This British writer who championed the cause

of the Irish made a “modest”

suggestion.Jonathan Swift

This age was named for and characterized by its emphasis on the power of rational

thought. The Age of …Reason

The Age of Reason was classified and

characterized by this kind of literary

technique.Satire

This French writer was a brilliant satirist who

was exiled for his politics and philosophy.

Voltaire

This philosophy gave the monarch supreme power and authority

over all of its subjects

Absolutism

This book by Denis Diderot was the

landmark of rational thought during this

era.The French Encyclopedie

This German mathematician and philosopher argued

that God is a rational being and that the

universe he created is a rational one. One of

the fathers of “optimism”.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz*Make sure you know this!

Candide relates to his philosophies.

Thomas Jefferson was one who believed in this philosophy that

God created a rational universe and let it run

on its own.Deism

What role did satire play in the Age of Enlightenment?

A big question…. But consider how satire helps to illuminate the

incongruities between ideological aspirations and political and

religious realities. Think about how satire today functions as satire

functioned then.

This style of architecture and design

was popular. It was modeled after the styles of ancient Greece and Rome

Neoclassical

This German philosopher said that that age may value

reason and enlightenment, it was

not reasonable or enlightened.Immanuel Kant

This king of Prussia considered himself “Enlightened” and used his power to institute liberal reforms. He was

influenced by Voltaire.Frederick King of Prussia

The ______ _______ of Kings was a political

and religious doctrine that embodied the

ideas of absolutism, the notion that a

monarch had absolute authority on Earth

derived directly from the will of God.The Divine Right of Kings

This French ruler was very a powerful

monarch known for his “fashionable” and

formal court. He called himself the “Sun King”

He believed in the “Divine Right of

Kings”.Louis XIV

What is tyranny?What is despotism?

Tyranny = oppressive power

Despotism = rule by absolute often tyrannical power

This French ruler instituted only

piecemeal reforms out of necessity, but his

meager efforts opened a gate to revolution. Nicknamed “Louis le

Dernier” as he was the last Louis and was

beheaded.King Louis XVI of France

This Russian queen was influenced by both

Voltaire and Montesquieu to

institute legal reforms early in her reign.

Catherine of Russia(both Catherine I and Catherine II were

said to have been influenced by the Enlightenment though their reforms

were limited.)

This Roman Catholic persecution of the

Moors and Jews happened during the

Age of Enlightenment.The Spanish Inquisition

The Protestants often fought against this religious group in

England and in Ireland.

Catholics

These two institutions were under constant attack by writers and philosophers of this

era.The Catholic Church and

the government

These two religious groups fought heavily

during the Thirty Years War.

Protestants and Catholics

Since this writer attacked the Catholic Church so often, he

was not allowed to be buried

in any French church.Voltaire

This philosopher, similar to Locke held the belief that man is

naturally good and innocent and becomes

corrupted by his environment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau

This influential British philosopher claimed

that all men had natural rights.

John Locke

This scientist defended Christianity arguing

that not all things are best explained through

science.Blaise Pascal

This monarch advocated limiting the power of monarchies in

Europe.Baron de Montesquieu

This French dramatist wrote several plays.

Moliere

Known for his work in chemistry and physics, considered by some as the father of modern

scienceRobert Boyle

An important pioneer in the study of the human body, particularly the the circulation of the

human bodySir William Harvey

Scientist who made important strides in the classification of plants

and the study of botany

Linnaeus

This philosopher advanced the idea that “the only certain truth

in any field was through the deductive

method used in mathematics”. Descartes

This scientist described the universe as a

mathematical machine, orderly, logical, and

governed by absolute laws (such as gravity).

Sir Isaac Newton

This philosopher applied the ideas of

science to the realm of morality writing “A Treatise of Human

Nature- an Attempt to Introduce the

Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral

Subjects”.David Hume

How did mathematics and science “provide answers” in the realm

of philosophy?

Discoveries in math and science were used to support changes in views on religion

and God. They also helped to advance the idea of liberty and the advancement of

rights for the individual.

Much of Europe was dominated by strong __________. Many rulers gave themselves the

title of _________ ____________ symbolizing

the prominent philosophy of ___________Monarchies

“The Great”absolutism

The ______ classes gained strength and

rose to overturn monarchies as in the ______ ______ ______ 0f

1642.Lower

English Civil War

When Voltaire was expelled from France he spent time living in

England. How might his time in England have inspired his writing?

He was increasingly exposed to the philosophies of men like John Locke and he was inspired by writers like Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift.

The rational, science-oriented philosophy led to skepticism about …

Authority- centralized powerTraditional religious ideology

The “reasonableness” of Christianity

This fundamentalist sect refused to pay

taxes or serve in the military.

Anabaptists

This social class of people were the largest

of any class, yet they were constantly

ignoredby Monarchs.

Peasants or lower class

These two Revolutions were fueled by Locke’s

philosophy that all citizens have natural

rights which their rulers must protect & observe.

French and American

This German mathematician was

very optimistic, claiming

“everything has a useful purpose in the

world.”Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz(Just a reminder… He is important

here.)

This French literature flourished in this

particular genre during the

Age of Enlightenment.Drama