area of 0.020 hectare, the land requirement for the pipeline is 0.00675 hectare. The

land is owned by two individuals. Based on the estimated land value of Rs. 2.0 Million perhectare, the compensation for the land is calculated at Rs. 13,500, which can be paid to thePAPs on the similar lines as compensation for land for intake well. For these calculationsthe compensation for crop has not been included. It is assumed that while acquiring the

land, arrangements will be made to enable PAPs reap the standing crop on the land.

Beyond S.F.No.50 the transmission line passes through S.F.No.46 along the cart road andS.F.No.30 (NH 47). Beyond S.F.No.30 the pipeline needs to cross S.F.No.29, 28 and 27before reaching S.F.No.21 and 22. Most of the land under these five S.F. numbers are with

the government (Annadhanam Poromboke) except for minor landholdings which do notcome in the way of pipe line and 1.22 hectare of lands in S.F. No. 21 and 22 which are

being acquired from one Mr. Loganathan. The compensation for 1.22 hectare of lands toMr. Loganathan is estimated to be Rs. 2.44 Million. The mode of compensation should

follow the guidelines provided for water intake well and raw water transmission line.

'The rate of compensation for lands outside TLPA has been considered @ Rs. 2.0 Million per hectare

9-3


9.3.3 Water Transmission Line and Feeder Mains

Water transmission line and feeder mains are proposed within the ROW of NH-47 andSH-6. Most of the stretches have adequate ROW along the pipeline. However, in somecongested parts laying of the pipeline will cause minor dislocations. The impacts howevercan be minimized by bypassing these stretches and taking the pipeline route through lesscongested roads as have been already described in sections 8.16.2 and 8.16.3. No socialimpacts of laying the water transmission mains from WTP to MBR are expected after themimmization measures.

With respect to laying the feeder mains, efforts are being made to obtain permission fromthe local authorities to lay the pipeline below the paved portion of the roads through thecongestion sections. However, cost of acquiring a 5-m wide strip over a 1000-m stretch(total length of congested stretches along the feeder main routes - section 8.5), from theagricultural field behind the roadside developments has been provided in LA budget. Incase, it becomes necessary to acquire these lands, the owners will be identified with theassistance of a NGO/social consultant and compensated during the implementation ofRAP for the project.

9.3.4 Master Balancing Reservoir

The total requirement of land for the Master Balancing Reservoir (MBR) at Nerupperichalvillage is 4 hectares. This land is to be acquired from S.F.No. 135, 136 and 140. Some ofthese areas have been extensively used for stone quarrying and have deep depression,which are not conducive for construction of the reservoirs. The land under S.F.No.135 ismost suitable for the project, but is entirely owned by private landowners. In case it is soldby the landowners, 4 hectares can be obtained from this plot which has a total area of 5.49hectares. However, if only partial land is available from S.F.No.135, lands to the tune of1.40 hectare from adjacent S.F.No.140 and up to 1.14 hectare from S.F.No.136 can beobtained.

The compensation amount and its allocation within the PAPs, therefore, will depend uponactual scheme of land acquisition. The compensation for the lands at the rate of Rs. 3.0Million per hectare is estimated to be Rs. 12.0 Million, which should be divided amongthe landholders in proportion of the area of acquired lands from individual owners. As thelandholders are not dependent on the lands for their livelihood the compensation can bepaid in cash who can also be assisted in using the compensation in acquiring productiveassets.

9-4

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Resettlement Action Plan

However, if available lands from S.F.No.140 and S.F.No.136 are taken, only about 2.5hectares will be required from S.F.No. 135. In this event, no compensation is required forS.F.No.136, which is poromboke land. The compensation for S.F.No. 140 will be due toMr.K.Palanisamy for 0.06 hectare, to the legal heir of late Mr.Alagiri Boyer for 0.12hectares and to Mr.Natarajan for 1.32 hectares.

On S.F.No.136, which is a poromboke land, certain encroachments are observed towardssouthwest boundary. One family headed by Mr.Murugasamy who is the legal landownerof the adjacent land has constructed memorial for his only departed son, apparently beingunaware that Government land was being encroached upon. The family has alsoconstructed other structures such as water tank and thatched pump house on theporomboke land, which they are willing to forgo without any compensation. The family,however, requested that the memorial should not be disturbed. Considering the sentimentalvalue attached with the memorial and the fact that it occupies a small area of about 12sq.m. at the corner of the required land, it is recommended that the memorial he kept intactand in possession of the PAP.

9.3.5 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main I

Out of the nine service reservoirs on the Feeder Main I only one reservoir site at New

R.K.Puram is under private ownership. This land has an area of 0.07 hectare and it falls

under TS number 151/If/E.

As per town planning rules, each owner who sells his land for plots forresidential/commercial purpose has to earmark some lands for common amenities such as

play ground, temples, water reservoir, roads etc. Accordingly, this plot of land asconsequence of development of lay out for the area was earmarked for water reservoir site.

The land, however, is still in the name of the original owner and his two sons. Since in

principle, the land should have been handed over to the municipality free of cost, it cannot

be considered, as rightfully belonging to the title holders and as such does not call forcompensation. The municipality, therefore, should take necessary action for transfer of

title.

The land for service reservoir on Feeder Main I at Rayapuram is under municipal

ownership. This land has an area of 0.079 hectares and is situated in TS No.39/54/K. Twostructures, an abandoned toilet measuring, 2.60 x 6.40 m. and a one seated toilet

measuring 2.50 x 1.50 m. under use by municipal staff located in the existing Service

Reservoir site, have been observed to occupy one corner of the plot.

During the construction of the new Service Reservoir, adequate toilet facilities should be

provided for the staff working at the new as well as the old Service Reservoir.

9-5


9.3.6 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main II

Each of the 17 proposed SR sites on Feeder Main II lie on Government land. However,five sites namely Thiruvalluvar Nagar, Sakthi Nagar, Kuppandapalayam (Church site),

Kanianpundi and Avaraipalayam Pirivu have potential social impacts due to squatters.

Maximum impact of land acquisition was expected to be at Thiruvalluvar Nagar where 21PAPs have been identified2. Out of these 21 PAPs, 19 families loose their dwellings to theproject and need to be resettled. Remaining two families are partially affected and loose

only superficial parts of their house, for which a compensation of Rs.5,000 to each family

is recommended. The details for resettlement of this site are provided under section 9.12.

Moreover since the adult sons (above 18 years age) are also considered as separate unitsfor compensation, there will be additional PAPs numbering 5 for whom additional coveredand open space will be provided. These PAPs are:

1. Chandrasekar, S/o.Manickam,

2. Madivanan, S/o.Mahalingam,3. Gopi, S/o.Ramakrishnan,4. Manoharan, S/o.Palaniappa Nayanar and5. Shanmugam, S/o.Lakshmanan.

To account for additional costs of the larger houses for the families to which the abovePAPs, the cost of resettlement is calculated for resettlement of 24 families and is expectedto be Rs.3.24 Million.

The Service Reservoir site near the Kuppandapalayam church is one among the 2 servicereservoir sites proposed in Kuppandapalayamn village. There are three structures in the

form of an abandoned community toilet and two pucca bathrooms have been identified asencroachments in the site acquisition of which will render 2 families partially affected.

The findings of the social assessment indicated that the PAPs, were not aware of the fact

that the land they occupied were Government land. However, the partially affected PAPsexpressed their willingness to get the compensation for the loss of structures and vacatethe land. It was also observed that these families had sufficient space in their backyard torebuild the bathrooms. As part of the mitigation measures, it is recommended that thesetwo partially affected PAPs namely Mr.N.A.Subramanian and N.A. Eswaran should be

2 It may be noted that as described in 8.16.1 (b), an alternate site for housing the SR on Government lands atT.S. No. 14 has been made that eliminates the need for resettlement at Thiruvalluvar Nagar. However, as aprecautionary step the budget for RAP includes resettlement at this location

9-6


considered for a compensation of Rs. 10,000 each for the loss of their bathrooms.

The site for the proposed SR is also observed for being used for open defecation by thecommunity women covering 100 families. The existing common toilet was found to be ina dilapidated condition, which forced the women to defecate by in the open. Procurement

would amount to denying a facility, used by the community women, if no alternatearrangements are provided. The matter was discussed with the women as well as local

village officers during the SA and a suitable site was identified in the cart track

poromboke in close vicinity of the abandoned latrine. The approximate cost ofconstruction of a 12-seated latrine necessary for this community is estimated to be about

Rs.0.2 Million including water supply and other facilities.

In the site proposed for the location of SR at Kanianpundi village, there is an abandonedcommunity toilet. It was found that the public were not utilizing the facility but used nearby fields for open defecation. Since this latrine was left unused for years together no

objection was observed during the survey to demolish the toilet. However, as mitigation

measure a common toilet with necessary facilities like water supply and lighting should beprovided to the community. It was observed that adequate open space was available

nearby. Therefore a community toilet with 12 seats costing approximately Rs. 0.2 Millionwith necessary amenities is recommended for this site.

At Avaraipalayam Pirivu, the site identified for SR affects a fence of barbed wirebelonging to Mr.M.Ponnusamy who had put up the fence to safeguard his land fromencroachments. During the SA, the PAP requested to be paid compensation for the loss of

the fence and an approach road to his land. The claim of Mr.Ponnusamy for an approachroad is found to be not maintainable as he had adequate space for such a facility in the rear

side of his own land. However, a compensation of Rs. 15,000 is recommended for the lossof the fence keeping in view of the retrievable nature of the fence. During SA at this site, it

is also come to light that a proposal to provide 0.03-hectare plot of this land for graveyardis under consideration of the revenue department.

At Sakthi Nagar, one barber shop and one office of the Communist Party of India and

some temple idols are located at the site. A compensation of Rs.25,000 in the form ofproviding a shop to Mr.Mani with necessary appliances is recommended. As the partyoffice is to loose its semi pucca dwelling, measuring 3.5mx3.0 m, a compensation of

Rs.50,000 is recommended as appropriate for this loss.

9-7


A few temple idols3 worshipped by the families of Gounder community from the 9surrounding villages have also been observed at the site. It will be desirable that whileacquiring this land project authorities provide a path to the temple and leave the templeundisturbed. Alternatively, the temple should be relocated at a suitable site in consultation,with the community leaders. Excluding the issue related to the temple resettlement for the2 PAPs at Sakthi Nagar would cost around Rs.75,000.

9.3.7 Service Reservoirs on Feeder Main III

There are nine SRs proposed to be served by Feeder Main III. Out of these sites, 7 sites areon the Government lands. The remaining two sites are located at Kaliappa Nagar andPonkovil Nagar respectively. Both of these sites are reserved for public purposes in theapproved layout. The site for SR at Kaliappa Nagar comes under the village panchayatjurisdiction and the Ponkoil Nagar SR site falls under a weavers society. The resolution ofthe concerned bodies would be necessary to avoid any later, dispute on use of these landsfor SRs.

It is observed that, a dispute between the two religious groups exists about the ownershipof a portion of the site at Kaliappa Nagar and the case is still pending for settlement. It is,therefore, advised that immediate possession of the remaining land is obtained.

9.3.8 Sewage Treatment Plant -East

An area of 10.25 hectare of land is proposed to be acquired at Sarkarperiyapalayam forSewage Treatment Plant (East). The proposed site falls under S.F.Nos. 121, 122, 123 and124 of Sarkarperiyapalayam village and S.F.Nos. 39 and 432 A of Nerupparichal village.The S.F.No. 121, 123, 124 and 432 A are on various poromboke lands and theiracquisition does not entail any compensation for land acquisition. These lands are also freeof encroachments. However, S.F.No. 122 with a land area of 2.05 hectare belong to 2individual landowners. Similarly 124/1 with land area of 1.16 hectare is also owned bytwo landowners. For S.F.No.39, out of a total area of 1.095 hectares, an extent of 0.775hectare belongs to two individual owners and the remaining land falls under cartporomboke. According to the estimated land value of Rs. 3.0 Million per hectare the costof the private land at the sites works out to be Rs. 19.96 Million. The total compensationfor each PAP would be therefore adequate to provide sustained livelihood if investedappropriately. The RAP monitoring committee to be formed under this project shouldprovide the necessary guidance to PAPs.

3 Of the 6 temples observed at the project sites, after minimization of social impacts, temples only at twosites- Sakti Nagar and Mannarai, will be affected. A provision of Rs. 0.1 Million for shifted the temples ateach site has been made. Although the first preference should be to leave the temples undisturbed bymodification in layout of the facility to allow its continued use by the community.

9-8


In addition to land, the PAP headed by Mr.Chennimalai Gounder also owns a tiled shedand cattle shed towards which Rs. 0.15 Million should be paid as compensation.

Another PAP, Ms.Mayangathal alias Rangathal owns a well, which is used for irrigation

purposes of this land and adjoining lands. The compensation value for this may be fixed at

Rs. 0.1 Million.

9.3.9 Sewage Treatment Plant - West

An area of 6.60 hectare is required for STP (West) at Chinnandipalayam village. This landfalls under S.F.Nos.187 and 200-A. S.F.No.187 is a lake poromboke with a total area of28.855 hectares. The S.F.No. 200-A, has 4 sub plots, out of which two sub plots 200/1,200/2 owned by Mr.K.Nachimuthu Gounder and Mr.K.Subbiah Gounder are to beacquired for the project with total contribution of 0.235 hectares of land. However, thereare certain family commitments from both of these owners which make them reluctant tosell their land to the project.

Also, part of this site in the S.F.No.187 (Lake poromboke) along the main road toMangalam is occupied by 57 squatter families. However, as described in section 8.16.1(a), by modifying the layout of the STP, the need to remove the squatter families from thesite has been obviated.

9.3.10 Sewage Pumping Stations

Out of 5 SPS, at sites near Vanakkara Rawthrr Thottam and Kangayam Road which fall

under S.F.Nos. Ward J, Block 53, TS No:ll. and Ward HT, Block-6 TS No:31/3, no land

acquisition issues are perceived. The findings of the SA indicate the entire lands requiredfor these are Government land and are also free from encroachments. Out of the remaining3 sites maximum impact is expected and at Mannarai, where 5 encroacher PAPs stay on

the land required by the project. After the first survey one more encroachment has beenobserved which should not be considered for compensation. In addition to PAPs the sitealso has a temple regularly visited by Muthuraja community which also celebrates temple

festival once in every 2 years at the site.

As part of mitigation of social impacts out of the 5 PAPs, 4 need to be provided an

alternate dwelling, as per prescribed norms having a total land area of 60 sq.m. and builtup area of 40 sq.m. Since the number of PAPs is small, the families should be resettled

near the site itself so that they can continue to pursue the means of their livelihood.

9-9

Environmental and SocialAssessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Resettlement Action Plan

Considering very high land values in Tirupur it is strongly recommended that all PAPscompensated by allotment of dwellings against their loss of house on encroached landsshould not be allowed to sell or sublet the dwellings. If the title of dwelling is onporomboke the title of the dwelling should remain with the government. In case the landor dwelling is obtained by the NTADCL it should hold the title to that value. This step isvery important as a safeguard against resale of the plot and profiting from measures forsocial justice.

The fifth PAF headed by Mr.Ramasamy who has constructed a pucca house has expressedwillingness to vacate the site on receiving compensation for the loss of the structure. Acompensation of Rs.75,000 is recommended as appropriate for his loss. It is also necessaryto resolve the social impact associated with the use of temple at the site. It will benecessary for the project authorities to have a dialogue with Muthuraja community in thisissue.

As the first option, if project lay out does not disturb the temple and allows a provision ofapproach road to the temple, the community may be permitted to continue using thetemple. Alternatively, it may be necessary to shift the temple or construct a new temple inan alternative location.

At the SPS site Kongu Main Road, a small portion of a nursery school situated at onecomer of the site is affected. Although the school itself is an encroachment it will benecessary to pay compensation for partial damage to the structure. Since at this sitesufficient land exists for the SPs with the S.F.No.12, ward D block 4, it is advised that thesite layout may be slightly modified to leave the school structure intact.

The SPS site at Kuttai near Nataraj theatre is observed to have one PAP and one partiallyaffected PAP. Mr.Kumaran, the partially affected PAP encroached about 1200 Sq.ft. areaadjacent to the proposed SPS site. One of the structures constructed by the PAP, abathroom, lies within the SPS site and needs to be demolished.

Mr. Vallapuran is the son of the partially affected PAP who has also encroached land forone thatched roof structure, which falls under the proposed site. A compensation ofRs.5000 is recommended to each of the PAPs for their loss.

9.3.11 Booster Pumping Stations

The booster pumping stations at Erukkatuvalasu falls under S.F. No.260, a porombokeland that is also free from encroachments or squatters.

9-10


The overall findings of the SA on assessment of compensation for the project (excludingthe clear water transmission line) are summarized in Table 9.1. The assessment ofcompensation for loss of land to the PAPs is based on information obtained about the

actual market value of lands in the project area. The rate of compensation of Rs. 2.0Million per hectare for areas out side the TLPA and Rs. 3.0 Million per hectare for within

the TLPA includes 30 per cent solatium.

9.4 Resettlement Action Plan

The findings of SA bring out the need to undertake resettlement measures for 24 PAPs atTiruvalluvar Nagar. Considerable interaction took place with PAPs and village officials to

understand their resettlement and rehabilitation needs. A vacant government land atThiruvalluvar Nagar has already been identified as a probable site for resettling 24 PAPs.The action plan for resettlement at Thiruvalluvar Nagar which provides the site forrelocation, facilities to be constructed, the budget and time schedules for resettlement ispresented in Action sheet 9.1. The agencies to construct the resettlement sites and to allot

the houses to the PAPs have also been indicated. However, in view of the reluctance ofPAPs to move out of their present dwellings, recommendation is made to consider theproposed resettlement site for housing the service reservoir as the preferred option.

No such sites, however, could be identified at Mannarai where it may be necessary topurchase private land for resettling 4 PAFs. The action plans for resettlement at theseareas that provide the site for relocation, facilities to be constructed, the budget and time

schedules for resettlement are presented in Action sheets 9.2.

9-11


Table 9.1 Abstract of Compensations (Excluding Resettlement)SL Project Component Details of compensation CostNo. | tRs. in Million

I) Water Intake well

a) Loss of land S.F.No.39 - 0.256 Ha 0.512S.F. No.137/9- 0.06 Ha 0.120

b) Loss of trees (approx.) S.F.No.137/9 0.180

2) Raw Water Transmission main & Water Treatment Plant

a) Loss of land S.F.No.50/6 - 0.00675 Ha 0.014S.F.No.21, 22 - 1.22 Ha 2.440

3) Master Balancing Reservoir

a) Loss of landOptionl S.F.No. 135 - 4.0 Ha 12.000Option 2 S.F. No. 135 - 2.5 Ha

S.F.No.140 - 1.5 Ha

4) Service Reservoir at Feeder Main 11

Kuppandapalayam 2 bathrooms 0.016New 12 seat latrine 0.200

Sakthinagar Barber shop 0.025CPI Office 0.050

Relocation of temple 0.100

Kanian Pundi New 12 seat latrine 0.200

Notchipalayam pirivu Fence 0.015

Thiruvalluvar Nagar 2 doors 0.010

5) STP (east)

a) Loss of land S.F.No. 122 - 2.05 Ha 11.955

S.F.No. 124/1 - 1.16 Ha

S.F.No. 39 - 0.775 Ha

b) Loss of structure One tiled shed 0.150One well 0.100

6) SPS - Mannarai Loss of Structure 0.075SPS - Kuttai near Nataraj Relocation of Temple 0.100

Theatre Loss of Structure 0.010

7) Feeder Mains' - 5m wide strip Agricultural lands 1.500of approximately 1000m in

I lengthTotal 37.772

4 Acquisition required only if permission to lay the pipe lines under the paved surface of the road is not given

9-12


9.5 Rehabilitation

The social survey among the initially identified PAPs indicated that in addition toresettlement in certain cluster the PAPs would also need rehabilitation assistance. Later,the project layout has been modified to minimize the resettlement requirements and theover all need were reduced to about 4 PAFs. During detailed engineering, further effortwill be made to fully eliminate the resettlement on the project.

The project authorities, however, can consider some rehabilitation assistance in the areaswhich house major project facilities and thus generate good will among the people towards

the project. With this view certain suggestion and estimates are being made for trainingassistance for income generation schemes.

The youth from the affected communities can be trained in tailoring which has goodpotential for employment in the garment business at Tirupur. A local NGO could beidentified for the proposed training. It is necessary that the NGO should have previousexperience of organize similar training.

For the training program and their placement, the TEA can play a vital role. They canbuild up a rapport with the people through this involvement, which would be useful in thelong run and during the implementation of the project.

9.5.1 Budget for Training

The estimates of budget for the training 100 persons is furnished in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2 Estimated Budget for Training Component of RehabilitationType of Training: TailoringTraining Institution: Preferably a NGO identified for the purpose.

CostsStipend for 3 months for 1 00 youth@ Rs. l 000 per month Rs. 0.3 MillionMaterial Support (one time)@ Rs.500 per head Rs. 0.05 MillionProvision for conveyance of traineesfor 3 months @ Rs. 150 per trainee per month Rs. 0.045 MillionTuition feesfor 3 months @ Rs. 1 00 per month per trainee Rs. 0.03 MillionTotal training cost Rs. 0.425 Million

9-13


9.5.2 Placement

After undergoing the training, the youth should be absorbed in the garment manufacturing

units in Tirupur. As trained candidates they may get higher wages which will be anadditional income to the families.

9.6 Community Development

The findings of the Social Assessment on the social profile of the PAPs and theircommunity indicate that in the Thiruvalluvar Nagar area, facilities like Balwadi, Non-

Formal education unit etc are absent. If the resettlement in this area is undertaken, it is

desirable that as part of community development in a resettlement area some attention to

this aspect is also given.

9.6.1 Balwadi

Due to lack of awareness coupled with irregular income, child health and care are given

very low priority. Opening a Balwadi in the area would mitigate the existing conditions

considerably.

9.6.2 National Literacy Mission Unit

The survey indicates that the literacy rate is low, particularly among women. It is,

therefore, desirable that a unit of National Literacy Mission be opened in the locality

which can function in the community center to be constructed under the Resettlement

Action Plan.

9.6.3 De-addiction Center

Addiction to alcohol is quite prevalent in the area. In this context, counseling cum de-

addiction center will prove very useful to the area.

9.6.4 Convergence Efforts

The needs identified above could be implemented through convergence efforts withDistrict Collector, Social Welfare Department, Education Department and NGOs. The

involvement of TEA in such activities will result in establishing a link between the

affected community and the project administration.

9-14


Action Sheet 9.1 - Resefflement Action Plan for Thiruvalluvar Nagar

Location of PAF ClusterTown Survey No.5 Thiruvalluvar Nagar, site for service reservoir.

Proposed Site for RelocationTown Survey No. 14 situated at 500-meter distance from original site at Town Survey No.5.

Structure and facilities24 housing plots with total land area of 60 sq. m. each with built-up area of 40 sq. m. to be developed. Thehouses should be constructed with brick walls and tiled roofs.

The layout for the site should have well laid roads, drainage, and streetlights with 10 percent of total areareserved for public purpose, provision for water supply and sewerage. A community hall and health centershould also be built at the site.

Time ScheduleSix months, Construction of the resettlement facility to be completed before dislocation of PAFs

Cost

Cost of land NilNo. of plots required 24Cost of constructing the houses Rs. 2.16 Million (@ Rs. 90,000/- each)Cost of site development : Rs. 1.08 Million(including water supply and sewerage)

Total cost : Rs. 3.24 Million

Responsible Entities

a) Construction of resettlement Project operatorfacilities

b) Allotment to PAFs NTADCL with assistance from the NGO

9-15


Action Sheet 9.2 Resettlement Action Plan for Mannarai

Location of PAF Cluster

Mannarai (SPS)

Proposed site for relocation

Four PAFs are to be resettled for whom no sites nearby could be identified. Suitable site is to be purchasedfor resettlement during initial phase of project implementation

Structure and facilities

4 housing plots with total land area of 60 sq. m. each with built up area of 40 sq. m. are to be developed.The houses should be constructed with brick walls and tiled roofs

The layout for the site should have well laid roads, drainage, street lights, provision for water supply andsewerage.

Time schedule

Six months, Construction of the resettlement-facility to be completed before dislocation of PAFs

Cost

Rs. 0.5 Million (approximate)

Responsible Entities

a) Construction of resettlement facilities Project operator

b) Allotment to PAFs : NTADCL with assistance of the NGO

9-16

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Reseftlement Action Plan

9.6.5 Public Information and Consultation (PIC)

In addition to considerable interaction with the PAPs during the social survey and focusgroup discussions to discuss the resettlement and rehabilitation issues, a formal PICmeeting was held on September 25, 1996 at the TEA's office at Tirupur. The meeting wasattended by about 30 persons comprising residences of Tirupur and representatives of theway side villages and the villages housing the project components. During the PIC,project details including the draft EMP and approach to RAP and development ofentitlement package was presented to the participants. The suggestions received wereincorporated in finalization of the EMP and RAP. The details of PIC are presented inAnnex 9-A.

9.6 Institutional Arrangement for Implementing the RAP

9.6.1 Implementation Responsibility

It is primarily the responsibility of NTADCL, the SPV for the TADP, to ensure successfulimplementation of the RAP for the project. The construction of the project mainlyinvolves acquisition of private lands to the extent of about 10-hectare. Due to lowdependence of the landowners for their livelihood on the lands being acquired andconsiderable land prices in the area, it has been possible to work out the entitlements basedon the compensation that will ensure that the PAPs will not be economically adverselyaffected. Also recommendations have been made on feasible project alternatives to almosteliminate resettlement on the project.

However, a socio-economic status of landowner PAPs has not been conducted. There is,therefore, a need to undertake a socio-economic survey of all PAPs that are entitled forcompensation on account of loss of productive assets. This information will be used as thebaseline soci-economic status of the PAPs for ascertaining the success of implementationof the RAP. Also, there is a need of NGO intervention to assure that the PAPs are paid thedue compensation in time and are assisted in selection of alternate means of livelihood.NGO intervention is also necessary to arrive at appropriate price for the lands, specially inview of significant differential between the guideline values of the land (at which they areexpected to be compensated for their lands by the government) and the price at whichequivalent lands may be available in the market.

The NTADCL, therefore, should appoint an NGO/consultant to assist in implementationof RAP.

In addition to appointment of an NGO/Consultant, NTADCL should also constitute aproject level R&R implementation and monitoring committee and appoint an independentagency for monitoring and evaluation to assess the success of RAP implementation. The

9-17


following sections describe the functions of various entities. It may be noted that theobjective of formation/appointment of these entities is to provide necessary assistance inimplementation of the RAP to the NTADCL . The responsibility to ensure that RAP issuccessfully implemented fully rests with NTADCL

9.6.2 Project Level R&R Implementation and Monitoring Committee

The primary responsibility of the committee will be to assist in NTADCL in theimplementation of ESA recommendations for the RAP and take necessary steps for furtherreduction of resettlement and rehabilitation requirements while finalizing the alignment ofthe feeder mains.

The primary tasks of the committee will be the following

* Oversight the conduct of the survey of all the land owners and tenants to identify thePAPs and their rehabilitation entitlement requirements (proposed to be done throughthe social assessment survey);

* Oversight payment of rehabilitation assistance as per amount agreed throughnegotiated settlement. This is the responsibility of SPV

* Oversight procurement and allocation of land and release of grants to the PAPs forpurchase of either land or productive assets

• Monitor and review the implementation of the RAP periodically and ensure that thePAPs are receiving the rehabilitation assistance as articulated in the RAP. Also providea platform for grievance redressal

* Dovetail various training and income generation schemes of the government with theimplementation process of RAP

* Approve Terms of References and selection of agencies for the conduct of monitoringand evaluation of the RAP

9.6.3 Structure of RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee

The structure of RAP committee to implement and monitor the RAP is presented in Table9.3.

The committee should initially meet once in a month to speed up the process. Later themeetings can be held once in two months to solve any problems and monitor the RAPwork. The exact identification of PAPs, resolution of any disputes, final determination of

9-18


compensation and its speedy disbursal should form the items on the agenda for thecommittee The development of the resettlement site by the operator needs monitoring bythe committee up to one year after the allotment of accommodation and physical

relocation of PAPs.

Table 9.3 RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committee

S. No. Department / Organization Position

1. District Collector, Coimbatore District - Chairmnan2. Chief Executive Officer (NTADCL) - Convener3. Local NGO (to be identified for the purpose) - Member-secretary4. Land acquisition officer-incharge Member5. PAPs' representation from the affected

villages/areas - one each - Member

6. Representative from Local SocialWelfare Department - Member

7. Representative from Local Non formalEducation/ National Literacy Mission - Member

9.6.4 Tasks for the NGO/Consultant

- Obtain the status of progress on LA in the project area and individual award detailsfrom relevant government offices

* Confirm that the notified lands optimally meet the project requirement and incorporatethe site modifications recommended/presented in ESA

* Confirm through field surveys, discussions with villagers and their representatives that

all rightful owners and persons having interest in the said lands have been correctlyidentified and compensated; and highlight and detail all disputed cases, if any

* Undertake socio-economic survey and develop economic profile of the PAPs to

provide the baseline conditions for evaluation of RAP implementation

* Estimate replacement value for the lands in the project villages based on therequirement, location, type and land use

9-19


* Obtain approval of PAPs and the NTADCL on the compensation and mechanism of itspayment

* Develop entitlement packages, RAP for any additional PAPs that have not beencovered during the ESA and assist NTADCL in its timely implementation

* Assist NTADCL in constituting adequate grievance redressal mechanism related toimplementation of the RAP

9.6.5 Implementation Schedule

The activities to be taken on an immediate basis as a part of initiating the implementationof the RAP are as follows:

* Issue of notification u/s 4(1) of the LA Act for acquiring private properties

* Selection and appointment of NGO

* Identification of all the land owners through the NGO and detailing of their entitlementpackage

Constituting and operationalizing the following:

a) Project Level RAP Implementation and Monitoring Committeeb) Independent R&R monitoring and evaluation agencyc) Payment of compensation as per amount agreed through negotiated settlement.

Subsequent to the above mentioned, focus will be on the follow-up actions particularly onpromoting economic activities and their sustainability. A mid-term evaluation will becarried out to suggest any corrective measures.

9.6.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

The M&E will be done simultaneous with the implementation of the LA & RAP.NTADCL will appoint an independent consultant conversant with R&R planning andimplementation to review the progress of RAP implementation and report the findings tothe NTADCL.

9.6.7 Budget for the NGO and M&E Agency

It is expected that the NGO/Social consultant and the M&E agency will work in close co-ordination with NTADCL for the first two years of project implementation. A provision of

9-20


Rs. 1.5 Million for the NGO and Rs. 1.0 Million for the M&E agency should be made inthe project budget for implementation of RAP.

9.6.8 Monitoring by IL&FS

IL&FS will monitor social aspects of the project on an on-going basis through a SocialAudit. The Environmental and Social Management Group (ESMG) along with theCorporate Consultant (Social) will undertake the audit. To facilitate the task, NDADCLwill make available the quarterly progress reports providing the details of LA and RAPimplementation for the project.

9.7 Overall Budget for RAP

The overall budget for implementation and monitoring of RAP progress is estimated atRs. 44.5 Million. The cost towards RAP has been included in the project cost whileundertaking the financial analysis of the project. The break-up of the budget into variousRap elements is presented in Table 9.4.

Table 9.4 Break-up of RAP BudgetSr. No. RAP Component Budget

(Rs. In miHlion)

Compensations for lands and 37.77assets

2 Resettlement 3.743 | Training 0.434 Appointment of agencies 2.50

Total 44.44

9-21

CHAPTER 10

RISK MANAGEMENT

10.1 Introduction

The various environmental and social risks associated with this project that may affect itstecno-commercial viability relate to:

* Public resentment to compensation related to LA

* Uncertainty is assured off-takes from the water source* Contamination of water at the intake works and* Closure of industries due to environmental non-compliance

The probability of each of these risks can be brought down through a management process,with any detriment to the project only if a combination of risks were to prevailsimultaneously.

10.2 Public Resentment to Compensation Related to LA

Risk Assessment

Land is to be acquired for the construction of the intake well, laying of the transmission lineto WTP, construction of WTP, MBR, SRs, SWPs, STPs and laying of feeder main pipelines.T'his would result in displacement of landowners in some cases and squatters in otherinstances as described in detail in the chapter 8 of this report. Associated with this activity isthe risk of public resentment due to perceived inadequacy of the compensation for the assetsand lands acquired by the project.

Such resentment could lead to delays in land acquisition which in turn could result in delaysin the commencement of the project. The cost escalation due to the delay could affect theoverall commercial viability of the project.

Risk Management

Public resentment risk would primarily be those related to the compensation package.Entitlement packages have been made in keeping with the mandates of IL&FS's ESR andthe details are given in the section on SA (refer chapter 9.0). The entitlement package isproposed to be implemented through a public consultation process and the services of NGOs

10-]

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Risk Management

are proposed to be used to negotiate the entitlement package.

During the course of the ESA study, considerable interaction with the PAPs has happened. Apublic information and consultation (PIC) meeting has also been held by the NTADCL todiscuss the issues with the PAPs. The interactions indicate that the project is being wellreceived by the people and as per the suggestion of participants to the PIC, similarconsultations will be done in all the affected villages. It is considered that through an openand principled process for development of entitlement package for the PAPs, the risk ofpublic resentment to the project due to LA related issues would be adequately mitigated.

Monitoring

The land acquisition process is to be monitored by NTADCL. NGO involvement will besought for negotiation and implementation of the compensation packages. After one year ofimplementation of the RAP, an independent M&E agency will evaluate the outcome of RAP.Any deficiency highlighted by the social survey, at this stage, will be immediately addressedby the NTADCL, securing full satisfaction of PAPs with the RAP implementation.

103 Uncertainty in Assured Off-takes from the Water Source

Risk Assessment

Reliability of the water source is one of the most vital project requirement. The financial

viability of the entire project rests on the reliability, both quantity and quality of the water to

be supplied.

River Cauvery, a perennial river, is the proposed source of water for the TADP. Previous

schemes to supply water to Tirupur were from river Bhavani, a tributary of river Cauvery.

According to the decision of the Water Allocation Committee of GoTN, abstraction of 185

MLD of water from river Cauvery will be permitted for the TADP.

Data on flow regime in Cauvery - Bhavani Basin are collected at various locations in

Karnataka and Tamil Nadu by Central Water Commnission (CWC) and published every year.

A grid plan of the Cauvery system indicating the locations of the gauge stations of the CWC

is presented in Fig. 5.1 To analyze the flow pattern at the proposed offtake point, the

following three gauge stations are of significance:

i) Savandapur in Bhavani River, 7 km upstream of proposed intake point

ii) Urachikottai in Cauvery River. 7 km upstream of proposed intake point

iii) Kodumudi in Cauvery River, 9 km downstream of proposed intake point

10-2


Monthly average flows in the three stations for the period 1984-85 to 1993-94 are furnished

in Annex I 0-A.

These were analyzed by Pearsonian distribution for arriving at reliability of source for three-

confidence levels-namely 99%, 95% and 90%. The results of the analysis are presented in

Table 10.1.

Table 10.1 Reliability of Flow (m31sec) at Various Confidence LevelsConfidence levels

99% 95% 90%Savandapur (Bhavani) 1.40 4.57 8.36

Urachikottai (Cauvery) 16.72 26.50 31.00

Kodumudi (Cauvery) 18.13 27.40 32.54

T'he desired supply to Tirupur is 185 MLD or 2.1 m3/s. A realistic assessment of the source

reliability from the exclusive point of view of proposed TADP would require a three step

analysis:

(i) assess the total irrigation demand in Cauvery below the offtake point- that is, up to

the confluence of the river with the sea,

(ii) work out the net availability by deducting the irrigation demand

(iii) compare the same with the requirement of 2.1 m3/s.

Such an analysis would not lead to positive results since it is a well established fact that

agricultural demand in Tamil Nadu exceeds the potential. Discussions with State Irrigation

Department confirms that the Bhavani River System is designed for full utilization and

hence, no surplus is expected at confluence of Bhavani with Cauvery. The river flow analysis

serves the limited purpose that the 90% surface flow in Kodumudi (below the offtake) is far

above the minimum requirements for Tirupur and hence the interests of the project would be

safeguarded if priority for industrial use over agriculture for Tirupur is recognized by the

Government Of Tamil Nadu.

Thus, it can be concluded that the risks of water supply from the source at Cauvery are low.

No risk management plans are as such necessary.

10-3

Environmental and Social Assessmenl ReportTirupur Area Development Project Risk Management

10.4 Contamination of Water at the Intake Works

Risk Assessment

The bacteriological quality of the downstream reaches of most of rivers in India has been

observed to have poor bacteriological quality. To assess, suitability of river Cauvery as a

source for drinking water supply, a detailed bacteriological survey undertaken at four stations

covering a stretch of 10 kmn around the proposed intake well was conducted during October

1996 to March 1997. The results of the analysis indicate that the water samples at proposed

intake well occasionally show elevated bacteriological contamination.

Also, the towns of Kumarapalayam and Bhavani are located about 2 km upstream of the

intake point. The quality of water at the proposed intake point for the present project may

get impaired in the future due to the wastewater discharges from these towns, specially the

town of Bhavani.

Risk Management

The selection of surface water as the main source for the project was used to mitigate the risk

associated with quantitative reliability of the source. The risk with respect to the

bacteriological contamination, presently, is considered low as about 250 m upstream of the

proposed intake site, there are three intake wells serving Perunthurai-Karumandi-

Chellapalayam water supply scheme, Chitod dairy water supply schedule and Perundurai

water supply scheme, respectively. Another intake well is presently in operation by TWAD

at about 200 m upstream of the proposed intake site. No incidents of epidemiological

outbreaks have been reported in regions using water from these intake points.

To mitigate the public health risk associated with future impairnent of water quality, the

EMP (chapter 6.0) recommends the need for suitable treatment measures (two staged

chlorination and provision for increased dose alum and coagulants) to be adopted to raise the

quality to that recommended by the CPHEEO.

Monitoring

The project operator will monitor the water source for its quality. Additionally, the

NTADCL will also monitor surface water quality and the quality of water supplied to ensure

that the recommended EMP is being implemented and the risk is averted.

10-4


10.5 Closure of Industries due to Environmental Non-compliance

Risk Assessment

As a result of implementation of TADP, the water supply to industries over the time will

increase to about 100 Mld. This in turn will proportionally increase the generation of

industrial effluents.

Until 1995, no effluent treatment was practiced in Tirupur, which led to severe

contamination of surface and ground water in and around Tirupur. In 1996, the TNPCB

directed all effluent generating industries at Tirupur to treat their effluents to discharge

standards either individually or collectively. Since then a serious initiative is underway by

the industries to provide the requisite effluent treatment through a scheme of CETPs and

IETPs. The present design of the treatment systems complies with the effluent standards

prescribed by TNPCB, except for the TDS.

The costs of meeting the TDS standard of 2100 mg/l have been, so far, found to be rather

high and unaffordable. There is, therefore, a risk that some of the industries may not be

able to meet the TDS standard and face closure. This will adversely affect the water

demand and thus the commercial viability of the project.

Manazement

Many industries, which have been directed by TNPCB to take measures to meet the required

effluent standards, have opted for construction of IETPs. The remaining industries have

joined one of the 8 CETP schemes. The present status of the IETPs and the CETPs with

respect to their number and stage of progress is presented in Table 10.2.

Table 10.2 Status of Industrial-Units with respect to Construction of IETP/CETPs

Status of IETP/ CETP No. of Industrial Units

Fully complete IETP and expected to meet the 115

required standards

75% complete IETP 233

50% complete IETP 53

No appreciable progress 23

Not yet started effluent treatment plant 40

Joined CETPs which are in the advanced 288

stage of construction

10-5

Environmental and Social Assessment ReporTirupur Area Development Project Risk Management

In is evident from Table 10.2 that significant progress has been made at Tirupur towardsachieving effluent treatment capacity for industrial effluents. The risk of closure of asignificant number of industrial units for non-compliance of effluent standards (except forTDS) is very low.

However, compliance of TDS standard of 2100 mg/l could still be a considered animportant concern. The IETPs, which have been recently constructed on these lines andare operational, however have a promise to satisfy the TDS standard of 2100 mg/l due tothe strategy of segregation and evaporation of high TDS laden effluents stream. This isexpected to have a multiplier effect and more industries are expected to go in for IETPs.The designs of CETPs, however, have been done to meet all the parameters specified bythe TNPCB except the TDS and this leaves a considerable gap in the compliance of TDSstandard.

However, a number of initiatives are being attempted by the industries towards reductionof TDS, which will lead to long term solution of TDS problem in the industrial effluents.The prominent efforts in this context are on the following lines:

* promote techniques for the minimization of TDS at source by dye substitution. TEA isexpected take a lead in this exercise by holding demonstrations/discussions with thecommercial vendors and impress upon the textile units to practice use of low salt dyesto the extent possible. Some industries in Tirupur have already started looking at thisoption. The TDS levels in the effluent may come down by 25% in the next 4 to 5years;

* a demonstration facilitv employing reverse osmosis may be set up towards TDSmanagement at CETPs. Financial support may be sought in direction from State,National as well as international organizations such as Technology DevelopmentBoard, The World Bank, Asian Development Bank, IDBI, ICICI, UJNIDO etc. Thismay lead to reduction in the TDS at CETP as well as explore possibility of water reuseor renovation;

* presently, the industries use ground water having a TDS of 2000 to 4000 mg/l. After theinception of the project, the treated water supply will have TDS concentrations around300 mg/l. This is expected to lead to a reduction of effluent TDS concentration by anaverage of 2500 mg/l.

Considering the TDS management plan, promises of IETPs and the low TDS levels in thesupply of water, it can be concluded that the TDS concentrations in the industrial effluentswill significantly reduce after implementation of TADP and it may also be possible to meetthe required standard.

10-6


Monitoring

The elevated levels of TDS in the industrial effluents get reflected in contamination ofground and surface waters. The initiatives for the management of TDS, therefore, will have adirect co-relation with the TDS levels in the environment. Extensive environmentalmonitoring has been recommended to provide timely feedback on TDS trends in ground andsurface waters in TLPA under the TADP. A discemable improvement in TDS (as isanticipated due to supply of low TDS water through TADP and other initiatives), is expectedto help the industries acquire an environmentally responsible status and will further reducethe risk of closure of industries due to environmental problems.

10.6 ConclusionBased on the above observations, it may be concluded that all the identified environmentaland social risks due to the construction and operation of the project have been adequatelyassessed and mitigated through the recommended EMP and RAP. Also, adequateprecautions have been built through elaborate environmnental monitoring recommendationsto provide a true picture of the performance of the project on environmental and socialaspects.

10-7

kLiviroyrnuentto and Socitli Assessmen,t ReportTirupur Area Developmenit Project Annexes

ANNEXURE-3 A

Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at Kodumudi

Parameters June- Dec 1992 1993 Jan - May1991 1994

Temp IC 27.5 - 30.7 25.5 - 32.0 25.3 - 30.6 26.4 - 32.8(28.36) (28.18) (28.43) (29.88)

pH 8.17- 8.62 8.08 - 8.70 7.79 - 8.56 8.18 - 8.44(8.37) (8.41) (8.14) (8.32)

Conductance (Micro 185- 549 195- 517 77.43 - 189.28 167.8 - 258mhoslcm) (362.57) (376.8) (145.52) (188.4)

Hardness 64.5 176.4 81.73 - 159.1 77.43 - 189.28 167.8 -258(117.4) (126.54) (145.52) (188.4)

Nitrate 0.98 - 9.4 0.62 - 4.52 1.98 - 5.01 5.82 - 7.18(3.28) (2.11) (4.22) (6.30)

Chloride 11.70 - 41.84 19.50 - 40.42 15.25 - 54.24 36.87 - 65.23(26.58) (24.74) (32.72) (49.06)

Sulphate 4.8 - 18.72 2.79 -25.92 3.6 -21.6 12.82 - 39.17(10.22) (14.6) (15.2) (28.06)

D.O. 6.0 - 7.2 5.9 - 7.1 5.6 - 7.7 5.9 - 6.4(6.89) (6.67) (6.76) (6.14)

B.O.D. 0.4 - 2.2 0.6 - 2.2 0.4 - 2.2 0.2 - 1.2(1.37) (1.17) (1.0) (0.67)

All the values except p, and Temperature are expressed in mg/L; The values in parenthesis represent average.

(Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore)

,s V( 1111Xv0lileliluli t)t .50ct)dl Ass.es. ilent i(eliti-Tirupqir Area Developmentt Project Antexes

ANNEXURE - 3 B

Surface Water Quality in Bhavani River at Savandapur

Parameters June - Dec 1992 1993 Jan - May 19941991

Temp °C 25.3 - 30.1 25.3 - 30.6 (28.02) 25.3 - 30.6 (28.43) 26.4 - 31.4 (28.18)(28.1)

pH 7.69 - 8.15 7.52 - 8.33 (7.95) 7.37 - 8.33 (7.97) 7.82 - 8.27 (7.95)(7.98) _

Conductance (Micro 274 - 549 232 - 496 (326.4) 232 - 496 (375.8) 327 - 527 (385)mhos/cm) (400)

Hardness 98.9 - 202.2 77.4 - 184.4 (127.6) 77.43 - 189.28 137.63 - 202.17(147.3) (143.4) (155.7)

Nitrate 1.42 - 9.14 0.99 - 5.88 (2.99) 2.42 - 5.51 (3.9) 4.70 - 7.49 (6.49)(3.9)

Chloride 11.70 -33.3 10.99 -23.05 16.31 - 23.40 18.44 - 24.82(19.39) (18.07) (19.49) (21.41)

Sulphate 18.77 - 45.51 12.82 - 54.39 18 - 33.6 24.48 - 39.16(28.9) (28.17) (26.73) (28.03)

D.O. 5.9 - 7.1 (6.6) 5.1 - 7.3 (5.93) 5.2 - 7.0 (6.35) 5.7 - 7.1 (6.5)

B.O.D 0.5 - 1.3 (0.8) 0.4 - 1.2 (0.76) 0.2 - 1.2 (0.75) 0.3 - 1.3 (0.7)

All the values except pH, Temperature and Conductance are expressed in mg/L; The values in parenthesis representaverage. (Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore)

Environimitenta(l and Social Assessmenit ReportTirupur Areai Developmenit Project Anniexes

ANNEXURE 3 C

Surface Water Quality in Cauvery River at Urachikkottai

Parameters June- Dec 1991 1992 1993 Jan - May 1994

Temp °C 28.0 - 30.3 26.5 - 30.0 26.5 - 30.5 26.3 - 32.0(28.8) (28.6) (28.98) (28.56)

pH 7.92 - 8.38 7.79 - 8.83 7.71 - 8.64 7.87 -8.64(8.18) (8.34) (8.13) (8.26)

Conductance (Micro 164 - 396 179 - 464 211 - 443 433 - 512mhos/cm) (289.3) (346.8) (352) (456)

Hardness 60.2 - 135.5 60.21 - 150.5 73.12 - 137.6 141.91 - 206.5(93.55) (122.4) (118.78) (160.86)

Nitrate 0.62 - 6.37 0.62 - 4.57 1.43 -4.02 2.79 - 5.38(2.2) (2.04) (2.53) (4.20)

Chloride 11.70 - 26.59 17.02 - 33.3 15.25 - 32.3 28.01 - 35.45(20.2) (24.1) (23.04) (32.25)

Sulphate 2.79 - 20.79 2.4 - 12.48 2.4 - 9.6 12 - 30.77(8.02) (6.816) (6.86) (17.18)

D.O 6.2 - 6.8 6.1 - 6.9 6.6 - 6.4 5.9 - 6.7(6.44) (6.51) (6.12) (6.38)

Note: All the values except pH1 Temperature & Conductance are expressed in mg/iL; The values inparenthesis represent average.Source: Central Water Commission, Coimbatore)

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3-D

Test Characteristics for Drinking Water

S.No Substance or Acceptable Cause for rejection

Characteristics1. Colour, Platinum 5.0 25

Cobalt Units, Max2. Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

3. Taste Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

4. Turbidity, JTU, 2.5 10

Max

5. Dissolved Solids mg/I, 500 1500

m=-

6. pH value 7.0-8.5 < 6.5 or > 9.2

7. Total Hardness (as 200 600

CaCO 3 ), max

8. Calcium (as Ca), mg/L, 75 200

max9. Magnesium (as Mg), 30 150

mg/l

10. Copper (as Cu) mg/L. 0.05 0.5

MaxII. Iron (as Fe), mg/L, 0.1 1.0

Max12. Manganese (as mn), 0.05 0.5

mg/I, max

13. Chlorides (as Ci), 200 1000

mg/L, max

14. Sulphates (as S0 4 ), 200 400

mg/L, max

15. Nitrate (as NO3) 45 45

Source: Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, (third edition), Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation

Ln iiron,nental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Developinentt Project An nexes

ANNEXURE 3EWater Quality of Tirupur Municipal Water Supply Source from Bhavani River at Mettupalayam

Date 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

2-1 13-5 24-9 3-3 17-8 24-11 19-4 4-8 27-12 3-5 1-8 6-12 18-4 7-8 12-2Total Coliforms 1500 2000 800 700 1000 1400 1800 500 1000 3600 500 270 260MPN >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1100 >1000 >1100 >1100 >1100 >240 >720 >310

Color Muddy Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Muddy Brownish Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly BrownYellow Yellow Yellow Yellow (Brownish) Brownish Brownish whitish Brown Yellow Yellow White

with Brown with Browntint tint

Turbidity 80 22 5.8 10 22 80 39 12 9 7 IS 10 6 8 40(NTU) I.I

TDS 225 34 - - 34 82 73 36 110 50 34 100 130 52 51

Hardness 61 17 - - 17 35 34 22 67 36 16 65 87 30 31Cl' I 8 14 6 8 8 6 6 14 7 6 l t 13 5 5

NO,- 1.5 0.2 0.40 0.2 0.2 1.0 0 0 1.5 0 0.2 I 0.7 0.1 0.1Alk-P 0 0 I S 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-MO 50 30 92 24 30 31 12 22 64 36 17 70 77 29 19

F 0.2 0.3 - - 0.3 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

pH 7.7 7.5 8.6 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.9 8.7 7.2 8 .2 7.4 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.6

Iron 0.25 0.7'0 0.15 1.60 0.70 5.0 1.4 1.4 0.50 0.35 1.0 0.30 0.15 0.15 1.40

E.C 150 45 250 45 45 100 80 50 180 75 40 180 200 75 70(micro-mhos/cm) I.__ _ I_I_I _

N ote: All the values except p1H,, conductivity color, turbidity and bacterial counts are expressed in mg/L(Source: Public Health Laboratory, Coimbatore)

Ltw vIronlitlental an/ .IocaLIl Assessmen set ReportTiruspitr Area Developpment Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3F

Characteristics of Water in Bhavani and Cauvery Rivers (8.6.96)

Site Sampling location Temp. pH Turbidity Alkalinity TSS COD BOD DO NO3 - Po43- So42 Ct HardnessNo. .C NTU Mg/L Mg/b Mg/L mg/L Mg/L mg/b mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

I Cauvery river near old 30 7.47- 1-4 115-148 10-30 16-44 - - 6 2.8-6.4 24-64 41-48 70-85bridge 8.13

2 Bhavani river near old 31 7.57- 2-5 95-126 20-100 16-20 5-6 - 11-15 1.2-4.2 52- 33-38 77.5-113bridge 8.36 120

3 Cauvery river below 31 7.73 - 1-3 110-140 30-100 27-77 - - 11-14 3.6-3.8 20-64 46-49 78-82.5new bridge (left bank) 8.27 .

4 Cauvery river below 32 7.64- 2-3 95-110 10-110 12-19 - - 13-15 1.8-4.0 52-92 36-41 77.5-98new bridge (right bank) 8.16

5 Near TWAD board in 32 7.60 - 1-3 100-121 10-40 16-34 10 3 6-9 0.6-3.2 64- 33-43 75-80take well 8.43 124

6 ear Narmnada proces 32 7.79- 1-5 95- 121 10-90 23-30 6-8 3.8 52- 36-41 77.5-105intake well 8.47 174

Tiriupur Area Developmenit Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3G

Characteristics of Water in River Bhavani (18.6.96)

Time Average flow pH COD BOD Conductivity TDS Chloride(m 3 /sec) Mg/L mg/L (m mhos/cm) mg/L mg/L

6.30 a.m. 18.86 7.88 15 <5 390 300 30

10.30 a.m. 18.86 8.70 26 5 300 220 30

2.30 p.m. 20.20 8.05 11 <5 300 220 30

6.30 p.m. 20.20 7.77 33 5 400 300 36Location - Site No.2 - Bhavani river near old bridge

11 I 'llI IICellIUll tllltl 3)VLlfll .I l%A.eA llellt Report

Tirupor Area Development Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 31

Chemical Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (2.6.96)

Site Sampling location pH Temp. Turbidity Cond. TDS Clr COD BOD DO Alkali- Sus. solids NO3- P04 SO42- HardnessNo. oC NTU m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L nity mgtL mg/L mglL mg/L mg/L

________ mglL _____ ___ _____mg

I River Nallar near 28 SNC 9000 6900 3144 593 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCNallathupalayam

2 River Nallar near 29 SNC 9000 7670 3550 519 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCPichampalayam bridge

3 River Noyyal near Nataraj 29 SNC 9000 6520 3245 593 42 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCTheatre

4 River Chinnakarai near 29 SNC 9000 6350 2789 445 36 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCMangalam road bridge _

5 River Odai near Kangeyam 29 SNC 7000 5190 2535 815 114 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCroad bridge _

6 River Noyyal near 29 SNC 7000 5580 2485 815 90 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCKasipalayam bridge _

7 River Noyyal near Kangeyam 29 SNC 8000 6070 2637 445 46 SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNC SNCUthukuli road bridge

8/1 Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake 8.99 32 62 SNC 6500 3499 435 36 10.5 148 100 13 2.8 244 405ear left overflow

8/2 Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake 8.88 32 54 SNC 6380 3448 362 36 - 154 40 13 4.0 256 435near weir

8/3 Sarkar Periyapalayam Lake 8.55 34 25 SNC 6870 3448 507 40 291 1I0 13 8.4 284 560lwhere river Nallar joins

SNC: Sample Not Collected

DO measured at 1.00 p.m. at mid lake at I m depth.

Enivironi,i,e,,t,I u(iid Socitil Assessnment ReportTirupur Are(a Developmelt Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 31

Characteristics of Water in Nallar River at Nallathupalayam(19.6.96 and 20.6.96)

Date Time Average flow pH COD BOD Conductivity TDS Chloride(m3/sec) mgIL mg/L (m mhos/cm) mg/L mg/L

19.6.96 7.00 a.m. 0.024 8.18 292 22 9000 6570 2837

11.00 0.018 8.23 470 30 9000 6570 3039a.m.

3.00 P.M. 0.018 8.26 201 20 9000 6570 2786

7.00 p.m. 0.018 8.30 269 22 9000 6570 2888

20.6.96 6.00 a.m. 0.026 8.07 336 25 9000 6570 3039

10.00 0.022 8.20 269 22 9000 6570 2837a.m.

2.00 p.m. 0.018 8.13 196 16 9000 6570 2938

6.00 p.m. 0.018 8.11 327 25 9000 6570 2938

Lis viroi,ie,it,Ii alid Sociol lIssessitielit ReportTirupur Area Developmienit Project Ann,exes

ANNEXURE 3 J

Bacteriological Quality of Surface Water in Tirupur (MPN/1OO ml)

Site Sampling Location Total Coliforms Fecal Coliforms E. coli S. fecalisNo.

I Nallar

6.30 a.m 13 x 104 40x 102 20 x 102 13

10.30 a.m 17 x 103 27x 102 17 x 102 5

2.30 p.m 24 x 103 13 x 103 13 x 103 I 1

6.30 p.m 26 x 103 20 x 102 20 x 102 1

8/1 Sarkar Periapalayam 21 21 21 Nillake - overflow

8/2 Sarkar Periapalayam 39 39 24 Nillake near the weir

8/3 Sarkar Periapalayam 22 x 103 49 x 102 22 x 102 I 1lake Nallar junction

IIi v'J) fJ/i/ii#!I il 1ii1 .)t 1X111 .1 s ne.W.> I11 flepoi tTiruipur Area Development Project

Annexes

ANNEXURE 3K

Ground Water Quality in Tirupur

Parameters Tirupur Market Tirupur TalukOffice

Jan. '90 Feb. '93 Aug. '93 Feb. '94 Aug. '94 Aug. '93 Aug. '94pH 8.3 8. - - 8.0 -Conductivity - 2860 4530 3000 970 2960 2720(micro mhos/cm)TDS 768 1131 2516 1773 1102 1798 1651Hardness 305 400 1320 600 520 960 880Cl 199 653 1078 330 390 567 518N03 143 236 316 25 56 521 143so4

2. 24 149 254 470 230 77 432All the values except pHand conductivity are expressed in mgiL

(Source: State PWD Ground Water, Coimbatore)

I,., , (IitiLiijii hAUii , L,,, U.,, e, iilses tsIm hem lTiriipur A4rea Developmtent Project Angneres

ANNEXURE 3L

Koilvazhi Bore Well Water Quality

Parameters 14.5.91 25.9.91 3.3.92 15.8.92 25.11.92 19.4.93 5.8.93 28.12.93 4.5.94 2.8.94 7.12.94 19.4.95 8.8.95 13.2.96

pH 8.4 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.1 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.6

Conductivity 700 700 700 700 600 600 600 700 900 1000 1000 800 900 800(Micro mhos/cm) _

TDS - - - 5 305 490 410 483 640 719 670 520 650 580

Cl- 84 81 95 72 54 78 74 37 100 132 128 80 102 88

N03- 1.5 3 3 3 4 5 6 5 8 7 11 6 8 6

Alkalinity -P 20 22 8 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-MO 212 234 226 234 240 246 212 264 268 268 300 276 265 272

F-- - - 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Total Hardness - - - 268 232 298 208 266 328 360 375 268 292 262

Turbidity(NTU) 7 7.4 3.9 6 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 3 2 4

Iron (Total) 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05

Bact-countsTC - - - - 25 3200 - - - - - - - -

MPN 9.2 - - 8 460 >100 9.1 460 23

All the values except, pH, Conductivity, Turbidity and Bacterial counts are expressed in mg/L

(Source: Public Health Laboratory, Coimbatore)

Env i'ironm,,,entl andS Jciall Assessmneni Repo rtTirupur Area Development Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3M

Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan Area

Source Kolathupalayam Kuppampalayam Jai Nagar Appachi Chairman Karuma Mudali(Borewell) (Kottakorai Odai) (Vijayapuram) Nagar Kandasamy Nagar thampatti palayam

(Hand pump) (Borewell) (Borewell) Palayakadu (Borewell) (Borewell)(Borewell)

Parameters 2- 11-92 6-1-93 6-7-93 14-7-93 6-6-94 22-9-94 7-10-94pH 8.6 8.6 8.0 8.4 7.3 8.4 7.9

Color Colorless! Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless

Turbidity (NTU) 2 2 1 1 3 3 2

TDS 1610 745 1403 560 5310 420 4540Conductivity 2600 1100 2000 800 6400 500 6000(Micromhos/cm)

Total Hardness 172 508 550 292 2310 182 840

Chloride 392 108 450 54 1570 15 1740

Nitrate-Nitrogen 0.20 1.5 6.0 12.0 60 2.0 12.0

Fluoride 1.8 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5

Iron 0.05 0.30 - - 0.05 0.5 0.05

Bacteriological 500 1800 70 40 1250 60

MPN 250 460 130 80 35 -

lEnsufronnieltal/ (illt idSora (l AIssessmwentr RfeportTirupur Area Developiment Project Arnnexes

Ground Water Quality in Tirupur Master Plan Area (continued)

Source S.R. Nagar Poppy's valley Hotel Pudupalayam Chettiar Naicker thottam Ganapathi palayamAndipalayam (Appachi Nagar) (Borewell) Thottam Karaipudur Veerapandi

(Borewell) (Borewell) (two) (Drawwell) (Drawwell) (Open well) 3 samples

Parameters 11-10-94 6-12-94 25-8-95 22-11-95 22-11-95 11-12-95

PH 7.9 7.5-7.8 8.0 7.4 7.2 7.3-7.4

Color Whitish Slight White Colorless Colorless Colorless Slightly yellow

Turbidity (NTU) 40 7 4 4 4 7

TDS 1140 740-1330 430 195 605 5910-6750

Conductivity (Micro- 1500 1000-1700 600 250 1000 8500-9000mhos/cl)

Total Hardness 570 476-600 216 115 328 2420-3120

Chloride 230 150-330 12 14 104 2000

Nitrate-Nitrogen 18.0 12-25 4 0.3 3.0 7.0-7.5

Fluoride 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.8-0.9

Iron 0.1 0.1-0.3 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1-0.20

Bacteriological countsTC 1600 720-950 - 900 60 900MPN 1600 1800 550 1800

All values except pH, Color, Turbidity, E.C Bacterial counts are expressed in mg/L.

(Source: Public Health Laboratory Coimbatore)


ANNEXURE 3-N

Sampling location for ground water quality in and around Tirupur

I. Attaiainpalayam - bore well (supply to Iduvai, Ganapathi Nagar, Seeradnpalayam also)2. Karaipudur - Temple well - open well

2/1 Chingalipalayam - Temple well3. Kuppandapalayam - open well (near temple)4. Karuppakavundampalayam - open well (near OHT and temple)5. Kovil Vazhi - bore well (supply to Tirupur GH)5/1 About 30 m away from site (5) - Open well (Municipal)6. Muthannapalayam - open well (near temple)7. Chennimalaipalayam - bore well near OHT and temple (supply to Nallur also)8. SIDCO - bore well at Ponnapuram (source to 2-3 villages)8/1 Pannakadu Thottam, about 400 m away from site 8 - open irrigation well9. Kasipalayam - open well - near temple

10. Sarkar Periyapalayam - open wellI. Vavipalayam - bore well, village supply11/I Vivapalayam - near temple about 50 m away from site (I1) open irrigation well12. Anna Nagar Main Road - bore well (private: Rajamanickamn house)13. Chettipalayam - bore well with OHT13/1 APR - Poothottam - about 0.5 Km away from site (13) open irrigation well14. Athupalayam - open well - near temple & OHT

15. Poppy's valley Hotel at Thirumurugampoondi15/T Avinashi Kaikatti - Venkateswara Rice Mill - bore well15/D Somu Gounder Thottam - irrigation well16. Kaniampoondi - bore well with OHT17. Old Chamundipuram I street open well18. Sirupulupatti - bore well with OHT18/1 Karuppusamy Gounder Thottam about 50 m away from site 18 open irrigation well.19. Anapalayam - open well

20. Mangalam village - bore well (90 m deep) with OHT21. Mangalam village - bore well (150 m deep) with OHT

(21 & 22 are adjacent to each other)21/1 Aruppukadu on Poomalure Road about 300 m away from site (21) open irrigation well22. Alankadu on the banks of Noyyal river - bore well at Gokul dyeing complex23. Silver Jubilee park - bore well24. Peruchipalayam KNP colony - open well25. Kangeyam Road (near Odai) Pushpa Nagar III Street - bore well26. Kombaithottam Mission street - bore well27. 104, Chairman Kandasamy Nagar - bore well Palayakkau

(Pvt. well)28. Bhavani Service Station, Elementary School Road, Kongu Nagar - open well (domestic use)29. Kalaimagal Service Station, No. 60, Lakshmi Nagar - open well30. Kali temple well - Kumar Nagar Extn. open well31. Gandhi Nagar Extn. opp. Ganesh Temple - bore well32. Uthukuli - Kangeyam Road at Arumugampalayam village junction - irrigation open well33. Karaipudur - bore well34. Salamedu Thollam - irrigation open well35. Thankamman Koil - open well (irrigation)


36. Orathupalayam - Oorvazhithottam open well - domestic37. Maniankadu Thottam open irrigation well (Orathupalayam)38. Anapalayam village - Ramasarni Gounder Thottam - irrigation open well.39. Peruntholavu - Vavithottam - open irrigation well40. Maniyampalayam - Maniakar Thottan - open irrigation well drinking water for the village by

courtesy41. Nachipalayam - Ponnusamy Gounder West Thottarn open irrigation well42. Manoor - Minnakadu Thottam - open irrigation well43. RS Kangeyam Road - Pallakadu Thottamn - open domestic well44. Near Four Road junction - Chekkankadu Thottamn open irrigation well45. Ponnapuram - Pudhukenaru - open irrigation well46. Sengapalli - Papathikadu - open irrigation well

Lnt'iro,,mental ai,,d Social Assessment RepwrtTirupur Area Development Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3 0

Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96 and 10.6.96)

Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS CIl pH so42- Hardness NO3 F Remarks

No. Location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mgtL mgtL mg/L mgtLm m m

I Attaiyampalayam 340 Bore 120 . 800 620 152 7.84 100 108 26 0.47

2 Karaipudur 330 Open 15 I 3000 2060 1204 7.31 100 618 73 0.46

3 Kuppandapalayam 320 Open 20 2 6000 5420 2308 7.32 300 950 112 0.60

4 Karuppakavundam- 320 Open 8 4 7000 6650 1956 7.51 330 990 106 0.80 A=Surfacepalayam 7000 6720 2157 7.55 400 935 93 0.77 B=3m deep

5 Kovilvazhi 327 Bore 45 - 800 680 251 7.36 300 180 80 0.73

6 Muthanapalayam 320 Open 30 = 3000 2770 853 7.34 130 450 126 0.69

7 Chennimalaipalayamn 300 Bore 1300 970 301 7.92 200 200 86 0.86

8 SIDCO 293 Bore - - 1300 840 452 8.45 100 160 80 0.45

9 Kasipalayam 293 Open 12 1.5 11000 8370 3261 7.57 500 1750 126 0.73

10 SarkarPeriapalayam 280 Open 21 6 6000 4900 1305 7.45 160 635 98 0.45

_I Vavipalayam 310 Bore 103 - 1000 800 201 7.54 40 480 126 0.46

12 Anna Nagar 328 Bore 90 800 650 201 8.03 100 165 119 0.43

13 Chentipalayam 328 Bore 120 1400 1030 301 8.25 160 195 93 0.66

14 Athupalayam 300 Open 10 4 10000 7700 3261 7.11 100 840 185 0.53 A=Surface10000 7700 3562 7.32 130 865 133 0.53 B=2m deep

15 Poppy's valley 315 Bore 45 - 2000 1460 552 7.95 60 825 133 0.59

16 Kaniampoondi 329 Bore 195 - 1100 820 201 7.71 40 190 126 0.79

17 Old Chamundipuram 320 Open 30 10 3000 2310 903 7.35 60 685 172 0.46

18 Sirupulupatti 320 Bore 90 - 1000 770 251 7.43 60 305 133 0.87

19 Anapalayam 308 Open 6 I 1200 860 201 7.95 40 160 66 0.55

E,ivironmnen,tal t d Social Assessment ReportTirtipur Area Devtelopnmenit Project Annteres

Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH S042 Hardness NO3- F RemarksNo. Location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mgfL mgtL mg/L

m m m

20 Mangalam 311 Bore 90 . 1000 800 251 7.41 60 215 93 0.50

21 Mangalam 311 Bore 150 1400 1170 401 7.31 40 250 120 0.48

22 Alankadu 300 Bore - 13000 9030 3914 7.50 160 945 79 0.37

23 Silver jubilee park 300 Bore - 3000 2020 703 7.62 40 410 146 0.38

24 Peruchipalayam 300 Open 9 4 3000 2530 602 7.46 160 440 146 0.41 A=Surface3000 2530 602 7.31 130 480 159 0.41 B=2m deep

25 Kangeyam Road 300 Bore - 7000 4540 1606 7.07 260 700 159 1.58

26 Kombaithottam 283 Bore . 12000 9000 2760 6.71 460 1430 146 0.31

27 Chairman Kandasami 300 Bore 75 . 4000 3540 861 7.52 230 1240 172 0.71Nagar

28 Kongu Nagar 301 Open 8 3 2500 1810 557 7.26 360 325 120 0.64

29 Lakshmi Nagar 301 Open - 1700 1180 355 7.35 260 295 120 0.20

30 Kumar Nagar Extn. 301 Open 12 8 2000 1630 405 7.52 160 330 133 0.81

31 Gandhi Nagar Extn. 300 Bore . - 3000 2490 810 7.18 100 660 159 0.37

32 Uthukuli-Kangeyam Road 270 Open 9 7 13000 9690 4304 7.46 560 990 NIL 1.45 A=Surface13000 9690 4507 7.48 600 790 NIL 1.48 B=3m deep

33 Karaipudur 278 Bore - - 9000 6910 2785 7.16 460 790 52 0.96

34 Salamedu Thottam 260 Open 7 5 8000 5810 2583 7.47 500 625 12 0.86 A=Surface8000 5810 2633 7.21 360 635 12 1.02 B=5m deep

35 Thangamman Koil 250 Open 5 3 10000 6990 3342 7.25 500 720 39 0.68

36 Orathupalayarn-Oorvazhi 240 Open 12 1 I 8000 5880 2532 7.13 260 675 NIL 0.49 A=SurfaceThottam 8000 5880 2633 7.12 300 655 NIL 0.48 B=3m deep

37 Orathupalayamn. 245 Open 18 5 9000 7150 2582 7.07 400 1010 79 0.41Maniankadu Thouam

38 Anapalayam 275 Open 15 6 10000 6870 2937 7.28 430 735 12 1.07

Environmtenttal anid Social Assessmetit ReportTirupur Area Developmentt Project Annexes

ANNEXURE 3 P

Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (28.7.96 and 29.7.96)

Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS CIl pH S042- Hardness NO3- F'No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

m m mI Attaiyampalayam 340 Bore 120 - 600 465 69 8.08 60 95 12 0.265

2 Karaipudur 330 Open 15 0.5 5000 3040 1272 7.59 100 485 146 0.343

2/1 Chingalipalayam 335 Open 25 1.5 1300 1150 147 7.67 130 200 120 0.324

3 Kuppandapalayam 320 Open 20 2 8000 7230 2006 6.97 230 740 146 0.4614 Karuppakavundam- 320 Open 8 4 8000 7660 2104 7.57 430 775 133 0.792

palayam

5 Kovilvazhi 327 Bore 45 - 1000 850 196 7.22 130 120 93 0.754

5/1 30 m away from site (5) 327 Open 30 1 750 620 147 7.92 100 135 66 0.690

6 Muthanapalayam 320 Open 30 0.3 2500 2310 636 7.55 70 265 60 0.675

7 Chennimalaipalayam 300 Bore - - 1500 1120 245 7.70 100 145 93 0.927


8 SIDCO 293 Bore - - 1600 1030 386 8.04 100 145 130 0.494


9 Kasipalayam 293 Open 12 1.5 11000 8370 3086 7.48 860 1070 159 0.861

10 Sarkar Periapalayam 280 Open 21 6 6000 4900 1206 7.36 300 580 120 0.489

I Vavipalayam 310 Bore 103 - 1100 880 145 7.62 30 245 106 0.468

Il/I Vavipalayam-near temple 310 Open 30 0.5 1500 1060 241 8.11 130 250 79 0.492

12 Anna Nagar 328 Bore 90 - 1400 1140 531 7.71 200 255 185 0.393

13 Chettipalayam 328 Bore 120 1600 1180 241 8.24 300 185 66 0.545

En v'ironifrental af,d Sock ,a Asses,ite',t, RetportTiruipur Area Developmentt Project Annexes

Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH so42- Hardness NO3 F

No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/IL mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

m m m

13/1 Chettipalayam- 328 Open 9 1.5 700 520 48 7.75 200 95 26 0.607

APR Poothottamr

14 Athupalayam 300 Open 10 4 9000 6930 2797 7.19 300 745 130 0.630

15 Poppy's valley 315 Bore 45 - 2300 1680 531 7.95 160 355 130 0.611

15/D Somugounder Thottam 325 Open 45 1.5 1700 1070 338 7.54 110 270 79 1.042

15/T Venkateswara Rice Mill 325 Bore 105 - 1700 990 241 8.03 100 260 79 0.609

Avinasi Kaikatti

16 Kaniampoondi 329 Bore 195 - 1200 895 145 7.87 60 145 146 0.875

17 Old Chamundipuram 320 Open 30 10 4000 3080 772 7.31 260 685 120 0.502

18 Sirupulupatti 320 Bore 90 - 1600 1230 241 7.97 100 300 106 0.552

18/1 Sirupulupatti 320 Open 30 1.5 2500 2010 482 7.55 60 485 93 0.526

Karuppusamy GounderThottam

19 Anapalayam 308 Open 6 I 800 575 145 7.99 100 125 39 0.533

21 Mangalam 311 Bore 150 - 1700 1420 338 7.20 60 225 66 0.574

21/1 Aruppukadu-Poomalur 315 Open 40 2.5 1200 740 145 8.28 200 150 93 0.574

Road

32 Uthukuli-Kangeyam 270 Open 9 7 14000 10435 4051 7.55 500 1045 12 1.652

Road

33 Karaipudur 278 Bore - - 10000 7670 2749 7.04 330 730 66 0.877

34 Salamedu Thottam 260 Open 7 5 9000 6535 2411 7.39 230 515 26 1.042

35 Thangamman Koil 250 Open 5 3 12000 8390 3472 6.35 430 670 52 1.191

36 Orathupalayamn-Oorvazhi 240 Open 12 11 9000 6610 2701 7.24 260 570 52 0.577

Thottam

37 Orathupalayam- 245 Open 18 5 10000 7950 2701 6.94 360 905 133 0.540

Environnaeliatl atId Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Developmentt Project Arnnexes

Site Sampling Ground level Well Well Water Conductivity TDS clr pH SO42 Hardness NOj No. location elevation type depth depth m mhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

m m mManiankadu Thottam

38 Anapalayam 275 Open 15 6 10000 6870 2652 7.54 330 555 52 1.27439 Peruntholavu- 315 Open 18 1.5 25000 1430 531 8.07 160 195 93 0.681

Vavithottam

40 Maniyampalayam- 310 Open 25 1.5 800 550 39 7.75 60 90 66 0.409Maniakar Thottam

41 Nachipalayam- 300 Open 18 l 2500 1650 444 7.80 100 260 172 0.789Ponnusamy GounderWest Thottam

42 Manoor-Minnakadu 297 Bore 105 850 570 68 7.15 100 100 52 0.472Thottam

43 Pallathottam 280 Open 15 0.5 1400 1200 217 6.69 60 245 79 0.401

(RS Kangeyam Road)

44 Chekkankadu Thottam 305 Open 18 0.5 1100 920 154 6.57 100 150 120 0.692(near 4 road)

45 Ponnapuram-Pudukenaru 300 Open 30 0.5 1700 1320 270 7.61 160 210 159 0.838

46 Papathikadu-Sengapalli 300 Open 27 0.5 5000 3680 1138 6.18 130 505 185 0.893


ANNEXURE 3Q

Color Intensity of Ground Water in Tirupur (9.6.96 and 10.6.96)

Site Color Wave lengthNo. (Absorbance (nm)

Unit)

3 0.05 4400.04 490

14A 0.05 4400.04 4900.04 720

14B 0.07 4400.06 4900.06 720

22 0.08 4400.07 4900.07 720

35 0.05 4400.04 4900.04 720


ANNEXURE 3 R

Bacteriological Quality of Ground Water in Tirupur (MPN/100 ml)

Site No. Sampling location Total Fecal Coliforms E. coliColiforms

21. Attaiampalayam 79x 102 79x 102 14x 102

22. Alankadu 39x 10 22x 10 20

23. Silver Jubilee Park 70 70 Nil

24. Peruchipalayam 33 x 103 33 x 103 50 x 102

25. Kangeyam road 5 2 Nil

26. Kombai Thottam 35 x 102 35 x 102 20

27. Chairan Kandasamy 13 x 103 13 x 103 NilNagar

28. Bhavani Service 220 220 13 x 10Station

29. Kalaimagal Service 33 x 102 33 x 102 20 x 10Station

30. Kali Temple well 35 x 102 35 x 102 26 x 10

31. Gandhi Nagar Extn. 41 41 Nil


ANNEXURE 3 S

Aquatic and Shoreline Macro Faunal Composition in Cauvery River System

SI.No. Class Species Status1. Crustacea Macrobrachium sp. C, S

Caridina sp. R

2. Mollusca Melania sp. DCarbicula striatella D

3. Pisces Anguilla sp. CWallago attu, RMystus sp. CPuntius sarana R,PCatla catla SLabeo rohita SLabeo calbasu STor sp. VR,FEChanna marulius RGlossogobius gieuris ROphicephalus striatus COmpok bimacudatus RTilapia mossambica CMastecembalus armatus CEtroplus maculatus CEtroplus suratensis CGarra sp. C

4. Amphibia Rana hexadactyla, Rana sp. C

5. Reptilia Mabuya sp. CGarden lizard CWater snakes CCobra CFreshwater turtles R

C - Common D - DominantVR - Very rare P - Under ecological pressureFE - Facing extinctionS - Stocked for commercial propagationR - RareNote: Avianfauna have been listed separately.


ANNEXURE 6-A

Details of Labour Camps

Accomodation

Type of construction GI corrugated sheets with steel bracingsLiving area per person 5 sq.m per personNo. of persons in each unit 6 nos.Utilities / facilities providedin each unit Doors and windowsFurniture provided in eachunit Sleeping bedFarnily accomodation Few will be provided

Arrangement of meals

Meals will be cooked and eaten in individual unitsSelf cooking facilities like kerosene stoves will be used

Transportation of workers to andfrom work areas

Labour camp will be set up near work site. For work offshore, labourers will be transported by floating craft.

Arrangements for staff accomodation until camp accomodations are readyfor occupancy

Labourers will be housed in the existing setup near the site.


Annexure 8 A

Squatter PAFs - Identification, Assets and Income

Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual RemarksNo. PAFs Dwelling other Income

. . _ ~~~~~~~~~~(Rs.)M |F M|F

Thiruvalluvar Nagar Village - (TN)

1. Saravana Bavan 1 D 0 Thatched roof & Tree- I 9,000Thatched wall

2. Manickam 2 I Thatched roof & Nil 9,000thatched walls

3. Gowri 1 1 Thatched roof & Tree- 1 9,000thatched walls

4. A.Muthukumar I I F - Thatched roof & Tree - I 8,000thatched walls

5. M.Sangilidurai 1 1 0 1 Strip of Land Nil 12,000

6. N.Mahalingam 2 3 I 0 Thatched roof & Nil 9,600thatched walls

7. Paneer Selvam 1 1 0 2 Tiled roof & brick Nil 9,000wall

8. Dhanasekaran | I 1 Tiled roof & brick Nil 10,800

| 1 | I I wall

9. G.Saraswathi 1 1 1 1 Tiled roof & brick Tree-I 9,600

I_ I I I I I Iwall

10. Ramakrishnan 2 1 - - Tiled roof & brick Nil 48,000wall

11. S.Valliammal 0 1 - 2 Tiled roof & brick Nil 9,600walls & fencing in4 sides

12. M.Tamilsevan I -I 1 Tiled roof & Trees-2 8,000thatched walls

13. T.S.Palaniappa 2 2 1 0 Tiled roof & brick Nil 10,000Narayan wall

14. Ramalingam I I I I Tiled roof & brick Trees-2 8,000wall

15. Shanmugavel 1 I i1 10 Tiled roof & brick Provision 20,000wall shop

16. Ranjitham I1 1 - Tiled r& oof brick Cycle shop 15,000wall

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Anneaes


(Rs.)

M F M F

17. Venugopal I I I Tiled roof & brick Nil 12,000wall

18. Manimuthu 1 2 1 Tiled roof & Nil 12,000thatched walls

19. Parimalam I I - Thatched roof & Nil 9,600thatched walls

20. Lakshmanan 2 1 - Tiled roof with Nilbrick wall

Kuppandapalayam (Church Site) - TLPA

21. N.A.Subramanian 1 2 Tiled roof with Nil 24,000brick wall

22. N.A.Eswaran 2 2 Tiled roof with Nil 18,000brick wall

Sakthi Nagar - TLPA

23. Mani I I I Bunk shop Nil 12,000

24. Party Office -f- - Tiled roof with NilOccupant not brick walltraceable = _ _

Avaraipalayam Pirivu - TLPA

25. M.Ponnusami 3 2 - - |Partial concrete & Nil 48,000Partical Tiled roofwith brick wall

Chinnandipalayam - TLPA

26. Selvam I | - - Thatched roof & Nil 9,600thatched walls

27. K.Valliammal 4 3 - - Tiled roof and Nil 5,000thatched walls

28. P.Sivaraj I I I - Tiled roof with Nil 10,800brick wall

29. S.Raj 1 2 2 0 Thatched roof Nil 10,800with mud walls

30. Selvaraj I I I - |Thatched roo Nil 9,600with mud walls

31. Nagaraj I I - - Thatched roof Nil 9,600with thatchedwalls & fence in 4sides



_______ ____ ~~~~~~~~~~~~(Rs.)

M F M F

32. Pattan I 1 3 - Tiles with Tatched Nil 12,800_wall roof

33. Natarajan I 1 2 - Thatched roo Nil 9,600with thatchedwalls

34. Nachammal I - - I Thatched roo Nil 9,600with thatched1walls

35. Gopal 1 1 2 1 Thatched roo Nil 9,600with thatchedwalls

36. Iyyar 1 - - Thatched roof Nil 9,600with thatchedwalls

37. Mariappan 1 1 - - Tiled roof with Nil 10,800and walls

38. Thangavel _ I I Thatched roofs Barber shop 9,600I _ with mud walls

39. Nataraj I 1 2 1 Tiled roof with Nil 10,800brick walls

40. R.Nachimuthu I - - Thatched roo Nil 14,000with mud walls

41. K.Palanisamy I I - I Thatched roo Nil 11,000with thatchedwalls

42. Murugan 2 2 1 1 Thatched roof Nil 9,600with mud wall

43. N.A.Chinnan I I I Thatched roof Nil 9,600with mud walls

44. V.Madeswaram I- - Tiled roof with Nil 7,200mud walls

45. D.Venkatachalam 1 2 - Tiled roof with Nil 9,600mud walls

46. S.Balu 2 2 2 1 Thatched roof Nil 10,800with thatchedwalls

47. S.Shanmugam I I - I Thatched roof Nil 10,800with thatchedwalls



_ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~(Rs.) _ _

MF M F

48. R.Madeswaran I I - 1 Tiled roof with Nil 12,000mud walls

49. R.Selvaraj I I - I Thatched roof Nil 10,800with thatched_walls

50. V.Natarajan I I I - Thatched roof Nil 10,000with mud wall

51. Karuppaiah 2 1 2 - Thatched roof Nil 18,000with thatchedwalls

52. S.Srinivasan 2 1 - 1 Tiled roof with Nil 9,000thatched walls

53. P.Arumugam 3 1 - - Thatched roof Nil 10,800with thatched

_walls

54. K.Ayyavu I I - - Thatched roof Nil 7,200with mud wall

55. Eswari I I I I Tiled roof with Trees-2 18,000mud wall

56. R.Subramani 3 3 1 Tiled roof with Tree-I 10,000mud wall

57. Arumugam 2 1 - - Tiled roof with Trees-7 10,000mud wall

58. M.Muthusamy I 1 I - Thatched roof & Trees-9 10,000thatched walls

59. Subramani I 1 3 Tiled roof with Trees-5 12,000brick walls

60. Selvaraj 2 1 - Thatched roof Nil 9,000with thatchedwalls

61. A.Murugesan I - - Shop Cycle spare 12,000parts

62. P.Subrarnani 3 1 - Tiled roof with Nil 10,000brick walls

63. S.Krishnan I I I Thatched roof Nil 9,600with mud walls

64. Rangasamy 2 2 Partial tiles with Nil 10,800brick walls &

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupur Area Development Project Annewxs

Sr. Nameof head of Adults Minors Family details Assets any Annual Remarks

No. PAFs Dwelling other Income_ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~(Rs.) _ _

MF M F

partial thatchedroof with mudwalls

65. RRamasamy 2 2 - - Thatched roof Nil 10,800with mud walls _

66. S.Geevan 1 2 1 1 Thatched roof Tree- I 10,000with thatchedwalls

67. K.Rajan 2 2 1 - Thatched roo Bullock cart 10,800with thatched Treewalls

68. R.Arjunan I 1 I Thatched roo Nil 10,000with thatchedwalls

69. Mani I I 1 Bunk shop Nil 12,000

70. Ramnasamy 2 2 13 Tiles with brick Nil 15,000walls

71. Lakshmanan I I - Thatched roof Trees-2 8,000with mud walls

72. Gangaraj I I 2 Thatched roof Trees-2 10,000with mud walls

73. P.Palaniappan 2 1 - Thatched roof Trees-2 12,000with mud walls

74. Dharmaraj l I Thatched roof Nil 10,000with mud walls

75. Nagaraj I _ I 1 Thatched roof Nil 16,000with mud walls

76. Raj 1 3 2 Thatched roo Trees-2 10,000with mud walls

77. Ponnammal 1 2 2 Thatched roof Tree 18,000thatched walls

78. R.Shanmugam I I 1 2 Tiled roof with Tree- I 9,000brick walls

79. K.Palanisamy l l l Thatched roof & Nil 10,000thatched walls

80. Chandran 1 2 2 Thatched roof & Nil 20,000thatched walls

81. Karuppasamy _ l Thatched roof & Nil 18,000



_____ _________(s.) _

M F M F

thatched walls

82. Santhosh Garments Tile roof with Unit 80,000brick walls Garment

Saralai - Outise TLPA

83. Sagadevan I 11 1 I- |Tiles House Dry land 125,000 |

84. Vedivelu T 11 12 11 ITiled House INil 124,000 |

Mannarai - TLPA

85. Govindarajan 1 I - 2 Thatched hut shop Nil 16,800 Hut wasconstructedtwo monthsback after

our planningsite

86. Subramani 3 2 - 2 Thatched hut Tinkering 36,000shop

87. Ramasamy B' I I - I Tiled roof with Lime stone 78,000Memo Holder brick walls & a unit and

thatched roof Bullock cartroom 5 acres o .

dry land,well andTiled housein the nativeplace

88. Karuppasamy _ I - Thatched roof 5 lambs 12,000with thatchedwalls

89. Ramathal - 3 1 2 Tiled roof 12,000

90. Kaliammal - 1 2 1 With mud wall Not able tomeet them

forinterview.Mother ofthe PAFsgave these

informations

91. Iyyanar Temple Temple Templeconstructed by festivals isMuthuraja beingcommunity celebrated



(Rs.)

MF M F

once in 2

_T _ 1 1 1 years

Neruparichal - TLPA

92. Murugasarny 2 1 . Terraced house Tiled house 40,000Mosaic flooring -I

Cattle shed-ILive stock-2, phone,Pumphouse,coconutgroove in l-40 hec. ofdry land

Kanakampalayam - TLPA

93. Palani 1 2 - 3 Thatched roo Nil 18,000thatched wall

94. Ramathal 1 I - 2 Thatched roo Nil 12,000 Not able tothatched wall meet the

PAFs

95. Kundan 1 1 1 Thatched roof Nil 15,000

Kuttai near Nataraj Theater-TM

96. Vallupuran I I - jThatched roof Nil 15,000

97. Kumaran I 1 2 1 Tiled house Thatched 228,000_ _ _ _ j _ j _ _ _ ~~~~~ ~~hut_ __

Murugandapuram (Konga Main Road) - TM

98. |Indira English| | | 1 |Hallo brick walls Nil 80,000| |School j [ J _ twith thatched roof n


ANNEXURE 9-A

Minutes Of The Meeting Held At Office Of The Tirupur Exporters Association,Tirupur from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm on September 25th, 1996

A public meeting was organised by New Tirupur Area Development Corporation and IL&FS,Bombay with the objective of introducing Tirupur Integrated Area Development Project andits scheme for drinking water and sewage system for Tirupur Local Planning Area to thepublic. The another important purpose of having this meeting was to ascertain the people'sreactions and seek their opinion towards this project for successful integration andimplementation

Centre for Environmental Studies (CES), Anna University, Madras and Tamil Nadu Instituteof Urban Studies (TNIUS), Coimbatore, were entrusted with the responsibility of conductingthe study on environmental and social assessment in connection with the Tirupur IntegratedArea Development Project. Representatives of these Institutions Prof. Ranganathan, Head ofthe Department, Centre for Environmental Studies and J.S. Srilata, Faculty, Tamil NaduInstitute of Urban Studies were invited to explain the public about the prospects of the projectand analyse the environmental and social impact that has been induced by the project inTirupur Local Planning Area

Mr. R.M.Subramaniam, Mr. K. Ramchand, Mr. A. Sakthivel, Dr. Vijay Joshi, Prof.Ranganathan have played a key role in organising this meeting.

The minutes of the meeting held at Tirupur Expeorters Association on 25th September 1996 isgiven below:

Mr. Sakthivel from Tirupur Exporters Association introduced the scheme of Drinking Waterand sewage system of 111 Phase for Tirupur Local Planning Area. He expalined that the NewTirupur Area Development Corporation was initiated mainly to undertake the task ofimplementing the Tirupur Integrated Area Development project for Tirupur Local PlanningArea. He further highlighted the funding aspects of the project

Mr. Subramaniam, from Tirupur Exporters Association narrated in detail about the projectfrom its inception and its future vision. He explained how Tirupur Exporters Association hasbecome the partner with the Government in the scheme for providing water supply, sewageand disposal of industrial effluence collection in the city where population is increased day byday due to Industrial growth, without any improvement in the provision of basic amenities thatinclude water supply, sewage system, roads, sanitation etc.

He listed out the funding partners of the project. It indicated that Central and StateGovernment has come forward to contribute Rs. 1O crores each for this project. Besides, theGovernment, IL&FS is to fund Rs.33 crores and New Tirupur Area Development Corporationhas to spare Rs. 10 cores as its share

Apart from the Local funding arrangements, World Bank and U.S. Agencies for InternationalDevelopment have also agreed to bear large amount of the project cost which is estimated toRs.570 crores for this integrated scheme. Mr. Subramaniam also stressed the need to educatethe public about the project and involve them fully for the successful implementation of theprogramme. He also observed that, it is quite essential to convince them and seek their co-operation at all levels of project implementation


He viewed that few people may be affected due to the project, during its implementation likedisplacement or land acquisition etc. He assured that necessary arrangements would be madeto rehabilitate all the affected people

Prof. Ranganathan, Head of the Departmnent, CES Anna University explained theEnvironmental Impact of the project in a detailed manner

Dr. Ranganathan remarked that this is a pioneer scheme in India in which both water supply,sewage system are taken care of simultaneously. This project has four major activities (1)Water Supply (2) Collection and treatment sewage (3) Disposal and management of industrialeffluents (4) Sanitation facility of outside Municipal limit

He mentioned that ground water level in Tirupur has decreased significantly. Hence watersupply is made through tanker. Due to this project, distribution of water is expected to go upfrom 85 to 150 litre/per capita

Dr. Ranganathan further described that all safety measures have been incorporated in theirstudy for environmental impacts

He made recommendation for producing bio gas and electricity in sewage treatment plantwhich could be used for cooking and electric power respectively. He made many valuablesuggestions and recommendations to improve the environmental studies in view of thisproject. He concluded that Tirupur Integrated Area Development Project is a feasible schemefor the integrated development of Tirupur

Mrs. J. S. Srilata from Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, Coimbatore brought out theissues related to the social implication due to the project implementation. She explained theneed for social assessment before initiating the development project. She listed out the areaswhere the project has been distributed and described the social atmosphere of the service sites.She discussed the objective of the study as to minimize the disturbance or displacement caused

She highlighted the procedures adopted in which the project affected families (PAFs) areidentified and gave a tentative number of PAFs located in the project site. She classified PAFsinto three categories such as land owner PAF, land encroacher PAF and partially affectedperson. She has listed out the amount of land that has to be acquired from the private parties

Mrs. J. S. Srilata further informed the gathering the need for extending compensation to eachcategory and explained how the mitigation has been worked out

Compensation:

1. For land owner PAFs - land - Land of equivalent production potential (or)Commercial land which will yield equal return (or)cash compensation'

(guideline value + 30% Government Solatium)

Sub Committee of the project evaluation and monitoring committee will take the initiative ofworking out the cash compensation


ANNEXLTRE 10-A

Stage Discharge Data of Cauvery System for Water Yield1984-85 to 1993-94

Month / Year Urachikottai Saavandapur Kodumudim3/sec m3/sec m3 tsec

1984-85 JUN 295.900 15.200 265.800JUL 835.700 18.400 714.900AUG 940.600 19.900 778.200SEP 391.600 31.200 380.300OCT 415.400 27.300 408.000NOV 285.200 19.700 326.100DEC 317.400 21.300 376.300JAN 254.600 17.100 383.800FEB 31.000 19.500 41.100MAR 31.600 11.700 41.600APR 38.800 5.300 41.900MAY 40.600 3.000 39.200



JUN 26.700 4.160 18.130JUL 50.440 6.410 38.820AUG 47.95 8.356 37.100SEP 50.400 10.540 42.570OCT 21.650 16.720 34.720NOV 269.200 19.800 314.400


Month / Year Urachikottai Saavandapur Kodumudim3/sec m3/sec m%/sc

DEC 77.470 15.060 71.420

JAN 312.100 17.550 336.600

FEB 168.500 26.870 188.900

MAR 31.120 22.650 47.380

APR 44.150 12.580 39.260

MAY 33.150 7.566 34.860

1988-89 JUN 24.140 11.890 30.640

JUL 49.970 17.290 46.750

AUG 311.000 18.620 359.000

SEP 438.200 21.980 519.900

OCT 507.200 18.200 594.000

NOV 182.600 15.240 215.800

DEC 247.300 14.240 262.800

JAN 138.500 14.660 145.900

FEB 70.530 12.020 71.340

MAR 53.840 16.610 47.690

APR 26.970 15.630 31.060

MAY 45.600 2.678 33.060

1989-90 JUN 24.160 4.569 24.730

JUL 16.720 8.810 23.540

AUG 222.800 15.590 208.400

SEP 542.500 22.440 593.600

OCT 432.900 24.340 494.300

NOV 101.300 16.640 133.900

DEC 299.200 16.040 314.200

JAN 154.600 15.840 156.400

FEB 76.660 14.620 77.260

MAR 52.010 18.460 42.010

APR 56.650 20.980 38.640

MAY 43.230 9.328 31.870

1990-91 JUN 32.180 12.730 24.540

JUL 44.880 16.870 35.620

AUG 191.200 19.470 169.000

SEP 469.300 20.830 500.900

OCT 290.500 24.030 313.900

NOV 203.100 17.690 243.800

DEC 167.600 16.110 176.400

JAN 109.500 15.330 111.400

FEB 48.520 13.570 33.730

MAR 47.140 13.840 34.530

APR 61.600 14.510 41.200

MAY 52.820 6.509 32.540

1991-92 JUN 21.400 11.920 20.040

JUL 178.100 17.040 174.300

AUG 856.800 18.02 905.100

SEP 556.300 22.290 600.600

OCT 443.400 25.290 508.100

Environmental and Social Assessment ReportTirupir Area Development Project Annexes

Month / Year Urachikottai Saavandapur Kodumudim3 /sec m3/sec m3 lsec

NOV 328.800 24.600 431.900DEC 307.600 16.770 353.300JAN 268.800 16.300 294.200FEB 107.100 17.040 113.700MAR 47.770 18.150 50.690

APR 57.000 11.950 46.730

MAY 43.820 7.637 34.920

1992-93 JUN 245.600 13.490 252.400

JUL 561.900 17.680 595.700

AUG 843.200 21.590 846.300

SEP 608.700 26.380 623.600

OCT 528.100 22.430 557.100

NOV 349.100 116.200 489.600

DEC 270.300 19.330 314.100JAN 315.200 17.990 333.200

FEB 133.100 16.560 140.000

MAR 44.650 18.760 46.360APR 61.200 18.580 52.010

MAY 54.840 15.180 50.200

1993-94 JUN 278.400 16.190 301.400

JUL 511.100 15.480 534.400

AUG 507.600 18.630 527.900SEP 521.300 18.300 551.600

OCT 159.300 26.770 232.800NOV 46.490 23.000 107.500

DEC 55.860 17.580 110.200

JAN 306.800 14.160 333.400

FEB 55.430 20.310 69.650MAR 64.220 16.830 74.570

APR 46.420 20.250 51.500MAY 51.650 15.560 59.260

the,tirupur area development pxogram - world...

Documents