Semester assignment

Kerissa berg

12/15/10

2nd

ATOM:This is the smallest part of matter.

Sub-atomic parts: Protons-positive charge found in

the nucleus. Neutrons-neutral charge found

in the nucleus. Electrons-found in the orbits

that surrounds an atom. Electrons-are found in the outer most orbits

are called valence electrons.

You can fit certain number of e-per orbit. 2,8,8,18,18

Parts of an atom-

PERIODIC TABLE ORGANIZATION: Groups, rows, atomic, atomic mass

Metals-they are solid except for hg, good conductors, ductile, and malleable.

Non-Metals –opposite of metals. Metalloids- have properties that are a cross between

metals and non-metals used mainly in the semiconductor industry.

Transitional elements- found in the middle part of the periodic table.

Atomic number- protons and electrons Atomic mass- weight of atom AM-A# of neutrons

Periodic table:

Convalent bonds:This is when electrons are shared between two atoms.This kind of bond takes place between non-metals only.In order to show covalent bonds we draw Lewis atom diagrams (electron dot diagrams.)

Naming covalent bonds- We use prefixes- 1 mono, 2 di, 3 tri, 4 tetra, 5 penta, 6 hexa, 7hepta

CONVALENT BONDS:

Energy:This is the ability to cause change.There are two types of energy Potential and Kinetic.

Potential Energy-This is stored energy.

Examples- Holding a book in the air.

The formula for potential energy is PE=m*g*h

m=mass, H=height

Kinetic energy- This is the energy of motion.

Example- moving a car.

The formula for kinetic energy is KE=.5*m*v2

M-mass, V=velocity

POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY-

Solutions:When one substance is dissolved in another.Two parts of a solution- 1. solvent- does the dissolving.2. solute- is getting dissolved. liquid solutions- salt in water, sugar an Kool-Aid.Gas solutions- air-78%, 20% oxygenSolid solutions- metal is dissolved in another.

sol ute

S o l v e n t

Other solutions:Unsaturated solutions- when the solution can hold more solute. saturated solution- cant hold anymore. supersaturated solutions- overfull.

MIXTURES-can be separated.No new substances are made.Substance maintain there properties.Homogenous- cant see the particles.Heterogeneous- can see the particles.

Metals-These are ductile ( made in towers ) shiny, malleable ( change shape ), good conductors. Used for lubricants, fertilizers and photography.Non metals- These are opposite of metals not ductile ( made in towers ) not shiny

Transitional metals- These are opposite of metals. Most high melting and boiling points. Form strong metal pipes, cars, bikes, and others.

Noble gases- very stable elements and it takes a lot for them to bond with other elements. These gases are colorless.

Metalloids- These elements have a mixture of characteristics. From metals and non-metals.

Pictures-

SOUND- Is vibrating of objects.--- Vibrations- back and forth moving of an object --- How humans make sound -Breathing in air your vocal cords are relaxed then you breathe out your vocal cords vibrate witch make sound --- How sound is travels through material. It goes threw air the slowest. It maters on the particles.--- Sound and temperature - sound will move quicker in hot weather then cold.

Matter- is anything that takes up space. -------- Solid- Tightly packed Ex. Metal, rocks Liquid- close together and moving. Ex. Water, soda --------Gas- they move around but don’t touch. Ex. Oxygen, helium ------ Phase changes- melting point- solid to liquid, freezing point- water to ice, boiling point- liquid to gas, sublimation- solid to gas , condensation- gas to liquid----------- Chemical and physical changes- Physical- something that changes the looks of an object.--------- Chemical- changes its substance.

Phase changes-

LIQUID, GAS, SOLID SOLUTIONS

MOMMENTUM AND WORK- Momentum- This is property of a moving object. --- p=m*v--- measured in kg. m/s Work- This is the use of force to move an object some distance ---- w-f*d --- Measured in joules.

PARTS OF A WAVE- Crest- top of wave----- Trough lowest part of wave----- Amplitude- point from the middle of the wave to the trough or the crest.----- Wavelength- the distance from one crest to another----- Frequency- this is the amount of times a wavelength can pass a fixed point in a certain amount of time----- formula s=y/f----- measured in m/s