#thighgap to #thyghgapp: incrementation of orthographic...
TRANSCRIPT
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#thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic
variation on InstagramIan Stewart and Jacob Eisenstein Georgia Institute of Technology
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Content warning: eating disorders
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3http://aworldofapps.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Profile-how-to-use-Instagram.jpg
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Pro-ED Instagram
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● Community that “share[s] content, advice and provide[s] social support for disordered or unusual eating choices” (Chancellor et al. 2015)
![Page 5: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pro-ED Instagram
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![Page 6: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pro-ED Instagram
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![Page 7: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pro-ED Instagram
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thighgap(space between thighs)
![Page 8: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Orthographic variation
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Phonetic <just> → <jus>
Typographic <leet speak> → <1337 5934K>
Syllabograms <before> → <b4>
● “Represent spoken and vernacular forms, simulate prosody or shorten the message” (Androutsopoulos 2011)
● Tied to social differentiation, identity marking (Sebba 2009)○ Community may only allow certain variants (Herring 2012)
![Page 9: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
● Writing conventions evolve over time (Sebba 2009)● Communities are dynamic
○ Language change mirrors social dynamics (Danescu-Nicelscu-Mizil et al. 2013)
○ Locally-defined social categories: newcomers vs. regulars
● Changing practices of pro-ED community○ Community of practice: “aggregate of people who come together around
mutual engagement in an endeavor” (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 1992)
Dynamics of variation
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Community change: hashtag ban
10newsfeed.time.com/2012/04/26/instagram-bans-thinspo-content
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Ban effect
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![Page 12: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ban response
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Ban response
13http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/sd-pew-adult-user-stats.png
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Research questionsRQ1: Which community members adopt more variants?
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![Page 15: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Example variants
thighgap
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![Page 16: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example variants
thighgap
thyghgap
thghgap
thightgap
thyghgapp
thiigap
thightgrap
thyygap
thighgaappp
thightpag
thyygapp
thygaps
thygsp
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![Page 17: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example variants
thighgap
thyghgap
thghgap
thightgap
thyghgapp
thiigap
thightgrap
thyygap
thighgaappp
thightpag
thyygapp
thygaps
thygsp
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Depth
![Page 18: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Example variants
thighgap
thyghgap
thghgap
thightgap
thyghgapp
thiigap
thightgrap
thyygap
thighgaappp
thightpag
thyygapp
thygaps
thygsp
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Depth
![Page 19: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Incrementation of variation● Orthographic variation as continuum● Similar to phonetic incrementation
○ “Successive cohorts and generations of children advance a change beyond the level of their caretakers and role models” (Labov 2001)
● Do community members adopt deeper variants differently than shallow ones?
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Research questionsRQ1: Which community members adopt more variants?
RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption by these community members?
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![Page 21: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Methods● Data collection● Compute orthographic depth (language variables)● Compute membership attributes (community variables)● Building regression models
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![Page 22: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Methods● Data collection● Compute orthographic depth (language variables)● Compute membership attributes (community variables)● Building regression models
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Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
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● Collected in November 2014○ Ban in April 2012
● 2.4 million posts○ January 2011 to November 2014
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Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
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Identify pro-ED seed terms (not banned), mine Instagram
anorexia, ed, bulimia
Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
![Page 26: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
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Identify pro-ED seed terms (not banned), mine Instagram
anorexia, ed, bulimia
Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
Filter for pro-ED content, identify top 200 hashtags
![Page 27: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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Identify pro-ED seed terms (not banned), mine Instagram
Manually identify 17 banned source hashtags
anorexia, ed, bulimia
ana, thighgap, thinspo
Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
Filter for pro-ED content, identify top 200 hashtags
![Page 28: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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Identify pro-ED seed terms (not banned), mine Instagram
Extract 673 variants with regular expressions
Filter for pro-ED content, identify top 200 hashtags
Manually identify 17 banned source hashtags
anorexia, ed, bulimia
ana, thighgap, thinspo
th*nspo* => thynspoo
Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
![Page 29: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Final data
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Identify pro-ED seed terms (not banned), mine Instagram
Extract 673 variants with regular expressions
2.4 million posts176,000 users51% variant posts673 variants17 sourcesManually identify 17 banned
source hashtags
anorexia, ed, bulimia
ana, thighgap, thinspo
th*nspo* => thynspoo
Data collection (Chancellor et al. 2015)
Filter for pro-ED content, identify top 200 hashtags
![Page 30: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Methods● Data collection● Compute orthographic depth (language variables)● Compute membership attributes (community variables)● Building regression models
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![Page 31: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyygapp
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Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap
thighgap thyygapp
![Page 33: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyghgap1
thighgap thyygapp
![Page 34: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyghgap thyyhgap1 2
thighgap thyygapp
![Page 35: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyghgap thyyhgap thyyhgap1 2 3
thighgap thyygapp
![Page 36: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyygappthyghgap thyyhgap thyyhgap1 2 3 4
thighgap thyygapp
![Page 37: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Compute depth: edit distance● Operations needed to transform source → variant hashtag
○ Used in dialectology (Nerbonne, Heeringa & Kleiweg 1999)
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thighgap thyygappthyghgap thyyhgap thyyhgap1 2 3 4
thighgap thyygapp4
![Page 38: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Edit distance: Distribution of variants
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Edit distance Variants Top 3 variants
1 253 anarexia, bulimic, eatingdisorders
2 221 anarexyia, thinspooo, thynspoo
3 108 secretsociety123, thinspoooo, thygap
4 50 secret_society123, secretsociety_123, thinspooooo
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Edit distance: Adoption over time
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Language variables
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● per post: ○ TAGS, VARIANT, MAX_EDIT, DIST_1, DIST_4
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Language variables
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● per post: ○ TAGS, VARIANT, MAX_EDIT, DIST_1, DIST_4
![Page 42: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Language variables● per post:
○ TAGS, VARIANT, MAX_EDIT, DIST_1, DIST_4
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TAGS=3VARIANT=1MAX_EDIT=2DIST_1=1DIST_4=0
![Page 43: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Methods● Data collection● Compute orthographic depth (language variables)● Compute membership attributes (community variables)● Building regression models
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![Page 44: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● Locally-defined variables (within pro-ED community): ○ relative age○ lifespan
![Page 45: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● per post:○ SINCE_START, TILL_END
● per user:○ DATE_RANGE
![Page 46: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● per post:○ SINCE_START, TILL_END
● per user:○ DATE_RANGE
![Page 47: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● newcomer = low SINCE_START (< 10 weeks)● committed user = high DATE_RANGE (≥ 10 weeks)
User A
User B
![Page 48: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● newcomer = low SINCE_START (< 10 weeks)● committed user = high DATE_RANGE (≥ 10 weeks)
newcomer
newcomer regular
User A
User B
![Page 49: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Community data: membership attributes
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● newcomer = low SINCE_START (< 10 weeks)● committed user = high DATE_RANGE (≥ 10 weeks)
committed
transientUser A
User B
![Page 50: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Recap: all variables● per post:
○ VARIANT, DIST_1, DIST_4, MAX_EDIT, TAGS, SINCE_START, TILL_END, DATE
● per user:○ DATE_RANGE
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![Page 51: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Methods● Data collection● Compute orthographic depth (language variables)● Compute membership attributes (community variables)● Building regression models
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![Page 52: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Questions
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RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption by these community members?
![Page 53: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Regression: predictors
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RQ1 RQ2
Regression Logistic Logistic
Predicted VARIANT DIST_1, DIST_4
Predictors SINCE_STARTTILL_ENDDATE_RANGEDATE
SINCE_STARTTILL_ENDDATE_RANGEDATE
![Page 54: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Results
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![Page 55: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
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![Page 56: #thighgap to #thyghgapp: Incrementation of orthographic ...ianbstewart.github.io/docs/DiVar_2017.pdf · Typographic → Syllabograms](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042222/5ec8a8cd5041047aa766e97f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?● Newcomers and committed (long-lifespan) users
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RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
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● Regression results
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RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
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● Regression results● Predicting VARIANT
○ SINCE_START negatively correlated (β = -0.00456, p < 0.001)○ TILL_END positively correlated (β = 0.00294, p < 0.001)○ DATE_RANGE positively correlated (β = 0.00294, p<0.001)
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RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
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● Regression results● Predicting VARIANT
○ SINCE_START negatively correlated (β = -0.00456, p < 0.001)○ TILL_END positively correlated (β = 0.00294, p < 0.001)○ DATE_RANGE positively correlated (β = 0.00294, p<0.001)
● Conclusion: variants adopted more often by newcomers and committed members
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RQ1: Which community members adopt variants?
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption? ● Deeper variants associated with newcomers and committed
members
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Newcomers versus regulars
RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption? Committed versus transient
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● Regression results
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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● Regression results● Predicting DIST_1
○ SINCE_START β = -0.00177, (p < 0.001)○ TILL_END β = 0.00311 (p < 0.001)
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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● Regression results● Predicting DIST_1
○ SINCE_START β = -0.00177, (p < 0.001)○ TILL_END β = 0.00311 (p < 0.001)
● Predicting DIST_4○ SINCE_START β = -0.00450 (p < 0.001)○ TILL_END β = 0.0133 (p < 0.001)
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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● Regression results● Predicting DIST_1
○ SINCE_START β = -0.00177, (p < 0.001)○ TILL_END β = 0.00311 (p < 0.001)
● Predicting DIST_4○ SINCE_START β = -0.00450 (p < 0.001)○ TILL_END β = 0.0133 (p < 0.001)
● Conclusion: depth of variation correlates more strongly with adoption by newcomers and committed members
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RQ2: Does a variant’s depth influence its likelihood of adoption?
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● Newcomers use more variants, deeper variation○ Supports prior findings (Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. 2013)
● Committed members also use more/deeper variants● Deeper variants → stronger effects
○ Depth may influence orthographic perception in pro-ED community
● Additional: unclear social reception○ Mixed results (likes ≠ comments)
Summary of findings
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Implications and future work● Implications
○ Online communities provide useful setting to study large-scale, long-term language variation
○ Orthographic variation as incrementation○ Sociotechnical effect on language variation
● Future work○ Different processes of orthographic variation:
deletion, lengthening, metathesis
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ReferencesAndroutsopoulos, J. (2011). Language change and digital media: a review of conceptions and evidence. Standard Languages and Language
Standards in a Changing Europe, 145–159.Chancellor, S., Pater, J. A., Clear, T., Gilbert, E., & De Choudhury, M. (2015). #thyghgapp : Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical
Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities. 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 1201–1213.
Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., West, R., Jurafsky, D., & Potts, C. (2013). No Country for Old Members : User Lifecycle and Linguistic Change in Online Communities. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web, 307–317.
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992). Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-Based Practice. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21(1992), 461–490.
Eisenstein, J. (2015). Systematic patterning in phonologically‐motivated orthographic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 19(2), 161-188.Herring, S. C. (2012). Grammar and electronic communication. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 1–9. Labov, W. (2001). Principles of linguistic change, Volume 2: Social Factors. Blackwell Publishers.Nerbonne, J., Heeringa, W. and Kleiweg, P. 1999. “Edit distance and dialect proximity”. In Time Warps, String Edits and Macromolecules: The
Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison, 2nd edition, Edited by: Sankoff, D. and Kruskal, J. v–xv. Sebba, M. (2009). Sociolinguistic approaches to writing systems research. Writing Systems Research, 1(1), 35–49.
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Thank you!Special thanks: Stevie Chancellor and Munmun De Choudhury (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Questions?
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